SEXUALLY

TRANSMITTED
DISEASES
Reporters:
Abdulhakim, Sittie Hajar
Almendras, Ara
Admana, Gillian
Abagat, Norgie
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
DISEASES

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are

infections transmitted from infected person to an
uninfected person through sexual contact.

STDs can be cause by bacteria, viruses, or

parasites.
 Examples include gonorrhea, genital
herpes, human papillomavirus infection, Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), chlamydia,
and syphilis (National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases of the National Institute of
Health of the United States 2017)
 Moreover, STDs can lead to long-term
health problems, usually in women and
infants. Among the health complications that
arise from STDs are pelvic inflammatory
disease, infertility, tubal or ectopic
pregnancy, cervical cancer, and perinatal or
congenital infections in infants born to
infected mothers.
One of the leading STDs worldwide is
AIDS, which is caused by HIV or Human
Immunodeficiency Virus.
1. CHLAMYDIA
 WHAT IS CHLAMYDIA?
Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted
disease. It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia
trachomatis. It can infect both men and women.
Women can get chlamydia in the cervix, rectum or
throat. Men can get chlamydia in the urethra (inside
the penis), rectum, or throat.
 How do you get
Chlamydia?
You can get Chlamydia during oral,
vaginal, or anal sex with someone who
has the infection. A woman can also pass
chlamydia to her baby during childbirth.
If you ‘ve had Chlamydia and were
treated in the past, you can get re-infected
if you have unprotected sex with someone
who has it.
Chlamydia in
Infants
 Who is at risk of getting
Chlamydia?
Chlamydia is more common in
young people, especially young women.
You are more likely to get it if you don’t
consistently use a condom, or if you
have multiple partners.
Among young women attending family planning
clinics participating in a sentinel surveillance
program who were tested for chlamydia,

9.2% of 15-19 8.0% of 20 to 24

years old years old
Were positive
 Chlamydia doesn’t
usually cause any
symptoms. So you may
not realize that you have
it. People with
Chlamydia who have no
symptoms can still pass
the disease to others. If
you do have symptoms,
they may not appear
until several weeks after
you have sex with an
infected partner.
 Symptoms in women
include:
 Abnormal Vaginal
discharge, which may be
a strong smell
 A burning sensation
when urinating
 Pain during intercourse
 Symptoms in men
include:
 Discharge from your penis
 A burning sensation when
urinating
 Burning or itching around
the opening of your penis
 Pain and swelling in one or
both testicles
 There are lab tests to
diagnose Chlamydia.
Your health care provider
may ask you to provide a
urine sample. For women,
providers sometimes use
(or ask you to use) a
cotton swab to get a
sample from your vagina
to test for Chlamydia
 Antibiotics will cure
the infection. You may get
a one-time dose of the
antibiotics, or you may
need to take medicine
every day for 7 days.
Antibiotics cannot repair
any permanent damage
that the disease has
caused.
 The only sure way
to prevent Chlamydia
is to not have vaginal,
anal or oral sex.
Correct usage of
latex condoms greatly
reduces, but does not
eliminate, the risk of
catching or spreading
Chlamydia.
 Gonorrhea is an infection caused by
a sexually transmitted bacterium
that can infect both males and
females. Gonorrhea most often
affects the urethra, rectum or throat.
In females, gonorrhea can also
infect the cervix.
 Gonorrhea is most commonly
spread during sex. But babies can
be infected during childbirth if their
mothers are infected. In babies,
gonorrhea most commonly affects
the eyes.
 Gonorrhea is a common infection
that, in many cases, causes no
symptoms. You may not even know
that you're infected. Abstaining from
sex, using a condom if you do have
sex and being in a mutually
monogamous relationship are the
best ways to prevent sexually
transmitted infections.
 Signs and symptoms of
gonorrhea infection in men
include:

 Painful urination
 Pus-like discharge from the tip
of the penis
 Pain or swelling in one testicle
 Signs and symptoms of
gonorrhea infection in
women include:
 Increased vaginal discharge
 Painful urination
 Vaginal bleeding between
periods, such as after vaginal
intercourse
 Painful intercourse
 Abdominal or pelvic pain
 Gonorrhea at other sites in
the body
Gonorrhea can also affect these parts of the body:
 Rectum. Signs and symptoms include anal itching, pus-like
discharge from the rectum, spots of bright red blood on toilet
tissue and having to strain during bowel movements.
 Eyes. Gonorrhea that affects your eyes may cause eye pain,
sensitivity to light, and pus-like discharge from one or both
eyes.
 Throat. Signs and symptoms of a throat infection may
include a sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
 Joints. If one or more joints become infected by bacteria
(septic arthritis), the affected joints may be warm, red,
swollen and extremely painful, especially when you move an
affected joint.
 Gonorrhea is caused
by the bacterium
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae. The
gonorrhea bacteria
are most often passed
from one person to
another during
sexual contact,
including oral, anal or
vaginal intercourse.
 Factors that may increase
your risk of gonorrhea
infection include:
 Younger age
 A new sex partner
 A sex partner who has
concurrent partners
 Multiple sex partners
 Previous gonorrhea
diagnosis
 Having other sexually
transmitted infections
 Untreated gonorrhea can lead to
significant complications, such as:
 Infertility in women. Untreated
gonorrhea can spread into the uterus and
fallopian tubes, causing pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID), which may
result in scarring of the tubes, greater
risk of pregnancy complications and
infertility. PID is a serious infection that
requires immediate treatment.
 Infertility in men. Men with untreated
gonorrhea can experience epididymitis
— inflammation of a small, coiled tube in
the rear portion of the testicles where the
sperm ducts are located (epididymis).
Epididymitis is treatable, but if left
untreated, it may lead to infertility.
 Infection that spreads to the joints and
other areas of your body. The bacterium
that causes gonorrhea can spread
through the bloodstream and infect other
parts of your body, including your joints.
Fever, rash, skin sores, joint pain, swelling
and stiffness are possible results.
 Increased risk of
HIV/AIDS. Having gonorrhea
makes you more susceptible to
infection with human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
the virus that leads to AIDS.
People who have both
gonorrhea and HIV are able to
pass both diseases more readily
to their partners.
 Complications in
babies. Babies who contract
gonorrhea from their mothers
during birth can develop
blindness, sores on the scalp
and infections.
Take steps to reduce your risk of
gonorrhea:
 Use a condom if you choose to
have sex. Abstaining from sex is
the surest way to prevent
gonorrhea. But if you choose to
have sex, use a condom during
any type of sexual contact,
including anal sex, oral sex or
vaginal sex.
 Ask your partner to be tested
for sexually transmitted
infections. Find out whether
your partner has been tested for
sexually transmitted infections,
including gonorrhea. If not, ask
whether he or she would be
willing to be tested.
 Don't have sex with someone
who has any unusual
symptoms. If your partner has
signs or symptoms of a sexually
transmitted infection, such as
burning during urination or a
genital rash or sore, don't have
sex with that person.
 Consider regular gonorrhea
screening. Annual screening is
recommended for all sexually
active women less than 25 years
of age and for older women at
increased risk of infection, such
as those who have a new sex
partner, more than one sex
partner, a sex partner with
concurrent partners, or a sex
partner who has a sexually
transmitted infection.
 Regular screening is also
recommended for men who
have sex with men, as well as
their partners.
 To avoid reinfection with
gonorrhea, abstain from
unprotected sex for seven
days after you and your sex
partner have completed
treatment and after
resolution of symptoms, if
present.
 Syphilis is an infection by
the T. pallidum bacteria that is
transmitted by direct contact
with a syphilitic sore on the
skin, and in mucous
membranes.
 A sore can occur on the
vagina, anus, rectum, lips, and
mouth.
 It is most likely to spread
during oral, anal, or vaginal
sexual activity. Rarely, it can
be passed on through kissing.
 The first sign is a painless
sore on the genitals, rectum,
mouth, or skin surface. Some
people do not notice the sore
because it doesn't hurt.
 These sores resolve on their
own, but the bacteria remain
in the body if not treated. The
bacteria can remain dormant
in the body for decades
before returning to damage
organs, including the brain.
 Syphilis is categorized by
three stages with varied
symptoms associated with
each stage.
 However, in some cases,
there can be no symptoms
for several years.
 Contagious stages include
primary, secondary, and,
occasionally, the early latent
phase.
 Tertiary syphilis is not
contagious, but it has
the most
dangeroussymptoms.
 The symptoms of
primary syphilis are one
or many painless, firm,
and round syphilitic
sores called chancres.
These appear about 3
weeks after exposure.
 Chancres disappear
within 3 to 6 weeks, but,
without treatment, the
disease may progress to
the next phase.
 a non-itchy rash that starts on the
trunk and spreads to the entire
body, including the palms of the
hands and soles of the feet. It may
be rough, red, or reddish-brown
in color
 oral, anal, and genital wart-like
sores
 muscle aches
 fever
 sore throat
 swollen lymph nodes
 patchy hair loss
 headaches
 weight loss
 fatigue
These symptoms can
resolve a few weeks
after they appear, or
they can return
several times over a
longer period.
Untreated, secondary
syphilis can progress
to the latent and late
stages.
 Tertiary syphilis can occur 10
to 30 years after onset of the
infection, normally after a
period of latency, where there
are no symptoms.
Symptoms include:
 damage to the heart, blood
vessels, liver, bones, and
joints
 gummas, or soft tissue
swellings that occur anywhere
on the body
 Organ damage means that
tertiary syphilis can often be
fatal.
 Syphilis is caused when T.
pallidum transfers from one
person to another during
sexual activity.
 It can also be passed
from mother to a
fetus during pregnancy, or to
an infant during delivery.
This is called congenital
syphilis.
 It cannot spread through
shared contact with objects
like doorknobs and toilet
seats.
 Risk factor
Sexually active people are at
risk of contracting syphilis.
Those most at risk include:
 those who have
unprotected sex
 men who have sex with
men
 those with HIV
 people with numerous
sexual partners
 Syphilitic sores also
increase the risk of
contracting HIV.
 Syphilis can be treated
successfully in the early stages.
 Early treatment with
penicillin is important, as
long-term exposure to the
disease can lead to life-
threatening consequences.
 During the primary, secondary,
or late stages, patients will
typically receive an
intramuscular injection of
Benzathine penicillin G.
 The treatment strategy will
depend on the symptoms and
when the person was exposed.
 Tertiary syphilis will require
multiple injections at weekly
intervals.
 Neurosyphilis requires intravenous
penicillin every 4 hours for 2
weeks to remove the bacteremia
from the central nervous
system (CNS).
 Curing the infection will prevent
further damage to the body, and
safe sexual practices can
resume, but it cannot undo any
damage that has already
occurred.
 Those with a penicillin allergy can
sometimes use an alternative
medication in the early stages.
During pregnancy and in the
tertiary stages, anyone with an
allergy will be desensitized to
penicillin to allow for treatment.
 Following delivery,
newborns who were
exposed to syphilis in the
womb should undergo
antibiotic treatment.
 Chills, fever, nausea, achy
pain, and a headache may
occur on the first day of
treatment. This is referred to
as a Jarisch-Herxheimer
reaction. It does not
indicate that the treatment
should be stopped.
 4. Chancroid
Chancroid is caused by infection with the
bacterium Haemophilus Ducreyi. Clinical
manifestations include Genital Ulcers and Inguinal
Lymphadenopathy or Buboes. Reported cases of
Chancroid declined steadily between 1987 and 2001.
Since then, the number of reported cases has
fluctuated somewhat, while still appearing to decline
overall. In 2006, a total of 7 cases of Chancroid were
reported in the United States.
 Chancroid is a bacterial infection that
causes open sores on or around the genitals of
men and women. It is caused by Haemophilus
Ducreyi. It is a type of sexually transmitted
disease (STD), which means it is transmitted
through sexual contact. Haemophilus Ducreyi
attacks tissue in the genital area and produces
an open sore that’s sometimes referred to as a
Chancroid or Ulcer. The Ulcer may bleed or
produce a contagious fluid that can spread
bacteria during oral, anal, or vaginal
intercourse. Chancroid may also spread from
skin to skin contact with an infected person.
Symptoms of Chancroid
 Buboes

Painful lymph glands may occur in

the armpit or in the groin, usually
only on one side; however, they can
occur on both sides.
Buboes in groin
Buboes in the armpit
 Genital Ulcer
 Symptoms usually occur within four to ten days from
exposure.
 They rarely develop earlier than three days or later
than ten days.
 The ulcer begins as a tender, elevated bump, or
papule, that becomes a pus-filled, open sore with
eroded or ragged edges.
 The ulcer is soft to the touch.
 The ulcers can be very painful in men but women
are often unaware of them. Because Chancroid is
often asymptomatic in women, they may be unaware
of the lesions.
Genital Ulcer in male
 How Can Cancroid Be
Prevented?
 Abstinence (not having sex at all)
 Mutual monogamy (having sex with only one
uninfected partner)
 Latex condoms for vaginal, oral, and anal sex. Using
latex condoms may protect the penis or vagina from
infection, but does not protect other areas such as the
scrotum or anal area. Chancroid lesions can occur in
genital areas that are covered or protected by a latex
condom, but may occur in areas that are not covered or
protected by a condom. Latex condoms, when used
consistently and correctly, can reduce the risk of
chancroid, genital herpes, syphilis, and genital warts,
only when the infected areas are covered or protected
by the condom.
 5. Human Papillomavirus
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common
sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Over 40
distinct HPV types can infect the genital tract. Although most
infections are asymptomatic and appear to resolve
spontaneously within a few years, the prevalence of genital
infection with any HPV type was 42.5% among United States
adults aged 18 to 59 years during 2013 to 2014. Persistent
infection with some HPV types can cause cancer and genital
warts. HPV types 16 and 18 account for approximately 66%
of cervical cancers in United States and approximately 25%
of low-grade and 50% of high-grade cervical intraepithelial
lesions or dysplasia. HPV types 6 and 11 are responsible for
approximately 90% of genital warts.
 Most HPV infections don't lead to cancer.
But some types of genital HPV can cause cancer
of the lower part of the uterus that connects to
the vagina (cervix). Other types of cancers,
including cancers of the anus, penis, vagina,
vulva, and back of the throat (oropharyngeal),
have been linked to HPV infection.
Symptoms
 These appear as flat lesions,
small cauliflower-like bumps
or tiny stem-like protrusions.
In women, genital warts
appear mostly on the vulva
but can also occur near the
anus, on the cervix or in the
vagina.
 In men, genital warts appear
on the penis and scrotum or
around the anus. Genital warts
rarely cause discomfort or
pain, though they may itch.
Genital Warts (Male)
Genital Warts (Female)
 Common warts
appear as rough, raised
bumps and usually occur
on the hands, fingers or
elbows. In most cases,
common warts are simply
unsightly, but they can also
be painful or susceptible
to injury or bleeding.
Common Warts
 Plantar Warts

Plantar warts are hard, grainy

growths that usually appear on the
heels or balls of your feet. These
warts might cause discomfort.
Plantar Warts
 Flat Warts

Flat warts are flat-topped, slightly

raised lesions darker than your skin.
They can appear anywhere, but children
usually get them on the face and men
tend to get them in the beard area.
Women tend to get them on the legs.
Flat Warts
 Cervical Cancer

Most cases of cervical cancer are

caused by HPV strains that usually don't
cause warts, so women often don't
realize they've been infected. Early
stages of cervical cancer typically
cause no signs or symptoms.
 How is HPV Spread?
 You can get HPV by having vaginal, anal, or oral
sex with someone who has the virus. It is most
commonly spread during vaginal or anal sex.
HPV can be passed even when an infected person
has no signs or symptoms.
 Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV, even if
you have had sex with only one person. You also
can develop symptoms years after you have sex
with someone who is infected. This makes it hard
to know when you first became infected.
 HPV infection occurs
when the virus enters
your body, usually
through a cut, abrasion or
small tear in your skin.
The virus is transferred
primarily by skin-to-skin
contact.
 Warts are contagious.
They spread by contact
with a wart or with
something that touched
the wart.
 Risk Factors

 Number of sexual partners

 Age
 Weakened immune system
 Damaged skin
 Personal contact
 Prevention
Being in a mutually monogamous
sexual relationship
Reducing your number of sex
partners
Using a latex condom, which can
reduce your risk of HPV transmission
 Herpes simplex virus
(HSV) is among the most
prevent of sexually
transmitted infections.
Although most infections
are subclinical, clinical
manifestations are
characterized by recurrent,
painful genital and/or anal
lesions. Most genital HSV
infections the United State
are caused by HSV type 2
(HSV-2), while HSV type 1
(HSV) infections are
typically or labial and
acquired during childhood.
 HSV-1 (oral herpes)can
happen from genital
interaction such as:
sharing lip balm, eating
the same device,
kissing
 HSV-2(genital
herpes)The infected
person may have sores
around the genitals or
rectum.
 Is a common sexually
transmitted protozoal
infection associated with
adverse health outcomes
such as preterm birth and
symptoms vaginitis. It as
not a nationally reportable
condition, and trend data
are limited to estimates of
initial physician office
visits for this condition.