There three main types of EV Chargers – rapid, fast, and slow.

Measurement of power is in
kilowatts (kW). Take note these represent the power outputs and therefore charging speeds,
possible to charge an EV. Each charger variant has an associated set of connectors designed for
low- or high-power use and either AC or DC charging. There are 3-charge point types and
various connectors. 

RAPID Chargers

These are the fastest charger for any EV, usually located at locations close to
main routes in the country. The devices provide high power direct current (DC)
or alternating current (AC) to recharge a car as rapidly as attainable.
Depending on the model and brand, EVs can be recharged to 80% within 20
minutes, though an average modern EV would take around an hour on a
standard 50 kW rapid charge point. At first, the car charges at normal-speed,
though the car will reduce charging speed as the battery gets closer to full
charge. As such, terms are quoted at the-charge of 80%, after which the
charging speed contracts significantly. It maximises charging efficiency and
helps protect the battery. These rapid chargers can be used only with vehicles
with rapid-charging capability. 
Types: 

 Rapid DC: Most common chargers in India. These chargers provide power at
50 kW (125A). Connectors typically charge an EV to 80% in 20 minutes to an
hour, depending on battery capacity and starting state of charge.
 Ultra-Rapid DC: Provide power at 100 kW or more. These are mostly either
100 kW, 150 kW, or 350 kW – though other maximum speeds between these
figures are possible. According to Zap-Map, "These are the next-generation of
rapid charge points, able to keep recharging times down despite battery
capacities increasing in newer EVs."

Key takeaways:
 50 kW DC charging on one of two connector types 
 43 kW AC charging on one connector type 
 100+ kW DC ultra-rapid charging on one of two connector types 
 All rapid units have tethered cable

FAST Chargers
These are Type-2 AC Chargers. Fast chargers are rated at either 7 kW or 22
kW (single- or three-phase 32A). Charging times vary on unit speed and the
vehicle, but a 7 kW charger will recharge a compatible EV with a 40 kWh
battery in 4-6 hours and a 22 kW charger in 1-2 hours. Fast chargers tend to
be found at locations such as car parks, shops, supermarkets, or leisure
centres, where you are likely to be parked for an hour or more. 
Untethered units are therefore more flexible and could be used by any EV with
the correct cable. Charging rates when using a fast charger will depend on the
car’s on-board charger, with not all models able to accept 7 kW or more. These
models can still be plugged into the charge point, but will only draw the
maximum power accepted by the on-board charger. Almost all EVs and PHEVs
can charge on Type 2 units, with the correct cable at least. It is by far the most
common public charge point standard around, and most plug-in car owners will
have a cable, with a Type 2 connector charger-side. The vast majority of fast
chargers provide AC charging, though some networks are installing 25 kW DC
chargers with CCS or CHAdeMO connectors.

Key takeaways: 

 7kW fast charging on one of three connector types 

 22kW fast charging on one of three connector types 
 Units are either untethered or have tethered cables

SLOW Chargers
 These are the most commonly available chargers in the Indian market. Power
output is 3 kW – 6 kW and the car will be charged between 8 - 12 hours. You
will have to keep your car overnight to be in full-charge. 
Key takeaways: 

 3 kW – 6 kW slow charging on one of four connector types 

 Charging units are either untethered or have tethered cables 
 Includes mains charging and from specialist chargers 
 Often covers home charging

Indian Electric Cars & the type of Connectors:

Electric car AC C

Audi e-tron SUV and Sportback Type 2

BMW iX Type 2

BYD E6 Type 2

Hyundai Kona Electric Type 2

Jaguar I-Pace Type 2

Lexus NZ Type 2

Mahindra e2o IEC60309

Mahindra eVerito Type 2

Mercedes-Benz EQC Type 2

MG ZS EV Type 2

MINI Cooper SE Type 2

Nissan LEAF Type 2

Porsche Taycan Type 2

Tata Nexon EV Type 2

 Electric car AC C

Tata Tigor EV (Old) IEC60309

Tata Tigor EV (New) Type 2

Tata Tigor EV Ziptron Type 2

EV connectors at the vehicle side

AC EV Connectors are the connectors that deliver AC power from a charging station to the
onboard charger of an electric car. The onboard charger converts AC to DC and then feeds
it to the electric vehicle‘s battery pack. The maximum power of domestic AC supply is
almost 7kW, and in the event of fast charging, the maximum power can be nearly 22kW.

 AC Connectors:
 IEC60309
 Type 2
 DC Connectors:
 GB/T
 Chademo
 CCS2
Plugging in an electric car overnight and topping up during the day is similar to charging a
smartphone. EV connectors at the vehicle side will directly connect to the vehicle. There are
mainly two types of connectors, AC (slow charging) and DC (fast charging) type. The
charging station sends electrical energy to the battery pack through a charging port

AC or slow charging connectors

They are usually slow charging. A regular three-pin outlet with an EVSE cable or a wall-
mounted home charging point can be used to charge an electric automobile at home.
Drivers of electric cars pick a home charging station to take advantage of faster charging
and built-in safety features.

There are mainly two types of AC connectors. They are :

1. IEC60309
2. Type 2 AC connector
1. IEC60309

Charging with 1 Phase, 15 A Outlet with connector IEC 60309 and related safety interlocks.
Depending on the current supplied and the number of phases allowed, a variety of plugs
and sockets of various sizes and pin counts are available. The fittings are popular in open-
air settings since they are weatherproof to IP44. They’re also often utilised in situations
when a high current rating or three-phase capabilities were not required.

Image credits : Wikipedia

The voltage range and frequency utilised are  color-coded on the cable connectors and
sockets, for 50–60 Hz AC power, common colours are yellow for 100–130 volts, blue for
200–250 volts, and red for 380–480 volts. The blue fittings are frequently used to provide
weather-resistant external sockets for outdoor equipment.

Reasons why EV charger connectors are not designed like normal three-plugs

 Three-pins are unable to withstand power more than 10Wh

 Affected by weather

2.Type 2 AC connector
The IEC 62196 Type 2 connector (Mennekes) is mostly used in Europe for charging electric
vehicles. It is also recommended at countries like New Zealand. The circular connector has
a flattened top edge and was designed to charge battery electric vehicles at 3–50 kilowatts.
A single-phase or three-phase alternating current (AC) is used to generate electricity (DC).
The Type 2 AC connector consists of seven pins out of which:

 One pin is earth pin,

 One neutral pin,
 three-line phase pin
 Two signalling pins.
However, if the EV Charger is only single phase like 7.4 KW Single Phase EV Charger then,
in that case out of the three plugs for phase, only one has conductor, rest are blind.
Consequently, Type-2 AC Chargers look exactly similar from 7.4 KW to 22 KW AC, the only
difference is in phase conductors. While in 7.4 KW single phase, there is only one-
conductor, the three phase (22 KW) has 3 conductors.
DC or fast charging connectors
The DC-EV Connectors provide direct DC power to the EV’s battery pack. A Rapid-DC
charging system can charge at 50kW, whereas an Ultra-Rapid charging system can charge
at 100kW to 150kW. Rapid chargers do not charge at their full power rating all of the time to
safeguard the battery. DC chargers perform the conversion from AC power to DC power at
the charging station itself.

There are mainly three types of DC charging connectors:

1. GB/T Connector
2. CHAdeMO connector
3. CCS1 and CCS2 connector

1. GB/T Connector
GB/T connectors are mainly used in China. The GB/T standard allows for charging power of
up to 250 kW, allowing electric vehicles to charge even faster. The vehicle connector can
also be locked in its bracket to prevent it against robbery. The power source used by GB/T
connectors are DC power. CAN BUS signalling is used by the Chinese GBT connection. It
does not use control protocols based on PLCs.
2.CHAdeMO connector

Image credits : Wikipedia

In 2010, the Japanese developed the CHAdeMO EV Connector Specification, a DC-based
EV Connector Specification. The CHAdeMO EV Connector Specifications are used to
create DC-based EV Connectors that offer up to 62.5 kW by 500 V with 125 Amperes,
direct current for fast charging of battery electric vehicles.

For the Control Pin(CP), the CAN Protocol is utilised to make communication between the
electric car and the charging system easier. The new CHAdeMO EV Connector
Specification 2.0 provides for up to 400kW of charging power. Most electric vehicles are
compatible with the CHAdeMO connector.

2.CCS1 and CCS2 connector

Combined Charging System (CCS) charging sockets use shared communications pins to
combine AC and DC inlets. As a result, the CCS charging socket occupies less space than
CHAdeMO and other AC plugs. Because CCS1 and CCS2 share the same DC pin
architecture and communications protocols, manufacturers can easily switch the AC plug
portion for Type 1 in the US and Japan for Type 2 in other markets.

It communicates between an electric car and the charging system via a PLC (Power Line
Communication). North America, South Korea, and a few other countries primarily use CCS
1. European countries are the primary users of CCS 2.
TYPES OF BATTERIES

There are four main types of EV batteries:

Lithium-ion

Nickel-metal hydride

Lead-acid

Ultracapacitors

1. Lithium-ion batteries are typically the best batteries for electric vehicles. The reason
they’re the best is that lithium-ion batteries hold a lot of energy, allowing for electric
cars to travel further. This boost to range can be pretty significantIy addition, lithium-
 ion batteries don’t have as high of a self-discharge rate as other types of batteries,
which lets them better maintain their charge as the battery ages. Lithium-ion is
considered the best and has also become the most popular battery in recent years.
Lithium-ion batteries are currently used in most portable consumer electronics such as
cell phones and laptops because of their high energy per unit mass relative to other
electrical energy storage systems. They also have a high power-to-weight ratio, high
energy efficiency, good high-temperature performance, and low self-discharge. Most
components of lithium-ion batteries can be recycled, but the cost of material recovery
remains a challenge for the industry. The U.S. Department of Energy is also supporting
the Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Prize to develop and demonstrate profitable
solutions for collecting, sorting, storing, and transporting spent and discarded lithium-
ion batteries for eventual recycling and materials recovery. Most of today's all-electric
vehicles and PHEVs use lithium-ion batteries, though the exact chemistry often varies
from that of consumer electronics batteries. Research and development are ongoing to
reduce their relatively high cost, extend their useful life, and address safety concerns in
regard to overheating.

The good news for electric car owners is that EV batteries are warrantied for at least 8 years or 100,000
miles

2. A nickel metal hydride battery (NiMH or Ni–MH) is a type of rechargeable

battery. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode is similar to that of
the nickel–cadmium cell (NiCd), with both using nickel oxide
hydroxide (NiOOH). However, the negative electrodes use a hydrogen-
absorbing alloy instead of cadmium. NiMH batteries can have two to three
 times the capacity of NiCd batteries of the same size, with significantly
higher energy density, although much less than lithium-ion batteries.
Nickel–metal hydride battery

Modern NiMH rechargeable cells

Specific energy 60–120 W·h/kg

Energy density 140–300 W·h/L

Specific power 250–1,000 W/kg

Charge/discharge 66%–92%
efficiency

Self-discharge rate 13.9–70.6% at room temperature

36.4–97.8% at 45 °C
Low self-discharge: 0.08–2.9%
(per month)

Cycle durability 1800–2000 cycles

Nominal cell voltage 1.2 V

They are typically used as a substitute for similarly shaped non-rechargeable alkaline
batteries, as they feature a slightly lower but generally compatible cell voltage, and are
less prone to leaking and explosion.

3. Lead Acid batteries

Lead acid batteries are the leading component for the electric car industry today. The
reason is clear: their ability to provide the high surge currents needed for an
automobile’s starter motor makes them a reliable power source at an affordable cost.
For the energy required to run an electric car, the typical car normally has 8-12 kWh
lead acid batteries installed, so price is a significant consideration. Their ease of
installation makes them that much more attractive as a power source. The disadvantage
is their short lifespan of only three years, at which point they can no longer be
recharged and must be disposed of. Still, this simple technology is cheap and easily
manufactured. Lead acid batteries use a high amount of reused materials. Flat or
disposed batteries are recycled into new batteries, keeping the carbon footprint low on
the lead acid used in the next batch of batteries and giving about 15 kg CO2 with the
normal l kWh lead acid battery.

The value of raw materials has spiked up the recycling market for recycled lead acid
batteries when they are disposed of. Nearly all of the components of a lead acid battery
are recyclable – 97 percent. The battery case is made of polypropylene; the plates are
made of lead, with water and acid mixed as an electrolyte. The casing and plates can
be easily melted down and reformed, since lead’s melting point is low. In this way, little
energy is required to convert melted lead to the required raw material for reuse. 

This ability to keep costs down by reusing materials makes recycling attractive and
easily doable. Europe recycles 100 percent lead acid batteries, while the U.S. boasts a
98 percent recycling rate.

If an electric vehicle with eight lead acid batteries were replaced once in three years, the
batteries’ carbon footprint over the vehicle’s lifetime would be:

 Estimated carbon footprint per battery: 15 kg

Estimated carbon footprint per battery pack (8 batteries): 120 kg

Estimated number of battery packs required during the vehicle’s lifetime: 4

Carbon footprint over vehicle lifetime: 480 kg

C02/km over 50,000 miles (80,000km): 6g

Such configuration can be found in REVA i (G-Wiz), Aixam Mega City, and the NEVs
(Neighborhood Electric Vehicles

4. Ultra capacitors:
Unlike batteries, ultracapacitors have a wide operating temperature
range from -40 to +65°C. This results in maximum power performance even in cold
climate conditions, where battery solutions would require significant oversizing to fulfill
the power requirements of the application.
Just as start-stop and other similar applications have experienced fast adoption in the
automotive industry after at first being introduced in the premium models, active roll
control is coming to mass-market passenger cars sooner rather than later. But there’s a
much bigger shift coming.

Fast-charging revolution

Fast charging follows a logical evolution in the electric vehicle industry – high-power
applications are being enabled by the emergence of the 48V system and the increasing
popularity of ultracapacitors. And Skeleton Technologies’ ultracapacitors, with specific
energy ratings of about 65 Wh/kg expected in the next 2-3 years, make fast charging
possible.With batteries, the charging speed is always going to be relatively limited due
to technological barriers and the chemistry of batteries – they simply cannot be
charged with a very high current without significantly impacting lifetime.
Abstact

Abstract:The population of Electric Vehicle (EV) is tremendously increasing with the

increase in fuel price and decrease in availability. As the number of EV increases, along
with that the number of EV charging stations should also increase, which constitute a
considerable charging impact on the grid from which the supply is taken. In this paper,
in order to reduce this charging impact and its after effects, a topology for EV charging
station is proposed which also promote the use of EVs. The proposed topology mainly
consists of a charging station powered by the grid as well as the storage integrated
solar PV system and a controller. The grid dependency of the charging station is
reduced by using a renewable energy source (Solar PV) and for improving the system
reliability a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is incorporated. The control
technique helps to reduce the charging impact on the grid by controlling the charging
current as per the system conditions. To make the EV Charging Station (EVCS) more
customized, three different options (Quick, Green and Budget) for charging are given
such that the customer is free to choose one among them according to his
requirement. The cost of charging will vary according to the selected mode of charging.
A smart Electric Vehicle charging station is designed and the charging current control in
various grid conditions are tested and verified by u sing M ATLAB Simulink model and
the obtained results are include