2nd-Quarter-Reviewer English Grade 10

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Key Structural Elements of an Argumentative Text/Essay

Introduction

- introduces the problem, states the claim and gives background information needed
for the argument

- has an attention getting hook

Body

- provides any information your reader needs to know to understand your claim

- contains the supporting facts or details (examples, statistics, personal experiences or


researches)

Thesis Statement

- a short statement that summarizes the main claim or point/ main idea of an essay
supported by reasons and evidence

Claim

- an argument based on facts and reasoning

Evidence

- personal experiences, definitions, facts, research, data, quotes from an authority in


the field, or statistical graphs which tend to support or prove something

Refutation/Rebuttal

- an opposing argument that seeks to prove your opinion or claim is false

Conclusion

- the final section of your paper that clearly summarizes

- the points made and is supported by evidence


Language Features of an Argumentative Text/Essay

Certainty of Conclusion Modal Verbs/Adverbs Statement of Claim


Strong is, will, cannot, must, It is certain that...
undoubtedly, It seems clear that...
always, never, definitely, X is definitely...
clearly
Moderate should, would, can, ought It appears probable...
to, tends It is usually the case that...
to, usually, likely, In the majority of cases...
probably, The results suggest it is
regularly, majority, likely that...
generally, often,
frequently, rarely
Tentative It appears probable... Conceivably,...
It is usually the case that... It is possible that...
In the majority of cases... Occasionally,...
The results suggest it is It may be the case that...
likely that...

Formulating Claims of Fact, Policy, and Value

a. Claims of fact is a statement asserting that a condition has existed, or exists,


which is supported by factual information. The question often asked is “Is it true or
false?” A fact is a statement that can be verified or is based on an actual study or
condition

An example of fact:

In Metro Manila, there is an average of 86 daily road accidents involving motorcycles


in 2019.

Inferences are conclusions based on a given factual data.

An example of inference:
Most motorcycle accidents are caused by drunk driving.

b. Claims of value expresses approval or disapproval attempting to prove that some


action, belief or condition is right or wrong, good or bad. The question being asked is
“How critical is it?”

Example of claim of value: Plastic surgeries to enhance one’s beauty is not morally
upright.

c. Claims of policy suggests an adoption of certain policies or course of action


because a particular problem has arisen that call for solution. The question to be
answered is “What should people do about it?”
Example of claim of policy:

Since the pandemic, the MMDA has supported the bikers along EDSA by giving them
special lanes would be of great help for the bike riders to avoid road accidents.

Structures of an Argumentative Essay

Aside from learning the characteristics, the writer must also have the knowledge on
the different parts of a good argumentative essay.

There are four basic parts of an argumentative essay:

1. Introduction – it introduces the problem and gives the background information


needed for the argument and the thesis statement. The writer can use a powerful, eye-
catching hook to grab the reader’s attention. Hook can be in the form of a question or
a striking statement. The introduction also includes the thesis statement – it is a
simple sentence stating the main argument and point of view of the writer.

2. Body – is composed of 2-3 strong arguments. This part contains the claims of the
writer on the issue; presents evidences based on credible facts and statistics to
support the claim

3. Refute – an opposing statement in one paragraph

4. Conclusion - rewrite the thesis statement, and end of the essay using a strong and
persuasive statement which could move the reader into action.

OPINION VS ASSERTION
OPINION
 Opinion is an interpretation, view, or judgment about a particular thing which
is based from a belief or feeling.

There are three categories of opinion statements, namely:


 Statement of Truth – It is an opinion that something is or is not the case.
 Statement of Value – It is an opinion statement which claims that something
does or does not have worth.
 Statement of Policy – It claims that something should or should not be done.

ASSERTION
 Assertion is a statement that many people are declaring, affirming or assuming
to be true but can’t be proven.
 Commonplace assertion claims universality and is presented as an absolute
truth.

These are the four types of assertion:


1) Basic Assertion – It is a simple and straightforward statement for expressing
feelings, opinions, and beliefs.
2) Emphatic Assertion – It conveys sympathy to someone, and usually has two
parts: the first encompasses recognition of the feelings or situations of the other
person, and the second is a statement that shows support for the other person’s
viewpoint, feelings, or rights.
3) Escalating Assertion – It occurs when someone is not able to give a response to
a person’s basic assertions, and therefore that person becomes firm about him
or her.
4) Language Assertion – It involves the first person pronoun “I,” and is useful for
expressing negative feelings. Nevertheless, it constructively lays emphasis on a
person’s feelings of anger.

Some words to recognize opinion and commonplace assertion:


I think In Maybe Often
most
cases
In my Almost Most Some
opinion
I Usually Probab Worst/
believe ly Best

Techniques in Delivering Extemporaneous or Impromptu Speech

Key Differences:
O Preparation:
Extemporaneous Speech: Involves some level of preparation, with the speaker having
knowledge of the topic and possibly a basic outline or notes.

Impromptu Speech: Requires immediate response without any prior preparation or


knowledge of the topic.

O Delivery Style:
Extemporaneous Speech: Allows for a more planned and organized delivery, as the
speaker has some structure in mind.

Impromptu Speech: Demands spontaneous and unscripted delivery, relying on the


speaker's ability to think quickly.

O Setting:
Extemporaneous Speech: Often used in more formal settings where the speaker has
some advance notice and the opportunity to prepare.
Impromptu Speech: Common in informal settings or situations where unexpected
speaking is required.

O Use of Notes:
Extemporaneous Speech: May involve the use of notes or an outline to guide the
speaker.

Impromptu Speech: Typically delivered without any notes or prior planning.

Impromptu Speaking Techniques


O PREP (Point, Reason, Example, Point)
1. Point. Start off by making a clear point about the subject you’re speaking
about.
2. Reason. Describe your reason for that particular point.
3. Example. Give few examples to illustrate.
4. Point. Finish with some concluding remarks to wrap up your story.

O Pros, Cons, Recommendation


1. Pros. Start off your speech by describing the pros first.
2. Cons. Describe the cons.
3. Recommendation. Wrap up with your recommendation.

O STAR (Situation, Task, Action, Result)


1. Situation. Describe the situation that you were in.
2. Task. Describe the task that you completed.
3. Action. Describe the specific actions that you took to complete the
task.
4. Result. Conclude by describing the result that was achieved by
taking the actions

Tips in Delivering Impromptu Speech

1. Go Slowly.
Get up from your chair slowly. Walk to the front calmly. Breathe deeply.
2. Take your time to begin.
Look around, smile. Make an eye contact with one or two people in the room.
3. Stand Tall.
Remember to stand on both feet about a shoulder width apart. Do not put your hands
inside your pocket.
4. Use your notes as your guide.
Do not try to remember the whole speech. If you missed some points, don’t feel
anxious. Proceed to the points you have conceptualized in mind.
5. Talk conversationally.
Make your speech as naturally flowing as possible.
6. Watch the words.
Use simple words instead of jargons or difficult words.
7. Personalize your speech
It would be more credible if you use your own stories or experiences.
8. Keep it short and straight to the point.
Your audience would not feel bored and will keep listening to you.
9. Walk when required.
In informal speeches, walking from one side of the stage to the other will enhance your
confidence.

Composing Texts which include Multimodal Texts

Many texts are multimodal, where meaning is conveyed through combinations of two
or more semiotic systems, such as:

 Linguistic: vocabulary, structure, grammar of oral/written language;

 Visual: color, vectors, and viewpoint in still and moving images;

 Audio: volume, pitch, and rhythm of music and sound effects;

 Gestural: movement, facial expression and body language; and

 Spatial: proximity, direction, position of layout, and organization of objects in space.

Multimodal texts can be print, digital, or live.

 Multimodal texts include picture books, text books, graphic novels, comics, and
posters, where meaning is conveyed to the reader through varying combinations of
visual (still image), written language, and spatial modes.

 Digital multimodal texts, such as film, animation, slide shows, eposters, digital
stories, and web pages, convey meaning through combinations of written and spoken
language, visual (still and moving image), audio, gestural, and spatial modes.

 Live multimodal texts, like dance, performance, and oral storytelling, convey
meaning through combinations of modes such as gestural, spatial, spoken language,
and audio.

Multimodal composition requires you to have knowledge of the different text types and
to decide when, where, and how to use it to convey meaning through the text. The text
types are the following:

1. Imaginative Texts represent ideas, feelings, and mental images.

Imaginative texts also make new connections between established ideas or widely
recognized experiences in order to create new ideas and images. They are
characterized by originality, freshness, and insight.

Examples: poems and short stories


2. Informative Texts aim to provide information through explanation, description,
argument, analysis, ordering, and presentation of evidence and procedures.

Examples: brochures and pamphlets

3. Persuasive Texts put forward a point of view and persuade a reader, viewer, or
listener. These comprise activities for independent practice to solidify.

Examples: advertisement and speeches

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct speech denotes the report of the exact words of an author or speaker. It is
generally signaled by the presence of quotation marks (" "). When one reports what
others have said word for word, this is called direct discourse/speech.

Observe how the quotation marks were used and placed in the sentences.

"Surely Athena herself must have taught her," people would murmur to one another.
"Who else could know the secret of such marvelous skill?"
"Stupid old woman," said Arachne indignantly.

Notice that the lines and the exact words of the speaker are enclosed with quotation
marks. These are examples of a direct signal.

Indirect or reported speech is used to describe a speech that happened in the past,
where you are recounting something that was said to you before.

Simple rules in using indirect signals:

A.Quotation marks are not used:

Direct speech: "I cannot believe what I heard," she cried.

Indirect speech: She said that she couldn’t believe what she heard.

B. When the verb in the reported discourse is conjugated, it is generally


preceded by that; however, the inclusion of that is optional.

• She said that she will not live under this insult.

• She said she will not live under this insult.

• They informed us that the plane was delayed.

• They informed us the plane was delayed.

C. Imperative forms, when recounted in indirect signal, generally become


infinitive constructions where to is used before the imperative statement:
Direct signal: He told me, "Write to me."

Indirect signal: He told me to write him.

Direct signal: I told them, "Get out of here!"

Indirect signal: I told them to get out of here.

D. When quotation is put in indirect signal, care must be taken to verify that verb
tenses reflect the change in temporal context, meaning the time the action takes place.
Hence, a change in tense is done here: (Take note of the underlined words/phrases
and written in bold. Pronouns and time also change when direct discourse is changed
into indirect discourse.

Direct discourse: She said, "I will be on time."

Indirect discourse: She said she would be on time.

Direct discourse: When he called, he said, "I am at the airport.”

Indirect discourse: When he called, he said he was at the airport.

Deliver a Prepared or Impromptu on an Issue Employing the Techniques in


Public Speaking

Public Speaking

 It's a presentation that is given live in front of an audience.


 To educate, entertain, and influence.
Note:

A public speaking presentation is different from an online presentation.

Advantages of Public Speaking:

 Confidence level
 Critical Thinking
 Writing Skills
 Job Opportunities

13 Effective Public Speaking Techniques

1. Care About Your Topic

Passion goes a long way when it comes to being an effective speaker. The audience can tell if
you're apathetic. If you don't care, they won't care either. Even worse, you can come across as
a fake. On the other hand, if you sincerely care about your topic the audience will pick up on
that too. They'll view you as being more authentic and believable. They'll listen more closely to
discover why your subject is so important to you. And they're more likely to forgive any minor
mistakes you might make.
2. Remember Your Speaking Goal

We've all probably listened to at least one speaker who seemed to go on and on forever about
nothing in particular. One reason why this happens is because the speech isn't focused
enough. The speaker is trying to cover too much and ends up boring their listeners. Early in
the process of developing your speech, identify the reason why you're speaking. Make it a point
to stick to this goal during your presentation. Don't get sidetracked or off- topic.

3. Support Your Main Points

Every point you make in your speech needs to be supported with either an example, an
illustration, or facts. When you're supporting a point, it's best to be as specific as you can be.

For example, in a speech about the importance of clean water this statement is too vague:

"Many people don't have clean water."

Stating this statistic from the U.S. Center for Disease Control is a more effective way to support
your point:

"Worldwide, 780 million people do not have access to an improved water source."

4. Use Presentation Tools Wisely

Slide presentations often get a reputation for being dull, but that's because many speakers are
unaware of what their presentation tools can do and don't make the best use of all the
features. To better engage your audience, learn how to use the more advanced features of your
tool. And these features are just the tip of the iceberg. To really elevate your public speaking
techniques, you'll want to learn everything your presentation software tool can do.

5. Use a Professional Template

While we're talking about presentation tools, let's also talk about presentation design. Your
presentation design affects how your audience perceives you. Even if you've memorized your
speech, give it perfectly, and have the most amazing topic--your audience might still judge you
negatively if your presentation design is sloppy and unprofessional.

6. Practice Your Speech

One of the most important public speaking techniques is often one of the most overlooked-
practice. If you expect that you'll be an effective speaker without practicing your speech, you'd
be wrong. The old saying, "practice makes perfect," really is true when it comes to developing
effective speaking skills. The more you practice your speech, the more familiar it will be to you
and the more comfortable you'll be giving it. Plus, practicing your speech is the only way to
discover how long the speech will take and where you need to pause.

7. Relax!

It's normal to be nervous about public speaking. It's so common, there's an actual technical
term for fear of public speaking - glossophobia. I'm not telling you this to make you more
anxious, but rather to let you know that having some anxiety before giving a speech is perfectly
normal. Still, you should try to relax if you can. You'll be more comfortable, and the audience
will relate to you better too.

8. Pace Yourself

When it comes to public speaking, a common newbie error is to speak too quickly. This is
usually caused by a combination of nerves and not realizing how fast you're actually speaking.
But talking too fast makes it harder for your listeners to understand what you're saying.

Effective public speakers know to pace themselves. They'll speak at a natural pace and work
short, natural pauses into their speech.

9. Add Visual Aids

Visual aids can serve as a powerful illustration of your speech. Humans use their sight more
than any other sense. So, if you can make your point by showing it to your listeners rather
than describing it, they are more likely to remember it.

Be careful though. To be effective, your visual aid must be of high-quality and easily visible to
all members of your audience. Avoid incorporating sloppy graphics into a slide presentation.
Likewise, don't hold up a visual aid that's physically too small for those listening to see and
words are crowded in a slide.

10. Dress Comfortably, But Professionally

What's the right outfit to wear if you want to be an effective public speaker? Well, there's no
one answer. How you dress depends on who your listeners will be. But the general principle is
that you want to dress professionally to make a good impression. Make sure to observe good
grooming and hygiene rules too. Many experts feel you should dress according to how your
audience dresses. If the audience is dressed formally, you don't want to show up in shorts and
a tee shirt. Likewise, if the audience is wearing shorts and a tee shirt, don't dress formally.

11. Avoid Awkward Fillers

"Um," "uh," "like." We all slip these filler words into our conversations without even realizing it.
But overuse of these words during a professional speech can make you sound less than
confident. If you can, break the habit of using these words to become a better public speaker.
Practice can help you eliminate these words from your speech patterns, but you may be so
used to using them that it's hard to notice when you're doing it. This is where a speech coach,
teacher, or friend would come in handy. They could listen for these words and help you break
the habit of using them. Or you can record yourself using your gadgets. Then after, listen to it.

12. Use Gestures (But Don't Overdo)

Natural movement during a speech is a sign of an effective public speaker. Hand gestures and
even taking a few steps across the stage can be good public speaking techniques as long as
they're natural, purposeful, and not overdone. Movement can make you appear more
comfortable and help your audience relate to you.

13. Allow a Q & A


Question and answer sessions (Q & A) are one of the most underused public speaking
techniques. Many speakers just say what they're going to say and then sit down. What a
waste! The beauty of Q & A is that you get to hear your listeners' concerns directly and address
them publicly, further strengthening your case. You can prepare for a Q & A session by
creating your own list of questions and possible objections that audience members may have
(with answers). Study the list carefully so that you're familiar with it. If someone does bring up
a point that you hadn't thought of, don't panic. They don't expect you to know everything. It's
perfectly acceptable to take their contact information and tell them that you'll get back to them
once you've got the answer.

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