m2 Characteristics of Research

Module 2
The Characteristics and

Process of Research
OBJECTIVES
1. describe the characteristics and process of

research.
2. examine a sample research depicting the
characteristics and research processes.
3. create a plan to follow in conducting a research.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Empirical. The researcher acquires empirical evidences

(e.g. facts, data and information) generated through
observation and experimentation. Research is based on
firsthand experience or observation by the researcher.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and
principles. It is guided by the rules on logical reasoning.
3. Cyclical. Research is cyclical because it
originates with a question or a problem and ends
with another problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case
study. Careful analysis and interpretation of data is
necessary in order to establish why something
behaves in such a manner or how it came to be.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and
precise judgment.
6. Methodical or Systematic. Research is
conducted in a methodical manner without
bias using systematic method and procedures.
It follows a certain method or procedure in
order to obtain objective results.
7. Replicability. The research design and
procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results.
8. Accuracy. The research must give correct or
accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and
bibliographical entries should honestly and
appropriately documented or acknowledged.
9. Objectiveness. The research must deal with
facts, not with mere opinions arising from
assumptions, generalizations, predictions, or
conclusions.
10. Timeliness. The research must work on a
topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the
present society.
11.Relevance. Its topic must be instrumental in
improving society or in solving problems affecting
the lives of people in a community.
12. Clarity. Research must succeed in expressing
its central point or discoveries by using simple,
direct, concise, and correct language.
13. Original. The research output must be original
and a product of novel ideas.
RESEARCH PROCESS
Activity
•Create your own acronym that

will make you remember the
characteristics of research.
Wrap up
1. Write on the graphic organizer the research
process to follow in conducting a study.
2. What are the characteristics of a good research?

MODULE 3 Ethics in Research
OBJECTIVES :
1. describe research ethics which serve as a guide in the
formulation of an accurate academic paper;
2. explain the significance of research ethics in writing; and
3. suggest ethical course of action on various life situations.
RECAP
Complete the
graphic organizer
below. Fill in the
missing processes
of research.
What is meant by Ethics?
-is a system of moral principles. It consists of norms for

conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behavior.
- generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is
right or wrong, proper or improper, good or bad. To be
ethical is to conform to accepted professional practice
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
1. Keep the integrity of the research.
a. Make sure that the gathered data are accurate, correct, and validated.
b. Exercise intellectual honesty in reporting data, results, methods,
procedures, and publication status.
c. Properly cite all sources of information.
d. No fabrication, falsification, misinterpretation of data, and plagiarism
e. Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property.
2. Respect the dignity of the research
participants.
a. Respect for in the conduct of the study.
b. Informed consent
c. Beneficence (It is an action that is done for
the benefit of others.
d. Justice
3. Exercise responsibility and obligation to the
research community
a. Seek different perspectives.
b. Continuously seek opportunities for professional development.
Maintain and improve professional competence and expertise.
c.Take credit for work actually performed or substantially
contributed.
d. Do not take on a research if personal, financial, legal or other
interest if it might impair your judgment and objectivity as a
researcher
UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN
CONDUCTING RESEARCH
1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of
a study
2. Asking a respondent questions that cause him or
her extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional
turmoil by remaining him or her of an unpleasant
experience
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
4. Studying the respondents or research subjects
without their knowledge .
5. When analyzing the data—revealing only part
of the facts, presenting facts out of context,
falsifying findings or offering misleading
presentation such as lying with statistics
Activity
What would you do in this situation? You’re
traveling in a third-world country. In a village you’re
suddenly surrounded by poor-looking children
holding out their hands. They pull your shirt and
move their small hands to their mouth, indicating
they’re asking for money to buy food.
The ethical question: Would you give money or
presents to child beggars? Why or why not

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Module 2

The Characteristics and

1. describe the characteristics and process of

1. Empirical. The researcher acquires empirical evidences

•Create your own acronym that

2. What are the characteristics of a good research?

-is a system of moral principles. It consists of norms for

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