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CODE: DRAFTSMAN 2022/GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

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CODE: DRAFTSMAN 2022/GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

PYRAMID IAS ACADEMY SHAPES

KARAIKUDI S

DRAUGHTSMAN (CIVIL) (ITI) (388) REGULAR IRREGULAR

UNIT 2: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION: SHAPES SHAPES
2.1 Plane Geometrical construction:
Define the terms of most commonly used
geometrical shapes
2.2 Types of Lines and Angles:  Shapes are also classified with respect to
Define points and lines, State the classification of their regularity or uniformity.
lines, State the different types of angles, Explain  A regular shape is usually symmetrical
the method of measuring angles. such as a square, circle, etc.
2.3 Triangles and their types:  Irregular shapes are asymmetrical. They
Define triangles, Name the different types of are also called freeform shapes or organic
triangles and state their properties. shapes. For example, the shape of a tree is
2.4 Quadrilaterals and their properties: irregular or organic.
Define a quadrilateral, Name the quadrilaterals,  In plane geometry, the two-dimensional
State the properties of quadrilaterals shapes are flat shapes and closed
2.5 Polygon and their properties: figures such as circles, squares,
Define Polygon, Name the Polygon in terms of rectangles, rhombus, etc.
the number of sides, State the properties of the List of Geometrical shapes
polygon. 2D Shapes 3 D Shapes
2.1 Plane Geometrical construction:  Triangle  Sphere
The essence of Geometrical Constructions:  Circle  Cube
 Geometry is a concept that deals with  Semi-Circle  Cuboid
lines, angles, shapes of objects, sizes, and  Square  Cone
dimensions.  Rectangle  Cylinder
 Parallelogram
 To represent shapes on paper we need to
 Rhombus
draw them accurately with the help of
 Trapezium
tools like rulers, protractors, or
 Polygons
compasses.
(Pentagon,
 The simplest construction is that of a line.
Hexagon, Octagon,
 A line can have a fixed measurement or
Nonagon, Decagon,
an infinite length.
etc.)
 Similarly, angles, circles, and other
shapes can be constructed with the
correct procedure and the given
dimensions.
Geometrical Construction Definition
 Geometrical construction means drawing
lines, line segments, shapes, circles, and
other figures accurately using a ruler, a
compass, or a protractor.
 Most of the geometrical figures involve
drawing a line segment, drawing parallel Terms and Definitions Used in Geometrical
and perpendicular lines, perpendicular Constructions
bisectors, circles, and even drawing  Bisect: In geometrical constructions,
tangents to circles bisect means dividing into two equal

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CODE: DRAFTSMAN 2022/GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

parts. We can bisect a line, an angle, and vertices. Also, the sum of its internal angles
even shapes. equals 180o.
 Parallel: When two lines are drawn on a Types:
plane that does not meet each other, they  Equilateral,
are called as parallel lines.
 Isosceles
 Perpendicular: When two lines are
drawn meet each other at a right angle or  Scalene. (A scalene triangle has three
90°, they are called perpendicular lines. unequal sides).
 Tangent: Tangent is defined as a straight 2.Circle
line that touches a curve at a point. The locus of all points at a fixed distance from a
 Inscribed: When a polygon is fully reference central point is called a Circle.
drawn inside a circle, we can say that the
polygon is inscribed in the circle. It can
also be said that the circle is
circumscribed by the polygon.
 Circumscribed: When a polygon
surrounds another geometrical figure
(say, a circle) such that all the vertices of
the inner figure touch the sides of the
outer polygon, then the polygon is said to
be circumscribed about the circle.
3.Square
The following figures describe each of the
geometric terms discussed above. A Square is a quadrilateral where all the four
sides and angles are equal and the angles at all
the vertices are equal to 90° each.

4. Rectangle or oblong
A quadrilateral has two pairs of opposite sides
GEOMETRICAL SHAPES equal in length and interior angles are at the
1. Triangle right angles.
Triangle is a polygon, which is made of three
sides and consists of three edges and three

5. Parallelogram
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs
of parallel sides and opposite angles are equal in
measure.
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CODE: DRAFTSMAN 2022/GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

17 Heptadecagon
18 Octadecagon
19 Ennedecagon
20 Icosagon

7. Rhombus- All sides are equal, but angles are

not right angles.

6. Polygons
These are made up of line segments and no
curves. They are enclosed structures based on
different lengths of sides and different angles.

8. Rhomboid- Opposite sides equal and parallel,

but angles are not right angles.

Sides Name of Polygon

3 Triangle
4 Tetragon
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon 9. Trapezoid- Only two sides parallel.

7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon
11 Hendecagon
10. Trapezium- No sides parallel, but may have
12 Dodecagon
two of its sides equal. When two of the sides are
13 Tridecagon equal, it is called a trapezium or kite.
14 Tetradecagon
15 Pentadecagon
16 Hexadecagon

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CODE: DRAFTSMAN 2022/GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

2019 TNPSC AE Exam TOPPERS 2.2 Types of lines and Angles:

Point:
 A point represents a location in space,
having no width or height.
 It is represented by drawing intersection
of lines or a dot.

Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3

Tharini.S Prasannan.B Logaraja M M
18KB161 18KE006 18KA210

Line:
 Line is the path of a point when it moves.
 It has no thickness and are of two types.
Venkatesh.S They are
Shyamsundar Pradeep.R
18KA118 R 15KB029  Straight line
17KA266  Curved line
Straight line:
 It is the path of a point when it is moving
in a particular direction. It has only length
and no width.
 Also a straight line is the shortest distance
Dinesh
between two points.
Tamil Rahul.KS
selvan.N kumar.S 16KG115  Straight line, depending on its orientation
18KA258 17KA371 are classified as
 Horizontal,
 Vertical,
 Inclined or Oblique line.

 Horizontal line:
Ranjitha.G  Horizontal lines are those which
Jeyagomathi.K Muthumani.N
18KA343 18KD195 17KB185 are parallel to a horizontal plane.
 Example of horizontal plane is the
surface of a still water.



Jeyadhanusha. Ponmani.B 
Sivakumar.L
G 18KA221 18KC104 
18KA240

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CODE: DRAFTSMAN 2022/GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

 Vertical line: Perpendicular lines:

 Lines which are perpendicular to  When two lines meet at 900, the two lines
horizontal lines are called vertical are said to be perpendicular to each other.
lines.  One of this line is called as reference line.
 It can be treated as a line along the
plumb line of the plumb bob or
parallel to a plumb line.

Angles:
 Angle is the inclination between two
straight lines meeting at a point or meet
when extended.
 AB and BC are two straight lines meeting
at B.
 Inclined line or Oblique line:  The inclination between them is called an
 A straight line which is neither angle.
horizontal nor vertical is called an  The angle is expressed in degrees or
inclined line. radians.
Curved line:
 It is the path of a point which always
changes its direction.

Parallel lines: Concept of a degree:

 They are the lines with same distance  When the circumference of a circle is
between them. divided into 360 equal parts and radial
 They may be straight lines or curved lines are drawn through these points, the
lines. inclination between the two adjacent
 Parallel lines do not meet when extended. radial lines is defined as one degree.
 Thus a circle is said to contain 360o.

Acute angle:
 If an angle which is less than 90o is called
an acute angle.

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CODE: DRAFTSMAN 2022/GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

Right angle:  Protractor can also be used to divide a

 Angle between a reference line and a circle or drawing sectors.
perpendicular line is called right angle.
Obtuse angle:
 This refer to an angle between 90o and
180o.
Straight angle:
 This refers to an angle of 180o. This is also
called as the angle of a straight line.
Complementary angles:
 When the sum of the two angles is equal
2.3 Triangle:
to 90o, angle POQ + angle QOR = 90o
 Triangle is a closed plane figure having
angle POQ and angle QOR are three sides and three angles.
complementary angles to each other.  The sum of the three angles always equals
to 180°.
 To define a triangle, we need to have a
minimum of three measurements as
follows:
o 3 sides (or)
o 2 sides and one angle (or)
o 2 angles and one side
Types of Triangle:
Supplementary angle:  Equilateral triangle
 When the sum of the two adjacent angles  It is a triangle having all the three
sides equal.
is equal to 180o, example angle SOT +
 Also all the three angles are equal
angle TOY = 180o, angle SOT and angle
(60°)
TOY are supplementary angles to each
other.

Protractor:
 Protractor is an instrument for measuring
angles.
 It is semi-circular or circular in shapes
and is made of flat celluloid sheet.
 The angles can be set or measured from
both sides, aligning the reference line and
point `0' with the corner point of the
angle.
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CODE: DRAFTSMAN 2022/GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

 Area of triangle is equal to half of its

product of base and height.
 Perimeter of triangle is equal to the sum
of all its three sides.

 Isosceles triangle
 It is triangle which has two of its
sides equal.
 The angles opposite to the two
equal sides are also equal.
 Scalene triangle
 It is a type of triangle which has all
the three sides unequal in lengths.
 All the three angles are also
unequal.
 Right angled triangle
 It is one in which one of the angles
is equal to 90° (Right angle).
 The side opposite to right angle is
called hypotenuse.
 Acute angled triangle
 It is one in which all the three
angles are less than 90°.
 Obtuse angled triangle
 It has one of the angles more than
90°.
Properties of Triangle: 2.4 Quadrilaterals and their properties:
 The sum of the three angles in any  Quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded
triangle is equal to 180°. by four sides and four angles.
 The sum of any two sides is more than the  Sum of the four angles in a quadrilateral
third side. is of interior angles is equal to 360°.
 Similarly, the difference between the two  The side joining opposite corners is called
sides of a triangle is less than the length diagonal.
of the third side.  To construct a quadrilateral out of four
 The side opposite to the largest angle of a sides, four angles and two diagonals a
triangle is the largest side. minimum of five dimensions are required
 The exterior angle of a triangle is always of which two must be sides.
equal to the sum of interior opposite  Quadrilaterals are also referred as
angles. This property is called an exterior Trapezoid.
angle property.
Types of Quadrilaterals:
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CODE: DRAFTSMAN 2022/GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

Square  In rhombus all the four sides are equal, but

 In a square all the four sides are equal and only the opposite angles are equal.
its four angles are right angles.  If ABCD is the rhombus where AB = BC = CD
 The two diagonals are equal and = AD.
perpendicular to each other.  Angle ABC = Angle ADC and Angle BAD =
Angle BCD.
 To construct a square we need to know
 Diagonals AC and BD are not equal but
length of the side, length of the diagonal. bisecting at right angles.
 AO = OC and BO = OD.
 To construct a rhombus we need to know
(a) two diagonals (or)
(b) one diagonal and an opposite angle (or)
(c) one side and its adjacent angle.

Rectangle
 In a rectangle, opposite sides are equal and
parallel and all four angles are right angles.
 To construct a rectangle we need to know the Rhomboid/Parallelogram
length of two adjacent sides (or) diagonal and  In a parallelogram opposite sides are equal
one side. and parallel.
 In rectangle ABCD, Sides AB = DC and BC  Opposite angles are also equal.
= AD.  Diagonals are not equal but bisect each other.
 Diagonals AC and BD are equal, bisect but  Parallelogram is also known as rhomboid.
not at right angles.  To construct a parallelogram we need
(a) two adjacent sides and the angle
between them (or)
(b)one side, diagonal, and angle between
them (or)
(c) two adjacent sides and a perpendicular
distance between the opposite sides.
 In the parallelogram ABCD, AB = DC; AD =
BC
 Angle DAB = angle DCB, angle ABC = angle
ADC
 Sides AB, CD and AD, BC are parallel.
 Diagonals AC and BD are not equal but bisect
at 0.

Rhombus
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CODE: DRAFTSMAN 2022/GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

 When all the sides and included angles are

equal, it is called a regular polygon.
Properties of polygon
 All corners of a regular polygon lie on the
circle.
 The sides of a regular polygon will be
tangential to the circle drawn on the side.
 The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is
equal to (2 x n - 4) x rt angle, where n is the
number of sides.
 The sum of exterior angles of a polygon is
equal to 360°.
 The sum of the interior angle and the
corresponding external angle is 180°.

Trapezoid
 It is a quadrilateral, all the four sides are
different and only two sides are parallel, all
the four angles are different.
 The diagonals do not bisect at right angles.
 ABCD is a trapezoid, sides AB and DC are
parallel but not equal.
 Diagonals AC and BD and AO = OC need not Basic formula:
be equal. 1) RECTANGLE
 Sides AD and BC may sometimes equal. a

b
a = length
b = breadth
 Area : a x b (sq. unit)
 Perimeter : 2(a+b) (unit)
 Length of Diagonal : √𝑎2 + 𝑏² (unit)

2) SQUARE
a

a a = side of square

 Area : a² (sq. unit)

 Perimeter : 4a (unit)
 Length of Diagonal : a√2 (unit)

3) SCALENE TRIANGLE

a b Where,
Trapezium
a, b, c are unequal sides
 It is a plane figure of 4 sides, and any two
c
sides equals each other.
 Area : √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) (sq. unit)
2.5 Polygon and their properties:  Perimeter : (a+b+c) (unit)
 A polygon is a plane figure bounded by 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
 S= (unit) , S is semiperimeter
many (usually five or more) straight lines. 2

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CODE: DRAFTSMAN 2022/GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

4) RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE 10) SEMICIRCLE

d
a = base whre r = radius
b c b = height r d = diameter
c = hypotenuse
a 𝜋𝑟²
 Area : 2 (sq. unit)
1
 Area : 2 a x b (sq. unit)  Circumference : 𝜋r (unit)
 Perimeter : (a+b+c) (unit)  Perimeter : (𝜋r + 2r) (unit)

5) EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE 2019 TNPSC AE Exam TOPPERS

a a where all sides are equal
and all the angles is 60º
a
√3
 Area : 4 a² (sq. unit)
 Perimeter : 3a (unit)

6) TRAPEZIUM
b
Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3
where a & b are parallel to,
Tharini.S Prasannan.B Logaraja M M
h each other. 18KA210
18KB161 18KE006
a
1
 Area : h (a+b) (sq. unit)
2
 Perimeter : Sum of all 4 sides (unit)

7) RHOMBUS
a
𝒅𝟏 Rhombus is also called as an
a a equilateral parallelogram.
𝒅𝟐 Venkatesh.S
a Shyamsundar Pradeep.R
1
18KA118 R 15KB029
 Area : 2 𝑑1 𝑑2 (sq. unit)
17KA266
 Perimeter : 4a (unit)

8) PARALLELOGRAM
a parallelogram is a simple
quadrilateral with opposite
h b sides parallel to each other

 Area : a x h (sq. unit) Tamil selvan.N Dinesh Rahul.KS

 Perimeter : 2(a+b) (unit) 18KA258 kumar.S 16KG115
17KA371

9) CIRCLE

r where, r = radius
d d = diameter

Ranjitha.G Jeyagomathi.K Muthumani.N

𝜋𝑑²
 Area : 𝜋r² (or) (sq. unit) 18KA343 18KD195 17KB185
4
 Circumference : 2𝜋r (or) 𝜋d (unit)

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