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    Scientific Journal Article (Final)

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    Surendra Pant
    This document provides an overview of the typical structure and components of a scientific journal article. It discusses the purpose and format of sections such as the introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion/analysis, and conclusion. Key points covered include establishing the research context in the introduction, objectively describing experimental procedures and analyses in the materials and methods, presenting findings in the results, interpreting results and discussing limitations in the discussion, and summarizing conclusions. The document also briefly outlines other typical sections like acknowledgments and references. The overall structure and language used in each section aims to efficiently and clearly communicate scientific findings to other researchers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Scientific Journal Article (Final)

    Uploaded by

    Surendra Pant
    36 views27 pages
    This document provides an overview of the typical structure and components of a scientific journal article. It discusses the purpose and format of sections such as the introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion/analysis, and conclusion. Key points covered include establishing the research context in the introduction, objectively describing experimental procedures and analyses in the materials and methods, presenting findings in the results, interpreting results and discussing limitations in the discussion, and summarizing conclusions. The document also briefly outlines other typical sections like acknowledgments and references. The overall structure and language used in each section aims to efficiently and clearly communicate scientific findings to other researchers.

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    This document provides an overview of the typical structure and components of a scientific journal article. It discusses the purpose and format of sections such as the introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion/analysis, and conclusion. Key points covered include establishing the research context in the introduction, objectively describing experimental procedures and analyses in the materials and methods, presenting findings in the results, interpreting results and discussing limitations in the discussion, and summarizing conclusions. The document also briefly outlines other typical sections like acknowledgments and references. The overall structure and language used in each section aims to efficiently and clearly communicate scientific findings to other researchers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    36 views27 pages

    Scientific Journal Article (Final)

    Uploaded by

    Surendra Pant
    This document provides an overview of the typical structure and components of a scientific journal article. It discusses the purpose and format of sections such as the introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion/analysis, and conclusion. Key points covered include establishing the research context in the introduction, objectively describing experimental procedures and analyses in the materials and methods, presenting findings in the results, interpreting results and discussing limitations in the discussion, and summarizing conclusions. The document also briefly outlines other typical sections like acknowledgments and references. The overall structure and language used in each section aims to efficiently and clearly communicate scientific findings to other researchers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

    ARTICLE
    STRUCTURE
    WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL?

    • Scientifi c journals represent the most vital means for spread research
    fi ndings and are usually specialized for diff erent academic disciplines
    or subdisciplines.

    • Scientifi c journals are for sharing your own original research work
    with other scientists or for reviewing the research conducted by
    others.
    WHY A SCIENTIFIC FORMAT?

    • This format is a means of effi ciently communicating scientifi c fi ndings


    to the broad community of scientists in a uniform manner.

    • This format allows the paper to be read at several diff erent levels.

    • The scientifi c format helps to insure that at whatever level a person


    reads your paper (beyond title skimming), they will likely get the key
    results and conclusions.
    THE SECTIONS OF THE PAPER

    • The Sections of the Paper Most journal-style scientifi c papers


    Experimental process  Section of Paper
    are subdivided into the following sections:

    What did I do in a nutshell?  Abstract

     What is the problem? Introduction

     How did I solve the problem?  Materials and Methods

     What did I find out?  Results

     What does it mean?  Analysis/Discussion

     Conclusion Conclusion

    Who helped me out? Acknowledgement (optional)

     Whose work did I refer to? References & Review (optional)


    INTRODUCTION

    • FUNCTION:

    • Lengthy background information.

    • Establish the context of the work.

    • State the purpose of the work in the form of a hypothesis, question,


    or problem investigated

    • Give aims and rationale for your approach


    INTRODUCTION

    • STYLE

    • Use the active voice as much as possible

    • Some use of fi rst person is okay, but do not overdo it.


    INTRODUCTION

    • IT INCLUDES:

    •  Background information

    • Motivations

    • Key primary literature

    • Hypothesis /research problem investigated

    • Approaches and rationale.


    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    • GENERAL STRUCTURE:

    •  Describe how an experiment was done.

    • Give a rationale for why specifi c experimental procedures were


    chosen.

    • Describe what was done to answer the research question and


    how it was done.

    • Explain how results were analyzed.


    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    • STYLE

    • The style in this section should read as if you were verbally


    describing the conduct of the experiment.

    • Use the active voice to a certain extent, although this section


    requires more use of third person, passive constructions than
    others.

    • Avoid use of the fi rst person in this section.


    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    • TIPS FOR METHODS SECTION

    • Organize description of preparations, measurements, and


    protocol chronologically.

    • List the Methods in the same order as they will appear in the
    Results section.

    • Material should be organized by topic from most to least


    important.

    • Headings can be used to separated diff erent results; paragraphs


    are often used instead.
    RESULTS

    • THE RESULTS SECTION SHOULD INCLUDE:

    • Findings presented in the same order as in the Methods section

    • Data presented in tables, charts, graphs, and other fi gures


    (placed among research text or on a separate page).

    • Reports on data collection, recruitment, and /or participants

    • Data that corresponds to the central research question(s).

    • Secondary fi ndings (secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses,


    etc.)
    RESULTS

    • STYLE

    • Write the text of the Results section concisely and objectively

    • Use the active voice as much as possible.

    • Use the past tense.

    • Avoid repetitive paragraph structures.


    RESULTS

    • SOME PROBLEMS TO AVOID:

    • Do not present the same data in both a Table and fi gure.

    • Do not report raw data values when they can be summarized.

    • Report negative results - They are important!

    • Always enter appropriate units when reporting data or summary


    statics.
    ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION

    • DISCUSSION SHOULD INCLUDE:

    • Summary of Your Results and Their Interpretation in Light of


    Known Literature

    • Importance of Your Results

    • Shortcomings of the Study

    • Future Directions
    ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION

    • STYLE:

    • Use the active voice whenever possible in this section.

    • Watch out for wordy phrases; be concise and make your points
    clearly.

    • Use of the fi rst person is okay, but too much use of the fi rst
    person may actually distract the reader from the main points.
    ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION

    • THINGS NOT TO INCLUDE:

    • Reiteration of results

    • Over-Interpret Your Findings.

    • Introduce a New Piece of Data.

    • Use Too Much Jargon.


    CONCLUSION

    • STEPS:

    • Present the last word on the issues you raised in your paper.

    • Summarize the main points.

    • Demonstrate the importance.

    • Conclude your thoughts.


    CONCLUSION

    • GENERAL RULES:

    • State your conclusions in clear, simple language.

    • Do not simply reiterate your results or the discussion.

    • Indicate opportunities for future research, as long as you haven't


    already done so in the discussion section of your paper.
    CONCLUSION

    • PROBLEMS TO AVOID:

    • The conclusion section should be concise and to the point.

    • Problems, drawbacks, and challenges encountered during your


    study should be included as a way of qualifying your overall
    conclusions.

    • Failure to match the objectives of your research.

    • Failure to provide a clear summary of what was learned.


    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    • An acknowledgement in research paper is actually a section that lists


    everyone who supported the project.

    • Acknowledgements gives you the opportunity to thank all those who


    have helped in carrying out the research. 
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    Q. How long should be Acknowledgements?

    Ans: In journal articles, there may be a short note indicating gratitude to


    those who have been of help.

    Q. Where to put?

    Ans:  In journal articles acknowledgements are generally placed on the


    end of paper, just before References section.
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTAIN THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS: 

    • Full name of all individuals who are being thanked.

    • A brief statement as to what kind of help the writer has received


    from each individual, group of people, scholarship, etc.

    Note:
    Even though the first person is not used in other section but we can use it in the
    acknowledgement section.
    REFERENCES

    • Referencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers


    and researchers in your work.

    • References should always be accurate, allowing your readers to trace


    the sources of information you have used.

    • Any words, ideas or information taken from any source requires a


    reference.
    REFERENCES

    • THE BASICS OF A REFERENCE LIST ENTRY FOR A JOURNAL


    ARTICLE:

    • Author or authors. The surname is followed by fi rst initials.

    • Year of publication of the article.

    • Article title (in single inverted commas).

    • Journal title (in italics).

    • Volume of journal.

    • Issue number of journal.

    • Page range of article.


    REFERENCES

    • NO NEED TO REFERENCE WHEN:

    • writing your own observations or experiment results

    • writing about your own experiences

    • writing your own thoughts, comments or conclusions

    • evaluating or off ering your own analysis

    • using generally accepted facts or information.


    SUMMARY

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