For all purpose For Presenration

Group 1
EAAP
 For all purpose
A Brief History
of English
BY. Paul Roberts

For Presenration
 The History of English Language can be long and complicated without a brief
knowlegde about it. Since language begins little after prehistoric period, the means of
communication is just gesture. Then our liguistic ancestor wander through Northern Europe
ehich language was part of Indo European Family.

During the time of Roman Empire, the English Language scattered through several
different tribes of North Europe called Anglo-Saxons and created several different dialect for
English. At first the aquaintances between Roman Empire and Anglo-Saxons tribes are rather
thin but eventually some of the tribes travelled with roman merchants and traders. They
learned from them and borrowed some of the words from Latin such as kettle,wine,butter,and
etc. (5.)During the fourth century, Roman power severely weakened and Goths were
pummeled away from them in the Mediterranean countries. Then later the Anglo-Saxons start
attaching to Britain.
 During the fourth century, Roman power severely weakened and Goths were pummeled
away from them in the Mediterranean countries. Then later the Anglo-Saxons start attaching to
Britain. Since 43 C.E,Roman has been the ruling power of Britain. They established the Roman
Administration and influenced the British Isles,Scotland,Whales,and Ireland. Then they let the
Celts they subjugated free and build Roman walls to fend off against northern tribes. Meanwhile
in England, Romans power is weak and Latin was rejected as the country language unlike Gaul
and Spain. Moreover society continued to speak Celtics with Latin.

Furthermore, troubles multiplied in fourth century in Roman Britain. The untamed tribles
from Scotland, Whales, Anglo-Saxons began to make pirate raid on the eastern coast. Then
during 410 C.E, the Last Roman ruler in England left the island with remaining legions.
Afterward the Celts was left in Britain but defenceless against the Anglo-Saxons.
 Historically, the arrival of the Jutes, led by Vortigern, was prompted by a plea from Celtic
Kings to subdue Pict attacks in the north. Meanwhile, the Angles settled in eastern England, and the
Saxons in the south and west. The Celts battled these newcomers for over a century, with Arthur
briefly dueling the Saxons, but the English language didn't emerge until after 600 AD when the
Saxons converted to Christianity and learned Latin alphabets. This transformation spiritually
benefited and reconnected them with Roman civilization, leading to three language periods: Old
English, Middle English, and Modern English, sometimes further divided into older Modern and later
Modern eras.

England was once divided into autonomous kingdoms, with Northumbria leading a Northern
Renaissance by 700 CE, resulting in significant literary works like Beowulf. However, power shifted
to Mercia in the 8th century and later to Wessex under Alfred the Great, who championed education
and cultivated the West Saxon dialect. In the ninth and tenth centuries, Alfred's military successes
defended England against Norsemen, who also invaded other European regions.
 The Norsemen invaded England at the beginning of 886, gaining support from Wessex under
Alfred's leadership. The struggle ended in 877 with a treaty dividing England into the Danelaw and
Wessex, with Norse rule on the eastern side. Several words have been borrowed and interchanged
since Norse was introduced to the English language. Examples include sky,give, law, egg, outlaw,
leg, ugly, scant, crawl, scowl, take, thrust, and many more. Over time Norse pronouns had also
been borrowed from other dialects of the East and North, first being used in English. The Norsemen
are believed to have influenced the sound structure and grammar of English, although this is
difficult to prove in data. The Lord's Prayer, an Old English example, is a widely known and easily
understood prayer. There are different versions, such as one in which the speaker swears a prayer. A
prayer, without having to translate it.
 Old English and Modern English differ in orthography, such as the sign ae for vowel sounds like hat
or and, and the th sounds of modern thin or then. Other differences include sounds such as ure, hlaf, and
yand some of the words that Modern English does not contain. It can help to approach the vowel in a little
bit, with rounded lips. In Old English, there are notable inflections, consisting of four cases of nouns and a
comprehensive five richnesscase structure for adjectives. Conversely, a fixed order of words and an array of
structural words such as prerogatives and auxiliaries are used by modern English to express relationships.
Consequently, a simplified grammar with just two cases for the word 'nouns' and no case system for
adjectives is formed.

The Old English language, which takes only a part of the Norse and Latin languages to illustrate its
profound historical roots in England's language, differs from Modern English largely due to its native origin.
In contrast to the past, the majority of English words today are borrowed, mainly from Latin and French,
and only about 14 % of them are native, although common words remain largely native. Latin and French
influences, on the other hand, did not have a great effect on Old English vocabulary.
 Old English was gradually replaced by Middle English between 1000 and 1200 as a result of the
Norman conquest in 1066. The Normans, originally from Scandinavia but settled in northern France,
have brought French influence, which has led to English being ruled by kings whose first language is
French for several centuries. After the Norman Conquest, French did not become the national language,
because the conquest was not a national migration After the Norman conquest, English continued to be
used. as the official language, bout it underwent changes come in grammar, round and structure.

After a century, French became the primary language of a large portion of the population in
England." However, English persisted until it was vigorously fostered into a sound language.
Government, church, food, colors, domestic, play te literary, learning, and everyday words were all
inspired by French words in English. The following terms were among them. nice, second, very, age,
bucket, gentle, final, fault, flower, count, sure, move, surprise, and plain.
 It's likely that many people had more French terms available to them than English words, allowing
English to maintain its sound syntax and structure. Even if the syntax and sound system of Michelle
English, changed, speakers nevertheless used words to express their thoughts more frequently. Due to its
greater resemblance to Modern English, Middle English is easier to understand than old English. Although
it takes three to four months to learn Old English prose and poetry, chaucers's Middle English poetry can be
understood after vast one week of study, but pronunciation coaching is still necessary. Shakespeare's
language differed from chaucer's due to sound changes that occurred in English between 1400 and 1600,
which also contributed to the current spelling of English.

Chaucer's vowel changes in Middle English influenced pronunciation, aligning with the Great
Vowel Shift, highlighting the contrast with modern English. Additionally, the shift to Modern English was
marked by William Caxton's printing press in 1472, increased literacy, and the borrowing of Latin and
Greek words during the Early Modern English period. While some features have faded, expressions like
"thou" and "thee" persist in prayers and Biblical quotes, although replaced by "has" and "does."
 Significant sound changes, such as "reason" sounding like "raisin" and "face" resembling "glass,"
along with shifts in pronunciation like the "1" in words like "would," "should," and "palm," highlight the
considerable evolution of English from Early Modern English to today. Since the 18th century, there have
been movements to regulate and control the language, although these efforts didn't substantially impact its
evolution but did influence how native speakers perceive English. English dictionaries evolved from a basic
list of 2,500 words in 1603 to Samuel Johnson's comprehensive dictionary in 1775, with significant
contributions from figures like Noah Webster and the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary. Despite
historical challenges such as the imposition of Latin grammar rules, English has become a global language
spoken natively by over 250 million people, with regional differences but without fragmentation into
unintelligible languages thanks to rapid communication.