MENG286: INTRODUCTION TO

MATERIALS SCIENCE &

ENGINEERING

Chapter 1 -
 COURSE MATERIALS

Required text:
•Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction,
W.D. Callister, Jr. and D.G. Rethwisch, 8th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2010).

Chapter 1 -
 GRADING
Biweekly quizzes: 20%
•Held at the beginning of tutorial hours
•Based on core textbook problems

Laboratory reports :30%

Four laboratory reports

Midterm: 20%
Final :30% 3

Attends : <%50=NG.
Filed to submit the lab or never attend lab
hours=NG.
Chapter 1 -
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
• What is materials science?
• Why should we know about it?

• Materials drive our society

– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
– Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?

Chapter 1 - 4
 WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCI. &
ENG.?
• To be able to select a material for a given use based
on considerations of cost and performance.

• To understand the limits of materials and the

change of their properties with use.

• To be able to create a new material that will have

some desirable properties.

Chapter 1 - 5
 MATERIALS SICENCE VS
MATERIALS ENG.
On the basis of structure-property correlations:

•Materials science involves investigating the

relationship btw structures & properties of materials.

•Materials Eng. is designing or engineering the

structure of a material to produce a predetermined set
of properties.

Chapter 1 - 6
 MATERIALS SICENCE VS
MATERIALS ENG.
On the basis of functional prospective:

•The role of materials scientist is to develop or

synthesize new materials

•Materials Eng. is called upon to create new products

or systems using existing materials, and/or develop
techniques for processing materials.

Chapter 1 - 7
 TYPES OF MATERIALS
Most engineering materials can be classified into one of
three basic categories:
1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
Their chemistries are different, and their mechanical and
physical properties are different
In addition, there is a fourth category:
4. Composites
-is a nonhomogeneous mixture of the other three types, rather
than a unique category

Chapter 1 - 8
 TYPES OF MATERIALS (con’t)

Source: Fundamentals of Modern

Manufacturing materials: processes and
systems, M.P. Groover, 5th edition, John
Wiley & Sons Inc. (2007).
1
1

Chapter 1 -
 METALS
Metallic bonds
–Strong, ductile, resistant to fracture
–High thermal & electrical conductivity
–Opaque, reflective.

Fig 1.8 Familiar objects that are made of metals and metal
alloys

Chapter 1 -
 CERAMICS
Ionic bonding
–Brittle, glassy, elastic
–Non-conducting (insulative to the passage of heat & electricity)
–Transparent, translucent, or opaque
–Some exhibit magnetic behavior (e.g. Fe3O4)

13

Fig 1.8 Familiar objects that are made of ceramic

materials

Chapter 1 -
 POLYMERS/PLASTICS
Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s
–Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
–Thermal & electrical insulators
–Optically translucent or transparent.
–Chemically inert and unreactive
–Sensitive to temperature changes

Fig 1.8 Familiar objects that are made of polymeric

materials

Chapter 1 -
 COMPOSITES
– Light, strong, flexible
– High costs

Chapter 1 - 13
 ADVANCED MATERIALS
Materials that are utilized in high-tech applications
•Semiconductors
Have electrical conductivities intermediate between conductors
and insulators
•Biomaterials
Must be compatible with body tissues
•Smart materials
Could sense and respond to changes in their environments in
predetermined manners
•Nanomaterials
Have structural features on the order of a nanometer, some of
which may be designed on the atomic/molecular level

Chapter 1 - 14
 Example – HIP IMPLANT

• Requirements
– mechanical strength
(many cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 15
 Types of Materials (Con’t)

Fig 1.3 Bar chart of room-temperature density values for various metals, ceramics, polymers,
composite
and materials

Chapter 1 - 16
 Types of Materials (Con’t)

Fig 1.4 Bar chart of room-temperature stiffness values for various metals, ceramics, polymers,
composite
and materials

Chapter 1 - 17
 Types of Materials (Con’t)

Fig 1.5 Bar chart of room-temperature strength (i.e. tensile strength) values for various metals,
ceramics, polymers, and composite materials

Chapter 1 -
 Types of Materials (Con’t)

Fig 1.6 Bar chart of room-temperature resistance to fracture for various metals, ceramics,
polymers, and composite materials

Chapter 1 -
 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

Chapter 1 - 20
 STRUCTURE, PROCESSING, &
PROPERTIES
• One aspect of Materials Science is the investigation
of relationships that exist between the processing,
structures, properties, and performance of
materials.
• The performance of a material depends on its
properties
• Properties depend on structure ex: hardness vs
structure of steel
• Processing can change structure
Ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
22

Fig 1.1 The four components of the discipline of materials science and engineering and their
interrelationship

Chapter 1 -
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material’s structure (i.e.,
single crystal vs. polycrystal, and degree of porosity).
polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal no porosity some porosity

Fig. 1.2, Callister &

Rethwisch 9e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing)

Chapter 1 - 22
 STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS
• By structure we mean how some internal
components of the material is (are)
arranged.
• In terms of dimensionality, structural
elements include subatomic, atomic,
microscopic, and macroscopic

23

Chapter 1 -
 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

30 μm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 12.31(a) and
400 (b) 12.32 with 4 wt% C composition, and from
(a) Fig. 17.8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig. 12.19;
4 μm
300 (b) Fig. 11.29; (c) Fig. 12.33; and (d) Fig.
12.21, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. (Figures
30 μm 12.19, 12.21, & 12.33 copyright 1971 by United
200 30 μm States Steel Corporation. Figure 9.30 courtesy
of Republic Steel Corporation.)

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Chapter 1 - 24