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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:03/March-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
CONSTRUCTION OF WIRELESS WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM

USING GSM MODULE
Suleiman Abubakar Audu*1
*1Department Of Computer And Communication Engineering, Abubakar Tafawabalewa
University, Bauchi.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of a wireless weather monitoring system is to monitor whether virtually or remotely without the
need for direct human intervention. This paper focuses on the design and construction of wireless weather
monitoring system which monitors various parameters like temperature, light intensity, humidity, and rainfall
with the aid of sensors integrated into the system. The system is designed to use ATMEGA-32 Microcontroller,
SIM 800 GSM Module, LCD display, sensors, and a regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. The microcontroller
converts analogue data from the various sensors to digital data via the inbuilt ADC in the Microcontroller.
Whenever there’s an abnormal weather condition, these systems senses the change and send a message to
assigned mobile numbers through the GSM module. The user can log the data at any time by sending a data
request SMS. Using this technology, the supervisor/operator can monitor the weather station from anywhere in
the world as it works on GSM network which is an added advantage of using this system. The brain of this
project is the Microcontroller. The GSM module is also connected to the Microcontroller. The keypad connected
to the Microcontroller is used to enter the mobile number of the operator. The mobile numbers can be changed
at any time. The LCD display serves as user interface as the data will be displayed on it. This project is powered
by a regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. A bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of
secondary of 230/12V step-down transformer.
Keywords: Wireless, Weather, Monitoring, GSM, LCD.
I. INTRODUCTION
Monitoring and predicting weather conditions is essential in planning human activities in our modern world of
information and technology; in agriculture to determine where and when to plant and wait for harvest, in our
social lives to determine where and when to hold events, and in transportation to determine how safe it is to
travel by road, air, or water because the weather is a major factor in all of these, whether it is a hindrance or a
benefit (Pujari et al., 2016).
Wireless communication entails the transmission of data over a short or long distance without the use of cables,
depending on the application. These distances may be long or short, as observed. The GSM device is the most
affordable and presently the most convenient cellular communication technology. Wireless weather monitoring
systems, on the other hand, allow users to use these systems digitally or remotely without having to be present
(Gahlot et al, 2015).
With the help of sensors and the GSM module, telecommunication allows for weather conditions to be
monitored and evaluated remotely without much effort or human engagement from the user (Susmitha, 2014).
GSM module, sensors and microcontroller module, and display module are the fundamental needs for a
wireless weather monitoring system. Weather, as the state of the atmosphere, plays an important role in the
day-to-day operations of companies and numerous facilities across the world today. Weather, as the physical
condition at any given time, is of considerable significance to all living beings on the planet. Weather
monitoring can take place over a short or long distance. There can be no weather research or forecasting
without first learning about the weather.
Poor weather forecasting in the country, slow reaction to weather-related natural disasters due to a lack of
forewarning, unnecessarily disrupted flights, and flood disasters that have lost lives and property are examples
of this. To reduce the size, area, and expense of running a weather station, the design employed in this work is
implemented by using relatively priced and widely available components. Temperature, humidity, light
intensity, and other meteorological elements are measured using current sensors in this proposed system.
ATMEGA-328 Microcontroller, SIM 800 GSM Module, LCD, sensors, and a regulated 5V, 500mA power supply
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are all used in the system: The microcontroller uses its built-in ADC to transform analog data from the various
sensors to digital data. When an abnormal weather condition occurs, these devices detect it and send a message
to assigned mobile phone numbers via the GSM module. By sending a data request SMS, the user can log the
data at any moment. The data will be shown on the LCD, which acts as a user interface. The
supervisor/operator may monitor the weather station using this technology from anywhere in the world where
there is GSM network coverage, which is an added benefit of employing this system.
Weather conditions have an impact on human activities; monitoring weather conditions can aid in activity
regulation. The weather in one region may not be the same as the weather in another. The pattern of weather
change can be recognized and investigated using the weather monitoring system.
II. METHODOLOGY
System Design
The Arduino Uno board with a built-in microprocessor serves as the foundation for the system. The sensors are
connected to the microcontroller's pins. The microcontroller is connected to the LCD screen, which receives
data and displays it in real-time. The SIM 800 module is installed on the board to enable wireless SMS sending
to a mobile phone.
Block Diagram of the System
Figure 1: System Block Diagram

Hardware Connections
Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno is the system's main processor. It records sensor data and converts it to digital signals, which
are then processed before being displayed on the LCD panel. The Arduino software program is embedded in the
processor, and the written program code is synced to the microcontroller to perform the system's main
purpose. The microcontroller is coupled to the GSM module, which is responsible for the user's wireless
connectivity to the system. The phone numbers are configured in the program code to receive text messages
regarding weather parameters. Before transmitting SMS to the mobile user, the microcontroller processes it.
Temperature Sensor
The DTH11 sensor measures the current temperature of a person or environment and transmits digital data to
the Nano microprocessor. The following are the connections between the sensor and the microcontroller:
The sensor's VCC pin is connected to the Arduino's 5 volts output.
The DATA pin links to the microcontroller's digital pin 8.
The GND pin is connected to the Arduino's GND.
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Humidity Sensor
The humidity sensor's job is to take readings to figure out how humid the environment is. The DHT11 sensor
detects relative humidity in the environment and communicates with the Nano microprocessor as follows:
The sensor's VCC pin is connected to the Arduino's 5 volts output.
The DATA pin links to the microcontroller's digital pin 8.
The GND pin is connected to the Arduino's GND.
Figure 2: Dht11 Pin Configuration

Light Intensity Sensor
The light sensor collects analog readings that indicate the current concentration of light or sunlight in its
surroundings. The exponential values of light concentration are measured by the light-dependent resistor,
making it more variable than temperature and humidity measurements. The data is sent to the microcontroller,
which processes it and converts it to digital data. The following is how it connects to the microcontroller:
The LDR is connected to the microcontroller's analog pin 0 and the VCC 5 volts output.
It's also grounded and connected to the resistor.
Figure 3: LDR Pin Configuration

Liquid Crystal Display
The LCDs readings for weather values are directly viewed from the system. It is connected to the Nano
microcontroller as follows:
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The GND wire is connected to the GND pin on the microcontroller
The Power wire is connected to the 5 volts power pin
RS wire is connected to digital pin 2
E wire is connected to digital pin 3
D4 wire is connected to digital pin 4
Figure 4: LCD Pin Configuration

GSM Module
The GSM module transmits SMS to the mobile user. SIM 800 module is implemented and connected to the
microcontroller with transmitting and receive pins wired to 2 digital pins on the Arduino processor. It is
connected as follows (Pujari et al, 2016):
SIM 800 5 volts is connected to the 5 volts pin on Arduino
GND pin connects to the GND pin on Arduino
Transmit pin is connected to digital pin 9
Receive pin is connected to digital pin 10
VCC pin connected to 5 volts output
Figure 5: SIM 800 Pin Configuration

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Arduino Software
The main functions implemented in the software are setup () and loop (). The setup () initializes the whole
system, while the loop runs throughout the working period of the system. The loop () function is used after the
setup function has been run. The program is written on the software and is synchronized with the
microcontroller to function properly.
Circuit Diagram
The circuit diagram for the system was created with Proteus software integrating all the components of the
system, with detailed connections showing the wiring of all components to the microcontroller. The diagram of
the system is shown below:
Figure 6: Circuit Diagram of the System

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Because of the shortage and unavailability of the equipment, save for the thermometer used to measure the
temperature, the data acquired from this study were not compared to those obtained from standard weather
measuring equipment. As a result, the tests conducted are primarily theoretical rather than practical. This
suggests that the results obtained are not certain in terms of accuracy because they were not compared to other
measurement equipment, and that the system is not free of faults and imperfections due to electromagnetic
interference or noise disrupting data acquisition. The wireless technology part is also not without flaws, as
messages may be received late.
Temperature Measurements
The temperature readings from the DHT11 sensor are in degrees Celsius. The temperatures measured both
indoors and outdoors remained nearly consistent during the testing period, ranging from 22°C to 29°C. Because
the LCD panel has a character limit, the data can only be displayed as C, which is a shorthand version of Celsius
without the degree symbol, and T, which stands for temperature. On the LCD panel, the results are presented as
T(C) (value). The result is displayed as TEMP= value in the SMS delivered to the mobile user.
Humidity Measurements
The DHT11 sensor is in charge of collecting the data that is used to display the humidity percentage result. In its
indoor and outdoor contexts, the values, like the temperature, do not commonly alter. The H character is used

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to represent humidity due to the LCD screen's character restriction. The results are presented on the LCD
screen as H (percent) (Value) and HUM= value.
Light Intensity Measurements
Light changes continually and is promptly perceived by our eyes. As a result, the values are not constant.
They're exponential quantities that change dramatically in a matter of seconds. The LDR measures light based
on the light's focus on the sensor. Any source of light, not simply sunlight, has an impact on the outcomes. The
result is displayed as infinity on the LCD screen due to a focus of the light from a flashlight or the sun. When the
skies are clear during the day, the values in the outdoor environment increase, and when the skies are cloudy,
the values decrease. When there is a source of light reflecting in the indoor environment, the values increase,
and when the light drops or when there is no light, the values decrease. The amount of light is measured in lux
and displayed as L (LUX) (Value) on the LCD panel, with the L character signifying Light. The measurements are
displayed to mobile users as a LIGHT= value.
Overall Measurements
Figure 7: Results of Weather Parameters Displayed on LCD Screen
Figure 8: Results of Weather Parameters Displayed on User's Mobile via SMS

The message containing the result of weather parameters is sent after 5 minutes to the user’s mobile. This
period is greatly dependent on the service provider’s network and could take longer than the intended
duration.
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Table 1: Overall Weather Measurement on A 24-Hour Basis
Time Temperature (°C) Humidity (%) Light (Lux)
0:00 24.3 82 0.755
1:00 24.3 88 0.821
2:00 24.3 88 0.00
3:00 24.3 90 0.00
4:00 24.3 94 0.00
5:00 24.3 94 0.00
6:00 24.3 94 0.00
7:00 24.3 93 252.74
8:00 25.1 89 1278.5
9:00 25.4 74 593.2
10:00 26.6 69 1196.8
11:00 27.2 63 387.4
12:00 29.6 58 1843.2
13:00 29.6 58 1459.1
14:00 29.6 58 1295.7
15:00 29.6 65 1158.9
16:00 28.5 75 874.6
17:00 27.8 78 294.5
18:00 29.6 75 103
19:00 29.6 78 110.5
20:00 27.8 80 0.755
21:00 26.5 80 0.024
22:00 25.9 81 0.00
23:00 24.2 81 0.00
Source: Authors analysis
Table 2: Comparing Temperature Sensor Results with Thermometer Results
Thermometer DHT11 Sensor Difference
28.7 28.5 0.2
29.2 29.6 -0.4
29.9 29.6 0.3
29.9 29.5 0.4
29.5 29.1 0.4
30.1 29.3 0.8
29.4 28.9 0.5
29.8 29.6 0.2
30.5 29.6 0.9
30.7 29.6 1.1

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Source: Authors analysis
IV. LIMITATIONS
The project was not put to the test by comparing the results to those acquired using normal weather measuring
equipment. The prototype will require a portable power source. It uses DC batteries that quickly drain due to
the high power consumption of the GSM module and the LCD screen; this makes a 24-hour test of the prototype
difficult with these batteries.
Every hour on the clock, measurements are taken. It is also unable to take weather measurements for weather
variables such as rainfall, wind, and pressure, which are critical for agricultural purposes and regular planning
for social activities. The sensors on the intended prototype are not protected from external harm such as dirt,
water, or a fall.
Measurements can't be saved on the internet for data archiving. Because no arrangements were made for the
prototype to be connected to a PC through a USB cable, the findings obtained can only be viewed on the LCD
screen and the user's mobile phone. There's also the matter of paying attention to the service provider's
charges for sending SMS to the receiver regularly. The prototype communicates with the mobile user in a
simplex format, preventing the user from refusing to enable the system to flood the mobile with a succession of
text messages. In the event of a weather condition above a certain threshold, the system is also unable to send
an alarm or a prompted update; communications are not sent. The results obtained are also influenced by the
placement of the system and the position of the sensors on the prototype.
V. CONCLUSION
Weather monitoring has been stressed throughout this project as being vital for organized and coordinated
plans of activities to be carried out in our daily lives. Furthermore, wireless weather monitoring has proven to
be effective in providing mobile users with weather information even when they are not present.
The system may detect whether characteristics such as temperature, humidity, and light and send an SMS to
mobile users with the current weather conditions at a specific time. It can be used in research laboratories,
industry, and agriculture to monitor weather parameters and provide reliable weather analysis at a low cost. It
also proved to be more valuable for effective weather analysis and accurate outcomes in a smaller area. The
project is merely a mock-up of the final system. An uninterrupted power source from a solar panel is necessary
for the real practical execution of the weather monitoring system.
The prototype was made to be adaptable so that it could accommodate several sensors for detecting various
weather conditions. It was also meant to be cost-effective, with GSM technology being chosen as the least
expensive kind of wireless technology to support remote access to the system. The prototype was constructed
with three temperature, humidity, and light intensity sensors coupled to a microcontroller and was capable of
producing meteorological conditions. The project's goals were met, and the results were determined to be
trustworthy. As a result, the study suggests that the system be developed to incorporate an alarm that sounds
when weather factors, such as temperature, rise or fall below a given threshold, or send a message as a
triggered message.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] Pujari V., Raste M. Pujari A. (2016). “Cost-Effective Automated Weather Station – A Review”,
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 582-585
[2] Gahlot et al. (2015). Zigbee-based weather monitoring system. The IJES, IV, 61-62.
[3] Susmitha, P. S. (2014, July). Design and Implementation of Weather. International Journal of Computer,
97- No.3, 19-22.
[4] Muchovo, R. (2016). Design and Implementation of a GSM Based Weather Station. Midlands State
University.

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e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

CONSTRUCTION OF WIRELESS WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM

Figure 1: System Block Diagram

Figure 2: Dht11 Pin Configuration

Figure 3: LDR Pin Configuration

Figure 4: LCD Pin Configuration

Figure 5: SIM 800 Pin Configuration

Figure 6: Circuit Diagram of the System

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Figure 7: Results of Weather Parameters Displayed on LCD Screen

Figure 8: Results of Weather Parameters Displayed on User's Mobile via SMS

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