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    4.1 Vector Spaces and Subspaces

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    4.1 Vector Spaces and Subspaces

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    977

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    4.1-4.3

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    4 views28 pages

    4.1 Vector Spaces and Subspaces

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    4 Vector Spaces

    4.1 VECTOR SPACES AND SUBSPACES

    Vector Space
    Geometric Representation of :

    a+b
    a

    b
    Algebraic Representation of :
    Let S be the space of all vectors of the form (2a, 0, a) in R3 :

    S = {(2a, 0, a) | a in R}.
    The set of all polynomials of degree at most n is a vector space
    denoted by Pn . In other words, Pn consists of all polynomials of the form

    an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 ,

    with real-valued coefficients.


    Subspace

    Fact

    If S1 and S2 are two vector spaces with S1 ⊆ S2 , then S1 is a subspace of S2 .

    The vector space S = {(2a, 0, a) | a in R} is subspace of R3 .

    The set of all polynomials with the zero constant, a0 = 0, is a


    subspace of Pn .
    Example 7: Let H be the set of all vectors of the form

    v = (4a + 5b, a − 2b, b, 3a)

    where a and b are arbitrary scalars. Show that H is a subspace of R4 .


    Example 8: For what value(s) of h will y be in the subspace of R3 spanned
    by v1, v2, v3, if
           
    1 5 −3 −4
    v1 = −1, v2 = −4, v3 =  1 , and y =  3 .
    −2 −7 0 h
    4.2 NULL SPACES, COLUMN SPACES, AND LINEAR TRANS-
    FORMATIONS

    Null Space

    Theorem

    The null space of an m × n matrix A, is a subspace of Rn .


    Example 1: Find a spanning set for the null space of the matrix
     
    1 2 −1 0
    A= 2 0 0 1 
    −1 1 3 −3
    Column Space

    Theorem

    The column space of an m × n matrix A, is a subspace of Rm .

    Fact

    The column space of an m × n matrix A is all of Rm if and only if the equation


    Ax = b has a solution for each b in Rm .
    Nul A vs Col A:

    If A is an m × n matrix, then:
    Linear Transformation

    Kernel and Range

    The kernel (or null space) of a linear transformation T : V → W is the set


    of all u in V such that T u = 0.

    The range of T is the set of all vectors b in W such that T x = b for some x
    in V .

    Example 2: Let V be the vector space of all polynomials of degree at most 1


    defined on the interval [0, 1]. Define the transformation T : V → R as

    Z 1
    T (p(x)) = p(x) dx.
    0

    Show that T is a linear transformation and compute the kernel and the range
    of T .
    4.3 LINEARLY INDEPENDENT SETS; BASES
    Linearly Independent Set

    An indexed set of vectors {v1 , v2 , . . . , vk } in V is said to be linearly indepen-


    dent if the vector equation

    c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + ck vk = 0 (1)

    has only the trivial solution, c1 = c2 = · · · = ck = 0.

    The set {v1 , . . . , vk } is said to be linearly dependent if (1) has a nontrivial


    solution, that is, if there are some weights, c1 , c2 , . . . , ck , not all zero, such
    that (1) holds.

    Facts

    1. Just as in Rn , a set containing a single vector v is linearly independent


    dependent if
    and only if v = 0.

    2. A set of two vectors is linearly dependent if and only if one of the vectors
    is a multiple of the other.

    3. Any set containing the zero vector is linearly dependent.

    Theorem
    Example 1: The set {sin t, cos t} is a linearly independent set in the vector
    space C[0, 2π].

    Example 2: The set {sin 2t, sin t cos t} is linearly dependent in the vector
    space C[0, 2π].

    Example 3: Is the set {1, t, 3 − 5t} linearly independent in the vector space
    C[0, 1]?

    Example 4: Is the set {1, t, t2 } linearly independent in the vector space


    C[0, 1]?
    Basis

    Example 5: If A is an n × n invertible matrix, the columns of A form a basis


    for Rn . The standard basis for Rn is the columns of the identity matrix In :
     
    1 0 0 ... 0
    0 1 0 ... 0
     
    In = 0 0 1 ... 0 .

     .. .. .. .. .. 
    . . . . .
    1 0 0 ... 1

    Example 6: The standard basis for Pn is

    B = {1, x, x2 , . . . , xn }.
    Theorem

    Theorem

    The pivot columns of A form a basis for the Col A.

    Example 7:


    1 2 0 −4

    0
    0 0 0 0 0
     
    A=
    0 0 −1 2 0 

    0 0 0 0 5
    0 0 0 0 1
    Remark

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