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    Lecture 12 Education

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    Abdirahman
    This document provides an overview of education. It discusses how education begins informally but becomes more formal over time. Schools provide both academic lessons and socialize students. Education systems vary globally but top-performing countries emphasize standards, recruit top teachers, and address social factors. Education includes both formal learning of academics and informal cultural learning. It fulfills manifest functions like socialization openly, and latent functions like social networks and courtship hiddenly. Cultural factors like capital and tracking can perpetuate inequalities.

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    Lecture 12 Education

    Uploaded by

    Abdirahman
    86 views20 pages
    This document provides an overview of education. It discusses how education begins informally but becomes more formal over time. Schools provide both academic lessons and socialize students. Education systems vary globally but top-performing countries emphasize standards, recruit top teachers, and address social factors. Education includes both formal learning of academics and informal cultural learning. It fulfills manifest functions like socialization openly, and latent functions like social networks and courtship hiddenly. Cultural factors like capital and tracking can perpetuate inequalities.

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    lecture 12 Education

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    This document provides an overview of education. It discusses how education begins informally but becomes more formal over time. Schools provide both academic lessons and socialize students. Education systems vary globally but top-performing countries emphasize standards, recruit top teachers, and address social factors. Education includes both formal learning of academics and informal cultural learning. It fulfills manifest functions like socialization openly, and latent functions like social networks and courtship hiddenly. Cultural factors like capital and tracking can perpetuate inequalities.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    86 views20 pages

    Lecture 12 Education

    Uploaded by

    Abdirahman
    This document provides an overview of education. It discusses how education begins informally but becomes more formal over time. Schools provide both academic lessons and socialize students. Education systems vary globally but top-performing countries emphasize standards, recruit top teachers, and address social factors. Education includes both formal learning of academics and informal cultural learning. It fulfills manifest functions like socialization openly, and latent functions like social networks and courtship hiddenly. Cultural factors like capital and tracking can perpetuate inequalities.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Lecture 12

    Education
    Introduction to Education
    Introduction to Education
    • From the moment a child is born, his or her education begins. At first, education is
    an informal process in which an infant watches others and imitates them.
    • As the infant grows into a young child, the process of education becomes more
    formal through play dates and preschool.
    • Once in grade school, academic lessons become the focus of education as a child
    moves through the school system. But even then, education is about much more
    than the simple learning of facts.
    • Our education system also socializes us to our society. We learn cultural
    expectations and norms, which are reinforced by our teachers, our textbooks, and
    our classmates. (For students outside the dominant culture, this aspect of the
    education system can pose significant challenges.)
    Introduction to Education
    • You might remember learning your multiplication tables in
    second grade and also learning the social rules of taking turns
    on the swings at recess.
    • Schools also can be agents of change, teaching individuals to
    think outside of the family norms into which they were born.
    Educational environments can broaden horizons and even help
    to break cycles of poverty and racism.
    Education around the World

    These children are at a


    library in Singapore, where
    students are outperforming
    U.S. students on worldwide
    tests
    Education
    • Education is a social institution through which a society’s children are
    taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms.
    • Education the act or process of teach or acquiring general knowledge,
    developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of
    preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life.
    • Every nation in the world is equipped with some form of education system,
    though those systems vary greatly. The major factors affecting education
    systems are the resources and money that are utilized to support those
    systems in different nations. As you might expect, a country’s wealth has
    much to do with the amount of money spent on education.
    Education
    • International differences in education systems are not solely a financial issue.
    The value placed on education, the amount of time devoted to it, and the
    distribution of education within a country also play a role in those
    differences.
    • For example, students in South Korea spend 220 days a year in school,
    compared to the 180 days a year of their United States counterparts.
    • Approximately students in Somalia spend only 45 days a year in school, 4
    hours from the whole day and 9 months in a year.
    • Students at the top of the rankings hailed from Shanghai, Finland, Hong
    Kong, and Singapore.
    Education
    • Analysts determined that the nations and city-states at the top of the
    rankings had several things in common. For one, they had well-
    established standards for education with clear goals for all students.
    • They also recruited teachers from the top 5 to 10 percent of university
    graduates each year, which is not the case for most countries (National
    Public Radio 2010).
    • Finally, there is the issue of social factors. One analyst from the
    Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the
    organization that created the test, attributed 20 percent of performance
    differences and the United States’ low rankings to differences in social
    background.
    Formal and Informal Education
    • As already mentioned, education is not solely concerned with the
    basic academic concepts that a student learns in the classroom.
    • Societies also educate their children, outside of the school
    system, in matters of everyday practical living. These two types of
    learning are referred to as formal education and informal
    education.
    Formal Education
    • Formal education describes the learning of academic facts and concepts
    through a formal curriculum.
    • Arising from the tutelage of ancient Greek thinkers, centuries of scholars have
    examined topics through formalized methods of learning.
    • Education in earlier times was only available to the higher classes; they had the
    means for access to scholarly materials, plus the luxury of leisure time that
    could be used for learning. The Industrial Revolution and its accompanying
    social changes made education more accessible to the general population.
    • Many families in the emerging middle class found new opportunities for
    schooling.
    informal education
    • In contrast, informal education describes learning about cultural
    values, norms, and expected behaviors by participating in a society.
    • This type of learning occurs both through the formal education
    system and at home. Our earliest learning experiences generally
    happen via parents, relatives, and others in our community.
    • Through informal education, we learn how to dress for different
    occasions, how to perform regular life routines like shopping for and
    preparing food, and how to keep our bodies clean.
    informal education

    Parents teaching their children


    to cook provide an informal
    education
    Cultural transmission
    • refers to the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and
    social norms of their culture.
    • Both informal and formal education include cultural
    transmission. For example, a student will learn about cultural
    aspects of modern history in a U.S. History classroom. In that
    same classroom, the student might learn the cultural norm for
    asking a classmate out on a date through passing notes and
    whispered conversations.
    Access to Education
    • Another global concern in education is universal access. This term
    refers to people’s equal ability to participate in an education system.

    • For this case in Somalia numerous problems had arisen with regard to
    access to education in rural areas and along gender lines, quality of
    educational conditions, responsiveness of school curricula, educational
    standards and controls, management and planning capacity, and
    financing.
    Manifest Functions
    • There are several major manifest functions associated with education.
    The first is socialization. Beginning in preschool and kindergarten,
    students are taught to practice various societal roles.
    • characterized schools as “socialization agencies that teach children
    how to get along with others and prepare them for adult economic
    roles. Indeed, it seems that schools have taken on this responsibility
    in full.
    • This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the
    society as a whole. In the early days of compulsory education,
    students learned the dominant culture.
    Manifest Functions
    The teacher’s authority
    in the classroom is a way
    in which education
    fulfills the manifest
    functions of social
    control.
    social placement
    • Education also provides one of the major methods used by
    people for upward social mobility. This function is referred to as
    social placement. College and graduate schools are viewed as
    vehicles for moving students closer to the careers that will give
    them the financial freedom and security they seek.
    • As a result, college students are often more motivated to study
    areas that they believe will be advantageous on the social
    ladder. A student might value business courses over a class in
    Victorian poetry because she sees business class as a stronger
    vehicle for financial success.
    Latent Functions
    • Education also fulfills latent functions. As you well know, much goes
    on in a school that has little to do with formal education.
    • For example, you might notice an attractive fellow student when he
    gives a particularly interesting answer in class—catching up with him
    and making a date speaks to the latent function of courtship fulfilled
    by exposure to a peer group in the educational setting.
    • The educational setting introduces students to social networks that
    might last for years and can help people find jobs after their
    schooling is complete. Of course, with social media such as Facebook
    and LinkedIn, these networks are easier than ever to maintain
    Manifest and Latent Functions of Education

    Manifest Functions: Openly stated Latent Functions: Hidden, unstated functions


    functions with intended goals with sometimes unintended consequences
    Socialization Courtship

    Transmission of culture Social networks

    Social control Working in groups

    Social placement Creation of generation gap

    Political and social integration


    Cultural innovation
    cultural capital, hidden curriculum, tracking.
    • Cultural capital, or cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as
    currency that helps one navigate a culture, alters the experiences and
    opportunities available to French students from different social classes.
    • hidden curriculum, which refers to the type of nonacademic knowledge that
    one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission.
    • Conflict theorists point to tracking, a formalized sorting system that places
    students on “tracks” (advanced versus low achievers) that perpetuate
    inequalities.
    • IQ tests have been attacked for being biased—for testing cultural knowledge
    rather than actual intelligence. For example, a test item may ask students what
    instruments belong in an orchestra.

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