Fungal Infection of The Skin

Titiek Djannatun
Departement of Microbiologi-faculty of Medicine
YARSI University

Introductions

May be confined to the very outermost layers of the

skin and hairshafts or penetrate into the keratinized
layers of the epidermis, nails and hair (the superficial
and cutaneous mycoses)
Other develop in dermal layers (subcutaneous
mycoses)
Some systemic fungal infection acquired by the
airborne route have skin manifestations

Superficial Mycosis

The superficial Infections of the skin and

hair (pityriasis versicolor, tinea nigra, black
and white piedras)
Mainly cause cosmetic problem
The important causative agent is the
superficial yeast Malassezia
furfur/Pityrosporum furfur

Pityriasis / Tinea versicolor

Disebabkan oleh M. furfur/Pityrosporum furfur

Terdapat di seluruh dunia (terutama daerah tropis)
Sulit dibiakkan
Pada kulit spora bulat dan hifa pendek
Hifa/spora kulit bercak kecil tipis (bentuk kronis:
lebar), kemudian menjadi banyak dan menyebar, disertai
sisik bila berkeringat: gatal.
Woods light positif: kulit disinari UV fluoresceint, hijau
kebiru-biruan
Penularan: kontak langsung

Pityriasis Versicolor
Hypopigmented
macules

Pada kulit hitam

Ppted by heat,
sweat, steroids
Asymptomatic
scaly macules
Chest, back, face

P.Versicolor

Pada kulit putih

Hyperpigmented macules

Management

Diagnosa:
sediaan kerokan kulit dengan KOH 10%
spora berkelompok dengan hifa berkelompok
Pemeriksaan dengan UV

Infeksi tergantung: faktor kebersihan dan faktor

lain

Antifungal Rx
Azoles-oral/topical
Ketoconazole 200mg od x7
Itraconazole 200mg od x 7
Fluconazole 300mg-400mg stat
FORGET terbinafine tabs for P.V
Selenium sulfide (2%) lotion

Superficial and Cutaneous Mycosis

Dermatophytosis - "ringworm" disease of the nails,

hair, and/or stratum corneum of the skin caused by
fungi called dermatophytes.
oDermatomycosis - more general name for any skin
disease caused by a fungus.
o

Cutaneous dermatophyte

Etiological agents are called dermatophytes - "skin

plants". Three important anamorphic genera, (i.e.,
Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton),
are involved in ringworm.
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic - "keratin
loving". Keratin is a major protein found in horns,
hooves, nails, hair, and skin.
Ringworm - disease called herpes' by the Greeks,
and by the Romans tinea' (which means small
insect larvae).

Cutaneous dermatophyte
Source

Species (e.g.)

Infection

Geophilic

Microsporium gypseum
Trichophyton terrestre
Trichophyton gypseum

Soil Human

Zoophilic

Microsporum canis
Microsporum equinum
Trichophyton gallinae

Animal Human

Anthropophilic Epidermophyton floccosum

Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Trichophyton rubrum

Human Human

Clinical manifestations of ringworm infections are called

different names on basis of location of infection sites

tinea capitis - ringworm infection of the head, scalp, eyebrows,

eyelashes
tinea favosa - ringworm infection of the scalp (crusty hair)
tinea corporis - ringworm infection of the body (smooth skin)
tinea cruris - ringworm infection of the groin (jock itch)
tinea unguium - ringworm infection of the nails
tinea barbae - ringworm infection of the beard
tinea manuum - ringworm infection of the hand
tinea pedis - ringworm infection of the foot (athlete's foot)

Tinea/Ringworm (spesies)
Penyakit

Spesies

Tinea capitis

T.tonsurans, T.soudanense, T.schoenleinii,

T.violaceum, M.audouinii,M.canis, T.verrucosum

Tinea imbricata

T.concentricum

Tinea corporis

T.rubrum, M.canis, T.verrucosum, M.gypseum

Tinea cruris

T.rubrum, E.flocosum

Tinea manuum

T.rubrum

Tinea pedis

T.rubrum, T.mentagrophytes var interdigitale,

E.flocosum

Species found in different anamorphic genera are the

cause of different clinical manifestations of ring worm

Microsporum - infections on skin (unhair) and

hair (not the cause of TINEA UNGUIUM)
Epidermophyton - infections on skin and nails
(not the cause of TINEA CAPITIS)
Trichophyton - infections on skin, hair, and
nails.

Major sources of ringworm infection

Schools, military camps, prisons.

Warm damp areas (e.g., tropics, moisture
accumulation in clothing and shoes).
Historical note: More people were shipped
out of the Pacific Theater in WWII back to
U.S. because of ringworm infection then
through injury.
Animals (e.g., dogs, cats, cattle, poultry, etc.).

Typical Lesion

Annular or serpentine scaling patch with a raised margin

Itching variable in degree
The skin often dry and scaly and sometimes cracks (e.g.
Between toes in tinea pedis
Hair loss
The degree of Inflamation of Zoophilic greater than
anthropophilic
Some chronic or relaps

Typical Lesion

Immunological mediated hypersensitivity phenomena in

the skin erythema or vesicles dermatophytid
reactions
When the skin becomes cracks and macerated
superinfection with other organisms (Gram negatif
bacteria)
Dermatophytes infecting hair:

Ectothrix infections microsporium

Endotrix infections trichophyton

Dermatophytid Reaction

Allergic reactions are sometimes associated with tinea pedis

and other ringworm infections.
dermatophytid - an "id" allergic reaction.
toxins get into blood stream and reaches a site other than the
site of infection.
blistering occurs on fingers and hands.
in diagnosis, rule out allergic reaction to poison ivy,
detergents or other substances.
during diagnosis, look for tinea (pedis, often) on the body.
treat the primary site of infection where the antigen is being
produced.
treat secondary site - blisters.

Dermatophytid Reaction

Diagnosis

Note the symptoms.

Microscopic examination of slides of skin scrapings, nail
scrapings, and hair. Often tissue suspended in 10 % KOH
solution to help clear tissue. Slides prepared this way are
not permanent. These degrade rapidly due to presence of
base.
Isolation of the fungus from infected tissue culture on
Sabouraud agar of scrapings or clipings from lesions
Proper treatment is dependent on diagnosis and prognosis.

Tinea Pedis Athletes Foot Infection

between toes or toe webs (releasing of clear fluid) - 4th and 5th toes are most
common.
Soreness and itching of any part of the foot.
In one study - 85 % of college students carried a ringworm fungus.
Common disease but fairly recent was not recognized until late 19th century.
Spread of disease correlated with introduction and generalized distribution of T.
rubrum into Europe and America probably due to massive movement of peoples
due to colonial occupation, slave trade, and World War II.
Origin of T. rubrum may have been SE Asia or Africa.
Fungi probably transmitted host to host through infected squames; flat,
keratinised, dead cells shed from the outermost layer of a stratified squamous
epithelium.
Three causal agents, T. rubrum (source of inoculum comes from people with
chronic infections, because fungus not long-lived in squames), T. mentagrophytes,
and Epidermophyton floccosum (source of inoculum comes from long-lived
arthrospores that reside in squames deposited in rugs and carpets (fomites).

Three Grades of Infection Three

Grades of Infection

Grade I - Subclinical
An itching between toes, skin may be soft and macerated, blistering my occur.
Treatment - keeping feet dry and clean, drying between the toes lightly each
time you bathe to remove some skin. Application of fungicidal powders or
ointments containing (1) salicylic acids to promote peeling of the skin and/or
(2) tonaftate or other topical fungicides.
Grade II
Host is conscious of a burning sensation while walking and standing.
Soaks are recommended (paints or liquids) such as 1:4000 KMnO (stains the
4
skin purple) or topical fungicides.
Remove clear liquid from blisters by having a doctor puncture near the base
or unroofing the blister.
Dusting powder in morning to help keep feet dry.

Three Grades of Infection

Grade III
A secondary bacterial infection sets in.
Patient should go to bed.
Use systemic antibiotics to fight bacterial infection.
Use of soaks and compresses.
After infection subsidies, go to treatments as for Grade I or II
infections.
For persistent cases, (T. rubrum is usually the culprit), resort to
systemic griseofulvin therapy or other antifungal systemic drugs
(i.e., Lamisiltrademark or terbinafine HCl)

Griseofulvin is fungistatic, so it won't kill the fungus, just

inhibit its growth.
Improvement occurs in 2-6 weeks as long as 6 months.
Sometime griseofulvin treatment is ineffective.

Some patients may not tolerate terbinafine HCL depending on

sensitivity to drug.

Tinea Pedis Athletes Foot Infection

Tinea corporis body ringworm

Generally restricted to stratum corneum of the smooth skin.

Symptoms result form fungi metabolites such as toxin/allergens.
Disease found throughout the world.
Produces concentric or ring-like lesions on skin, and in severe cases these are raised and
may become inflamed.
All forms of tinea corporis caused by T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, M. canis,
and M. audouinii are treatable with topical agent containing tolnaftate, ketoconazole,
miconazole,
Disease transmitted through infected scales hyphae or arthroconidia on the skin.
Also transmitted through direct contact between infected humans or animals, by fomites
(any agent such a bedding or clothing capable of retaining a pathogen and transmitting to a
new host).
Transfer form on area to the body to another (from tinea pedis to tinea corporis).
Tinea Corporis normally resolves itself in several months.
T. verrucosum and T. violaceum infections require more vigorous treatment including
cleaning of area to remove of scales and older fungicidal topical applications of ammoniated
mercury ointment, 3 % salicylic and sulfuric acid, or tincture of iodine for several weeks.
Widespread tinea corporis and more severe types (lesions) require systemic griseofulvin
treatment (about 6 weeks for effective treatment).

Tinea corporis body ringworm

T.Corporis

Itchy
Annular patch
Well defined edge
Scaling more
obvious at
edges(central
clearing)

Tinea Cruris Jock Itch

More common in men than women.

Infection seen on scrotum and inner thigh, the penis is usually not infected.
Epidemics associated with grouping of people into tight quarters - athletic teams, troops, ship crews,
inmates of institutions.
Several causes of tinea cruris include T. rubrum (does not normally survive long periods outside of
host), E. flocossum (usually associate with epidemics because resistant arthroconidia in skin scales
can survive for years on rugs, shower stalls, locker room floors), T. mentagrophytes (usually of
animal origin, such as rodents), and Microsporum gallinae (rarely seen - usually found on
gallinaceous birds like turkeys and chickens).
Predisposing factors include persistent perspiration, high humidity, irritation of skin from clothes,
such as tight fitting underwear or athletic supporters, pre-existing disease, such as diabetes and
obesity.
Diagnosis

If lesion "weep", it is likely caused by a yeast, such as, Candida albicans, and not by a
dermatophyte, especially if infections are seen in a woman.

KOH examination of skin scrapings.

Culture of dermatophyte from skin scrapings.

Treatment

Tolnaftate (Tinactin trademark) treatment protocol for tinea corporis.

Relief of symptoms occur within 3 days and treatment continued until all signs of disease are
gone.

Area is sensitive so the other care needs to be taken into to add to irritation of region.

Tinea Cruris Jock Itch

Tinea Unguium Nail Infection

Tinea unguium or onchomycosis can take two forms:

Leukonychia mycotica - superficial white onychomycosis, invasion of fungus restricted to

patches or pits on surface of the toenail.
Invasive subungual dermatophytosis - lateral or distal edges first involved, followed by
establishment of the infection beneath the nail plate. Invasion of nail plates by dermatophytes.

Onychomycosis (infection of nails caused by non-dermatophytic fungi and yeasts)

Most commonly caused by T. rubrum, then E. floccosum or other Trichophyton species.
Resistant to treatment, rarely resolves spontaneously.
Topical treatments - poor record of cure.
Ablation - surgical or chemical removal of nail.
Systemic griseofulvin therapy can lead to remission (usually a year or more of treatment
required - results vary about 29 % cure rate).
Use of other systemic antifungal (i.e., Lamisiltrademark or terbinafine HCl).
Filing down the nail to paper thin consistency and soaking or painting with KMnO4
(1:4000), phenol, 10 % salicylic acid, or 1% iodine is useful adjunct to systemic
griseofulvin treatment.

Tinea Unguium Nail Infection

Tinea Capitis

tinea capitis - ringworm of the scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes

Caused by species of Microsporum and Trichophyton.
Fungus grows into hair follicle.
Using a Wood's lamp, on hair Microsporum species tend to
fluoresce green while Trichophyton species generally do not
fluoresce.
Lack of fluorescence does not mean it isn't Microsporum.
Subculture any strands of hair that fluoresce to help identify the
causal agent.
Ectothrix infection - fragmentation of mycelium into conidia
(called arthroconidia) around the hair shaft or just beneath the
cuticle with destruction of the cuticle. This type of infection
caused by M. audounii, M. canis, M. ferrugineum, T.
mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum and T. megninii.

Tinea Capitis

Endothrix infection - arthroconidia formation occurs by

fragmentation of hyphae with the hair shaft with destruction
of the cuticle. This type of infection caused T. tonsurans
(most common cause), T. violaceum, T. rubrum, and T.
gourvillii. All these pathogen species are anthropophilic.
"Gray patch ringworm" ectothrix common disease in
children usually not associated with inflammation.
Zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytes infections on man
associate with inflammation. Microsporum canis, T.
verrucosum, and T. mentagrophytes (zoophilic); M.
gypseum and M. fulvum (geophilic species).
"Id" reaction may occur.

Treatment of Tinea Capitis

Ectothrix infections often resolve on their own.

Endothrix infections my become chronic and may
continue into adulthood.
Topical treatments are ineffective (don't bother
using tonaftate or topical griseofulvin)
Fungistatic agents are somewhat effective
(miconazole, clotrimazole) in combination to
systemic administration of griseofulvin.
Vigorous daily scrubs of scalp help removal of
infectious debris. Do not use this treatment on
patients with porphyria (an accumulation of
blood pigment called porphyrins in blood stream
and urine) or is hypersensitive to griseofulvin.

Tinea Capitis

Gray Patch

TINEA CAPITIS - KERION

TINEA CAPITIS Black dot

Ectothrix and Endothrix

Fluorescing hair (under Wood's

lamp) is seen in dogs and cats
infected with some dermatophytes

DERMATOPHYTES

Arthroconidia on hair

DERMATOPHYTES

Microsporum audouinii
No teleomorph state (sexual reproduction has yet to be
observed in this species).
Usually devoid of conidia (macro- or microconidia).
Septate hyphae with terminal chlamydoconidia, often
pointed at the end.
Macroconidia are often irregular or non-uniform in shape.
Colonies on culture media are flat, silky in appearance.
Growth of colonies on culture media is tight.
On reverse of colony - pigment is reddish-brown in color.

Microsporum audouinii

http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/microsporum_audouinii.htm
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Dermatophytes/Microsporum/Microsporum_audouinii.html

DERMATOPHYTES

Microsporum canis complex?

Teleomorph is an ascomycete called
Arthroderma otae. Almost all clinical isolates
are minus mating type.
Macroconidia are abundant, thick-walled with
many septa, up to 15. Macroconidia are often
hooked or curved at ends.
Microconidia are small and clavate (clubshaped).

Microsporum canis
Teleomorph: Arthroderma otae

http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/microsporum_canis.htm
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Dermatophytes/Microsporum/Microsporum_canis.html

DERMATOPHYTES

Microsporum gypseum complex

Teleomorphs are Arthroderma gypseum and A. incurvatum.
Produces abundant macroconidia brownish-yellow due to large
numbers macroconidia. Surface of culture colony often is
powdery in appearance.
Reverse of colony often appears ragged around edges.
Macroconidia usually have 4-6 septa or crosswalls.
Microconidia are smaller than in M. canis.
Macroconidia up to 40 m long
In lactophenol, water is extracted and can cause the macroconidia
walls to collapse. This is an artifact due to mounting media.
Macroconidia do not form on infected hair!

Microsporum gypseum

http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/microsporum_gypseum.htm
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Dermatophytes/Microsporum/Microsporum_gypseum.htm

DERMATOPHYTES

Epidermophyton floccosum
Only one pathogenic species in this genus.
Tinea unguium and tinea cruris are often caused by
this fungus.
Culture starts out white/turns sulfur color.
Cultures may be wrinkled to cottony in appearance.
No microconidia.
Shape of macroconidia is a distinguishing
characteristic - clavate macroconidia.

Epidermophyton floccosum

http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/epidermophyton.htm
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Dermatophytes/Epidermophyton/

DERMATOPHYTES

Trichophyton species
The word "trichophyton" literally means "hair plant".
Presence of macroconidia in cultures varies and may not help in identification
of cultures.
Microconidia shape and presence varies.
Microconidia are globose (round-shaped), pyriforme (pear-shaped), or clavate
(club-shaped).
Most common species include:
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
T. rubrum
T. tonsurans
T. verrucosum
T. violaceum
T. schoenleinii
T. ajelloi (rare infects humans).
http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/trichophyton.htm

DERMATOPHYTES

ON SKIN: Scrapings from skin and nails cannot distinguish species in this genus.
ON HAIR: Pattern of infection can help distinguish etiologic or causal agent.
For Microsporum species - infections on hair lead to a mosaic pattern of arthrospores.
For Trichophyton species - infections on hair follow one of the 4 patterns.

Ectothrix - more or less parallel rows of arthrospores produced on surface of hair.

1. Small-spored ectothrix (arthrospores are < 5 mm in diameter) - caused by T.
mentagrophytes or T. rubrum (rare). Spores are about the same size as those
produced by Aspergillus.
2. Large-spored ectothrix (arthrospores are 5- 10 mm in diameter) - caused by
T. verrucosum.

Endothrix - growth inside hair shaft only!

3. "Black-dot" endothrix (hair stubs filled with arthrospores) - caused by T.
tonsurans or T. violaceum.

4. "Favus hair" endothrix (honeycomb pattern of damage seen on surface of hair shaft) - caused by T.
schoenleinii.

DERMATOPHYTES

Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Most common dermatophyte on humans and animals.
Highly variable in culture.
Globose microconidia in grape-like clusters - en grappe.
Macroconidia, when present, are cigar-shaped.
Spiral hyphal cells.
Cultures tend to be white and downy (some pigmentation on
reverse colony)
Common cause of tinea pedis.
Causes small-spored ectothrix.
Teleomorph is Arthroderma benhamiae or A.
vanbreuseghemii.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

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DERMATOPHYTES

Trichophyton rubrum
Infects nails and smooth skin (rarely found on hair).
Most common and widely distributed dermatophyte on man and rarely isolated
from animals, never from soils.
No teleomorph (possibly lost in transition from saprophytic lifestyle to man).
Resistant and persistent (some people become carriers for life).
Slow-growing in culture.
When intensely pigmented in culture the color is reminiscent of port burgundy
wine or venous blood.
Production of pigment increased, if fungus grown on corn meal agar.
Microconidium are clavate or "teardrop" shape with a broad attachment point of
the hyphae.
Microconidia may develop on sides of macroconidium.
In vitro - lack of hair penetrating organs, unlike T. mentagrophytes.
T. violaceum grows poorly without thiamine. T. megninii grows poorly without Lhistidine. T. rubrum requires neither thiamine or L- histidine.

Trichophyton rubrum

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DERMATOPHYTES

Trichophyton tonsurans
Anthropophilic and on hair causes endothrix.
Third most common cause of tinea capitis
Other leading causes of tinea capitis are M. audouinii
(transmission is generally from child to child) and M. canis
(transmission is from animal to human).
Colonies whitish and folded.
Colonies are yellowish-brown color on reverse of colony.
Microconidia are longer and larger than in T. rubrum.
Intercalary and terminal chlamydoconidia common in older
cultures.
Macroconidia not common, irregular in form.

Trichophyton tonsurans

http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Dermatophytes/Trichophyton/tonsurans.html

Trichophyton tonsurans

DERMATOPHYTES

Trichophyton violaceum
Attacks hair, scalp, skin and nails.
Nail infections are persistent.
Endothrix (black dot infection of scalp).
Found in humans, rarely in animals.
Disease has been reported in horses, cats, dogs, mice and
pigeons.
Very slow growing in culture with a waxy appearance.
Colony deep violent in color, purplish pigment diffuses into
media.
Rarely produces microconidia and macroconidia.
In culture this species requires thiamine for proper growth.
Hyphae coarser in appearance than seen in other dermatophytes.
Chlamydoconidia are seen in culture.

Trichophyton violaceum

http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Dermatophytes/Trichophyton/violaceum.html

DERMATOPHYTES

Trichophyton verrucosum
Associated with cattle ("barn itch").
Large-spored ectothrix.
Causes severer infections in humans on the scalp and
beard.
Very slow growing, no pigment on reverse to yellow.
Grows best at 37 C.
On unenriched media - chains of chlamydoconidia and
antler-like hyphae.
On thiamine-enriched media, produces many small
microconidia and occasionally macroconidia are produced.

Trichophyton verrucosum

http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Dermatophytes/Trichophyton/verrucosum.html

Trichophyton verrucosum

DERMATOPHYTES

Trichophyton schoenleinii
Endothrix infection of hair.
Causes tinea favosa (cup-shaped crusts on scalp called
favus).
tinea favosa may lead to alopecia or permanent baldness.
Colonies waxy to suede-like; off white in color.
Colony may become convoluted from folds that develop
No conidia (micro- or macro-) even on enriched media .
Grows will at 37 C.

Trichophyton schoenleinii

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Trichophyton schoenleinii

DERMATOPHYTES

Trichophyton ajelloi
Teleomorph - Arthroderma uncinatum.
Common soil dermatophilic fungus.
Rarely causes infection in man or animals (cattle,
dogs, horses, squirrels).
Readily isolated from soil by hair baiting.
Cigar-shaped macroconidia with smooth ends.

Trichophyton ajelloi

Candidiasis
Oropharnygeal
Candidal intertrigo-breasts, groin, web
spaces
Chronic Paronychia - nail fold
infection
Vaginitis/balanitis

Candidal Intertrigo

Moist folds

Erythematous patch
with satellite
lesions

Management

Rx underlying disorder
Reduce moisture

Wt loss, cotton underwear

Absorbent/antifungal powder eg Zeasorb AF

Rx partner in recurrent genital candidiasis

Rx-Nystatin
Azoles

Chronic Paronychia

Infection of nail
fold
Wet alkaline work
Excess manicuring
Damage to cuticle
Swelling of nail
fold (bolstering)
Nail dystrophy

Chronic Paronychia

Keep hands dry /Wear gloves

Long term Rx
Oral Azoles
Antifungal solution-(high alcohol content)
+/-Broad spectrum antibiotics-cover
staph/GNB

Subcutaneous Mycosis

Sporotrichosis Sporothrix schenckii

Saprophytic fungus di tanah dan tumbuhan yang sudah

lapuk jamur dimorfik

Systemic Fungal Infections with Skin Manifestations

Blastomycosis Blastomyces dermatitidi

Infection is acquired by by aspiration of the fungal
spores and spreads from the primary site in the
lung
Coccidiodiomycosis Coccidioides imnitis
Cryptococcosis Cryptococcus neoformans