Elective Subject: I

B. Tech. IV (Civil Engg.) Semester - VII

CE 413 URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Dr. G. J. Joshi
Professor
Transportation Engineering & Planning
Department of Civil Engineering
S.V.National Institute of Technology
Surat – 395 007.
[email protected]
 Economical

Political

Military
(Strategic)

Sustenance

……………………………….travel is a derived demand…………

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Urban Transportation Problem Symptoms

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3
 Global Scenario
• World over, more than 1.35 million people die and
up to 50 million people incur non-fatal injuries
annually as a result of road crashes.
• 85% of world’s road fatalities occur in low- and
middle- income countries.
• The economic cost of road crashes and injuries is
estimated to be 1% of gross national product
(GNP) in low-income countries, 1.5% in middle-
income countries and 2% in high-income
countries.
• The global cost is estimated to be US$ 518 billion
per year. Low-income and middle-income
countries account for US$ 65 billion, more than
they receive in development assistance
5
 Road Accident Scenario in India
National Highways
31% 36% Fatalities
• Total Number of Road Accidents in 2019: 449,002
• Fatal Road Accidents in India ,year 2019: 151,113
Accidents
• Total number of Injuries due to Accidents : 451,361 Two
• Accident Severity in 2019: 33.65%
37% Wheelers 37% Fatalities
Almost 1 in 3 Road Accidents in India are Fatal in Accidents
Nature Highest Number of Accidents
Tamil Nadu

Highest Number of Deaths

Age Group of 18-35
consists of 48% Accidents Uttar Pradesh
Age Group of 18-60
consists of 87% Accidents
India still contributes the
India looses its young
productive population to
highest share of Road Accident
Road Accidents related deaths in the World @
10%
Distribution of deaths by road user type by WHO Region
in 2018

7
Who are VRUs ?
 MoRTH Accident Statistics for VRUs 2016

Most vulnerable Road Users killed on Road

Accidents :
• Two Wheelers – 52,500 (34.8%)
• Pedestrians – 15,746 (10.5%)
• Bicycles – 2, 528 (1.7) %

• Over speeding of vehicles caused

66.5 % of Road Accidents & 61.0 % of
Deaths
Some Issues with Indian Sidewalks/Footpaths
Facilities for Pedestrians
 Urban Transport Challenges
• Growing Economy: • Road Safety:

Increased Car Ownership Increased speed

Increased conflicts among modes
Increased Traffic Volumes
Increased accidents and fatalities
Increased congestion

• Energy Consumption
• Urban Sprawl: Transport consumes 30% of
More car dependency total energy
Increased trip lengths Increased demand for fossil
fuel
High costs for extending
infrastructure and services Increased GHG emissions
• Climate Change:
Global warming
Higher emission levels
Air and noise pollution
To address the CE
dynamic
413 UTPcomplexities of urban systems, a 12
multi-
disciplinary Planning Process is needed
 Are we ready
for this?????

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Module I

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 What is Transportation System?

A transportation system may be defined as consisting of

fixed facilities, the flow entities and the control system tha
permit people and goods to overcome the friction of
geographical space efficiently in order to participate in a tim
manner in some desired activity

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Principle Divisions

• Urban Transportation
• Rural Transportation

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B.Tech. IV (Civil) Semester-VII
L T P C
CE413: URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING (ES-I)
3 0 0 3
INTRODUCTION (04 HOURS)
Urban transportation in India, need for planning, land use and traffic & their
interrelation, transportation planning process, systems approach.

TRANSPORTATION SURVEYS (06 HOURS)

Study area, zoning, inventory, Classificational studies, cordon surveys, screen line
surveys, O – D surveys, traffic impact studies, survey methods, sampling.

DEMAND FORECASTING (18 HOURS)

Trip generation factors, trip generation models, rates, trip distribution and models,
Assignment techniques, modal split, mode choice modeling, land use transport
interaction models, Lowry and other models.

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PLANNING ( 06 HOURS)

Classification of public transportation system, Rapid transit, Para-transit, City bus
services, transport demand, planning & scheduling bus route network, public
transportation in India issues.

EVALUATION OF TRANSPORTATION PLANS (08 HOURS)

Transport economics fundamentals, Economic evaluation, Environmental Impact
Assessment, HDM-IV CE 413 UTP 17
 BOOKS RECOMMENDED
Das Animesh, Chakraborty Parth, “Introduction to Transportation Engineering”,
Prentice Hall Of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2003

Hutchinson B.G., “Principles of Urban Transportation Systems Planning”, Mc

Graw Hill Publishers, 1974

Kadiyali L. R., “Traffic Engineering and Transport Planning”, Khanna

Publishers, Delhi. 2008.

Khisty C.J., Lall B.K., “Transportation Engineering – An Introduction”, Prentice

Hall, NJ, 2005

Papacostas C. S. , Prevedouros P. D. “ Transportation Engineering &

Planning”, Prentice Hall Of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002

Sarkar P.K., Vinay Maity, Joshi G.J.,” Transportation Planning –

Principles,Practices and Policies Prentice Hall Of India Pvt. Ltd,,New Delhi,
2015, 2017

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LAND USE INTERACTION TRANSPORTATION

TRAFFIC

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 Evolution of Understanding : Land Use And
Transport

• Urban Traffic is a function of land use.

Mitchel and Rapkin(1954)
• Different kind of land use generate different amounts
and kinds of Traffic
• The Pattern Traced By Traffic is closely related to the
manner in which building are arranged.
Buchanan, 1963
• Commuter flows are closely dependent up on the
location and size of the work place and of the home
areas.

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 MISC.

SOCIAL
FUN

HOME EDUCATOIN
BUSINESS

SPORTS WORK

22
INTRA- CITY ACTIVITIES
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 Generic Functions of Transportation System

Accessibility ~ Ease of
Reaching Different
Destinations

Movement Efficiency
(Mobility) ~ Speed
and Volume of travel

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CE 413 UTP 25
Accessibility

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 Urbanisation Scenario
Parameter 1951 2001

Population (million) 361 1027

Urban Population (million) 62.4 285

Metropolitan Cities 5 35

Metro Population 3.3% 10.5%

(% of Total Population)
Metro Population 18.8% 37.8%
(% of Urban Population)
Ave. Population / Metro 2.35 mill. 3.08 mill.

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 Population Projections

2011 2021
Total Population 1257 1451
(Million)

Urban Population 419 538

(Million)
Urbanisation 33 % 37%

Metro - cities 41 51

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 Rapid urbanization leads to high travel demand

Indexed estimated growth of travel demand

(1980=100) Almost 8 times
increase in travel
demand of India
from 1980

12/20/22 29
30
Population Growth Trend & Projection ~ India

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 Objective

ECONOMIC
GROWTH

INSUSTRIALISATION

URBAN
TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
URBANISATION

URBAN
HOUSING
INFRASTRUCTURE
GROWTH IN
POPULATION DENSITY
VEHICULAR POPULATION
AREA OF CITY
HUMAN ACTIVITY

URBANISATION CYCLE
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 Urbanisation

• Physical growth of rural land into an urban area or the

expansion of an urban area

• Census definition:
 All statutory places with a municipality, corporation,
cantonment board or notified area committee, etc
 A place satisfying three conditions simultaneously
• A minimum population of 5000
• At least 75 per cent of male working population
engaged in non-agricultural pursuits
• A density of population of at least 400 persons per
sq. km.

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 Urbanization: Process

• Transformation of rural characteristic of people, their

activities and their settlements to urban ones.
• Concentration of people engaged in non-agricultural
activities and land use
• Movement away from tradition in the direction of
modernity.
• Shift of economy from agrarian to industrial, commercial,
trade, etc.
• A change of lifestyle from informal to formal
• A sign of material well-being, in terms of the physical
comforts
• Tools of production from the manual to the mechanical.
• A change of opportunities, including cultural interests,
employment, etc
• Principles of 'pull' & ‘push’
 URBANISATION & TRANSPORT DEMAND

• Economic Growth – Industrialisation – Urban Growth – Transport Demand

Growth

• Urban Areas : Growth Engines: 55% to 85% share in GDP

• Rural – Urban Migration

• Average URGD (1951 – 2001) : 1.22 %

• Trip Rate increment: 2 – 2.5% p.a.

• Simultaneous densification and expansion in spatial dimension

• Changes in the socio economic characteristics of city households, land

use and travel pattern.

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 Main Problems Related To Urban Transportation and
Traffic
† Unplanned, haphazard development at the suburban
fringe without adequate infrastructure, transport, and
other public services.

† Limited network of roads, often narrow, poorly

maintained, and unpaved.

† Extremely congested roads with an incompatible mix

of both motorized and non-motorized vehicles
traveling at widely different speeds.

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† Primitive or non-existent traffic control and
management, often without even the most basic
street signage.

† Extremely high and rapidly rising traffic fatalities,

especially among pedestrians and motorcyclists.

† Overcrowded, uncomfortable, undependable, slow,

uncoordinated, inefficient, and dangerous public
transport.

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• † Rapidly increasing ownership and use of private cars
and motorcycles.

• † Inadequate roadway accommodations for buses and

non-motorized transport.

• † Extremely high levels of transport-related pollution,

noise and other environmental impacts, especially in
large cities.

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39
 Inclusive Climate &
Efficiency Safety
Access Environment
Sust
aina
ble
Deve Embedded
lopm Secure Access Increase the mitigation,
ent to all efficiency of Improve the adaption and
Goal economic and transport safety of environmenta
s social systems and mobility l concerns into
opportunities services  supply and
demand

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 Better Economic Efficiency
Better Environmental Compatibility
Better Social Equity

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Framework for Transforming India’s Mobility, NITI
Aayog, GoI, 2018

Transforming India’s Mobility

‘Clean, Convenient & Congestion free’
   
 
Promote
Optimize Adopt green
 
Connecting   travel seamless, public  
footprint   modes &
Bharat transport
   
technologies 
 

Seamless &
Building Safe, ‘Peak-time’ travel Convenient public Non-motorized
Adequate, Holistic optimization transport transport
Infrastructure (SAHI)
     
 
Logistics and goods Shared Mobility Green mobility
  transport technologies

 
Overarching
  Skills & Intelligent
strategic levers   Transport Systems Public awareness
employment
  Governance

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 Institute of Urban Transport (India) (
www.iutindia.org)

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Planning Approach….Reversal Needed….

Source: CiStup,2010

NUTP Priority: Public Transport & NMV

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 Circa 2051

Towards Sustainable Development……………………….

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