different professionals that should be part of a town

planning exercise:

Q. 2 "Town Planning" is considered to be a multidisciplinary field. Discuss in detail

the different professionals that should be part of a town planning exercise,
explaining the ways in which they can contribute in the process. (2017)

Explain the role of town planner as a "technocrat who leads a team of engineers,
architects, sociologists, geographers, & environmentalists to ensure rational
decision making by politician regarding the future investment for development"
(2016)

Q. No. 2. As a town planner, suppose you have been assigned a project lead
position to prepare a master plan of a metropolitan city. Develop your project team
by explaining which other professionals will be engaged by you. Also discuss, which
services will be provided by them for the successful completion of the assignment?
(20) (2018)

ROLE OF OTHER PROFESSIONALS in Town Planning (To achieve

Strategic, Policy, and Sustainability goals)

1- Role of Surveyor:
A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and
technical expertise. Surveyors play a vital role in planning, development and
redevelopment of projects. An important task of the surveyor is to assemble and
interpret information related to land and geography and to use that information for
the planning and efficient administration of the land. The surveyor’s professional
task may also involve the monitoring of physical features, structures and
engineering works on above or below surface of earth. Success of a town planning
scheme can only be expected if it is based on a thorough survey and understanding
of all existing conditions.

2- Role of Architect:
An architect is a person who plans, designs and reviews the construction of
buildings. He provides a three-dimensional perspective to two-dimensional plans.
There exists a strong similarity between the process of designing for space and
movement within and about dwellings and the process of planning, the distribution
of land uses and the communication between them. The architect can assist in this
process to ensure better design outcomes.
As the finished product or end result of the majority of planning proposal takes the
form of a built environment, it is inevitable that the professionals like architects
concerned with the buildings should be represented and consulted for architectural
aspects of the buildings.

3- Role of Landscape Architect:

The role of a landscape architect is to organize and implement ideas for better
outdoor environment, based on technical data, various design philosophies, and
functional needs. Landscape architect creates detailed reports, sketches models,
construction programs for the projects.
In designing a landscape plan of a site, landscape architect first considers the
nature and purpose of project and the funds available. They analyze the natural
element of the site such climate, soil, slope of the land, drainage and vegetation.
They also observe where sunlight falls on the site at different time of the day &
examine the site from various angles & assess the effect of existing buildings,
roads, walkways, utilities on the project.
Landscape architects create outdoor spaces that are functional, beautiful,
rhythmic, and in harmony with natural environment. Landscape architects work with
planners to develop a comprehensive plan for sites, by using their design and
artistic talents and keeping in view the knowledge of details and logistics of
constructions.

4- Role of Economist:

All projects and programs must be appraised. There are standard techniques for
appraisal including cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, financial appraisal etc. Assisting
planners in carrying out appraisal of projects and programs is another task of
economist. With both economics and town planning pursuing the same study of the
allocation of resources there is inevitably an affinity between them. Economics
plays greater emphasis upon the maximization of efficiency and production whereas
town planning seeks to maximize the welfare of community.
Economists play a very important role in designing the monitoring and evaluation
framework, and in measuring and judging impact of economic policies of
development plans.

5- Role of Sociologist:
Sociologists study people's social lives, activities, behaviors, interactions, processes,
and organizations within the context of larger social, political, and economic forces.
They examine how social influences affect different individuals and groups, and the
ways organizations and institutions affect people's lives.
While living in a society and having very close interaction with the people of society,
a sociologist is well familiar with the demands, needs, and problems of society, so
he can well indicate them to planner and can suggest their solutions as well.
Sociologist can help in assessing the facilities and social services from public’s point
of view. He can help obtaining and analyzing the view of the general public or
suggestions and problems being faced individually as well as a community.
Different societies have different traditional as well as cultural values and rules
which are the part of society and cannot be ignored. It is the duty of the sociologist
to understand these cultural and traditional values and guide the planner
accordingly. The sociologist may be called in to provide expert advice on the style
of living and housing needs of the different sections of the society which can be
helpful to a planner to plan housing areas in an appropriate manner.
Sociologist can also guide planner about the ethnic issues and divisions prevailing in
the society. The sociologist must consider the needs and interests of
minorities in the society and assess planning proposals in this context.

6- Role of Geographers:
The role of urban geographer is essential to overcome lot of urban issues as they
have holistic approach in observing nature. Urban geographers are primarily
concerned with the ways in which cities and towns are constructed, governed and
experienced. The human and land interrelationship should be harmonious and safe.
The economic, social, political and environmental conditions must be considered in
micro and macro level to make a comprehensive plan for a city. Geographer can
synthesis factors and identify the cross actions of the factors. It will be a valuable
guidance for lasting and accurate decision making for urban planning.

7- Role of Civil Engineer:

A civil engineer is responsible for many facets of a project. Planning engineers
determine and develop the most suitable and economically viable construction and
engineering methods for projects. They are involved throughout the development
stages and are present on site during the build to oversee procedures. It is the
responsibility of the planning engineer to estimate a timescale for a project and to
ensure that the outlined deadlines are met. They work closely with site managers
and other engineers to ensure a project runs on schedule and that material supplies
are sufficient.

8- Role of Environmental Managers:

Town planning has an ecological aspect attached to it. A knowledgeable
environmental project manager combines organizational management skills with
expertise on environmental issues and regulations to help town planners prevent or
repair damage to the land, and eco-system.
The environmental project manager is responsible for a varied number of duties
throughout the workday. Typically, they oversee activities and interaction with
environmental regulatory agencies. Specific tasks of an environmental project
manager might include preparing reports and work plans, performing site
investigations, and collecting, processing and evaluating data.
Waste management is also a part of town planning, the environmental managers
can also help and advise the town planner in issue pertaining to efficient waste
storage, waste transportation, disposal and treatment. in planning communities
with sustainable methods.
9- Role of Public Transportation Planners:
Public transport planning or transit planning is the professional discipline responsible for developing
public transport systems. It is a hybrid discipline involving aspects of transport engineering and
traditional urban planning. Transit planners are responsible for developing routes and networks of
routes for urban transit systems. These may follow one or more models depending on the character of
the communities they serve

10- Role of Legal Advisors:

A legal advisor is a lawyer who is required to advise the town planner regarding the
legal issues pertaining to the project. Additionally, legal advisors may be called on
to mediate disputes, oversee a contract signing or advise about any legal
implications or consequences.

11- Role of Citizens:

'human development paradigm':

Q. 4 What do you understand by the 'human development paradigm'? Explain how it

should be incorporated within planning and development process. (2017)

Issues of our Cities:

Q. 3 Cities in Pakistan have witnessed uncontrolled growth as part of rapid
urbanization. In the role of a technocrat and decision maker what would be your
approach to address the issues of our urban centres gearing them towards a more
balanced and sustained growth. (2017)

Q. 7 What do you understand by the terms Metropolitan City, Magacity,

Cosmopolitan City? Using examples of cities in Pakistan discuss the challenges of
planning and management of such cities and how could these be addressed? (2017)

[2.1.2 Paucity of Land:

Foremost to over spilling of urbanization beyond the municipal limits Mumbai: The population of
suburbs grew from 1.38 million in 1961 to 4.95 million in 1981 and 5.2 million in 1991 with a growth of
70.91% over 1971-81 as compared to only 7.1% in the island

]
Regarding Housing:

Q. 5 Informal settlements in cities have offered a respite to the housing crisis for the
masses in Pakistan. In the light of examples from the developing countries discuss
possible ways of improvements in such settlements. Also mention examples of such
initiatives in Pakistan, if any. (2017)

Q. No. 5.Discuss different ways and approaches to reduce the housing cost for the
low income people in order to promote equitable development.(20) (2018)

Regarding Transport:
Q. 6 Explain what is an Intelligent Transport System (ITS)? Discuss the need for such
systems in the context of Pakistan's urban centres. (2017)
5-How relevant Intelligent Transport System (ITS) are for ensuring safe and efficient
Urban mobility in Pakistan? What do you understand about system architecture of
IT? Explain behavioural as well as structural views of policy formation. (2016)
Q. No. 3. What are the conventional transport indicators to evaluate transportation
quality? Why they contradict with sustainable transport objectives? Classify
sustainable transportation indicators according to economic, social and
environmental impacts. (20) (2019)

[For the first time ever in Pakistan, an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is set to
be introduced by the Capital Development Authority (CDA) to ease transportation-
related issues. The system will be installed at the Islamabad Expressway from Zero
Point to Rawat and the traffic will be monitored through this system particularly at the
intersections.

Under this system, CCTV cameras, with static and Pan-Tilt & Zoom (PTZ), will be
set up after every three (03) kilometers with a coverage of 500 meters along with the
establishment of a Traffic Control Center (TCC). The TCC will be linked with field
devices having backlight LED Video wall screens, video wall controller, video
storage and core network switch.

One of the major components of ITS will be the electronic variable message signs,
that will seek to boost road safety and decrease congestion with the help of real-time
data on the Expressway including incident management, driver information, strategic
diversion and roadwork. Internally, the ITS will be hooked with fiber optic cables
which would be laid across the Expressway.

ITS will be able to identify cars and also count them and help manage traffic smoothly
during peak hours. Another vital component will be the speed control, the Point to
Point (P2P) will be used to identify speed limits through which the average speed for
the points would be calculated. Other than this, weigh stations will be set up to inspect
car weights alongside the Expressway and E-fine collection system will be
established. High power gel batteries will be used as backup to counter any
breakdown in the electricity.

To keep the general public in the loop about the traffic at the Expressway, a web
portal and mobile app will be developed as well. It is important to note that the ITS is
to be established for the first time in an Urban metropolis. After being set up, the
system will smoothen traffic flow, boost safety level, curb the environmental impact
and will increase quality and cleaner life in the city.]

Regarding Urbanization:

2.Urbanization-is it a curse or blessing? Explain your answer with example in both

causes. (2016)
Q. No. 4. Discuss the evolution of urbanization in Pakistan. What major challenges
does it pose? Suggest some best possible options to manage urbanization in
Pakistan. (20) (2019)

Q. No. 4. Differentiate ‘urbanization’ from ‘urban sprawl’. Are large Pakistani cities
facing both of these processes simultaneously? Discuss. Support your viewpoint
with examples. (20) (2018)

Land Use Zoning:

3.Land use zoning has been used as a tool to control development stringently. But
has this policy helped the job of a development planner? Explain your answer with
example from both developing and developed world and suggests its
appropriateness or otherwise for our cities. (2016)
5 Years Plan:

4-Pakistan was regarded as one of the fastest growing nation of the world in mid
60s and its 5 years plans were used by some nations to boast their economic
development. Explain the planning mechanism of Pakistan in historic perspective
and identity loopholes in the existing mechanism. (2016)

Historical European Cities:

Q. No. 3. Explain the general urban form characteristics of historical European cities.
Also, discuss whether these characteristics offer any advantage in pursuing the
goals of sustainable development? (20) (2018)

Socio-Economic Environment problems (addressed

through urban design guidelines)

Q. No. 6.Can socio-environmental problems of urban areas be addressed through

urban design guidelines? While discussing, provide relevant examples and
illustrations, where possible. (20) (2018)
6.Why policies are important in socio-economic development perspective? Explain
behavioral as well as structural views of policy formulation. (2016)

Natural resource management:

Q. No. 7.Which various factors are responsible for growing intense competition
among different stakeholders over the use of natural resources? Also, suggest
different measures to resolve the conflicts arising from such intense competition.
(20) (2018)
Plans used in town planning; Master Plan:
Q. No. 2. Discuss various types of plans used in town planning. Discuss master plan
in detail. (20) (2019)

Salilent feature mega Cities:

Q. No. 5. What are the salient features of mega cities? Explain the risks
and opportunities that mega cities pose in developing world and how
these problems can be handled? (20) (2019)
[For most of human history, most people across the world lived in small
communities. Over the past few centuries – and particularly in recent decades – this
has shifted dramatically. There has been a mass migration of populations from rural
to urban areas.
The Chart below from ‘UN World Urbanization prospects 2018’ shows the total
number of people living in urban and rural areas extending from 1960 to 2017. This
is based on nationally-collated census figures, combined with UN estimates where
census data is unavailable. Here we see that in 1960 twice as many people lived in
rural settings (2 billion) than in urban areas (1 billion). In 2007, for the first time
urban and rural populations became almost exactly equal at 3.33 billion each. In
2016, urban populations increased to 4 billion; while the world’s rural population
had increased only marginally to 3.4 billion.
According to UN, 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by
2050.
The population trends of megacities in developing countries show that the
population of cities like Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Seoul, Mumbai, Jakarta and Tehran
has tripled between 1970-2000.

Community, Economic and equitable development:

Q. No. 6. Elaborate the relevance of Economic development and Urban community

development. Discuss several ways in which tools of equitable development (key
skills, policies and measures) can help in achieving equitable development. (20)
(2019)

Indus Valley:

Q. No. 7. Discuss urban planning of Indus Valley. Compare the master and systems
planning aspects of Indus valley with that of Mesopotamia. (20) (2019)
Write Short Note:
Q. No. 8. Write short notes on any TWO of the following using appropriate examples.
(10 each) (20) (2019)
i. Urban Sprawl (2019)
ii. John Ratcliff’s classification of planning process (2019)
iii. Urban encroachments and their removal. (2019)

Q. No. 8. Write short note on any TWO of the following: (10 each)
(a) Significance of GIS application in urban planning (2018)
(b) Role of building and development control in managing urbanization (2018)
(c) Planning features of Indus Valley Civilization (2018)
Q. 8 Write short notes on any TWO of the following using appropriate examples:
(i) Green city Movement(2017)
(ii) Urban Area Conservation(2017)
(iii) Poverty Alleviation through Planning Process(2017)
7.Short notes on any two of the following:
~Gentrification(2016)
~Public participation in planning(2016)
~Significance of GIS in planning as a spatial analysis tool (2016)

Short Notes:
On Sustainable development:
 1. Concept of Sustainable Development:
- The term ‘Sustainable development’ was coined for the first time in a UN-sponsored document
‘Brundtland report’ published in 1987.
- This term is defined as, ‘Meeting the needs of current generation without compromising the
ability of the future generations to meet theirs.’
- This led to a debate in 1992 in UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio, Brazil
- The follow up conference of Rio Summit was held in 2002 which provided for the
implementation plan of sustainable development

2. Pillars of Sustainable Development:

Pillars of Sustainable development identified by UN World Summit 2005 are:

1- Economic Development
2- Social Development
3- Environmental Development

- Concept of ‘green development’ different from ‘sustainable development’, green development

negates economic and cultural considerations, and focuses solely on environmental aspects.
- Sustainable development focuses on equitable use of Earth’s resources and removal of disparity
among developing, developed and underdeveloped factions of society.

3. Challenges to Sustainable development:

Unsustainable consumption and production patterns have resulted in huge environmental, social and
economic costs and may endanger the life of the planet.

- Sustainable development will need to be inclusive and to take into account the needs of the
poorest and the most vulnerable in the society.

Suggested Sustainable Solutions:

Environment Capital:
Environmental capital, also called 'natural capital', is defined as indispensable resources and
benefits, essential for human survival and economic activity, provided by the ecosystem. Natural
capital is commonly divided into (1) renewable resources (agricultural crops, vegetation, wildlife) and
(2) non-renewable resources (fossil fuels and mineral deposits). Natural resources include the
atmosphere, freshwater and ground water, land, biodiversity, and capital employed by industries
such construction. Environmental capital also includes negative values such as pollution,
contamination, and desertification.
[from book page 368]

Principles of Sustainability in Town Planning and Urban Management:

[From book page 370]
Journey towards Sustainable Cities:
- Urbanization provides new jobs and new opportunities to millions of people in the world and has
contributed to the efforts of poverty eradication worldwide.

- At the same time rapid urbanization adds pressure to the resource base and increases demand for
energy, water and sanitation as well as for public services, education and health care.

- It should be noted that urban areas are constantly evolving as a result of people’s mobility, natural
population growth, socio-economic development, environmental changes and local and national
policies.

-People living in slums might triple by 2050 if no policy framework is established to address this issue.
Access to Public Services:
- In many cities of low- and middle-income countries, access to public services like water,
sanitation, electricity, and health care remains inadequate.
- Upper middle- and high-income countries