Lecture 2 - ME460 Renewable Energy Resources

ME460 Renewable Energy Resources
Course Instructor
Engr. Muhammad Irfan

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Technology, SUIT
Contents
 Overview of Energy Use and Related Issues
 Solutions to Energy Problems

Overview of Energy Use and Related Issues
• Energy use is increasing
• Global warming
Solutions to Energy Problems
Continued....
Strategy Assessment
Goals
Energy Applications
• Electricity Lighting, Cooling, Heating, Machinery, Gadgets
• Cooking
• Transportation
• Cooling Electricity, Air circulation, Evaporation
• Heating Gas, Electricity, Sun
• Industry
Energy Scenario for Pakistan
• Total Installed capacity ~ 23,000 MW
• Actual Production ~ 12,000 MW
•
Continued....
6% Coal 2% Nuclear
12% Hydel
46% Gas
35% Oil
Continued....
5% Others
27% Gas
32% Hydel
36% Oil
Continued....
Energy Transitions
• Global energy consumption ~ 15.4 billion MWh/y
• Demand for energy is to rise by 50% by 2030
• Conventional power stations will be phased out completely by 2037
• Required global investment in energy business up to 2030 ~ US $ 9 trillion
•
Energy Targets 2020
• Australia to offer 50% rebate for small wind turbines to achieve 20% renewable by
2020 – may become 100% renewable if spends 3% of its GDP ($ 330bn)
• India’s ‘New Solar Mission’ – the most ambitious solar energy development plan in
the world - 100 GW by 2022 – 75% of world’s total solar energy
•
New Strategies
• US-DOE Announces Research Funding up to $6 Million for addressing 20% Wind Energy
by 2030
• DOE Awards 16 Contracts for up to $80 Billion in Projects at Federal Facilities, December
2008
•
Renewable Energy Sources
• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Tidal / Wave / Ocean Energy
Global Solar Energy Market is likely to
exceed USD 140 Billion by 2023
Cumulatively, more than 178 GW of power was installed in 2015 and is
estimated to reach more than 600 GW over the forecast period, including both
photovoltaic and concentrated thermal power.

Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
 These 139 countries could be powered 80% renewable energy by 2030 and 100% by
2050. The mix of resources envisioned for the 2050 goal include:
• 21.36% - Solar PV
• 9.72% - Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
• 14.89% - Rooftop Solar
• 11.58% - Commercial and Govt. Rooftop Solar
• 23.52% - Onshore wind
• 13.62% - Offshore wind
• 4% - Hydroelectric energy
• 0.58% - Wave energy
• 0.67% - Geothermal energy
• 0.06% - Tidal turbine energy
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Wind Energy Technology
Wind Energy Technology
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
• Global wind power to reach 500 GW by end 2016, 2100 GW by 2030
• Wind capacity will reach 7,500GW by 2025
• US Off Shore wind power capacity > 4000 GW – Total US consumption ~ 1000
GW
§ Wind Blades ~ 80 meter length
• Global Wind Energy Business in 2011 > $ 100x109

Continued....
Wind Targets 2030
• EU 20% Renewable by 2020 (17% Wind – 230 GW)
• EU 35% Wind by 2030 – 400 GW
• China overtaken USA with currently 63000 MW
• China - All electricity from Wind by 2030
• India Currently at 28,000 MW aiming for 200,000 MW by 2030

Wind Turbine Engineering Design
Continued.... David M. Eggleston
Aero Technology
One must enter into wind-turbine aerodynamics

analysis with a proper feeling for the complexity of
the subject.
After doing this sort of thing full-time for 30 to 40
years with many different flow problems, you begin
to have a decent understanding of how fluid is likely
to flow.
Continued....
hings
ake
ime
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Continued....
Vertical
Axis
Over 8000 components
Lift Production in Airfoil
NACA 4415
20
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
-5
-10
Calculate the curve of the mean camber line for the two regions:
yc : = [Cmax/(XCmax2)][(2)(XCmax)(x) - (x2)] for 0 <= x <= XCmax
yc : = [Cmax/(1 - XCmax2)][(1 - 2XCmax) + 2(XCmax)(x) - (x2)] for XCmax <=
x <= c
Now calculate the thickness distribution, positive for the upper surface
and negative for the lower surface:
(+ or -) yt = (5t)[0.2969 √ x - 0.1260x - 0.3516x2 + 0.2843x3 - 0.1015x4]
(t = max. thickness as a fraction of chord)
Determine the final coordinates for the airfoil section upper surface (xu,
yu) and lower surface (xl, yl) using the following relationships:
xu = x - yt sin(θ)
yu = yc + yt cos(θ)
xl = x + yt sin(θ)
yl = yc - yt cos(θ)
where θ = arctan(dyc/dx)
Coefficient of Lift For NACA 4415
1.5
0.5
Cl
0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
-0.5
-1
-1.5
Angle (degrees)
Coefficient of Drag Versus Lift for NACA 4415
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01
Cd
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Cl
Design theories grasped and computer simulated
i) Frankine –Froude Actuator Disc Theory
ii) Glauert Annulus Momentum Vortex Theory
iii) Prescribed-Wake Vortex Theory
iv) Free-Wake Vortex Theory
v) Optimal Rotor Theory
vi) Dual Optimum Theory
vii) Modified Glauert Momentum Theory
viii) Wilson & Lissaman’s Theory
ix) Linearized Tip Correction Theory

Design Equations – Linearized Tip Correction Theory
P = Cp  A V3 / 2 (1)
F = (2/) cos-1[exp{(-B/2)((Ro- r)/r sin)}] (2)

Cp = 8  F sin  (cos – X sin) (sin + X cos) [1 - Cd
2
/ Cl cot] X dX /  (3)
2 2
Xhub
opt = MAX [ F sin2 (cos – X sin) (sin + X cos) {1 - Cd / Cl cot} ] (4)
where , X, and Cd / Cl are held constant in the maximization process
(c Cl / Ro)opt = [(8/B) (r/ Ro) F sin (cos – X sin) / (sin + X cos)]

=opt (5)
X = r  / Ro (6)
500 250 Both Both 500 250 Both
Watt Watt Watt Watt
Blade Radial Radial Twist (c Cl / Ro)opt Cord Cord Tip

Section Position Position (opt-) Length Length Correc
No. (meters) (meters) (Degrees) (meters) (meters) Factor
1. 0.249 0.185 22.0 0.224 0.233 0.172 1.000

2. 0.319 0.235 17.5 0.205 0.212 0.158 1.000
3. 0.388 0.285 14.0 0.184 0.191 0.144 1.000
4. 0.458 0.335 11.0 0.169 0.175 0.130 1.000
5. 0.528 0.385 9.0 0.151 0.156 0.118 0.999
6. 0.597 0.435 7.0 0.139 0.145 0.108 0.999
7. 0.667 0.485 5.5 0.128 0.132 0.098 0.998
8. 0.737 0.535 4.5 0.116 0.120 0.090 0.995
9. 0.806 0.585 3.5 0.106 0.110 0.084 0.989
10. 0.876 0.635 2.5 0.099 0.103 0.077 0.980
11. 0.946 0.685 2.0 0.088 0.092 0.072 0.959
12. 1.015 0.735 1.0 0.083 0.086 0.066 0.928
13. 1.0854 0.785 0.5 0.072 0.074 0.059 0.857
14. 1.155 0.835 -0.5 0.061 0.063 0.050 0.735
Optimal Tip Corrected Blade Shape
0.25
0.2
Blade Chord (meters)
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Blade Span (meters)
Side View of the Log (2” x 6” x 45”)
Front face
4 8 18 21 32 42 50 mm
drop
Root Cut Area

Suspension
Balancing weights
Galvanized
Stainle iron sheet
ss Steel
Rod
Rivet Twisted Aluminum
s pipe piece
Electric Generators
500 Watts
1500 Watt Generator
Gear Ratio Calculation
Tip Speed Ratio = 6

Power Required = 500 Watts
Rated Wind Speed = 8 m/s
Air Density = 1.2 kg / m^3
Efficiency = 25 %
Power = Density x Area x Efficiency x (Speed)^3 / 2
Blade Length = 4’-8”
RPM = 320
Generator RPM = 1500
Gear Ratio = 1500 / 320 = 4.7
Wind Rose
Thank You

Lecture 2 - ME460 Renewable Energy Resources

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 2 - ME460 Renewable Energy Resources

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 2 - ME460 Renewable Energy Resources

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ME460 Renewable Energy Resources

Engr. Muhammad Irfan

 Overview of Energy Use and Related Issues

 Solutions to Energy Problems

• Energy use is increasing

• Electricity Lighting, Cooling, Heating, Machinery, Gadgets

• Cooling Electricity, Air circulation, Evaporation

• Heating Gas, Electricity, Sun

• Total Installed capacity ~ 23,000 MW

• Actual Production ~ 12,000 MW

• Global energy consumption ~ 15.4 billion MWh/y

• Demand for energy is to rise by 50% by 2030

• Conventional power stations will be phased out completely by 2037

• Required global investment in energy business up to 2030 ~ US $ 9 trillion

Cumulatively, more than 178 GW of power was installed in 2015 and is

photovoltaic and concentrated thermal power.

• Global wind power to reach 500 GW by end 2016, 2100 GW by 2030

• Wind capacity will reach 7,500GW by 2025

§ Wind Blades ~ 80 meter length

• Global Wind Energy Business in 2011 > $ 100x109

• EU 20% Renewable by 2020 (17% Wind – 230 GW)

• EU 35% Wind by 2030 – 400 GW

• China overtaken USA with currently 63000 MW

• China - All electricity from Wind by 2030

• India Currently at 28,000 MW aiming for 200,000 MW by 2030

One must enter into wind-turbine aerodynamics

i) Frankine –Froude Actuator Disc Theory

ii) Glauert Annulus Momentum Vortex Theory

iii) Prescribed-Wake Vortex Theory

iv) Free-Wake Vortex Theory

v) Optimal Rotor Theory

vi) Dual Optimum Theory

vii) Modified Glauert Momentum Theory

viii) Wilson & Lissaman’s Theory

ix) Linearized Tip Correction Theory

F = (2/) cos-1[exp{(-B/2)((Ro- r)/r sin)}] (2)

where , X, and Cd / Cl are held constant in the maximization process

(c Cl / Ro)opt = [(8/B) (r/ Ro) F sin (cos – X sin) / (sin + X cos)]

Blade Radial Radial Twist (c Cl / Ro)opt Cord Cord Tip

1. 0.249 0.185 22.0 0.224 0.233 0.172 1.000

Root Cut Area

Tip Speed Ratio = 6

Blade Length = 4’-8”

You might also like