NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

Agojo, Airish Nicole F.

Cabanting, Alyssa P.
 WHAT IS A A collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network
COMPUTER devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one
NETWORK? another allowing for data to be shared and used.
 WHAT IS A
Network is basically all of the components (hardware and
COMPUTER software) involved in connecting.
NETWORK?
 The following characteristics should be considered in network
design and ongoing maintenance:
 Cost – includes the cost of the network components, their
installation, and the ongoing maintenance
 Bandwidth capacity – making sure that an implementation
NETWORK of the topology can handle your traffic requirements
CHARACTERISTICS
 Ease of installation – the easier the network is to install, the
more likely it will go right the first time
 Ease of troubleshooting – downtime is expensive and
directly impacts the bottomline
  Security – includes the protection of the network
components and the data they contain and/or the data
transmitted between them
 Speed – includes how fast data is transmitted between
network end points (the data rate)
NETWORK
 Scalability – defines how well the network can adapt to new
CHARACTERISTICS growth, including new users, applications, and network
components
 Topology – describes the physical cabling layout and the
logical way data moves between components
  Determines how you wire your physical cable plant.
 The arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes,
etc.) of a computer network.
Physical topology

NETWORK refers to the geometric layout of workstations.

TOPOLOGY  Logical (signal) topology

refers how the signal travels, not the layout.

 NETWORK
TOPOLOGIES
 • also called linear bus
BUS
• one wire connects all nodes
TOPOLOGY
• terminator ends the wires
• use a common backbone to connect all devices
• a single cable, the backbone functions as a shared
communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an
interface connector.
  Networks that have a physical bus topology use a coaxial
cable, which has a single conductor surrounded by an
insulator, a metal shield, and an insulating cover
BUS  Most implementations use a thin coaxial cable (RG-58),
TOPOLOGY often referred to as Thinnet in an Ethernet network, that
connects to the network interface card (NIC) using a BNC
connector.
  sets the length of a cable segment and the number of devices on an
Ethernet bus network.
 For a Thinnet network, also referred to as 10Base2 or Thin Ethernet, the
maximum segment length is 185 meters (about 600 feet) with no more
Institute of Electrical than 30 devices per cable segment.
and Electronics  5-4-3 rule – is the standard for determining the number of devices and
Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 segments per cable.
standard
 You may use up to four repeaters to join a maximum of five segments
(three of which can be populated with devices), for a total cable length of
925 meters (3035 feet).
 The total number of nodes allowed is 150.
 10Base2 Cable
Segments /
Thinnet Network
• Repeater - It takes whatever signal is on the cable
(including electronic noise or unwanted
background electronic signals) and amplifies it
before passing it on to the next segment.

• Terminator - absorbs the signal when it reaches

the end of the line,
  The 10 refers to the 10 Mbps bandwidth of the
cable, whereas Base indicates that the transmission
type is a baseband transmission.
 Thicknet cabling uses a heavier gauge coaxial cable
than Thinnet and is sometimes used as a backbone
10Base5 or network.
Thicknet  The maximum cable segment length for Thicknet is
1,625 feet (500 meters) with a maximum of 100
nodes per segment.
 You can have up to four repeaters joining five
segments for a total cable length of 8,125 feet and
up to 300 nodes.
 Carrier Sense
Multiple Access/  A method of accessing a network used to manage
Collision Detection conflicts by detecting and preventing collisions.
(CSMA/CD)
 Advantages:

BUS • Bus networks use less cable than other physical

TOPOLOGY topologies (but the cable can be more expensive).

• The bus topology works better with smaller networks.

  Disadvantages:
 Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.

 Access time and network performance degrades as devices are

BUS added to the network.

TOPOLOGY  As you add devices, all devices are temporarily prevented from
using the network.

 Locating problems, such as cable breaks, shorts, or bad

terminators, is difficult.
 • nodes are connected to each other forming a large circle.

• data travels from device to device around entire ring, in one

direction (either “clockwise” or “counterclockwise”).
RING
TOPOLOGY • It has no beginning or end, so there is no need for
terminating the cable, which allows every device to have an
equal advantage accessing the media.
2 kinds of ring
topology
  A topology in which a data packet was sent around
a ring of computers until it reached its intended
Token Ring destination.
 It uses copper wires to carry electronic signals.
  A dual ring topology that uses fiber-optic cable.
 Was designed as a high-speed network and was
Fiber Distributed most often used as a building or campus backbone
DataInterface network.
(FDDI)  It is still used in this implementation and, in rare
circumstances, as a metropolitan area
network(MAN) backbone.
 Advantages :
 There are no collisions, making communication more
reliable.
RING  Locating and correcting problems is easier with devices
TOPOLOGY and cable.
 In most implementations, failing devices can be
automatically detected and isolated from the ring.
 No terminators are needed.
 Disadvantages:
 A ring network requires more cable than a bus network.
 A break in the cable will bring the entire network down
RING in some implementations.
TOPOLOGY  As you add devices to the ring, all devices are
temporarily prevented from using the network.
 Equipment can be difficult to locate and relatively
expensive.
 STAR
TOPOLOGY
 gets its name because it is installed in the shape of a star, like spokes in a
bicycle wheel.
 One most commonly seen in modern network implementations.
 all devices connect to a central device called hub node that may be a
network hub, switch or router
EXTENDED STAR
TOPOLOGY

 a star network which includes one or more additional hubs connected to

the main hub.
 It extends the length and size of the network.
 Advantages:
 Adding more devices is easy as your network expands.
 Hardware is relatively inexpensive and easy to install.
 The failure of one cable or one cable break will not bring
down the entire network.
STAR  The hub provides centralized management.
TOPOLOGY  Finding and fixing device and cable problems is easy.
 A star network can be upgraded to support faster
network transmission speeds.
 It’s the most common topology, so numerous equipment
options are available.
 Disadvantages:
 A star network requires more media than a ring or bus
network.
STAR  The failure of a single central hub can bring down the
TOPOLOGY entire network.
 The failure of one hub in an extended star affects all
devices connected to that hub.
 MESH
 sometimes called a net topology because it looks something like a
TOPOLOGY fisherman’s net, each device is connected to every other device.
 design allows all the devices to continue to communicate if one connection
goes down.
 rarely used as a local area network (LAN) topology, but often used to create
a reliable wide area network (WAN) topology.
 The Internet has a partial mesh infrastructure, though not a true mesh
because it doesn’t have full connectivity between all nodes.involve the
concept of routes
  A well-known mesh network, possibly the best known and
most used, is the United States public switched telephone
network (PSTN).
Advantages:
 Flexible variations can meet most network communication needs.
MESH  Multiple communication paths provide fault tolerance and the
TOPOLOGY ability to recover from failures.
 They are able to choose routes based on factors such as traffic and
congestion.
 It gives privacy and security. (Message travels along a dedicated
link.)
 It is robust. If any one link get damaged, it cannot affect others.
 Disadvantages:
 The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports required are very
large, since every device is connected to each device through
MESH dedicated links.
 Designs are often very complex and may require the assistance of an
TOPOLOGY outside consultant.
 Network hardware can be expensive and difficult to install.
 If managed internally, a mesh network is difficult to manage and
maintain.
 TREE
TOPOLOGY
 Also known as the hierarchical model.

 integrate multiple star topologies, together onto a bus.

 Advantage:
 Scalable, easy implementation and easy troubleshooting
TREE
Disadvantage:
TOPOLOGY  Lots of cable and hard to setup.
 HYBRID
TOPOLOGY

 combination of two or more different topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.).

 can be wired or wireless.

 the security risk is very low.

 Advantages:
• Very reliable and easy to detect the Faulty system.

• Troubleshooting is easy.

• It includes both wired and wireless network.

• It is expandable network.
HYBRID
TOPOLOGY Disadvantages:
• It’s design is difficult to understand.

• The cost of this network design is high, because of requirement of

lot of cables, cooling systems, etc.
  Based on established radio-frequency communication technologies.
802.11g
 A wireless standard that uses the 2.4GHz frequency bank, like 802.11b,
although transmitting at up to 54Mbps. Most 802.11g devices support and
provide connectivity to 802.11b devices on the network because they are
WIRELESS communicating within the same frequency band.
NETWORK 802.11n
TOPOLOGY  A wireless standard developed to improve transmission rates offered by
802.11g and 802.11b devices. Although similar to 802.11g, the newer
standard supports transmission rates up to 600Mbps.

Mode – a wireless topology

Wi – fi – a wireless network.
Ad Hoc Mode
• referred to as peer-to-peer mode.
• wireless network devices communicate directly with each other.
• No central access point device is involved.
• No physical placement requirements exist, as long as the devices
are in range of each other.
• Devices can also relay messages between each other, extending
the network’s range.
 • It is inexpensive with the hardware often preinstalled in the
Advantages of computer.
Ad Hoc Mode • It is easy to configure.
• It is easy to manage and maintain.
 • It has little security and is easily accessed by unauthorized
Disadvantages computers.
of Ad Hoc Mode • It is suitable to only very small networks.
INFRASTRUCTURE
MODE

 Lets you combine wired and wireless networks through the use of a
wireless access point (WAP).
 The WAP provides a central access point for the wireless computers, but
also passes data to and from the wired network.
  It is inexpensive and easy to configure.
Advantages of  It provides easy access between wired and wireless networks.
Infrastructure Mode
 It is scalable to meet requirements of large networks.
 Managing and maintaining it is easy
  It is not secured by default.
Disadvantages of  It has limited security options and is somewhat difficult to configure a
Infrastructure Mode  secure network.
 It might allow unauthorized access to the network.
WIRELESS MESH

 a set of WAPs or other transmission towers with overlapping ranges.

 The network of cell phone towers in most regions of the United States is
configured as a wireless mesh.
 LOGICAL
TOPOLOGY LOGICAL TOPOLOGY
 topology describes how devices on the LAN communicate and transmit
data.
LOGICAL BUS
 data travels in a linear fashion away from the source to all destinations.
LOGICAL RING
 data travels in a ring from one device to another and back around to the
beginning of the circle.
 LOGICAL
TOPOLOGY
 In modern Ethernet networks, the physical layout is a star topology. At
the center of the star is a hub. It is what happens inside that hub that
defines the logical topology. As you can see in the Figure above, an
Ethernet hub uses a logical bus topology inside to transmit data to all
the segments of its star
 Advantages:
 It allows for cost-effective scaling to meet growth requirements.
Combining wired and  Wireless NICs come preinstalled in most laptop computers.
wireless topologies
 Because no cables are needed, you can extend the network into
difficult to-wire areas.
 Advantages:
 If a node is down, it does not bring down the entire network.

 It’s the most widely implemented of the logical topologies

 The necessary hardware is readily available and relatively

Logical Bus Topology
inexpensive.

 The topology is easy to troubleshoot and maintain.

 Making additions and changes are easy without affecting other

workstations.
 Disadvantages:
 Collisions can occur easily
Logical Bus Topology
 Only one device may access the media at a time.

 Performance degrades as more devices are added.

Logical Ring
 In a logical ring, data travels in a ring from one device to another and
back around to the beginning of the circle.
 Multistation Access Unit (MAU) - which is the central hub in a Token
Ring network that is wired as a physical star
 Advantages:
 There are no collisions because a token passing access method is
used.

 Locating and correcting problems are easy with devices and cable
Logical Ring Topology
 You can usually add devices without interrupting the network.

 In most implementations, failing devices can be automatically

detected

 and isolated from the ring.

 Disadvantages:
 A broken ring can stop all transmissions.
Logical Ring Topology
 A device must wait for an empty token before it can transmit.

 Necessary hardware is more expensive than that for a logical bus.

 Disadvantages:
 Network is more complex than a single topology and it can be more

Combining wired and difficult to isolate problems.

wireless topologies  Default WAP security settings are completely open and represent a
potential security risk.

 Organization could lose sight of careful network planning.