AMS2401™ REV.

K
AEROSPACE
MATERIAL SPECIFICATION Issued 1963-07
Revised 2019-01

Superseding AMS2401J

Plating, Cadmium
Low Hydrogen Content Deposit

RATIONALE

AMS2401K results from a Five-Year Review and update of the specification with changes to ordering information, purpose
(1.1), stress relief treatment (3.1.2), electrical contact points (3.1.5), hydrogen embrittlement relief treatment (baking) (3.3.1),
thickness (3.4.1), acceptance tests (4.2.1), periodic tests (4.2.2), sampling for acceptance tests (Table 2), periodic tests
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(4.3.2), and control factors (4.4.3).

NOTICE

ORDERING INFORMATION:

The following information shall be provided to the plating processor by the purchaser.

1) Purchase order shall specify not less than the following:

• AMS2401K

• Plating thickness desired (see 3.4.1)

• Basis metal to be plated

• Tensile strength or hardness of the basis metal

• Pre-plate stress relief to be performed by plating processor (time and temperature) if different from 3.1.2

• Special features, geometry or processing present on parts that requires special attention by the plating processor

• Hydrogen embrittlement relief to be performed by plating processor (parameters or reference document) if different
from 3.3.1

• Minimum thickness on internal surfaces, if required (see 3.4.1.4.1)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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• Optional: Periodic testing frequency (4.2.2) and sample quantity (4.3.2)

• Quantity of pieces to be plated

• Permissible electrical contact locations, if not specified (see 3.1.5)

2) Parts manufacturing operations such as heat treating, forming, joining and media finishing can affect the condition of
the substrate for plating, or if performed after plating, could adversely affect the plated part. The sequencing of these
types of operations should be specified by the cognizant engineering organization or purchaser and is not controlled by
this specification.

1. SCOPE

1.1 Purpose

This specification covers the engineering requirements for cadmium deposited on ferrous and nonferrous metals.

1.2 Application

This process has been used typically to provide corrosion resistance to steel parts heat treated to tensile strengths of 180 ksi
(1241 MPa) and higher and used at temperatures not higher than 450 °F (232 °C), but usage is not limited to such
applications.

1.3 Safety-Hazardous Materials

While the materials, methods, applications, and processes described or referenced in this specification may involve the use
of hazardous materials, this specification does not address the hazards which may be involved in such use. It is the sole
responsibility of the user to ensure familiarity with the safe and proper use of any hazardous materials and to take necessary
precautionary measures to ensure the health and safety of all personnel involved.

1.4 Warning

This process uses cadmium as a plating material. The use of cadmium has been restricted and/or banned for use in many
countries due to environmental and health concerns. The processor, purchaser and user should consult with local officials
on applicable health and environmental regulations regarding its use.

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

The issue of the following documents in effect on the date of the purchase order forms a part of this specification to the
extent specified herein. The supplier may work to a subsequent revision of a document unless a specific document issue is
specified. When the referenced document has been cancelled and no superseding document has been specified, the last
published issue of that document shall apply.

2.1 SAE Publications

Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA
and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.

AMS2750 Pyrometry

AMS2759/9 Hydrogen Embrittlement Relief (Baking) of Steel Parts

ARP1917 Clarification of Terms Used in Aerospace Metals Specifications

ARP4992 Periodic Test for Process Solutions

AS2390 Chemical Process Test Specimen Material

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2.2 ASTM Publications

Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.

ASTM B117 Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus

ASTM B253 Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Electroplating

ASTM B374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating

ASTM B487 Measurement of Metal and Oxide Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of Cross Section

ASTM B499 Measurement of Coating Thicknesses by the Magnetic Method; Nonmagnetic Coatings on Magnetic Basis
Metals

ASTM B504 Measurement of Thickness of Metallic Coatings by the Coulometric Method

ASTM B567 Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness by the Beta Backscatter Method

ASTM B568 Measurement of Coating Thickness by X-Ray Spectrometry

ASTM B571 Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic Coatings

ASTM B748 Measurement of Thickness of Metallic Coatings by Measurement of Cross Section with a Scanning Electron
Microscope

ASTM E292 Conducting Time-for-Rupture Notch Tension Tests of Materials

ASTM F519 Mechanical Hydrogen Embrittlement Evaluation of Plating/Coating Processes and Service Environments

3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Preparation

3.1.1 Parts shall be within drawing dimension limits before plating, except as specified in 3.1.1.1.

3.1.1.1 In lieu of the requirement of 3.1.1 and unless otherwise specified on the drawing, all engine and propeller utility
parts having part numbers with the prefix MS or AS and required to be plated in accordance with this specification
shall be made to such dimensions that parts will be within drawing limits after plating. Undercutting before plating
shall not be permitted unless specifically authorized by specifications referenced on the applicable drawing.

3.1.2 Stress Relief Treatment

All steel parts having a hardness of 36 HRC and above and that are machined, ground, cold formed or cold straightened
after heat treatment shall be cleaned to remove surface contamination and thermally stress relieved before plating.
(Residual tensile stresses have been found to be damaging during electroplating.) Furnaces used for stress relief shall be
controlled per AMS2750; the minimum requirements shall be Class 5 and Type D Instrumentation. Temperatures to which
parts are heated shall be such that maximum stress relief is obtained while still maintaining hardness of parts within drawing
limits. Unless otherwise specified, the following treatment temperatures and times shall be used:

3.1.2.1 For parts, excluding nitrided parts, having a hardness of 55 HRC and above, including carburized and induction
hardened parts, stress relieve at 275 °F ± 25 °F (135 °C ± 14 °C) for 5 to 10 hours.

3.1.2.2 For parts having a hardness less than 55 HRC, and for nitrided parts, stress relieve at 375 °F ± 25 °F (191 °C ±
14 °C) for a minimum of 4 hours. Higher temperatures shall be used only when specified or approved by the
cognizant engineering organization.

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3.1.2.3 For peened parts, if stress relief temperatures above 375 °F (191 °C) are elected, the stress relief shall be
performed prior to peening or the cognizant engineering organization shall be consulted and shall approve the
stress relief temperature.

3.1.3 Any specified residual compressive stress-inducing operations, such as shot peening, shall precede plating.

3.1.4 The plating shall be applied over a surface free from water breaks. The cleaning procedure shall not produce pitting
or intergranular attack of the basis metal and shall preserve dimensional requirements. See 8.6.

3.1.5 Electrical Contact Points

Except for barrel plating, unless otherwise specified electrical contact points shall be as follows. For parts which are to be
plated all over, locations shall be specified or approved by the cognizant engineering organization. For parts which are not
to be plated all over, locations shall be in areas on which plating is not required, or locations shall be specified or approved
by the cognizant engineering organization.

3.1.6 Aluminum alloys shall be zincate treated in accordance with ASTM B253 or other method acceptable to the
cognizant engineering organization prior to plating.

3.2 Procedure

3.2.1 Parts shall be plated by electrodeposition of cadmium from a suitable cadmium plating solution without brighteners
directly on the basis metal without a prior strike of other metal, such as copper or nickel, except in the case of parts
fabricated from corrosion-resistant steel or similarly passive alloys on which a preliminary strike of nickel or other
suitable metal is permissible.

3.2.2 Spotting-in and double plating are prohibited.

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3.3 Post Treatment

3.3.1 Hydrogen Embrittlement Relief Treatment (Baking)

Bake in accordance with AMS2759/9, except all parts plated per this specification HRC 36 and higher shall be baked.

3.3.2 Following hydrogen embrittlement relief baking, plating shall be reactivated and parts shall be immersed in a 3 to 6%
solution of chromic acid, followed by rinsing and drying.

3.4 Properties

3.4.1 Thickness

The finished thickness shall be as specified on the drawing, determined on representative parts or on test specimens in
accordance with ASTM B487, ASTM B499, ASTM B504, ASTM B567, ASTM B568, ASTM B748, ASTM B764, direct
dimensional inspection provided the resolution of the measuring instrument is ten times more precise than the attribute
being measured or other method permitted by the cognizant engineering organization.

3.4.1.1 Plate thickness may be specified by AMS2401 and a suffix number normally designating the minimum thickness
in ten-thousandths of an inch (μm); except as indicated in Table 1, the maximum plate thickness shall be
0.0002 inch (5 μm) greater than the minimum. Thus AMS2401-2 designates a thickness of 0.0002 to 0.0004 inch
(5 to 10 μm) and AMS2401-6 designates a thickness of 0.0006 to 0.0008 inch (15 to 20 μm).

3.4.1.1.1 Plate thickness, when specified by AMS2401 and a suffix number, shall be as specified in Table 1 for the
specified suffix number and type of part or surface.

3.4.1.2 Where “flash” is specified, flash plate thickness shall be approximately 0.0001 inch (2.5 μm).

3.4.1.3 The plate shall be substantially uniform in thickness on significant surfaces except that slight build-up on exterior
corners or edges will be permitted provided finished drawing dimensions are met.

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3.4.1.4 See Table 1 for thickness requirements on listed surfaces. All other surfaces of the part that cannot be touched
by a sphere 0.75 inch (19 mm) in diameter, such as holes, recesses, threads and other areas where a controlled
deposit cannot be obtained under normal plating conditions, may be under the specified limit provided they show
visual plating coverage. Such surfaces shall not be masked to prevent plating.

3.4.1.4.1 If internal surfaces as defined in 3.4.1.4 are required to be plated to a specified thickness, notes on the drawing
will so specify.

Table 1

Table 1A - Plate thickness and salt spray corrosion resistance requirements

Nuts,
Nuts, Washers, and
Washers, and Unthreaded Parts Not
Unthreaded Surfaces of Parts Not Externally
Surfaces of Bolts, Screws, Externally Threaded
Bolts, Screws, Studs, and Other Threaded Except
External Studs, and Other Parts Externally Except Nuts and
AMS2401 External Threads Parts Externally Threaded Nuts and Washers
Thickness Threads Salt Spray Threaded Salt Spray Washers Salt Spray
Designation Thickness Resistance Thickness Resistance Thickness Resistance
Specified(1) Inch Hours, min Inch Hours, min Inch Hours, min
2401 0.0001 to 0.0004 100 0.0002 to 0.0005 150 0.0003 to 0.0005 200
2401-1 0.0001 to 0.0003 100 0.0002 to 0.0004 150 0.0001 to 0.0003 100
2401-2 0.0001 to 0.0004 100 0.0002 to 0.0004 150 0.0002 to 0.0004 150
2401-3 0.0002 to 0.0005 150 0.0003 to 0.0005 200 0.0003 to 0.0005 200
2401-4 0.0003 to 0.0006 200 0.0004 to 0.0006 225 0.0004 to 0.0006 225
2401-5 0.0004 to 0.0007 225 0.0005 to 0.0007 250 0.0005 to 0.0007 250
Note:
(1) For thickness designations AMS2401-X, where X is greater than 5, plate thickness in ten-thousandths of an inch shall be X to

X+2 except on external threads where the plate thickness shall be X-1 to X+2; such parts shall withstand salt spray for not less
than 240 hours.

Table 1B - Plate thickness and salt spray corrosion resistance requirements, SI units

Nuts, Nuts,
Washers, and Washers, and Parts Not
Unthreaded Unthreaded Parts Not Externally
Surfaces of Surfaces of Externally Threaded
Bolts, Screws, Bolts, Screws, Threaded Except
External Studs, and Other Studs, and Other Except Nuts and
AMS2401 External Threads Parts Externally Parts Externally Nuts and Washers
Thickness Threads Salt Spray Threaded Threaded Salt Washers Salt Spray
Designation Thickness Resistance Thickness Spray Resistance Thickness Resistance
Specified(1) mm Hours, min mm Hours, min mm Hours, min
2401 0.002 to 0.010 100 0.005 to 0.012 150 0.008 to 0.012 200
2401-1 0.002 to 0.008 100 0.005 to 0.010 150 0.002 to 0.008 100
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2401-2 0.002 to 0.010 100 0.005 to 0.010 150 0.005 to 0.010 150
2401-3 0.005 to 0.012 150 0.008 to 0.012 200 0.008 to 0.012 200
2401-4 0.008 to 0.015 200 0.010 to 0.015 225 0.010 to 0.015 225
2401-5 0.010 to 0.018 225 0.012 to 0.018 250 0.012 to 0.018 250
Note:
(1) For thickness designations AMS2401-X where X is greater than 5, plate thickness in millimeters shall be 0.0025X to 0.0025

(X+2) except on external threads where the plate thickness shall be 0.0025 (X-1) to 0.0025 (X+2); such parts shall withstand
salt spray for not less than 250 hours.

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3.4.2 Adhesion

Adhesion shall meet the requirements of ASTM B571 by the Bend Test method except without using a mandrel.

3.4.3 Corrosion Resistance

Except as specified in 3.4.3.1, carbon and alloy steel parts or representative test panels plated to a thickness of
0.0003 to 0.0005 inch (0.008 to 0.013 mm) shall show no visual evidence of corrosion of the basis metal after being
subjected for a time not less than 200 hours to continuous salt fog corrosion test conducted in accordance with ASTM B117.

3.4.3.1 Salt spray corrosion tests shall not apply to plated parts made of austenitic corrosion-resistant steels, to parts
made of any corrosion-resistant steel or alloy when not plated all over, and to parts made of any steel when
thickness is specified as “flash.”

3.4.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement

The plating process after baking shall not cause hydrogen embrittlement in steel parts HRC 36 and over when tested in

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accordance with 4.3.3.3.

3.5 Quality

Plated cadmium shall be continuous, adherent to basis metal, uniform in appearance, and essentially free from pin holes,
porosity, blisters, nodules, pits, and other imperfections detrimental to usage of the plating. Slight staining or discoloration
is permissible.

4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS

4.1 Responsibility for Inspection

The processor shall supply all samples for processor’s tests and shall be responsible for the performance of all required
tests. When parts are to be tested, such parts shall be supplied to the purchaser. Purchaser reserves the right to sample
and to perform any confirmatory testing deemed necessary to ensure that processing conforms to specified requirements.

4.2 Classification of Tests

4.2.1 Acceptance Tests

Thickness (3.4.1) and quality (3.5) are acceptance tests and shall be performed on parts, or samples representing parts
when permitted, from each lot.

4.2.2 Periodic Tests

Corrosion-resistance (3.4.3) is a periodic test and shall be performed at least quarterly unless frequency of testing is
specified by the cognizant engineering organization. Adhesion (3.4.2) is a periodic test that shall be performed no less than
daily for each generic class of alloy as defined by AS2390 processed during that day.Tests of cleaning and processing
solutions are periodic tests and shall be performed at a frequency established by the processor unless frequency of testing
is specified by the cognizant engineering organization (see 4.4.3 and 8.7). Hydrogen embrittlement (3.4.4) is a periodic test
and shall be performed in accordance with ASTM F519 at least once in each month that steel parts 36 HRC and over are
plated unless frequency of testing is specified by the cognizant engineering organization.

4.2.2.1 Periodic testing may be suspended in any test period when parts are not processed; however, preproduction
testing may be required by the cognizant quality organization upon resumption of processing.

4.2.3 Preproduction Tests

All property verification tests (see 3.4) are preproduction tests and shall be performed prior to production and when the
cognizant engineering organization requires confirmatory testing.

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4.3 Sampling and Testing

Shall be not less than the following; a lot shall be all parts made of the same alloy and same hardness range, plated to the
same range of plate thickness in the same set of solutions, in each consecutive 24-hour period of operation, and presented
for processor’s inspection at one time.

4.3.1 Acceptance Tests

Test samples shall be randomly selected from all parts in the lot. Unless the cognizant engineering organization provides a
sampling plan, the minimum number of samples shall be as shown in Table 2.

Table 2 - Sampling for acceptance tests

Number of
Parts in Lot Quality Thickness
Up to 7 All All or 3(1)
8 to 15 7 4
16 to 40 10 4
41 to 110 15 5
111 to 300 25 6
301 to 500 35 7
501 to 700 50 8
Over 700 75 10
Note:
(1) Whichever is less

4.3.2 Periodic Tests

Sample size shall be 4 for corrosion resistance and as specified in ASTM F519 for hydrogen embrittlement unless otherwise
specified by the cognizant engineering organization. For adhesion tests, 4 test specimens of each generic class of alloy, as
defined by AS2390, that have been be processed through the same cleaning and plating operations as the parts that they
represent. These adhesion test specimens shall be processed prior to the first production lot of parts or with the first
production lot of parts.

4.3.3 Sample Configuration

4.3.3.1 Separate test specimens may be used under any one of the following circumstances:

4.3.3.1.1 The plated parts are of such configuration or size as to be not readily adaptable to specified tests.
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4.3.3.1.2 Nondestructive testing is not practical on actual parts.

4.3.3.1.3 It is not economically acceptable to perform destructive tests on actual parts. Except as specified below,
acceptance test specimens shall be made of the same generic class of alloy as the parts, established in
accordance with AS2390, distributed within the lot, cleaned, plated, and post treated with the parts.

4.3.3.2 For adhesion tests, specimens shall be approximately 0.032 x 4 x 1 inch (1 x 102 x 25 mm). For corrosion
resistance tests, specimens shall be panels 0.025 inch (0.64 mm) minimum and not less than 4 inches (102 mm)
long by 3 inches (76 mm) wide plated in accordance with 3.4.3.

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4.3.3.3 Hydrogen Embrittlement Test

Test shall be in accordance with the requirements of ASTM F519 Type 1a.1 using round notched specimens, unless a
different specimen is specified by the cognizant engineering organization, stressed in tension under sustained load. For test
purposes, the plating thickness shall be 0.0005 to 0.0007 inch (13 to 18 µm) measured on the smooth unnotched section
of the specimen, but with visual plating at the root of the notch. Testing beyond the 200 hour test period is not required.

4.4 Approval

4.4.1 The process and control factors, and/or a preproduction part, whichever is specified, shall be approved by the
cognizant engineering organization before production parts are supplied.

4.4.2 If the processor makes a significant change to any material, process, or control factor from that which was used for
process approval was based, all preproduction tests shall be performed and the results submitted to the cognizant
engineering organization for process reapproval unless the change is approved by the cognizant engineering
organization. A significant change is one which, in the judgment of the cognizant engineering organization, could
affect the properties or performance of the parts. Production parts plated by the revised procedure shall not be
shipped prior to receipt of reapproval.

4.4.3 Control factors shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Stress relief temperature

Surface preparation and cleaning
Plating bath composition and control limits
Plating bath temperature limits and controls

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Embrittlement relief time and temperature
Post embrittlement relief reactivation process
Method of determining plating thickness
Stripping procedure, when applicable
Periodic test plan for cleaning and processing solutions (see 8.7)

4.5 Reports

The processor shall furnish with each shipment a report stating that the parts have been processed and tested in accordance
with the requirements of this specification and that they conform to all test requirements. This report shall include the
purchase order number, AMS2401K, part number, lot identification number, and quantity.

4.6 Resampling and Retesting

4.6.1 If any acceptance test fails to meet specified test requirements, the parts in that lot may be stripped, pretreated,
plated and post treated as defined herein and retested. Alternatively, all parts in the lot may be inspected for the
nonconforming attribute, and the nonconforming parts may be stripped, pretreated, plated, post treated as defined
herein, and retested.

4.6.1.1 When stripping is performed, the method shall be acceptable to the cognizant engineering organization and shall
not roughen, pit, or embrittle the basis metal or adversely affect part dimensions. When parts have been stripped
and replated, the purchaser shall be informed.

4.6.2 If any periodic test fails to meet specified test requirements, the process is nonconforming. No additional parts shall
be plated until the process is corrected and new specimens are plated and tested. Results of all tests shall be
recorded and, when requested, reported. Purchasers shall be notified of all parts plated since the last acceptable
test.

5. PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY

5.1 Plated parts shall be handled and packaged in such a manner to ensure that the required physical characteristics and
properties of the plating are preserved.

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5.2 Packages of plated parts shall be prepared for shipment in accordance with commercial practice and in compliance
with applicable rules and regulations pertaining to the handling, packaging, and transportation of the parts to ensure
carrier acceptance and safe delivery.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The processor shall mention AMS2401K in all quotations and when acknowledging purchase orders.

7. REJECTIONS

Parts on which the plating does not conform to this specification, or to modifications authorized by purchaser, will be subject
to rejection.

8. NOTES

NOTICE

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This specification may reference the use of substances, products or processes that are restricted or banned by local
(regional) chemical substance regulations. Users of this specification should consider the implications of local legislation on
the products, substances, and processes referred to within the document.

8.1 Revision Indicator

A change bar (|) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions, not
editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title
indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and (R) are not used in original
publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only.

8.2 Current density of the plating solution will vary with the type of solution used and shall be adjusted to minimize infusion
of hydrogen during processing.

8.3 Part manufacturing operations, such as heat treatment, forming, joining and media finishing, can affect the condition
of the substrate for plating or, if performed after plating, could adversely affect the plate. The sequencing of these
types of operations should be specified by the cognizant engineering organization and is not controlled by this
specification.

8.4 The parts manufacturer should ensure that surfaces of metal parts supplied to the processor are free from blemishes,
pits, tool marks, and other irregularities that will affect the quality of the finished parts. Defects and variations in
appearance that arise from surface conditions of the substrate, such as porosity, scratches, or inclusions, that persist
in the finished plate despite observance of industry accepted plating practices would not be considered as cause for
rejection.

8.5 An acid dip may be used for surface activation or neutralization of residual alkaline cleaner. However, the immersion
time as measured in seconds, should be minimized to preclude pitting.

8.6 Following cleaning, parts should be immersed in an alkaline solution until transferred, after rinsing in clean water but
without drying, to the plating solution. Abrasively cleaned parts should be agitated in the alkaline solution to remove
residual abrasive. Parts should not be held in the solution for more than 4 hours before being transferred to the plating
solution.

8.7 ARP4992 is recommended to satisfy the requirements for the control of processing solutions.

8.8 Terms used in AMS are clarified in ARP1917. ASTM B374 should be utilized as a reference and referee document
when areas of design definition or technical interpretation arise.

8.8.1 Plating is intended to be deposited in an uninterrupted process except as may be required by the operator for
making thickness measurements. After the plate has dried, resumption of plating can result in detectable visual
discontinuities or weak interlaminar adhesion that may not be readily apparent. Such resumption of plating is known
as “double plating” and localized addition of plate is known as “spotting-in.”
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8.9 Dimensions and properties in inch/pound units and the Fahrenheit temperatures are primary; dimensions and
properties in SI units and the Celsius temperatures are shown as the approximate equivalents of the primary units
and are presented only for information.

PREPARED BY AMS COMMITTEE “B”

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