1.

Explain the Android Development Framework

The Android development framework is a set of tools and libraries that facilitate the creation
of Android applications. It is built on a layered architecture:
1. Linux Kernel: Provides basic system services such as memory, process management,
and hardware abstraction.
2. Android Runtime (ART): Executes apps and manages memory. ART compiles apps
at install time, improving performance.
3. Android Libraries: Include C/C++ libraries such as SQLite for databases, SSL for
security, and WebKit for rendering web content.
4. Application Framework: Contains the core Android APIs used by developers to
build apps. Key components include:
o Activity Manager: Manages activity lifecycle.
o Window Manager: Manages the display and window layering.
o Content Providers: Allow apps to share data with other apps.
5. Application Layer: Where the actual Android apps run, including pre-installed apps
like contacts, SMS, and third-party apps.
The framework provides structured APIs for managing UI components, handling input,
working with hardware features, and interacting with the OS.

2. Explain how the lifecycle of an Android activity works?

The Android Activity lifecycle involves several stages, managed by lifecycle methods:
1. onCreate(): Called when the activity is first created. Initialize UI components and
any necessary resources.
2. onStart(): Called just before the activity becomes visible to the user.
3. onResume(): Called when the activity interacts with the user. It becomes the
foreground activity and starts responding to user input.
4. onPause(): Called when the activity is partially visible but the user is interacting with
another activity.
5. onStop(): Called when the activity is no longer visible.
6. onDestroy(): Called before the activity is destroyed, either by the system or the user.
7. onRestart(): Called after the activity has been stopped and before it is restarted.
This lifecycle allows Android to manage resources efficiently, ensuring optimal use of
memory and CPU.
6. Explain the methods involved in the Android Activity lifecycle
The Android Activity lifecycle includes the following key methods:
1. onCreate(): Initializes the activity. It is the first method invoked, typically where the
UI is set up using setContentView().
2. onStart(): Prepares the activity to become visible but not yet interactive.
3. onResume(): Makes the activity interactive and ready for the user. It is called when
the activity comes to the foreground.
4. onPause(): Called when the activity is partially obscured (e.g., a dialog appears or
another activity comes into focus). It's a good place to save data.
5. onStop(): Invoked when the activity is no longer visible to the user. Resources that
aren’t needed can be released here.
6. onRestart(): Called when the activity is restarting after being stopped.
7. onDestroy(): The final method called before the activity is completely removed from
memory.

7. Compare and contrast Android OS with other OS

Android OS vs iOS:
• Open Source vs Closed Source: Android is open-source, allowing more
customization and flexibility, whereas iOS is closed-source and offers more security
with tighter control over the ecosystem.
• App Store Policies: Android’s Google Play Store has lenient submission rules, while
Apple's App Store has strict guidelines, making app approval slower.
• Customization: Android allows users to customize home screens, add widgets, and
change default apps, while iOS is more restrictive.
• Development Language: Android apps are typically built using Java or Kotlin, while
iOS apps use Swift or Objective-C.
• Hardware Variety: Android supports a wide range of devices with varying specs,
while iOS is optimized for a limited number of Apple devices.
Android OS vs Windows Mobile:
• Market Share: Android dominates the mobile OS market, while Windows Mobile
has been discontinued.
• App Availability: Android has a larger app ecosystem compared to Windows Mobile.
• User Interface: Android’s UI is customizable and dynamic, whereas Windows
Mobile had a tile-based interface.
1. Analyze the different types of layouts in Android
Android offers multiple layout types for designing user interfaces:
1. LinearLayout: Arranges elements either horizontally or vertically in a single row or
column. It's simple but may not be efficient for complex UIs.
2. RelativeLayout: Positions elements relative to other elements or the parent container.
It is flexible but can become complex.
3. ConstraintLayout: Allows you to create large and complex layouts with a flat view
hierarchy. It is highly flexible and performance-optimized.
4. FrameLayout: Stacks elements on top of each other, primarily used for overlaying
views.
5. GridLayout: Arranges components in a grid format, useful for creating grids of items
such as images or text.
Different layouts serve different purposes in UI design, balancing flexibility and performance
based on complexity.

2. Analyze the importance of pixel density measurements

Pixel density, measured in dots per inch (DPI), is critical in Android to ensure that UI
elements look consistent across devices with varying screen sizes and resolutions. Android
categorizes devices into different density buckets (low, medium, high, extra-high, etc.) to
optimize rendering:
1. DPI Buckets: Android defines different DPI levels (ldpi, mdpi, hdpi, xhdpi, xxhdpi,
xxxhdpi) to accommodate different device screen densities.
2. Resource Optimization: Developers can provide different resources (e.g., images,
layouts) for different DPI categories to ensure visual consistency and performance.
3. Screen Size Independence: By considering pixel density, developers ensure the UI
looks appropriate on both small and large devices without being stretched or
pixelated.
4. Responsive UI: Handling pixel density ensures that UI elements, such as icons and
text, appear sharp and properly scaled across devices.
5. Analyze the different stages of the fragment lifecycle in Android
The fragment lifecycle in Android is similar to the activity lifecycle but tailored to handle
portions of the UI and their state within an activity. The key stages are:
1. onAttach(): Called when the fragment is first associated with its activity.
2. onCreate(): Initializes the fragment and sets up necessary resources, but the UI is not
yet created.
3. onCreateView(): Inflates the fragment's UI and returns the view hierarchy associated
with the fragment.
4. onActivityCreated(): Called when the host activity’s onCreate() has completed,
allowing for final UI setup.
5. onStart(): The fragment becomes visible, but it is not yet in the foreground.
6. onResume(): The fragment is now interacting with the user and in the foreground.
7. onPause(): The fragment is still visible but partially obscured, allowing you to save
state.
8. onStop(): The fragment is no longer visible.
9. onDestroyView(): The fragment’s view hierarchy is removed.
10. onDestroy(): The fragment is being destroyed, and final cleanup occurs.
11. onDetach(): The fragment is detached from its activity, making it ready for garbage
collection.
4. Explain about AVD’s and SDK, and its features
1. Android Virtual Device (AVD):
An AVD is an emulator configuration that simulates an Android device on your computer. It
allows developers to test and debug Android apps without using a physical device. The AVD
emulates all aspects of a real device, including hardware capabilities and software
configurations.
Features of AVD:
• Customizable Device Configuration: You can specify different hardware
configurations (e.g., RAM, screen size, resolution) to emulate different types of
Android devices.
• Multiple Android Versions: AVD supports different versions of the Android OS,
allowing you to test apps on multiple Android versions.
• Sensors and Network Simulation: AVD can emulate sensors like accelerometers,
gyroscopes, GPS, and network conditions to simulate real-world scenarios.
• Debugging Support: AVD integrates with Android Studio to support debugging and
real-time testing of apps.
2. Software Development Kit (SDK):
The Android SDK is a collection of software development tools and libraries that allow
developers to create Android applications. It includes all necessary components like
compilers, debuggers, and Android-specific libraries.
Features of SDK:
• Core Libraries: Includes libraries for activities, services, intents, content providers,
and more.
• Build Tools: Provides build tools for compiling Android apps, such as Gradle.
• Emulator: Comes with an Android Emulator for testing applications in a simulated
environment.
• Platform APIs: Provides APIs that allow you to build and interact with Android
system features like camera, sensors, and notifications.
• Debugging Tools: Includes tools like Android Debug Bridge (ADB) for connecting
with the emulator or physical devices and debugging apps.
Both AVD and SDK are integral parts of Android development, providing an environment
where developers can build, test, and refine apps without needing physical hardware.
5. Explain different types of Android applications and explain advantages of each
Android application
There are several types of Android applications, each serving different purposes and offering
unique advantages:
1. Native Apps:
Native Android apps are built using Android-specific languages like Java or Kotlin and
directly interact with the Android OS.
Advantages:
• High Performance: Native apps offer the best performance as they are optimized for
the Android platform.
• Access to Device Features: Native apps have full access to device features such as
GPS, camera, accelerometer, and more.
• Offline Functionality: Many native apps can function without an internet connection.
2. Hybrid Apps:
Hybrid apps are built using web technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, but they run
inside a native container, allowing them to be installed as Android apps.
Advantages:
• Cross-platform Development: Hybrid apps can be deployed on multiple platforms
(iOS, Android) using a single codebase, saving development time and cost.
• Easier Updates: Since hybrid apps are largely web-based, updating them is simpler
than native apps.
• Faster Development: Developers can build hybrid apps faster by leveraging web
technologies.
3. Web Apps:
Web apps are websites optimized for mobile devices. They run in a web browser and are not
installed like traditional apps.
Advantages:
• Platform Independence: Web apps can be accessed on any device with a web
browser, without needing to be installed from an app store.
• Lower Development Costs: Since web apps don’t require platform-specific
development, they are typically cheaper to build.
• No Installation Required: Users can access web apps without downloading or
installing anything, which can increase accessibility.
Passing data
between activities or components in Android using intents is a common practice. When
launching an activity using an intent, you often need to pass additional data, such as user
information, an item ID, or any other relevant details that the target activity needs to use. You
can achieve this by using intent extras.
Steps for Passing Data to Intents
1. Create an Intent: You need to create an explicit or implicit intent to start a new
activity.
2. Attach Data: Use methods like putExtra(), putExtras(), or setData() to attach the data
to the intent.
3. Retrieve Data: In the target activity, retrieve the data using methods like
getIntent().getStringExtra(), getIntent().getIntExtra(), etc.

4. Example: Passing Data Using Intent Extras

5. 1. Sending Data with putExtra()
6. Suppose you want to pass a user's name and age from MainActivity to
DetailActivity.

// MainActivity.java
Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, DetailActivity.class);
intent.putExtra("user_name", "John Doe"); // Passing a string
intent.putExtra("user_age", 25); // Passing an integer
startActivity(intent);

2. Receiving Data in the Target Activity

In DetailActivity, you can retrieve the passed data like this:
// DetailActivity.java
Intent intent = getIntent();
String userName = intent.getStringExtra("user_name"); // Retrieving string data
int userAge = intent.getIntExtra("user_age", 0); // Retrieving integer data (default value
0)