1.5t Comparison

Report 06005
1.5T MRI systems
Issue 7
June 2007
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1.5T MRI systems
Issue 7
Comparative report on seven

MRI systems
David Price, Ioannis Delakis, Caroline Renaud

Manager: Rob Dickinson
MagNET
Bagrit Centre
Department of Bioengineering
Imperial College London
Exhibition Road
London SW7 2AZ
Tel: 020 7594 6305

Fax: 020 7954 6337
E-mail: [email protected]
For more information on MagNET visit www.magnet-mri.org
© Crown Copyright 2007
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism, or review,
as permitted under the Copyright, Designs & Patents Act, 1998, this publication may only be
reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any means with the prior permission, in
writing, of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO).
Information on reproduction outside these terms can be found on the HMSO website
(www.hmso.gov.uk) or e-mail: [email protected]
Contents
Summary ....................................................................... 1
Purpose of this report ............................................... 1
Comparative specifications....................................... 1
Technical evaluation................................................. 1
Introduction................................................................... 2
Structure................................................................... 2
Evaluated systems ................................................... 3
Comparative specifications ......................................... 4
Magnet system ......................................................... 4
RF system ................................................................ 8
Gradient system ....................................................... 9
Sequence information............................................. 10
Computer system ................................................... 30
Radio-frequency (RF) coils..................................... 33
Parallel imaging product information ...................... 55
Technical evaluation................................................... 63
Introduction to evaluation ....................................... 63
Quadrature head coil evaluation............................. 65
In-built body coil evaluation .................................... 79
Multi-channel head coil evaluation.......................... 83
Multi-channel body coil evaluation.......................... 88
2D and 3D imaging speed ...................................... 93
Acoustic noise ........................................................ 97
List of safety information......................................... 99
Acknowledgements .................................................. 101
References ................................................................ 102
Appendix ................................................................... 103
Manufacturers’ comments .................................... 103
2D imaging speed: sequence parameters ............ 105
3D imaging speed: sequence parameters ............ 109
Report 06005: 1.5 T MRI systems - issue 7
2D and 3D imaging speed results......................... 113

Summary
Report 05047: 1.5 T MRI
systems - issue 5
Purpose of this report

CEP has produced a series of comparison reports to aid the selection of MRI
equipment in this program. This latest issue of the 1.5 tesla (T) comparison
report comprises both specification and technical data to help sites during
procurement. This report provides updated comparative specifications from
RSNA 2006 and technical evaluation of 1.5T systems.
Comparative specifications
The comparative specification is presented as a side-by-side summary
comparison of the specifications of each scanner and related equipment. It is
grouped into a series of sub-sections relating to different aspects of the
scanner, such as magnet, gradients, coils etc. A dedicated section on parallel
imaging coil has been included. The data have not been verified by CEP.
Technical evaluation
The technical evaluation section presents a detailed analysis of the head and
body coils available from each manufacturer. Parameters such as signal-to-
noise ratio, uniformity and resolution are included in the evaluation. Furthermore
dedicated sections on parallel imaging and acoustic noise have also been
incorporated. The data are published after consultation with manufacturers.
Their comments are included in the Appendix.
1
Introduction
Report 05047: 1.5 T MRI
systems - issue 5
This report combines system specifications, safety and technical evaluation

results to provide a comprehensive comparison of 1.5T MRI systems available
on the UK market. It is an update of the previous issue (Report 06005), with the
addition of specification information on the GE, Siemens and Toshiba MRI
systems. The specification tables describe the Toshiba Excelart Vantage MRI,
with additional information for the model with Atlas gradient system, where
applicable.
There are other factors, outside the scope of this report, which should be taken
into account in purchasing decisions. For information on capital and operating
costs, maintenance, safety and peripheral equipment please contact MagNET.
The aim of the technical assessment is to obtain type-test measurements of

imaging performance of MRI systems. Type-testing is the evaluation of one
machine, confirmed by the manufacturer as operating to specification that is
taken to be representative of that model. The measurements enable a
comparison of different type-tested MRI systems. The technical evaluation is
normally carried out at a factory site with the full cooperation of the
manufacturer. In special circumstances, where resources are available, the
evaluation may be carried out at a clinical site. The results are of a scientific
nature and are intended as a guide to image performance.
This report does not attempt to explain MRI. Readers who are unfamiliar with
this modality may have difficulty understanding the results presented in this
report. In this case, advice should be sought from a suitably qualified MRI
specialist.
Structure
The main body of the report is divided into two sections, the first presents
system specifications, system information and safety evaluation, and the
second gives technical evaluation results. The results contained in this report
are published after consultation with the manufacturer. Their comments are
included in the Appendix.
2
Evaluated systems
The MRI systems included in this report are listed in Table 1 and shown in Figure 1.
Table 1. 1.5T MRI systems included in the report

Company GE GE Philips Philips Siemens Siemens Toshiba Toshiba
Model Signa HDx Signa HDe Intera Achieva MAGNETOM MAGNETOM Excelart Excelart Vantage
Symphony Avanto, I-class & T-class Vantage with Atlas
Figure 1. 1.5T MRI systems included in the report
3
GE Signa HDx GE Signa HDe Philips Intera Philips Achieva
Siemens MAGNETOM Symphony Siemens MAGNETOM Avanto Toshiba Excelart Vantage Toshiba Excelart Vantage with Atlas
I-class
Specification data were correct at the time of going to press (subsequent updates or newer versions from the
manufacturers are not accounted for). The data provided have not been verified by CEP. An entry of “Not supplied” in
the tables indicates that the manufacturer(s) did not supply CEP with the required information in time for publication of
this report.
Magnet system
Table 2. Magnet specification
GE Signa GE Signa Philips Philips Siemens Siemens Avanto Toshiba
HDx HDe Intera Achieva Symphony I-class & T-class Excelart
Vantage
4
RF Frequency MHz 63.86 63.86 63.86 63.9 63.6 63.6 63.86

Shielding Active, Active, Active, Active, Active Active Passive and Active
standard standard standard standard shielding shielding standard
Homogeneity (V- Typ: <0.27 Typ: <0.27 0.35 typ: 0.2 typ. 0.4 typ. 0.2 <1.0 (static
RMS) measurement)
40 cm DSV ppm
Measurement planes 13 13 12 12 24 24 24
Points per plane 24 24 32 12 20 20 20
Field Stability ppm/hr <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Cooling system Liquid helium Liquid helium Liquid helium Liquid helium Liquid helium Liquid helium Liquid helium only
only only only only only only
Boil-off rate l/hr ~ 0.03 ~ 0.03 0.03 0.03 <0.075 0.0 <0.05
Helium refill >3 years, >3 years, 3 years 3 years ~2 years ~10 years 2-3 years
(max)
Table 3. Magnet installation details

HDx HDe Intera Achieva Symphony I-class & T-class Excelart Vantage
Mass: magnet only 3.6 3.6 2.9 2.9 4.05 3.55 ± 0.80 3.8
tonnes (incl. Helium) (4.0 including
helium)
Mass: assembly tonnes 5.7 5.1 4.1 4.1 5.5 5.5 5.265
5.5 (Twin)
Depth (with covers) (z) 195 195 167 167 160 160 149.5
cm
Width (with covers) (x) 221 221 188 188 198 230 215
cm
Height (with covers) (y) 241 241 240 240 233 230 241
5
cm
Radial (x,y) 0.5 mT 2.48 2.48 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 3.0
Fringe Field m
Axial (z) 0.5 mT Fringe 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 5.0
Field m
Minimum installed area <33 <22 30 30 30 ≤ 30 28.8
m2*
Minimum ceiling height 250 250 265 265 240 235 240 (scan room)
cm* 280 (equipment
room)
*To include 0.5 mT fringe field
Table 4. Magnet shimming details

Vantage
Passive on With With Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
installation Superconductive Superconductive
coils coils
Number of Superconductive Superconductive 32 trays 32 trays 16 azimuthal ϕ x 15 16 azimuthal ϕ x 15 24 trays
shim plates coils, no Shim coils, no Shim axial axial
plates plates
Active 3 gradient, 18 3 gradient, 18 Standard: 3 Standard: 3 Standard: 3 linear Standard: 3 linear Standard: 3 linear
shimming superconducting superconducting first order first order terms via gradient terms via gradient
coils coils Dynamic Dynamic offsets with 20 offsets with 20
Optional: 5 high
Twin: further 5 FOV with FOV with coils* coils*
order
Higher order user-defined user-defined Optional: 5 Optional: 5
6
resistive Shims shim volume shim volume additional non- additional non-
linear 2nd order linear 2nd order
terms with 32 coils* terms with 32 coils*
*Can be used for patient-specific shimming
Table 5. Electronics cabinets

Vantage
Number of cabinets 2 1 3 3 2 2 3
3 (Twin) (4 for Nova Dual)
Total width cm 120 200 188 188 160 156 247.5
180 (Twin) (259 for Nova Dual)
Maximum depth cm 95.2 80 98 98 65 65 96
Maximum height cm 250 290 196 196 189 197 193
Cooling system Air Water Water Water Water Water Water
Table 6. Patient comfort details

Patient aperture at
narrowest:
Width cm 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 at narrowest
Height (couch to pole) cm 46.5 46.5 42 42 45.2 45.5 48.25
45.5 at isocenter
Length cm 70 70 60 60 90 85 75
105 (Twin)
Patient aperture at
maximum:
Width cm 106 106 154 154 120 Not supplied 65.5
7
Height cm 97 97 60 96 120 Not supplied 48.25

Length (with covers) cm 195 195 167 167 160 160 149.5
Patient couch:
Min height cm 69 69 52 52 45 47 42
Max height cm 97 97 89 89 100 89 87.5
Table top width cm 62.2 62.2 53 53 54 54 57.5
Body mass limit kg 159* 159* 150† 150† 200 200 200
(full movement)
* 180 kg with no vertical movement,
† 250 kg with no vertical movement
RF system
Table 7. RF system specification
Name/type/ HDx HDe Synergy FREE Advanced Whole- TIM TIM TIM AGV XGV ZGV ATLAS
version WAVE Array Body [32×8] [76×18] [76×32]
Array
Number of 8 (std) 4 (std) 4 8 (std) 4 8 8 18 32 4 4, 8 8 16
independent RF 16 (opt) 8 (opt) 6 16 (opt)
receiver channels 32 (opt) 32 (opt)
(standard/
optional)
Bandwidth of each 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
independent RF
receiver channel
8
MHz
Number of analog- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
to-digital converters
for each
independent RF
channel
Sampling 20 20 1 80* 10 10 10 10 10 Not supplied
frequency of each
analog-to-digital
converter MHz
*Direct digital sampling with no intermediate frequency demodulation
Gradient system
Table 8. Gradient system specification (x, y, z as defined in Figure 2)
Shielding Active Active Active Active Active Active Active

Gradient system HDx Twin HDe Pulsar Pulsar Nova Nova Quantum Q- SQ- AGV XGV ZGV
HP HP Dual HP engine engine
Maximum amplitude mT/m
x (horizontal) 33 50 23 33 33 33 33/66 30 33 40 30 30 33
y (vertical) 33 50 23 33 33 33 33/66 30 33 40 30 30 33
z (along the bore axis) 33 50 23 33 33 33 33/66 30 33 45 30 30 33
Slew rate mT/m/ms
9
x (horizontal) 120 150 50 80 100 180 180/90 125 125 200 50 130 200
y (vertical) 120 150 50 80 100 180 180/90 125 125 200 50 130 200
z (along the bore axis) 120 150 50 80 100 180 180/90 125 125 200 50 130 200
Duty cycle at max amplitude % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Amplitude at 100% duty cycle 33 23/ 50 23 33 33 33 33/66 30 33 40/40/45 30 30 33
mT/m
Figure 2. Gradient direction
Z
X
Sequence information
Quoted values should correspond to imaging with no interpolation, no asymmetric echo, no partial Fourier, no parallel
imaging, no fat-sat, no rectangular matrix, no rectangular field-of-view
Table 9. Speed parameters

Gradient system HDx Twin HDe Pulsar Pulsar Nova Nova Quantum Q- SQ- AGV XGV ZGV
HD HD Dual HD engine engine
Minimum TR ms 10 7 11 13.3 11.6 11.4 11.4 11 7.4 6.8 Not 9.0 9.0
Spin echo* supplied
Minimum TR ms 2.7‡ 2.6‡ 2.8‡ 2.25 1.07 0.83 0.83 1.8 1.8 1.5 Not 5.1 5.1
2D gradient echo* supplied
10
Minimum TR ms 1,2 1,2 1,7 2.25 1.07 0.83 0.83 1.8 1.8 1.5 Not 3.5 3.5
3D gradient echo* supplied
Minimum echo 2.5 2.5 3.3 3.15 1.93 1.74 1.74 2.9 2.8 2.6 Not 2.6 2.6
spacing ms supplied
Turbo spin echo*
Minimum echo 0.460 0.412 0.712 0.53 0.49 0.393 0.393 0.79 0.48 0.41 1.2 0.5 0.4
spacing ms
Echo planar
imaging†
Minimum TE ms Not Not Not 66.5 63.4 62.7 44.3 66 58 53 105 80 70
Single-shot supplied supplied supplied
diffusion imaging
with b-value of
1000 mm2/s†
* For 256x256 matrix with no interpolation
†
For 128x128 matrix with no interpolation
‡ Maximum EPI factor =12
Table 10. Resolution parameters

Minimum FOV mm 10 10 5 5 5 5 5
Maximum FOV mm 480 480 530 530 500 500 500
(isotropic) (isotropic) (isotropic) (isotropic) (isotropic) (isotropic) 550 in x and y
directions for Atlas
ZGV
Maximum imaging 1024x1024 1024x1024 2048x2048 2048x2048 1024x1024 1024x1024 1024x1024
matrix
Minimum 2D slice 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.5
thickness mm 0.4 for Atlas ZGV
Minimum 3D slice 0.1 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
11
thickness mm
Table 10. Sequence packages: standard packages (1)

Packages
GE Multi-Purpose Functionality: Fast Spin Echo (FSE), Fast Recovery Fast Spin Echo (FRFSE) and FRFSE-XL, Single Shot Fast Spin Echo
Signa (SSFSE) and Enhanced MR Cholangio-Pancreatography (MRCP), Gradient Echo (GRE), Dual Echo Gradient Echo, Spectral Inversion at
HDx Lipids (SPECIAL), i-Drive Pro Real-time interactive imaging, HD LAVA (Liver Acquisition with Volume Acceleration), T1 and T2 Fluid-
Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR), Echoplanar and FLAIR Echoplanar Imaging, Diffusion-weighted Echo Planar imaging, BRAVO
(Brain Volume) Imaging: IR-prepared 3D gradient echo imaging technique, whole-brain coverage, MERGE (Multi-Echo Recombined
Gradient Echo): Imaging technique designed to image the C-spine, Black Blood Double and Triple Inversion Recovery, ECG-Gated FGRE
and FSPGR FastCine, Gated and Enhanced Time of Flight (TOF) Imaging: for non-contrast enhanced angiography in the body, 2D and 3D
Phase Contrast (2D PC, 3D PC): Determines flow velocities and directional properties of blood flow in vessels, SmartPrep: Improves
contrast-enhanced MRA by ensuring trigger upon contrast arrival, SmartStep: Enhances peripheral vascular run-offs, Adds table-stepping
capabilities to SmartPrep.
Post-Processing Functionality: Interactive Vascular Imaging (IVI): Produces angiographic and maximum intensity projections (MIPs) in
multiple scan planes, Multi-Projection Volume Reconstruction (MPVR): generation of volumetric images for MR angiography, Multi-Planar
Reformation (MPR): evaluation of anatomy in off-axis planes, Batch reformations, Interactive Vascular Imaging (IVI), 3D surface rendering,
Brainwave Fusion: Enables fusion of Diffusion Tensor tractography data with functional activation areas into a single data set, FuncTool
12
Performance: advanced MRI post-processing: ADC maps, eADC maps, Correlation coefficients for mapping of motor strip and visual/
auditory stimuli, NEI (Negative Enhancement Integral), MTE (Mean Time To Enhance), Positive enhancement integral, Signal enhancement
ratio, Maximum slope increase, Maximum difference function, Difference function, Optional single-voxel, 2D and 3D CSI post-processing.
Standard pulse sequence imaging options: ASSET/GEM, Blood suppression, Cardiac gating/triggering, Cardiac compensation, Classic,
DE prepared, Extended dynamic range, Flow compensation, Full echo train, IR prepared, Magnetization transfer, MART, Multi-station, Multi-
phase and DynaPlan, No phase wrap, Real time, Respiratory compensation, Respiratory gating/triggering, Sequential, SmartPrep, Spectral
spatial RF, Square pixel, T2 prep, Tailored RF, VERSE, ZIP 1024, ZIP 512, Slice Zip x 2 (Z2) and Zip x 4 (Z4)
GE Multi-Purpose Functionality: Fast Spin Echo (FSE), Fast Recovery Fast Spin Echo (FRFSE) and FRFSE-XL, Single Shot Fast Spin Echo
Signa (SSFSE) and Enhanced MR Cholangio-Pancreatography (MRCP), Gradient Echo (GRE), Dual Echo Gradient Echo, Spectral Inversion at
HDe Lipids (SPECIAL), i-Drive Pro Real-time interactive imaging, HD LAVA (Liver Acquisition with Volume Acceleration), T1 and T2 Fluid-
Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR), IR-prepared FGRE, Black Blood Double and Triple Inversion Recovery, ECG-Gated FGRE and
FSPGR FastCine, 2D and 3D Phase Contrast (2D PC, 3D PC): Determines flow velocities and directional properties of blood flow in
vessels, SmartPrep: Improves contrast-enhanced MRA by ensuring trigger upon contrast arrival, SmartStep: Enhances peripheral vascular
run-offs, Adds table-stepping capabilities to SmartPrep
Post-Processing Functionality: Interactive Vascular Imaging (IVI): Produces angiographic and maximum intensity projections (MIPs) in
multiple scan planes, Multi-Projection Volume Reconstruction (MPVR): generation of volumetric images for MR angiography, Multi-Planar
Reformation (MPR): evaluation of anatomy in off-axis planes, , FuncTool Performance: advanced MRI post-processing: ADC maps, eADC
maps, Correlation coefficients for mapping of motor strip and visual/auditory stimuli, NEI (Negative Enhancement Integral), MTE (Mean
Time To Enhance), Positive enhancement integral, Signal enhancement ratio, Maximum slope increase, Maximum difference function,
Difference function, Optional single-voxel, 2D and 3D CSI post-processing

Packages
Philips Intera ScanTools package (standard on each Achieva system): Spin Echo (SE); Fast Field Echo (FFE) including steady state
(Balanced-FFE) and spoiling techniques; Turbo Field Echo (TFE) including pre-pulses and flip angle sweep; Turbo Spin Echo
(TSE) with single and dual echoes, DRIVE (Driven Equilibrium), Single Shot (SS) TSE; Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) Multi Shot
(MS) and Single Shot (SS) for FFE and SE imaging compatible with pre-pulses; Inversion Recovery (IR, STIR, FLAIR)
compatible with SE, TSE and EPI imaging methods; Time of Flight (ToF) with FFE and TFE imaging techniques, including RF
Spoiling and MTC, gating acquisitions and dual gated inflow, 3D acquisition with TONE and multi-chunk (MOTSA); Contrast
Enhanced (CE) with CENTRA with ultra-short short TE, FFE and TFE, CENTRA (Contrast Enhanced MR Angiography with 3D
profiles); Phase Contrast (PC) 2D and 3D with variable VENC values, retrospectively gated 2D multi-phase; Quantitative flow in
3 directions; CLEAR (Constant LEvel AppeaRance); Cardiac gated breath-hold TFE: bright blood or dark blood; Single-slice
multi-phase with Balanced FFE with retrospective gating; 3D k-space shutter 25% reduction in scan times. ProSet (provides
water- or fat-selective excitation images), SPAIR (fat saturation technique to address RF field inhomogeneities). BLISS (bilateral
breast imaging in the sagittal view with SENSE), TRACS, time-resolved MRA, SENSE parallel imaging for all sequences
(SENSE factor 2)
Philips Achieva ScanTools package (standard on each Achieva system): Spin Echo (SE); Fast Field Echo (FFE) including steady state
13
(Balanced-FFE) and spoiling techniques; Turbo Field Echo (TFE) including pre-pulses and flip angle sweep; Turbo Spin Echo
(TSE) with single and dual echoes, DRIVE (Driven Equilibrium), Single Shot (SS) TSE; Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) Multi Shot
(MS) and Single Shot (SS) for FFE and SE imaging compatible with pre-pulses; Inversion Recovery (IR, STIR, FLAIR)
compatible with SE, TSE and EPI imaging methods; Time of Flight (ToF) with FFE and TFE imaging techniques, including RF
Spoiling and MTC, gating acquisitions and dual gated inflow, 3D acquisition with TONE and multi-chunk (MOTSA); Contrast
Enhanced (CE) with CENTRA with ultra-short short TE, FFE and TFE, CENTRA (Contrast Enhanced MR Angiography with 3D
profiles); Phase Contrast (PC) 2D and 3D with variable VENC values, retrospectively gated 2D multi-phase; Quantitative flow in
3 directions; CLEAR (Constant LEvel AppeaRance); Cardiac gated breath-hold TFE: bright blood or dark blood; Single-slice
multi-phase with Balanced FFE with retrospective gating; 3D k-space shutter 25% reduction in scan times. ProSet (provides
water- or fat-selective excitation images), SPAIR (fat saturation technique to address RF field inhomogeneities). BLISS (bilateral
breast imaging in the sagittal view with SENSE), TRACS, time-resolved MRA, SENSE parallel imaging for all sequences
(SENSE factor 2)

Packages
Siemens Core package
Symphony
Siemens Tim Application Suite includes Neuro Suite, Ortho Suite, Angio Suite, Cardiac Suite, Body Suite, Onco Suite, Paediatric Suite, Breast
Avanto Suite, Scientific Suite
I-class & Sequences: Spin Echo (SE): Single, Double and Multi Echo (up to 32 echoes). Inversion Recovery (IR). 2D/3D FLASH (spoiled GRE).
T-class 2D/3D FISP. 2D GRE segmented. 2D/3D PSIF. PSIF Diffusion. 2D/3D TrueFISP. TrueFISP segmented Shared Phases Real-time
TrueFISP (without ECG). 2D/3D MEDIC (Multi Echo Data Image Combination). 2D/3D TurboFLASH (MPRAGE). 3D VIBE (Volume
Interpolated Breath-hold Examination), using interpolation and fat saturation. 2D/3D TSE. Echo Sharing technique for dual-contrast,
proton density and T2 images simultaneously. 2D/3D Restore TSE. Single-slab 3D TSE (SPACE) for T2 and dark-fluid applications with
isotropic resolution. 2D/3D TurboIR (TrueIR, STIR, DarkFluid T1 and T2). 2D/3D HASTE (Half-Fourier Acquisition with Single Shot Turbo
Spin Echo). 2D/3D HASTE IR for fat or fluid suppression. 2D/3D Single Shot TSE for heavy T2 weighting. 2D/3D Time-of-Flight (ToF)
Angiography, single and multi slab. 2D/3D ToF, triggered and segmented
Body suite: Free breathing 2D PACE applications with 2D/3D HASTE (Restore) and 2D/3D TSE (Restore). Single-shot HASTE. Fat
suppression protocols with Quick FatSat, STIR, HASTE, SPAIR and FLASH in-phase/opposed-phase protocols and multi-echo TSE.
14
Dynamic 3D VIBE protocols. Colonography bright lumen with T2-weighted TrueFISP and dark lumen with T1-weighted VIBE. Dynamic
volume examinations with 3D VIBE, dynaVIBE - Inline motion correction of multi-phase VIBE data sets.
Onco suite: STIR TSE and FLASH in-phase/ opposed-phase protocols. Colorized Wash-in, Washout, Time-To-Peak, Positive-
Enhancement-Integral, MIPtime, and combination maps with Inline Technology or for offline calculation. MeanCurve for display and
analysis of the temporal behaviour in selected regions of interest, including the capability of using additional datasets as a guide for
defining regions of interest. Precision filter for 3D spatial accuracy e.g. for radiotherapy planning.
Ortho suite: 2D TSE protocols for PD, T1, and T2-weighted contrast. 3D MEDIC, 3D TrueFISP protocols with water excitation for T2-
weighted imaging. 3D VIBE protocols for MR arthrography (knee, shoulder and hip). 3D MEDIC, 3D TrueFISP, 3D VIBE protocols with
water excitation. 3D TSE with variable flip angle. Whole-spine single-step or multi-step protocols. Fat suppression in off-centre positions.
Dynamic TMJ and ilio-sacral joint protocol. Susceptibility-insensitive protocols
Paediatric suite: Head, spine and cardiac protocols divided according to different age groups.
Breast Suite: Customized protocols (e.g. with fat saturation or water/silicone excitation) with multiplanar visualization and iPAT. VIEWS
(Volume Imaging with Enhanced Water Signal) is included as standard within this suite for 3D isotropic breast MRI.
Scientific Suite: Phoenix, Camtasia and the facility to offer trial applications licenses, as standard with the system.
Siemens Tim Workflow Suite: Inline and offline composing of images and planning tools for planning, reading and processing with focus on
Avanto extended Field of View and whole body exams. Automatic real time calculation of trace-weighted images and ADC maps
T class syngo Chorus MR: Departmental integration of MR scanner and Siemens RIS, features protocol planning, support of automated follow
up studies and billing. Protocols from one scanner can be distributed to other scanners connected to the RIS.
syngo TimCT: Enables continuous table move scanning. syngo TimCT FastView is based on a gradient echo sequence a complete
extended Field of View in isotropic resolution with continuous table move.

Packages
Toshiba All packages are optional and can be chosen dependent on case mix to build up a specific and tailor-made system.
Excelart Note: Cardiac package is not available for the AGV system.
Vantage Basic sequences: Spin Echo, Fast Spin Echo ('Turbo Spin Echo'), Field Echo (Gradient Echo), Fast Field Echo ('Turbo Gradient
Echo'), Inversion Recovery, Fast Inversion Recovery, STIR, Fast Stir, Fast FLAIR are standard. Hybrid Echo Planar Imaging, with up
to 60 echoes. Multi-Shot Echo Planar Imaging. Single Shot Echo Planar Imaging. T1-TrueSSFP. T2-TrueSSFP. FSE T2
Plus: fasterT2 weighted imaging, FASE T2 Plus, FISP3D SuperFase. SPEEDER (parallel imaging).
15
Table 11. Sequence packages: angiography and cardiac imaging (1)

Packages
GE Angiography: SmartPrep (Improves contrast-enhanced MRA by ensuring trigger upon contrast arrival), SmartStep (Enhances peripheral
Signa vascular run-offs, Adds table stepping capabilities to SmartPrep), Gated and Enhanced Time of Flight Imaging (for non-contrast enhanced
HDx angiography in the body), Interactive Vascular Imaging (IVI) (produces angiographic and maximum intensity projections (MIPs) in multiple
scan planes), TRICKS: Time Resolved Imaging of Contrast KineticS technology (uses temporal sampling to accelerate the temporal
resolution of 3D dynamic imaging. Now integrated with Elliptical-Centric data sampling), TRICKS-XV (uses a 3D k-space acquisition and
reconstruction strategy. The result is arterial, venous and equilibrium 3D volumes. ASSET compatible. Enables repeated scanning of large
volumes.), Fluoro-Triggered MRA (enables the user to manually trigger each angiographic acquisition with the desired level of vessel
enhancement), SWIFT: Switch on the Fly Technique (option): combines TRICKS and parallel imaging with the 32-element vascular coil to
produce high-resolution images of the vascular tree, 2D and 3D Phase Contrast (2D PC, 3D PC): determines flow velocities and
directional properties of blood flow in vessels.
Cardiac: ECG-Gated FGRE and FSPGR FastCine (functional acquisitions of the heart, Full R-R coverage), Fiesta Cine and FatSat Fiesta
(Fast Imaging Employing Steady-State Acquisition: contrast enhancement between the myocardium and the blood pool), Cardiac Tagging
(applies spatial SAT pulses over the anatomy of interest to obtain cardiac images sensitive to tissue motion), Black Blood Double and
Triple Inversion Recovery, Navigators for 3D Coronary Imaging (Software designed for use in conjunction with 3D IR-prepared FGRE or
16
3D FatSat FIESTA for coronary imaging. Enables the patient to breathe freely throughout the acquisition while eliminating respiratory
motion from the resultant images), IR-Prepared FGRE Sequence (consists of an IR-prepared FGRE sequence that allows the suppression
and enhancement of various tissues within the myocardium (available in 2D and 3D)), ReportCARD (cardiac reporting software provides a
way to review and analyse cardiac MR images and generate comprehensive reports for referring physicians. Reports tailored specifically
to pediatrics and CSF flow), i-Drive Pro Plus (expands i-Drive Pro functionality, permits geometric scan plane changes on the fly).
GE Angiography: SmartPrep (Improves contrast-enhanced MRA by ensuring trigger upon contrast arrival), SmartStep (Enhances peripheral
Signa vascular run-offs, Adds table stepping capabilities to SmartPrep), Interactive Vascular Imaging (IVI) (produces angiographic and maximum
HDe intensity projections (MIPs) in multiple scan planes), TRICKS: Time Resolved Imaging of Contrast KineticS technology (uses temporal
sampling to accelerate the temporal resolution of 3D dynamic imaging. Now integrated with Elliptical-Centric data sampling), Fluoro-
Triggered MRA (enables the user to manually trigger each angiographic acquisition with the desired level of vessel enhancement) , 2D
and 3D Phase Contrast (2D PC, 3D PC): determines flow velocities and directional properties of blood flow in vessels.
Cardiac: ECG-Gated FGRE and FSPGR FastCine (functional acquisitions of the heart, Full R-R coverage), FIESTA Cine Cardiac
Imaging: (Fast Imaging Employing Steady-State Acquisition: contrast enhancement between the myocardium and the blood pool), Cardiac
Tagging (applies spatial SAT pulses over the anatomy of interest to obtain cardiac images sensitive to tissue motion), Black Blood Double
and Triple Inversion Recovery, Coronary Artery Imaging (FIESTA 3D FatSat allows acquisition of breath-held 3D datasets of the coronary
arteries), Navigators for 3D Coronary Imaging (Software designed for use in conjunction with 3D IR-prepared FGRE or 3D FatSat FIESTA
for coronary imaging. Enables the patient to breathe freely throughout the acquisition while eliminating respiratory motion from the
resultant images), IR-Prepared FGRE Sequence (consists of an IR-prepared FGRE sequence that allows the suppression and
enhancement of various tissues within the myocardium (available in 2D and 3D))

Packages
Philips Angiography: BolusTrak (provides 2D-real time fluoroscopic display of contrast bolus arrival for synchronization of contrast-enhanced
Intera angio acquisitions), MobiTrak (provides automatic table movement between successive angiographic image acquisitions for
visualization of the abdominal aorta and peripheral vasculature), MobiFlex (enhances the MobiTrak peripheral vascular angiography
technique by providing the flexibility to individually specify contrast timing and image resolution for each station. MobiFlex enables use
in combination with SENSE and BolusTrak), MobiView (automatically presents multi-station data as one image), Qflow analysis
(provides quantitative flow results from Regions of Interest (ROI) in velocity encoded Phase Contrast (PC) datasets).
Cardiac: Cardiac performance package (includes VCG triggering capabilities, multi-slice multi-phase imaging and quantitative flow
analysis), Cardiac perfusion package (enables multi-slice first-pass perfusion studies with full heart coverage), Viability (tissue viability
characteristics are revealed via late hyper enhancement of the tissue signal in T1-weighted images. Package provides single breath-
hold or free breathing examinations with full heart coverage. MotionTrak provides real-time interactive motion correction for free
breathing protocols), Cardiac tagging (provides the visualization of myocardial wall motion, allowing visualization of both contractual
and torsional motions throughout the cardiac cycle), Coronary artery imaging (enables fast, free breathing coronary imaging).
Philips Angiography: BolusTrak (provides 2D-real time fluoroscopic display of contrast bolus arrival for synchronization of contrast-enhanced
Achieva angio acquisitions), MobiTrak (provides automatic table movement between successive angiographic image acquisitions for
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visualization of the abdominal aorta and peripheral vasculature), MobiFlex (enhances the MobiTrak peripheral vascular angiography
technique by providing the flexibility to individually specify contrast timing and image resolution for each station. MobiFlex enables use
in combination with SENSE and BolusTrak), MobiView (automatically presents multi-station data as one image), Qflow analysis
(provides quantitative flow results from Regions of Interest (ROI) in velocity encoded Phase Contrast (PC) datasets).
Cardiac: Cardiac performance package (includes VCG triggering capabilities, multi-slice multi-phase imaging and quantitative flow
analysis), Cardiac perfusion package (enables multi-slice first-pass perfusion studies with full heart coverage), Viability (tissue viability
characteristics are revealed via late hyper enhancement of the tissue signal in T1-weighted images. Package provides single breath-
hold or free breathing examinations with full heart coverage. MotionTrak provides real-time interactive motion correction for free
breathing protocols), Cardiac tagging (provides the visualization of myocardial wall motion, allowing visualization of both contractual
and torsional motions throughout the cardiac cycle), Coronary artery imaging (enables fast, free breathing coronary imaging).

Packages
Siemens Angiography: Advanced Angio Package, Care Bolus Package, Panoramic Table for Integrated Panoramic Positioning (IPPTM), Flow
Symphony Quantification
Cardiac: Advanced Cardiac Package, Interactive Real-time Imaging
Siemens Angio Suite: Standard package included in Tim Application Suite. 3D contrast-enhanced MRA protocols with or without iPAT for head,
Avanto neck, thorax, abdomen, peripheral regions. CareBolus functionality: determination of the bolus arrival time. Peripheral CE-MRA. 2D/3D
time of flight. Triggered 2D/3D ToF sequences for non-contrast MRA. 2D/3D phase-contrast. MR venography with 2D/3D ToF and
I-class &
phase-contrast. Tilted optimised non-saturating excitation (TONE) and MTC techniques. Water-excitation 3D ToF protocol. MIP, MinIP,
T-class
3D SSD. Inline MIP. Inline subtraction of pre-post contrast measurements. Inline standard deviation maps of phase-contrast
measurements for delineation of arteries and veins. Software-controlled table movements. TWIST is also available (optional) for time-
resolved 3D MR angiographic imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution. Flow Quantification also available.
syngo TimCT Angiography (optional for T-class only): Continuous table move 3D angiographic exams of the peripheral vessels. 3D
gradient echo sequence with strong T1 weighting and continuous table movement during imaging with table velocity up to 50 mm/s.
Cardiac Suite: Standard package included in Tim Application Suite. Various breath-hold techniques (dark-blood TSE, HASTE, cine
techniques: FLASH). Acquisition of a stack of shortaxis slices (standard segmented FLASH, or advanced segmented TrueFISP). Use of
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the Inline ECG for graphical ECG triggering set-up. Prospective gating with cine sequences (TrueFISP, FLASH). iPAT. Turbo FLASH
Advanced cardiac package: Dark-blood sequences. Ventricular Function and Wall Motion. Dynamic CINE TrueFISP imaging of
cardiac function with prospective and retrospective ECG triggering, with or without breath-hold technique. Cine imaging with echo
sharing. Triggered retrogated cine imaging with arrhythmia rejection for automatic adjustment of the number of phases to the heart rate.
Real-time cine TrueFISP imaging without need for ECG triggering or breath-hold commands. Real-time radial imaging. TrueFISP iPAT
and Half Fourier techniques. Protocols for paediatrics, plaque imaging and stress imaging. Dedicated sequences for coronary imaging
and angiography providing free breathing navigator (1D PACE) and breath-hold techniques (2D and 3D Flash and TrueFISP, requires
PMU Wireless Physio Control option). Interactive Real-time Imaging also available
Toshiba Angiography: MRA R6 package - Visual Prep to trigger scan for contrast enhanced MRA, Moving bed for Peripheral Angiography,
Excelart Centric order K-space filling, 2D TOF (time of flight) MRA or 2D FFE, 3D TOF MRA or 3D FFE, MRV (magnetic resonance
Vantage venography). WET (water excitation technique) – removes unwanted fat signal, improves visualisation of vessels. STAMD (Sequential
Target MIP Display) allows the observation of the relationship between inflowing artery and outflowing vein (e.g. heart). DRKS R6
(different rate k-space sampling). Apply to FFE 3D dynamic imaging. Data is collected around the centre of k-space with higher
temporal resolution than in other sections, reducing scan time.
SuperFASE R6 package - contains FBI (Fresh Blood Imaging) – peripheral angiography without the need for contrast.
Cardiac: Cardiac R6 package Includes Cardiac function analysis software – cardiac output, ejection fraction, volume curves,
percentage wall thickness. FASE BB (black blood imaging). Cine imaging (use FFE technique plus breath hold, prospective and
retrospective gating). Real time motion correction (estimates and corrects change of heart position due to respiratory motion) – use with
3D FFE, for imaging heart, coronary arteries.
Table 12. Sequence packages: perfusion imaging

Packages
GE Signa HDx T2* EPI sequence is standard
FuncTool Performance enables advanced MRI post-processing: NEI (Negative Enhancement Integral), MTE (Mean Time To
Enhance), Positive enhancement integral, Signal enhancement ratio, Maximum slope increase, Maximum difference function,
Difference function
GE Signa HDe T2* EPI sequence is standard
Difference function
Philips Intera Perfusion imaging package (features hemodynamic maps, Negative Index (NI), Time-to-peak (TTP), Time-of-arrival (T0), Mean
Transit Time (MTT) and flow index (index)) using dynamic multi-slice T2* weighted sequences.
Philips Achieva Perfusion imaging package (features hemodynamic maps, Negative Index (NI), Time-to-peak (TTP), Time-of-arrival (T0), Mean
Transit Time (MTT) and flow index (index)) using dynamic multi-slice T2* weighted sequences.
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Siemens Echo Planar Imaging and Advanced Turbo Packages

Symphony
Siemens Avanto Perfusion sequences included in standard Tim Application Suite
I-class & Inline Perfusion: Automatic real-time calculation of Global Bolus Plot (GBP), Percentage of Baseline at Peak map (PBP) and
T-class Time-to-Peak map (TTP) with Inline Technology. .
Toshiba Excelart EPI R6 package – allows diffusion, Perfusion and Functional MR imaging.
Vantage Perfusion images using “ASL” allows perfusion studies to be performed without the need for contrast.
Table 13. Sequence packages: diffusion imaging (1)

Packages
GE Signa Diffusion-Weighted Echoplanar Imaging: Single Shot FLAIR EPI and Single Shot, diffusion-weighted EPI with b-values up to 10,000
HDx s/mm2,, Multi-NEX capability, Online image processing, ADC and eADC maps (enabled by FuncTool Performance)
Diffusion with PROPELLER package: acquires data in radial “blades” that rotate in sequence until the acquisition is complete. Reduces
susceptibilities.
GE Signa Diffusion-Weighted Echoplanar Imaging: Single Shot FLAIR EPI and Single Shot, diffusion-weighted EPI with b-values up to 10,000
HDe s/mm2,, Multi-NEX capability, Online image processing, ADC and eADC maps (enabled by FuncTool Performance)
Diffusion with PROPELLER package: acquires data in radial “blades” that rotate in sequence until the acquisition is complete. Reduces
susceptibilities.
Philips Diffusion Imaging Performance Package: includes Single-Shot EPI Diffusion imaging sequences for motion free imaging, plus the
Intera automatic calculation of isotropic Diffusion Weighted images and online calculation of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) maps. Flexible
choice of diffusion sensitivity (b-value), up to 16 b-values in one scan, modulus averaging, selective averaging for increased SNR and
higher b-values, three diffusion directions per scan - P (Phase), M (Measurement) and S (Slice), automatic online calculation of isotropic
diffusion-weighted images, online calculation of ADC maps. Can be combined with SENSE.
High-Resolution Diffusion Package: enables high-quality high-resolution diffusion imaging of the brain and brain stem. High Resolution
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Diffusion uses motion-corrected diffusion-weighted multi-shot sequences. Multi-shot EPI, TSE and GRASE-based diffusion imaging
sequences, PhaseTrak provides real-time, interactive phase correction for motion-insensitive images, high-resolution multi-shot TSE and
GRASE diffusion imaging, can be combined with SENSE.
Philips Diffusion Imaging Performance Package: includes Single-Shot EPI Diffusion imaging sequences for motion free imaging, plus the
Achieva automatic calculation of isotropic Diffusion Weighted images and online calculation of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) maps. Flexible
choice of diffusion sensitivity (b-value), up to 16 b-values in one scan, modulus averaging, selective averaging for increased SNR and
higher b-values, three diffusion directions per scan - P (Phase), M (Measurement) and S (Slice), automatic online calculation of isotropic
diffusion-weighted images, online calculation of ADC maps. Can be combined with SENSE.
High-Resolution Diffusion Package: enables high-quality high-resolution diffusion imaging of the brain and brain stem. High Resolution
Diffusion uses motion-corrected diffusion-weighted multi-shot sequences. Multi-shot EPI, TSE and GRASE-based diffusion imaging
sequences, PhaseTrak provides real-time, interactive phase correction for motion-insensitive images, high-resolution multi-shot TSE and
GRASE diffusion imaging, can be combined with SENSE.
Table 13. Sequence packages: diffusion imaging (2)

Packages
Siemens Echo Planar Imaging and Advanced Turbo Package: Single Shot EPI for Diffusion, Single Shot EPI for Perfusion, 2D/3D HASTE (w.
Symphony Restore), 2D/3D HASTE IR, 2D/3D True FISP, Shared Phases Realtime TrueFISP, 2D/3D TrueFISP with Fat Sat, PSIF Diffusion, 2D/3D
segmented EPI (SE and FID), Multi Directional Diffusion Imaging
Siemens Diffusion included in standard Tim Application Suite. Includes sequences like Single Shot EPI or PSIF Diffusion with a matrix size up to
Avanto 1024. Up to 16 b-values in one scan with a maximum b-value of 10000. Diffusion with iPAT (parallel imaging) can be used to reduce
susceptibility artifacts.
I-class &
T-class Inline Diffusion: Automatic real-time calculation of trace-weighted images and ADC maps with Inline technology. Compatible to single-
shot diffusion-weighted EPI.
Toshiba EPI R6 package – allows Diffusion, perfusion and Functional MR imaging. Diffusion images with EPI or FASE (Fast Advanced Spin Echo).
Excelart ADC images produced.
Vantage
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Table 14. Sequence packages: diffusion tensor imaging

Packages
GE Signa HDx Diffusion Tensor Imaging with FiberTrak: expands EPI capability to include DTI. FuncTool (included with ScanTools) create
Fractional Anisotropy Maps (FA Maps) and Volume Ratio Anisotropy Maps (VRA Maps). Optional FiberTrak post-processing
utilizes information from DT acquisition and processing. This processing produces maps of diffusion along the white-matter tracts
using the principal axes of diffusion.
GE Signa HDe Not applicable
Philips Intera Diffusion Tensor Imaging Package (DTI): extends Diffusion Weighted Imaging to measure the directional dependence of the
diffusion coefficient in tissue. Enables visualization of white matter tracts in Fractional Anisotropy (FA) maps. Multi-directional DTI
imaging sequences using the full range of available diffusion acquisition methods, selectable number of diffusion directions (up to
32), online calculation of Fractional Anisotropy maps. Can be combined with SENSE.scan)
Philips Achieva Diffusion Tensor Imaging Package (DTI): extends Diffusion Weighted Imaging to measure the directional dependence of the
diffusion coefficient in tissue. Enables visualization of white matter tracts in Fractional Anisotropy (FA) maps. Multi-directional DTI
imaging sequences using the full range of available diffusion acquisition methods, selectable number of diffusion directions (up to
32), online calculation of Fractional Anisotropy maps. Can be combined with SENSE.scan)
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Siemens MDDW (Multiple-Direction Diffusion Weighting) allows the acquisition of diffusion weighted data sets with diffusion weighting in
Symphony up to 12 directions. These data sets may be used for the evaluation of diffusion tensors (evaluation software not included).
Siemens Avanto Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Diffusion Tensor Evaluation and Diffusion Tensor Tractography for advanced DTI analysis :
I-class & Diffusion Tensor Imaging uses a Single Shot EPI sequence for measuring diffusion-weighted data sets with diffusion weighting in
T-class up to 256 directions. Based on these data sets, the diffusion tensor and parameter cards derived from it are calculated
automatically and in real-time (fractional anisotropy). The DTI Evaluation package is a dedicated application card for advanced
post-processing and visualization of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) data. The DTI Tractography package allows the visualization
of multiple white matter tracts of the human brain and is optimized to support the presurgical planning and to allow for neuro
physiological research with respect to connectivity and white matter pathology.
Toshiba Excelart DTI R6 package – visualisation of white matter fibres running in a specific direction in the brain – based on diffusion anisotropy.
Vantage
Table 15. Sequence packages: functional imaging (1)

Packages
GE Signa HDx EPI sequence for fMRI is standard.
Difference function.
BrainWave Real-Time Functional Brain Mapping Package: allows acquisition, processing and display of BOLD fMRI activation
images in real time (up to 25 frames/sec) on the scanner operator console. Multiple options for 2D color activation maps display.
BrainWave Post-Acquisition Software: allows rendering and exploration of of 3D brain images to provide visualization of functional
activation from fMRI data acquired with BrainWave Real-Time.
BrainWave Fusion: enables fusion of Diffusion Tensor tractography data with functional activation areas into a single data set.
BrainWave Hardware Lite Supplemental Paradigm Delivery: BrainWave Hardware Lite is a supplemental paradigm delivery
system for functional MRI, developed for use with BrainWave Real-Time (RT) image acquisition software. It includes a dedicated
computer workstation, equipment rack and penetration panel waveguide insert, Cedrus patient response pads, and related cabling
and connectors. It is designed to deliver visual and auditory stimuli. The computer includes preset paradigms and software tools to
generate custom protocols. The visual and auditory output can be coupled to fMRI delivery systems purchased separately from other
23
vendors (not included with BrainWave Hardware Lite).

GE Signa HDe EPI sequence for fMRI is standard.
Difference function
Philips Intera PRESTO Package: ultra-fast imaging sequence provides a combination of whole brain coverage using T2*-weighted images, ideal
for examinations including perfusion and BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) studies, 3D ultra-short TR sequences, TE longer
than TR for enhanced T2* weighting, PhaseTrak real-time interactive phase correction for motion-insensitive images. PRESTO can
be combined with SENSE.
BOLD Imaging package: provides specialized acquisition sequences for performing BOLD studies in order to localize T2* task-
related signal changes in the brain. High temporal resolution dynamic Slice Single, Multi Slice FFE or FFE-EPI sequences, protocol-
controlled trigger interface for integrated fMRI environment, allows acquisition of up to 16,000 images. BOLD can be combined with
SENSE.
IView BOLD Analysis package: provides real-time processing of functional BOLD MR data sets into functional activation maps,
enabling clear visualization of task-related areas of activation. Time Intensity Diagrams (TID), real-time computation of statistical
parameter maps to visualize and quantify areas of neural activity, real-time image registration during the study, color-coded image
maps, including cross correlation maps (CC) and Z-score, creation of composite reference images by placing derived images on top
of high-resolution anatomical MR images, numerical results of functional MR data, color overlay of areas of activation on top of
anatomical reference image.
Table 15 Sequence packages: functional imaging (2)

Packages
Philips PRESTO Package: ultra-fast imaging sequence provides a combination of whole brain coverage using T2*-weighted images, ideal for
Achieva examinations including perfusion and BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) studies, 3D ultra-short TR sequences, TE longer than TR
for enhanced T2* weighting, PhaseTrak real-time interactive phase correction for motion-insensitive images. PRESTO can be combined
with SENSE.
BOLD Imaging package: provides specialized acquisition sequences for performing BOLD studies in order to localize T2* task-related
signal changes in the brain. High temporal resolution dynamic Slice Single, Multi Slice FFE or FFE-EPI sequences, protocol-controlled
trigger interface for integrated fMRI environment, allows acquisition of up to 16,000 images. BOLD can be combined with SENSE.
IView BOLD Analysis package: provides real-time processing of functional BOLD MR data sets into functional activation maps,
enabling clear visualization of task-related areas of activation. Time Intensity Diagrams (TID), real-time computation of statistical
parameter maps to visualize and quantify areas of neural activity, real-time image registration during the study, color-coded image
maps, including cross correlation maps (CC) and Z-score, creation of composite reference images by placing derived images on top of
high-resolution anatomical MR images, numerical results of functional MR data, color overlay of areas of activation on top of anatomical
reference image.
Siemens BOLD Imaging, 3D PACE and BOLD 3D Evaluation : Single Shot EPI for BOLD Imaging, 3D PACE, and a processing and visualization
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Symphony package for BOLD fMRI, providing a full set of features for clinical fMRI, as well as advanced features for more research oriented
applications.
Siemens Inline BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) Imaging: Automatic real-time calculation of z-score (t-test) maps with Inline technology,
Avanto for variable paradigms. Compatible to single-shot EPI with high susceptibility contrast for fast multi-slice imaging; ART (Advanced
I-class & Retrospective Technique) for fully automatic 3D retrospective motion correction, for 6 degrees of freedom (3 translations, 3 rotations);
T-class Mosaic images for storage and transfer of large data sets; 3D spatial filtering; Overlay of Inline calculated t-test results on EPI images
3D PACE (Prospective Acquisition CorrEction) Syngo Prospective motion detection and correction in the volume to eliminate motion
artefacts during BOLD measurements; Fully automatic 3D prospective motion correction during data acquisition, for 6 degrees of freedom
(3 translations and 3 rotations); Motion correction covering the complete 3D volume; reduces motion-related artefacts in t-test
calculations; increases signal changes in the activated neuronal volume; increases functional MRI (fMRI) sensitivity and specificity. In
contrast to a retrospective motion correction that corrects previously acquired data, the unique 3D PACE tracks the head of the patient,
correcting for motion in real time during the acquisition.
BOLD 3D Evaluation: Processing and visualization package for BOLD fMRI. It provides a full set of features for clinical fMRI, as well as
advanced features for more research oriented applications such as, for example, overlay of functional information on 3D dataset during
image acquisition
Toshiba EPI R6 package – allows diffusion, perfusion and Functional MR imaging. BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) technique.
Excelart Post processing - Alignment (two- dimensional, motion correction), Filtering (Thresholding, filters) and Analysis. Uses a T2* weighted
Vantage image acquired with the FE type EPI technique as the original image.
Table 16. Sequence packages: spectroscopy(1)

Packages
GE Signa HDx PROBE-PRESS Single-Voxel: allows acquisition and display of volume localized, water-suppressed 1H spectra in single-voxel mode.
This package includes the PROBE-P (PRESS) pulse sequence as well as automated reconstruction, acquisition set-up and graphic
prescription of spectroscopic volumes.
PROBE-PRESS and PROBE-STEAM Single-Voxel: this enables single-voxel capability with both the PROBE-PRESS and PROBE-
STEAMpulse sequences.
PROBE 2DCSI: enables simultaneous multi-voxel, 2-D in-plane acquisitions. Post-processing, including the creation of metabolite
maps, is automatically generated with the FuncTool Performance Package (included in ScanTools).
PROBE 3DCSI: enables 3-D multi-voxel acquisitions. Post-processing, including the creation of metabolite maps, is automatically
generated withthe FuncTool Performance Package (included in ScanTools).
PROSE Prostate Spectroscopy: 3D CSI with VSS (Very Selective Saturation) to suppress surrounding fat tissues.
BREASE Breast Spectroscopy: single-voxel breast spectroscopy, allows the detection of choline in the resultant spectrum.
Multi-Nuclear Spectroscopy : allows non-proton spectroscopy including 31P, 13C, 19F, 23Na, 7Li, 129Xe or 3He. All T/R switches
and MNS coils must be purchased separately.
FuncTool Performance: Enables single-voxel, 2D and 3D CSI post-processing
Sage 7 Software: allows processing, display, manipulation, analysis, management and printing of in-vivo spectroscopy data via
25
graphical interface using filters, transformations, correction algorithms, segmentations and quantifications to obtain information from
your spectroscopic data. Also electronic output format (BMP, EPS and GIF to JPEG, PICT and TIF).
GE Signa HDe Not applicable
Philips Intera Spectroscopy: 1H Spectro package includes single voxel, multi-voxel and multi-slice proton spectroscopy acquisition methods. The
package includes SpectroView data processing and display.
Philips Achieva Spectroscopy: 1H Spectro package includes single voxel, multi-voxel and multi-slice proton spectroscopy acquisition methods. The
package includes SpectroView data processing and display.
Table 16. Sequence packages: spectroscopy(2)

Packages
Siemens Single Voxel Spectroscopy (SVS), Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI), 31P Spectroscopy, Multi-Nuclear Option
Symphony
Siemens Single Voxel Spectroscopy (SVS): Integrated software package with sequences and protocols for proton spectroscopy. Matrix
Avanto Spectroscopy-phase-coherent signal combination for maximum SNR. SVS techniques: SE and STEAM. Short TEs available.
Automated adjustments including localized shimming and adjustment of water suppression pulses. Also available: Interactive
I-class &
adjustments and control of adjustments. Optimized protocols for brain applications.
T-class
Chemical Shift Imaging: Integrated software package with sequences and protocols for chemical shift imaging (CSI). Extension of
the SVS package. Matrix Spectroscopy: phase-coherent signal combination for maximum SNR with configurable prescan-based
normalization for optimal homogeneity. 2D and 3D Chemical Shift Imaging. Hybrid CSI with combined VoIume selection and Field of
View (FoV) encoding. Short TEs available (30 ms for SE, 20 ms for STEAM). Automized shimming of the higher order shimming
channels for optimal homogeneity of larger CSI volumes. Weighted acquisition, leading to a reduced examination time compared to
full k-space coverage while keeping SNR and spatial resolution. Outer Volume/ Spectral Suppression. Protocols for prostate
spectroscopy.
GRACE Syngo: Integrated software package including sequences and protocols for proton spectroscopy, optimized for breast
26
studies.
Multinuclear Support and Multinuclear Spectroscopy Packages available for studying nuclei other than 1H.
Toshiba Spectroscopy package – single voxel acquisition
Excelart Advanced Proton Spectroscopy Package – multi-voxel acquisition.
Vantage
Table 17. Sequence packages: other (1)

Packages
GE Signa MRgFUS: combines MRI and Focused Ultrasound to non-invasively treat tumors inside the body without the need for incisions.
HDx Currently commercially approved for treatment of Uterine Fibroids. Research utilization for treatment of various pathologies can be
pursued under Collaboration Research Agreement.
PROPELLER: acquisition technique for transverse imaging with low sensitivity to motion artifacts. Available in T2 FSE , T2 FLAIR and
Diffusion-weighted EPI.
3D FIESTA: 3D FIESTA (Fast Imaging Employing Steady-State Acquisition) delivers short repetition times (TR) between RF pulses,
delivering high T2 contrast. Suitable for rapid, high-resolution imaging in areas such as the Internal Auditory Canals (IACs).
3D FIESTA-C: Phase-cycled FIESTA technique reducing sensitivity to changes in magnetic susceptibility that may be encountered
when imaging in the posterior fossa and near air-tissue boundaries. Suitable for the internal Auditory Canals (IACs) as well as for T2
imaging in the cervical spine.
3D COSMIC: 3D imaging technique is designed specifically for imaging in the C-spine. It provides a unique, fluid-weighted contrast to
improve visualization of the cervical nerve roots and the intervertebral disks.
LAVA-XV Imaging: a selfcalibrated acquisition approach that allows simultaneous acceleration in both the phase encoding and the
slice select direction for better slice coverage and higher spatial and temporal resolution. Suitable for single breath-hold imaging of the
abdomen and pelvis.
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VIBRANT-XV Breast Imaging: allows acceleration in both the phase encoding as well as the slice select direction, coupled with a fat-
saturation technique and automatic subtraction of the images for good contrast and high lesion conspicuity.
CadStream Breast Analysis: includes hardware and postprocessing software that facilitates analysis and management of breast
image data. CADstream includes SureLoc reports needle position in real time and displays images and needle position in the patient’s
orientation, for MR-guided interventions.
CartiGram: provides high-resolution maps of the T2 values in cartilage and other tissues. The imaging results are color coded to
highlight those structures with increased water-content yielding elevated T2 values.
GE Signa PROPELLER: acquisition technique for transverse imaging with low sensitivity to motion artifacts. Available in T2 FSE , T2 FLAIR and
HDe Diffusion-weighted EPI.
3D FIESTA: 3D FIESTA (Fast Imaging Employing Steady-State Acquisition) delivers short repetition times (TR) between RF pulses,
delivering high T2 contrast. Suitable for rapid, high-resolution imaging in areas such as the Internal Auditory Canals (IACs).
3D FIESTA-C: Phase-cycled FIESTA technique reducing sensitivity to changes in magnetic susceptibility that may be encountered
when imaging in the posterior fossa and near air-tissue boundaries. Suitable for the internal Auditory Canals (IACs) as well as for T2
imaging in the cervical spine.
VIBRANT (Volume Imaging for Breast AssessmeNT): Sagittal VIBRANT scans both breasts simultaneously (in the time it would
normally take to do one). Axial VIBRANT scans without in-plane data interpolation (zero-filling) for enhanced data integrity. Both are
multi-phase techniques that use dual shimming for optimum image quality and provide the choice of subtraction for enhanced
background suppression. ASSET compatible. Fat-suppression technique developed specifically for breast imaging.

Packages
Philips Intera Body: Keyhole (allows fast imaging with high temporal and spatial resolution), Thrive (enables isotropic high-resolution T1-
weighted body images with large slice coverage and uniform fat suppression in short breath-hold times), MobiScan whole-body
imaging package (enables rapid, automated whole-body imaging with an effective field of view of over 2 meters (7 feet).
MobiScan combines MobiTrak, MobiFlex, and MobiView imaging and viewing techniques with ExamCards to deliver multi-station
head-to-toe coverage)
Others: Real-time interactive imaging (provides the imaging techniques and user interface elements for fluoroscopic MR
imaging.)
Philips Achieva Body: Keyhole (allows fast imaging with high temporal and spatial resolution), Thrive (enables isotropic high-resolution T1-
weighted body images with large slice coverage and uniform fat suppression in short breath-hold times), MobiScan whole-body
imaging package (enables rapid, automated whole-body imaging with an effective field of view of over 2 meters (7 feet).
MobiScan combines MobiTrak, MobiFlex, and MobiView imaging and viewing techniques with ExamCards to deliver multi-station
head-to-toe coverage)
Others: Real-time interactive imaging (provides the imaging techniques and user interface elements for fluoroscopic MR
imaging.)
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Siemens Advanced 3D Package, TGSE (Turbo Gradient Spin Echo), AutoAlign syngo, syngo Security, MPPS syngo, IDEA (Integrated
Symphony Development Environment for Applications), BLADE, AutoAlign Syngo, SWI, Composing Syngo.
Siemens Avanto Tim Whole Body Suite, iPAT Extensions (integrated Parallel Acquisition Techniques), CISS and DESS, TGSE (Turbo Gradient
I-class & Spin Echo), AutoAlign Head, AutoAlign Spine, syngo Security, MPPS syngo, IDEA (Integrated Development Environment for
T-class Applications), SWI, BLADE, ParametricMap Syngo, Composing Syngo, Inline Composing Syngo, Tim Planning Suite, TWIST.

Packages
Toshiba Excelart SuperFASE R6 Package:
Vantage FASE (Fast Advanced Spin Echo): fast T2 Weighted imaging with a turbo-factor of up to 512. Compatible with 2D and 3D.
Short ETS FASE - Improves visualisation of tissues with a relatively short T2 (liver, cardiac muscle, blood), moving organs and
the vascular system. Useful for imaging the abdominal region and with Single Shot images of soft tissues - motion artefact
virtually eliminated. FBI with 3D – fast blood flow is visualised as if stationary.
LONG ETS FASE - High T2 weighted images, Myelography, MRCP, IAMS with FASE 3D.
Sequential FASE - Multi-slice imaging of the Heart and Great Vessels with FASE BB (images with suppressed blood signal
obtained – Black Blood).
SPEED - To be able to view vessels running in different directions on a single image e.g. pulmonary, portal, systemic vessels. A
3D sequence.
ECG PREP - Scan determines the Optimal delay time for FBI of the heart. FBI - To visualise fresh blood ejected from the heart
without contrast. Uses FASE 3D. Vascular Imaging with ECG gating or peripheral pulse gating.
FSE/ FASE T2 PLUS - Reduces scanning time for T2 weighted scans e.g MRCP. Like “DRIVE”.
29
FSE 3D REAL –IR - 3D FSE T1 weighted, small FOV, high resolution volume scans. E.g. imaging temporal lobes for TLE.
INTERMITTENT BREATHOLD - Use with FSE 3D with SPEED technique. Breath hold scan, will have less misalignment.
FASE BB - Is a black blood pre-pulse, suppresses intra-cardiac blood signal. Chest scan with breath hold is fast – decreases flow
artefact. Used as a localiser scan also in the chest.
FASE DIFFUSION - A motion probing Gradient is attached to a FASE sequence which produces Diffusion weighted images with
less distortion.
MULTI-SHOT FASE 2D - Decreases scan time, decreases image blurring. Use with intermittent breath hold high resolution BB
scan.
FASE FLOW COMPENSATION - Decreases artefact for single shot images. Don’t have to set phase encode to flow direction for
FBI.
TRUE SSFP - For Visualisation of abdominal blood vessels. For depicting tissues and blood vessels with relatively long T2
during breath holding.
TIME-SLIP - When used with FBI for Non contrast enhanced lung MRA the pulmonary arteries are selectively visualised. Can
use in non-contrast-enhanced MRA with FASE or TRUE SSFP sequences (particularly artery/vein separation in the lung fields.)
FLOW SPOILED FBI - Enables Non-contrast enhanced artery/vein separation images, MRA of the lower limbs without the use of
contrast.
Extended table travel option (for Atlas systems): increases FOV to 205cm to enable whole body imaging studies,
Computer system
Table 18. Main computer system – architecture
Operating system Linux Linux Windows XP Windows XP Windows XP Windows XP Pro MS Windows XP
Pro syngo syngo speaking Pro
speaking
Processor
Type Dual AMD Dual AMD Dual Pentium Dual Pentium Dual Pentium Dual Pentium IV Xeon Dual
Opteron 250 Opteron IV Xeon IV Xeon IV Xeon Xeon
Speed 2 × 2.4 GHz 2 × 2.4 GHz > 2 × 3.2 GHz > 2 × 3.2 GHz 2 × 3.60 GHz 2 × 3.60 GHz 2 × 3.0 GHz
Word length bit 64 32 32 64 32 32 64
30
Memory size MB 4000 4000 2048 2048 2000 2000 3000

(4000 for Atlas)
Hard disk
Software GB 400 (total) 254 (total) 36 36 73 73 37 (73 for Atlas)
Images GB See above See above 36 36 73 73 37 (146 for Atlas)
Image capacity 400,000 400,000 250,000 250,000 110,000* 110,000* 140,000

(2562 images (560, 000 for Atlas)
uncompressed)
Archive drive
Type and size MOD:1.3/2.3GB MOD:1.3/2.3GB DVD: 4.7 GB DVD: 4.7 GB CDR: 640 MB CDR: 640 MB DVD: 9.4 GB
DVD: 4.7 GB DVD: 4.7 GB
Image capacity MOD 1.3: 15,000 MOD 1.3: 15,000 40000 40000 4300 4300 48000
2562 images MOD 2.3: 30,000 MOD 2.3: 30,000
DVD: 35000 DVD: 35000
* Image capacity for uncompressed 5122 images
Table 19. Main computer system – image processor

Vantage
Processor
Number/ Type 4 × AMD Dual AMD Dual Pentium Dual Pentium Dual Pentium IV Dual AMD Dell, Xeon Dual
Opteron Opteron IV Xeon IV Xeon Xeon Opteron 248
252 CPU CPU
Speed 4 × 2.6 GHz 2 × 2.4 GHz > 2 × 3.2 GHz > 2 × 3.2 GHz 2 × 3.06 GHz 2 × ≥ 2.2 GHz 2 × 3.0 GHz
Word length bit 64 64 32 32 32 64 64
RAM 16 GB 4 GB 4 GB 4 GB 1 GB (standard) ≥ 8 GB 1GB
2 GB (Whole
Body Array
interface)
31
Hard disk storage 4 × 73 GB Not supplied Not supplied Not supplied 4 × 36 GB 4 × 36 GB 1.9 TB for Atlas
Number of 2700 1350 ≥ 256 ≥ 256 355 > 1200 820
256×256 images* 4000 (max) for
reconstructed Atlas
/sec
Transfer rate 1.0 Gbps 1.0 Gbps No transfer No transfer No transfer time No transfer time 1000 MB/s
from host Ethernet image Ethernet image time common time common common bus common bus
transfer transfer bus bus
* Reconstruction time for a true 256×256 matrix with no interpolation, no asymmetric echo, no partial Fourier, no parallel imaging, no fat-sat, no rectangular
matrix, no rectangular field-of-view.
Table 20. Main computer image display monitor

Vantage
Screen size in 23 (16 :9) 23 (16 :9) 23 23 19 19 18
23 for Atlas
Type LCD colour LCD colour LCD colour LCD colour LCD colour LCD colour LCD colour
(BW/colour)
Matrix size 1920 x 1200 1920 x 1200 1900x1200 1900x1200 1280×1024 1280×1024 1280x1024
1900x1200 for Atlas
Bit depth bit 24 24 3×8 3×8 16 16 32
32
Radio-frequency (RF) coils

The following definitions are provided to clarify the RF coils’ design and components:
• # output channels: number of independent RF receiver channels the RF coil plugs into.
• # QD/CP elements: number of elements used for quadrature (QD)/circularly polarised (CP) detection.
• # LP elements: number of elements used for linearly polarised (LP) detection.
Manufacturers have been asked to adopt the above definitions in the description of their coils.
Table 21. In-built body coil
Name Body Body Quadrature Quadrature CP Integrated CP Integrated Body Whole body coil
33
Quadrature Quadrature Body Body Body

Type* T/R Q T/R Q T/R Q T/R Q T/R Q T/R Q T/R Q
Dimensions 60 x 70 60 x 70 60×60 60×60 60 × 60 60 × 60 60 × 50
cm (dia × l) (dia × l) (dia × l) (dia × l) (dia × l) (dia × l) (dia × l)
60 x 105
(twin)
# output 2 2 1 1 1 CP 1 CP 1
channels
# QD/CP 2 2 16 16 2 (= 1 CP) 2 (= 1 CP) 16
elements
# LP Not applicable Not Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
elements applicable
*R=receive, T/R=transmit/receive, PA=phased array, Q=quadrature, L=linear, w=width, h=height, d=depth, l=length, dia=diameter, circ=circumference
Table 22. Head coils

Name Head Head Quadrature Quadrature Quadrature CP Head Array Head Matrix Quadrature head
Quadrature head head
Type* T/R Q T/R Q RQ RQ R PA Q R PA Q/L T/R Q
Dimensions 36.8×40.6×30.5 36.8×40.6×30.5 28×30 28×30 48×34 30×30×28 55.5×48×40.5
cm (l × w × h) (l × w × h) (dia × l) (dia × l) (l × w) (l × w × h) (l ×w × h)
Inner dia: 27
# output 1 1 1 1 1 CP CP Mode : 4 CP 1
channels Dual Mode : 8 CP
Triple Mode : 12
# QD/CP 2 2 12 12 2 elements 12 elements, combined to: 4
elements (birdcage (birdcage (= 1 CP) CP Mode: 4 CP elements
34
rods) rods) Dual Mode: 8 CP elements

Triple Mode: 12 elements
# LP Not applicable Not applicable Not Not Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
elements applicable applicable
Name HD Brain Array HD Brain Array SENSE Head SENSE Head 8-channel Head Quadrature Tx/Rx Head QD Head
coil coil Array Coil SPEEDER
Type* R PA R PA L R PA L R PA L R PA L T/R PA Q R PA Q
Dimensions 41.8×39.3×40.6 41.8 ×39.3 ×40.6 23x22 23x22 23×22 40×36×36 94.5×36×42.5
cm (l × w × h) (l × w × h) (dia x l) (dia x l) (dia × l) (l × w x h) (l ×w × h)
# output 8 8 8 8 8 1 CP 4 or 8
channels
# QD/CP Not applicable Not applicable Not Not Not applicable 2 elements (= 1 CP) 10
# LP 8 8 8 8 8 Not applicable Not applicable
elements
† CP head array coil as detailed for Symphony system is also compatible with Avanto system
Table 23. Neck coils

Name HD NV Array HD NV Array Synergy Synergy CP Neck Array Neck Matrix QD Head / NV
Head/Neck Head/Neck SPEEDER
Type* R PA R PA R PA R PA R PA Q R PA Q/L R PA Q
Dimensions 72 × 46 × 43 72 × 46 × 43 43×35 43×35 49 × 31 19 × 33 × 33.2 94.5 × 36 × 42.5
cm (l × w × h) (l × w × h) dia × l) (dia × l) (l × w) (l × w × h) (l ×w × h)
# output 8 8 3 3 2 CP Mode: 2 CP 4 or 8
channels Dual Mode: 4
Triple Mode: 4
# QD/CP Not applicable Not applicable 12 12 3 (= 1 CP + 1 4 elements, combined to: 12
elements LP) CP Mode: 2 CP
Dual &Triple Mode: 4
35
elements
# LP elements 18 18 3 3 (see above) (see above) Not applicable
Table 24. Neurovascular coils

Name HD NV Array HD No such coil 8 channel or 16 CP Head Array, CP Head Matrix and Neck QD Neurovascular
Neurovascular channel SENSE Neck Array and CP Matrix combined & Array
Array / Neurovascular Spine Array combined used simultaneously
HD NV Array & used simultaneously (Matrix technology)
(IPA technology)
Type* R PA R PA - R PA R PA Q R PA Q/L R PA Q
Dimensions 72 × 46 ×43 72 × 46 × 43 - 37×45×66 (see individual coils) (see individual coils) 77.5 × 41.5 × 36.5
cm (h×w×l) (h×w×l) (h×w×l) (l ×w × h)
# output 8 4/8 - 8 or 16 In total: CP Mode : 6 CP 4
channels 5 (4 CP + 1) Dual Mode : 12 (8 CP
+ 4)
Triple Mode : 16
36
# QD/CP Not applicable Not applicable - 8 or 16 In total 9 elements 16 elements, 7

elements (= 4 CP + 1 LP) combined to:
CP Mode: 6 CP
elements
Dual Mode: 12 (CP)
elements
Triple Mode: 16
elements
# LP 18 6/18 - 18 (see above) (see above) Not applicable
elements
Table 25. Spine coils

Name HD CTL HD CTL SENSE SENSE CP Spine Spine Matrix Quadrature
spine Array spine Array Spine Spine Array CTL Spine
Array
Type* R Q PA R Q PA R Q PA R Q PA R PA Q R PA Q/L R Q PA
Dimensions 110×41×34.5 110×41×34.5 82 (l) 82 (l) 49 × 103.5 48.4 × 118.5 (w × l) 109 x 35 x 34
cm (w × l) (l ×w × h)
# output 8 4/8 5 5 6 CP CP Mode: 8 CP (up to 4 CP 6
channels (up to 4 CP simultaneously in one FOV)
simultaneously Dual Mode: 16 CP (up to 8
in one FOV) CP simultaneously in one
FOV)
37
Triple Mode: 24 (up to 12

simultaneously in one
FOV))
# QD/CP 24 12/24 10 10 12 (= 6 CP) 24 elements, combined to: 12 elements
elements 8 CP elements in CP Mode,
16 CP elements in Dual
Mode,
24 elements in Triple Mode
# LP Not Not 10 10 (see above) (see above) Not applicable
Table 26. Body coils (1)

Name HD Body HD Body SENSE SENSE CP Body Array Flex 1 × Body Matrix and Spine QD Torso
Array Array Body Body and CP Spine Array Matrix (Matrix technology) SPEEDER
(IPA technology)
Type* R PA R PA R PA R PA R PA Q R PA Q/L R PA Q
Dimensions 53.5 x 71 53.5 x 71 45 × 30 45 × 30 (see individual (see individual coils) 54 × 47 × 5
cm (ant) (ant) (l × w) (l × w) coils) (l ×w × h)
53.5 x 77 53.5 x 77
(post) (post)
# output 8/12 8 4 4 4 CP CP Mode : 4 CP 4 or 8

38
Triple Mode : 12
# QD/CP Not Not Not Not 8 (= 4 CP) 12 elements, combined to: 16 elements
elements applicable applicable applicable applicable 4 CP elements in CP Mode,
Mode,
# LP 8/12 8 4 4 Not applicable (see above) Not applicable
elements

Name No other coil 4ch Body SENSE SENSE CP Body Array 2 × Body Matrix and Spine QD Torso Duo
Array Cardiac Cardiac Extender, CP Body Matrix (Matrix technology) SPEEDER
(available Array Flex and CP for 50cm coverage in z-
(2 parts)
with 6- Spine Array (IPA direction
channel technology) for
option) 50cm coverage in
z-direction.
Type* - R PA R PA R PA R PA Q R PA Q/L R PA Q
Dimensions - 40 x 30 20 × 39 20 × 39 (see individual (see individual coils) 54 × 47 × 5 per coil
cm (2 parts) (l × w) (l × w) coils) (l ×w × h)
# output - 4 5 5 8 CP CP Mode: 8 CP 8 or 16
39
channels Dual Mode: 16 CP

Triple Mode: 24
# QD/CP - Not Not Not 16 (= 8 CP) 24 elements, combined to: 32 elements
elements applicable applicable applicable 8 CP elements in CP Mode,
Mode,
# LP - 4 5 5 Not applicable (see above) Not applicable
elements

Name No other No other No other SENSE XL 2 × 6-channel Body Whole-Body Applications: Flex Body Array
coil coil coil TORSO Array (anterior & Combination of Head Matrix +
posterior) Neck Matrix + Spine Matrix + up
to 3 × Body Matrix + PA Matrix
Type* - RPA R PA L (see individual coils) R PA
Dimensions - 45×40 46 × 31.6 (each) (see individual coils) 113×47×30
cm ( l× w) (l × w × h)
(132cm max circ)
# output - 16 8 Up to 32 channels 4
channels
# QD/CP - Not 12 (2x6), combined Up to 76 seamlessly integrated 4
40
elements applicable to 8 channels coil elements in total

# LP elements - 16 12 (2x6), combined - Not applicable
to 8 channels
Name No other No other No other No other CP Body Array Body Matrix (ant. Part) Atlas SPEEDER
coil coil coil coil Flex (ant. Part) Body
Type* - - - - R PA Q R PA Q/L R PA
Dimensions - - - - 50 × 43.5 52 × 32.2 56.5 × 56 × 6
cm (w × l) (w × l) (w×d×h)
# output - - - - 2 CP CP Mode : 2 CP 16
Triple Mode : 6
# QD/CP - - - - 4 (= 2 CP) 6 elements, combined to: 16
elements 2 CP elements in CP Mode,
4 CP elements in Dual Mode,
# LP elements - - - - (see above) (see above) Not applicable
Table 27. Cardiac coils

HDx HDe Intera Achieva Symphony I-class &T-class Excelart
Vantage
Name HD Cardiac HD Cardiac Array / SENSE Cardiac SENSE Peripheral CP Angio PA Matrix QD Torso
Array 4ch Cardiac Array (available with 6-ch Cardiac Array, CP Body Array SPEEDER
option) Flex and CP Spine
Array (IPA technology)
Type* R PA R PA R PA R PA (see individual coils) R Q PA R PA Q
Dimensions 50 x 42 x 12 50 x 42 x 12 (2 parts) 39×20 39×20 (see individual coils) 97×30-60×27 54 × 47 × 5
cm /21 x 19 (2 parts) (w × l) (w × l) (w×l×h) (l ×w × h)
# output 8 8/4 5 5 (see individual coils) 8 CP 4 or 8
channels
# QD/CP Not - Not applicable Not (see individual coils) 16 elements 16
41
elements applicable applicable (8 CP)

# LP elements 8 8/4 5 5 (see individual coils) (see above) Not applicable
Table 28. Vascular imaging coils

HDx HDe Intera Achieva Symphony I-class &T-class Excelart
Vantage
Name HD Lower Leg No other coil Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral CP Phased Array Atlas SPEEDER
Array Vascular 4D Vascular 4D Angio Array Carotids Coil Body x 2 or 3
Array Array (Machnet BV)
Type* R PA - PA PA R Q PA R PA PA
Dimensions not supplied - 9×74×173 9×74×173 105 × 60 105 x 60 56.5 × 56 × 6
cm (h × w × l) (h × w × l) (l × w) (l x w) (w ×d × h)
per coil
# output 8/16 - 12 12 8 CP 4 16 per coil
channels
# QD/CP Not supplied - Not applicable Not applicable 16 elements Not applicable 16 per coil
42
elements (8 CP)
# LP elements 32 - Not applicable Not applicable See above Not applicable Not applicable
Name No other coil No other coil Phased Array Phased Array Phased Array No other coil No other coil
Carotids Coil Carotids Coil Carotids Coil
(Machnet BV) (Machnet BV) (Machnet BV)
Type* - - R PA R PA R PA - -
Dimensions - - 105 x 60 105 x 60 105 x 60 - -
cm (l x w) (l x w) (l x w)
# output - - 4 4 4 - -
channels
# QD/CP - - Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
elements
# LP elements - - Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Table 29. Breast imaging coils (1)

Vantage
Name HD Breast HD Breast SENSE Body SENSE Body CP Breast Breast matrix Breast Coil
Array† Array / 4ch with Breast with Breast Array
Breast Array† support support
Type* R PA R PA R PA R PA R Q PA R PA R PA L
Dimensions 52 x 54 x 24 52 x 54 x 24 / 45×30 (l x w) 45×30 (l x w) 14.5×53×50 14.5×53×50 108×48.5×16
cm Not supplied (h × w× l) (h × w× l) (w × d × h)
# output 8 8/4 4 4 2 CP 4 Not supplied
channels
# QD/CP Not supplied Not supplied Not applicable Not applicable 4 (=2CP) Not applicable Not supplied
elements
43
# LP 8 8/4 4 4 Not applicable 4 Not supplied

elements
†Biopsy kit available as an option
Table 29. Breast imaging coils (2)

HDx HDe Intera Achieva Symphony I-class &T-class Excelart Vantage
Name No other coil No other coil 4-channel 4-channel Breast Biopsy Breast Biopsy Breast SPEEDER
SENSE Breast SENSE Breast (+ biopsy)
Type* R Q PA R Q PA QLR QLR RQ
Dimensions Not supplied Not supplied 19 19 Not supplied
cm (dia)
# output 4 4 1 1 8
channels
# QD/CP Not applicable Not applicable 1 1 7
elements
# LP 4 4 Not applicable Not applicable Not supplied
elements
44
Name No other coil No other coil No other coil SENSE Breast No other coil No other coil No other coil
(compatible with
biopsy device)
Type* - - - R Q PA - - -
Dimensions - - - Not supplied - - -
cm
# output - - - 7 - - -
channels
# QD/CP - - - Not applicable - - -
elements
# LP - - - 7 - - -
elements
Table 30. Extremity coils (1)

Vantage
Knee coils
Name Quadrature Quadrature Quadrature Quadrature CP Extremity CP Extremity Quadrature Knee
extremity extremity knee knee
Type* T/R Q T/R Q RQ RQ T/R Q T/R Q RQ
Dimensions 38×46 38×46 16.5×18 16.5×18 40.5×27x29 40.5×27x29 60×45×x28
(dia × l) (dia × l) (dia × l) (dia × l) (l × w × h) (l × w × h)
cm (w×d×h)
19.5 dia
# output 1 1 Not supplied Not supplied 1 1 4
channels
# QD/CP 1 1 Not supplied Not supplied 1 1 4
45
elements
# LP 2 2 Not supplied Not supplied Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
elements
Name HD Knee Array HD Knee Array No other coil SENSE knee No other coil 8-channel knee Quadrature
coil coil Knee/ Foot coil
Type* T/R PA T/R PA - R Q PA - R PA Q RQ
Dimensions 40 × 42 ×31 40 × 42 × 31 - Not supplied - 40 × 42 × 31 45×60×38
cm (l × w × h) (w×d×h)
# output 8 8 - 8 - 8 4
channels
# QD/CP Not applicable Not applicable - Not applicable - Not applicable 4
elements
# LP 9 9 - 8 - 8 Not applicable
elements

Vantage
TMJ coils
Name TMJ Kit TMJ Kit Paired TMJ Paired TMJ Bilateral TMJ Bilateral TMJ TMJ KIT
Type* PA PA R L 2 circular R L 2 circular R L PA R L PA RL
coils coils
Dimensions 7.5 7.5 8 8 7 7 7
cm
# output 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
channels
# QD/CP Not supplied Not supplied Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
elements
46
# LP 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
elements

Wrist coils
Name HD Wrist Array HD Wrist Array/ SENSE SENSE Wrist† No other coil 8-ch wrist Coil No other coil
4ch Wrist Array Wrist†
Type* R PA R PA R Q PA R Q PA - R PA L -
Dimensions 6.5×15×12.5 6.5×15×12.5/ 7×13×15 7×13×15 - 40 × 30 × 40 -
cm 21.5×44×36 (w×l×d) (w×l×d) (l × h × w)
# output 8 8/4 4 4 - 8 -
channels
# QD/CP Not supplied Not supplied Not Not applicable - Not applicable -
elements applicable
47
# LP 8 8/4 4 4 - 8 -
elements
†Synergy SENSE S can also be used for wrist imaging (see table for general purpose coils)

Shoulder coils
Name HD Shoulder HD Shoulder SENSE SENSE Shoulder Array Shoulder Array Shoulder Array
Array Array Shoulder Shoulder (small, large) (small, large)
Type* R PA R PA R Q PA R Q PA R PA R PA R PA
Dimensions 22×23× 32 22 ×23 ×32 17 × 20 17 × 20 16.5 (s), 20 (l) 16.5 (s), 20 (l) 24.5 × 21 × 17.5
cm (w × d × h)
# output 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
channels
# QD/CP Not supplied Not supplied Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
elements
48
# LP 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
elements
Other extremity coils
Name See general See general See general See general No other coil 8 ch Foot Ankle See general purpose
purpose coils, purpose coils, purpose coils, purpose coils, Coil coils, Table 33
Table 33 Table 33 Table 33 Table 33
Type - - - - - R PA L -
Dimensions - - - - - 53 × 33 × 28 -
cm (l × h × w)
# output - - - - - 8 -
channels
# QD/CP - - - - - Not applicable -
elements
# LP - - - - - 8 8
elements
Table 31. Endorectal coils

Name Endo-Rectal+ No other coil Endo-cavity Endo-cavity Endorectal† Endorectal† No other coil
(2 sizes) (2 sizes)
Type* RL - RL RL RL RL -
Dimensions cm Not supplied - 4.8 / 3 (dia) 4.8 / 3 (dia) 3×8 (dia × l) 3×8 (dia × l) -
# output Can be - Not supplied Not supplied 1 (+ 4 CP in 1 (+ up to 12 in -
channels combined with combination with CP combination with
up to 8 elements Body+Spine Array) Body+Spine Matrix)
# QD/CP Not supplied - Not supplied Not supplied Not applicable Not applicable -
elements
# LP elements 1 - Not supplied Not supplied 1 1 -
49
+ Combines with HD Body array or 4ch Body array for anatomy coverage.
† Combine with CP Body Array and CP Spine Array for max. image homogeneity
Table 32.Paediatric coils

Name Paediatric No other coil Synergy Synergy No other coil No other coil No other coil
Paediatric Paediatric
Type* PA - R PA, R PA, - - -
Dimensions cm Not supplied - Not supplied Not supplied - - -
# output 8 - Not supplied Not supplied - - -
channels
# QD/CP Not supplied - 5 5 - - -
elements
# LP elements Not supplied - 10 10 - - -
Table 33. General purpose coils (1)

Vantage
Name 3”/5” GP coils 3”/5” GP coils C1/C3/C4 C1/C3/C4 Flex Flex Phi Circular Flex
Circular Surface Circular Surface (Small/Large) (Small/Large) coils × 4
Applications Orbits, ankle, Orbits, ankle, Orbits (all), spine, Orbits (all), spine, upper/ lower upper/ lower Orbits, shoulder,
wrist (3”): CTL wrist (3”): CTL shoulder (C1/C3), shoulder (C1/C3), extremities extremities knee, kidney ,
spine, shoulder, spine, shoulder, knee, kidney (C1), knee, kidney (C1), (large), small (large), small wrist, TMJ, foot
ankle, foot (5”) ankle, foot (5”) wrist, TMJ wrist, TMJ structures, & structures, &
(C3/C4), foot (C3) (C3/C4), foot (C3) joints (small) joints (small)
Type* RL RL RL RL RQ RQ RL
Dimensions 7.5/12.5 7.5/12.5 27/11/8 27/11/8 17 × 36 (small) Small:17 × 36 7, 10,15 or 20
cm (dia) (dia) (l × w) (l × w) (dia)
21 × 52 (large) Large:21 × 52
50
(l × w) (l × w)
# output 2 2 1 1 1 CP 1 CP Not supplied
channels
# QD/CP Not supplied Not supplied Not supplied Not supplied 2 (=1CP) 2 (=1CP) Not supplied
elements
# LP 2 2 Not supplied Not supplied See above See above Not supplied
elements

HDx HDe Intera Achieva Symphony I-class& T-class Excelart Vantage
Name GP Flex coil GP Flex coil E1 Flexible E1 Flexible Loop Flex Loop Flex GP FLEX
Extremity Extremity (small/large) (small/large)
Surface Surface
Applications Hip, shoulder, Hip, shoulder, Shoulder, knee, Shoulder, knee, Wrist, hand, Wrist, hand, Shoulder, wrist,
ankles, thigh, ankles, thigh, ankle, elbow ankle, elbow elbow, elbow, hand, elbow, knee,
elbow, large elbow, large shoulder, knee, shoulder, ankle
knees, brachial knees, brachial ankle knee, ankle
plexus plexus
Type* RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
Dimensions 21×45 Not supplied 16×13.5 16×13.5 4 (small) (dia) 4 (small) (dia) 39×24×10
cm (l × w) (dia × l) (dia × l) 19 (large) (dia) 19 (large) (dia)
51
# output 1 1 Not supplied Not supplied 1 1 Not supplied

channels
# QD/CP Not supplied Not supplied Not supplied Not supplied Not applicable Not applicable Not supplied
elements
# LP 1 1 Not supplied Not supplied 1 1 Not supplied
elements

Vantage
Name No other coil No other coil Synergy SENSE Synergy SENSE No other coil 4 channel Flex Coil Rectangular Flex
Flex S Flex S large
Applications - - Head, IAC, Wrist, Head, IAC, Wrist, - Hip, Knee, Limbs, spine
Elbow, eyes, Elbow, eyes, Shoulder, elbow,
small joints small joints ankle, wrist
Type* - - R Q PA R Q PA - R Q PA RL
Dimensions cm - - 8 (dia) 8 (dia) - Not supplied 18 × 36 (w × l)
# output - - 2 2 - 4 Not supplied
channels
# QD/CP - - Not applicable Not applicable - Not applicable Not supplied
52
elements
# LP elements - - 2 2 - 4 Not supplied
Name No other coil No other coil Synergy SENSE Synergy SENSE No other coil 4 channel Flex Coil No other coil
Flex M Flex L small
Applications - - Shoulder, Wrist, Hip, Head, - Hip, Knee, -
small joints Shoulder, knee, Shoulder, elbow,
ankle, elbow, ankle, wrist
paediatric
Type* - - R Q PA R Q PA - R Q PA -
Dimensions cm - - 14×17 20 (dia) - Not supplied -
# output - - 2 2 - 4 -
channels
# QD/CP - - Not applicable Not applicable - Not applicable -
elements
# LP elements - - 2 2 - 4 -

Vantage
Name No other coil No other coil Synergy SENSE Synergy SENSE No other coil No other coil No other coil
Flex L Flex M
Applications - - Hip, Head, Shoulder, Wrist, - - -
Shoulder, knee, small joints
ankle, elbow,
paediatric
Type* - - R Q PA R Q PA - - -
Dimensions - - 20 (dia) 14x17 - - -
cm
# output - - 2 2 - - -
53
channels
# QD/CP - - Not applicable Not applicable - - -
elements
# LP elements - - 2 2 - - -
Table 34. Other coils

Name HNS coil No other coil No other coil No other coil No other coil No other coil Atlas SPEEDER
Head
Applications Head, - - - - - Head (Only for
Neurovascular Atlas systems)
& Spine coil
Type* R PA - - - - - R PA Q
Dimensions cm 90cm SI - - - - - 47×52×41.5
(w × d × h)
# output channels 16 - - - - - 16
# QD/CP elements Not supplied - - - - - 14
54
# LP elements 29 - - - - - (see above)

Name No other coil No other coil No other coil No other coil No other coil No other coil Atlas SPEEDER
Spine
Applications - - - - - - Spine (Only for
Atlas systems)
Type* - - - - - - R PA
Dimensions cm - - - - - - 105 x 47 x 4.5
(l ×w × h)
# output channels - - - - - - 16
# QD/CP elements - - - - - - 32 elements
# LP elements - - - - - - (see above)
Parallel imaging product information

Table 35: Parallel imaging product information
Parallel ASSET / GEM ASSET SENSE SENSE iPAT (standard) iPAT (standard) SPEEDER
imaging iPAT plus (with iPAT Extensions
product name Whole Body (optional)
Array)
k-space GEM no no no GRAPPA GRAPPA no
based uses auto- (GeneRalised (GeneRalised
reconstruction calibration signal Autocalibrating Autocalibrating
method (ACS) lines Partially Parallel Partially Parallel
Acquisition) Acquisition)
55
Image-space ASSET / GEM ASSET SENSE SENSE mSENSE mSENSE SENSE

based (SENSitivity (SENSitivity (Modified (Modified (SENSitivity
reconstruction Encoding) Encoding) SENSE) SENSE) Encoding)
method
Comments ASSET/GEM can ASSET can be Features a short reference Featuring Auto-Calibration without maximum speed up
be used to scan up used to scan up scan which is done in parallel the need of an additional, time- factor is triple and
to 3.5 times faster to 3.0 times faster with scan planning. As a result consuming calibration scan; quadruple with 8
but can also be but can also be no time-consuming auto- compatible with all IPA/Matrix coils channels option.
used to increase used to increase calibration is needed and the and all array coils and coil Use to reduce scan
spatial resolution spatial resolution speed gain always equals the combinations. times and /or
or to acquire more or to acquire more SENSE factor selected increase image
slices per unit slices time. See manufacturers’ comments quality for the same
time. ASSET/GEM ASSET also offers time.
also offers the the means to For Atlas system,
means to minimize minimize the RF speed up factors of
the RF exposure to exposure to a up to 16 can be
a patient. patient. achieved.
Table 36: Parallel imaging factors for head coils with parallel imaging capability
RF system HDx HDe FREEWAVE FREEWAVE Advance Whole Tim Tim Tim Vantage ATLAS
d Array Body [32x8] [76x18] [76x32]
Array
Number of 8 16 32 4 8 4 6 8 16 32 8 8 18 32 4,8 8,16
independent
RF receiver
channels
Name HD Brain HD Brain SENSE HEAD SENSE HEAD CP Head Array Head Matrix Head Atlas Head
Array Array SPEEDER SPEEDER
Parallel 2 2 2 - 2 Max4 Max6 Max 8 Max 8 HF*: 1/2 ‡ HF: 1/2 ‡ HF*:2/4‡ HF*:2/4‡ HF*: 2/4‡ 2 8
imaging factors AP*: 1 AP: 1 AP*: 3/3 AP*: 3/3 AP*: 3/3
LR*: 1 LR: 1 LR*: 3/3 LR*: 3/3 LR*: 3/3
56
max†: 9 max†:12 max†: 12

Name No other coil No other No other coil No other coil 8-channel Head No other coil No other coil
coil Array
Parallel - - - - Not HF 1 - -
imaging factors applicabl AP 4
e LR 4
* HF/AP/LR: max. Parallel Imaging factors in head-feet/anterior-posterior/left-right directions
† max: max. Parallel Imaging factor for 3D scans with iPAT² functionality.
‡
x/y: Parallel Imaging factors for the respective coil alone / for typical clinical coil combinations (utilizing IPA technology resp. Matrix technology)
Table 37: Parallel imaging factors for neck/neurovascular coils with parallel imaging capability
RF system HDx HDe FREEWAVE FREEWAVE Advance Whole Tim Tim Tim Vantage ATLAS
d Array Body [32x8] [76x18] [76x32]
Array
Number of 8 16 32 4 8 4 6 8 16 4 8 8 18 32 4,8 8,16
independent
RF receiver
channels
Name HD NV HD NV Array Synergy Synergy CP Neck array Neck Matrix Head ATLAS
Array Head/neck PA Head/neck PA SPEEDER with SPEEDER
NV attachment Head/Neck
Parallel 2 2 2 - 2 Max 3 Max 3 Max 3 Max 3 HF: 1/2 HF: 1/4 HF: 1/4 HF: 1/4 HF: 1/4 2 Up to 16
imaging
57
AP: 2/2 AP: 2/2 AP: 2/2 AP: 2/2 AP: 2/2
factors
LR: 1 LR: 1 LR:2/2-3 LR:2/2-3 LR: 2/2-3
max: 8 max:8-12 max:8-12
Name Head, HD No other coil 8 or 16 CP Head Array,CP Head Matrix and Neck No other coil No other
Neck and Neurovascular channel Neck Array and CP Matrix (Matrix technology) coil
Spine Array SENSE Spine Array (IPA
(HNS) Neurovascular technology)
Array
Parallel - 2 2 2 - - Max 8 Max 16 HF:4 HF:1/4 HF: 3 HF: 3 HF: 3 - -
imaging AP:2 AP:1 AP: 2 AP: 2 AP: 2
factors
LR:2-3 LR:1 LR: 2-3 LR: 2-3 LR: 2-3
max:8-12 max: 6 max: 9 max: 9
Table 38: Parallel imaging factors for spine coils with parallel imaging capability
RF system HDx HDe FREEWA FREEWAVE Advanced Whole Tim Tim Tim Vantage ATLAS
VE Array Body [32x8] [76x18] [76x32]
Array
Number of 8 16 32 4 8 4 6 8 16 4 8 8 18 32 4,8 8,16
independent
RF receiver
channels
Name HD NV HD SENSE SENSE CP Spine Array Spine Matrix QD CTL ATLAS
Array/ Head, Neurovascular Spine Spine Array spine array
Neck and Array /
Spine HD NV Array
(HNS) Array
58
Parallel 2 2 2 2 2 Max Max Max Max HF: 2 HF: 4 HF: 4 HF: 4 HF: 4 2 Up to 16
imaging 2 2 2 2 AP: 1/2 AP: 1/2 AP: 1/2-3 AP:1/2-3 AP: 1/2-3
factors LR: 1 LR: 1 LR: 3 LR: 3 LR: 3
max: 9 max: 12 max: 12
Table 39: Parallel imaging factors for body coils with parallel imaging capability
RF system HDx HDe FREEWAVE FREEWAVE Advanced Whole Tim Tim Tim Vantage ATLAS
Array Body [32x8] [76x18] [76x32]
Array
Number of 8 16 32 4 8 4 6 8 16 4 8 8 18 32 4,8 8,16
independent
RF receiver
channels
Name HD Body HD Body No such coil SENSE XL CP Body Array + CP Body Matrix + Spine Matrix QD Torso Atlas
Array Array Torso Spine Array Duo SPEEDER
SPEEDER Body
Parallel 3.5 3.5 3.5 - 3.5 - Max Max HF: 2 HF: 2 HF: 2 HF: 2 HF: 2 4 Up to 16
imaging 8 16 AP: 2 AP: 2 AP: 2-3 AP: 2-3 AP: 2-3
59

Name No other 4ch Body No other coil No other coil CP Body Array + CP 2 x Body Matrix + Spine Matrix No other coil No other coil
coil Array Body Extender + CP
Spine Array
Parallel - - - 2 - - - not HF: 4 HF: 4 HF: 4 HF: 4 - -
imaging applicable AP: 2 AP: 2-3 AP: 2-3 AP: 2-3
factors LR: 1 LR: 3 LR: 3 LR: 3
Table 40: Parallel imaging factors for extremity coils with parallel imaging capability (1)
RF system HDx HDe FREEWAVE FREEWAVE Advanced Whole Body Tim Tim Tim Vantage ATLAS
Array Array [32x8] [76x18] [76x32]
Number of 8 16 32 4 8 4 6 8 16 4 8 8 18 32 4,8 8,16
independent
RF receiver
channels
Knee coils
Name HD Knee HD Knee No such coil SENSE knee No such coil 8-channel knee coil No such coils
Array Array
Parallel 2 2 2 2 2 - Max Max - HF: 1 HF: 1 HF: 1 -
imaging 8 8 AP: 4 AP: 4 AP: 4
60
factors LR: 4 LR: 4 LR: 4

Wrist coils
Name No such No such SENSE SENSE Wrist Wrist Array Wrist Array No such coils
coil coil Wrist
Parallel - - Max Max Max Max HF: 1 HF: 1 HF: 1 HF: 1 HF: 1 -
imaging 4 4 4 4 AP: 2 AP: 2 AP: 2 AP: 2 AP: 2
Name No other No other No other coil No other coil No other coil 8 ch Wrist Coil -
coil coil
Parallel - - - - - HF: 1 HF: 1 HF: 1 -
imaging AP: 3 AP: 3 AP: 3
Table 40: Parallel imaging factors for extremity coils with parallel imaging capability (2)
Array Array [32x8] [76x18] [76x32]
Number of 8 16 32 4 8 4 6 8 16 4 8 8 18 32 4,8 8,16
independent
RF receiver
channels
Shoulder coils
Name No such No such SENSE SENSE Shoulder Array Shoulder Array (large+small) No such coil
coil coil Shoulder Shoulder (large+small)
Parallel - - Max Max Max Max HF: 2 HF: 2 HF: 2 HF: 2 HF: 2 -
61
Table 41: Parallel imaging factors for breast coils with parallel imaging capability
Array Array [32x8] [76x18] [76x32]
Number of 8 16 32 4 8 4 6 8 16 4 8 8 18 32 4,8 8,16
independent
RF receiver
channels
Name HD Breast 4ch Breast SENSE SENSE CP Breast Array Breast Matrix Breast SPEEDER
Array Array / HD Breast Breast
Breast Array
Parallel 3.5 3.5 3.5 2 3.5 Max Max Max Max HF: 1 HF: 1 HF: 1 HF: 1 HF: 1 Max 4 Max 4
Table 42: Parallel imaging factors for other/general purpose coils with parallel imaging capability
Array Array [32x8] [76x18] [76x32]
Number of 8 16 32 4 8 4 6 8 16 4 8 8 18 32 4,8 8,16
independent
RF receiver
channels
Name 3”/5” GP 3”/5” GP SENSE Flex SENSE Flex No other coil 4-channel Flex coils, large and No other coils
coils coils L/M/S L/M/S small
Parallel 2 2 2 2 2 Max 2 - HF: 2 HF: 2 HF: 2 -
62
Name No other coil No other No other coil No other coil No other coil 8 channel Foot ankle coil -
coil
Parallel - - - - - HF: 2 HF: 2 HF: 2 -
Introduction to evaluation
The technical performance of the 1.5 T systems included in this evaluation is
provided in this section of the report. Table 43 provides information on these
systems and Table 44 shows our standard imaging protocol.
CEP requires all images to be acquired without any pre-reconstruction or post-

processing filters. Further information on imaging protocols, image analysis
(including SNR normalisation) and test objects can be found at the MagNET
website at www.magnet-mri.org.
Table 43. MR model abbreviation codes for evaluated 1.5T systems

GE GE Philips Philips Siemens Siemens
Model Signa EXCITE Signa EXCITE Intera Achieva MAGNETOM MAGNETOM
HD HD Symphony Avanto
Code GE-ES GE-TWS PH-INT PH-ACH SI-SYM SI-AVA

Gradient Echospeed HD Twinspeed HD -Explorer Nova dual Quantum SQ
evaluated -Zoom mode (Head coil)
(Head coil) -Master
- Whole body (Body coil)
mode (Body -Nova Dual
coils) (multi-channel
coils)
RF System 16 channel 16 channel 6 channel 8 channel 8 channel 32 channel
Report Not applicable Not applicable MDA 02 077 Not MDA 01 14 MHRA 04036
applicable
Assessment 29/11/2004 29/11/2004 -08/02/02 27/09/2004 -23/10/2000 28/04/2004
date (Head coil) -30/10/2002
-25/09/00 (multi-channel
(Body coil) coils)
-29/01/03
-28/04/2004
(multi-channel
(imaging speed)
coils)
-11/04/03
(imaging speed)
Notes -Since this evaluation, the The Master GRAPPA GRAPPA
gradient amplifier has been gradient system reconstruction reconstruction
changed to improve is replaced by applied in applied in
performance. the Pulsar parallel parallel
-Gradient systems are now system: results imaging. imaging.
called HDx and HDx option should be
Twin. similar or
slightly
improved
63
Table 44. Standard imaging protocol parameters

parameter value
Sequence SE
TE (ms) 30
TR (ms) 1000
NSA 1
FOV (mm) 250
Matrix (PE x FE) 256 x 256
Bandwidth (kHz) Manufacturer's choice
Slice width (mm) 5
Scan time (min:sec) 4:18
Image plane TRA, SAG, COR
64
Quadrature head coil evaluation

Quadrature head coil: signal to noise ratio (SNR)
Scan parameters
The standard quadrature head coil SNR test is carried out using our standard
type-test protocol in Table 44. MagNET's loaded flood field test object (MAGFF-
Loaded) is placed at the centre of the coil and is imaged at the iso-centre in all
three planes. Two sequential images are taken for each plane and used to form
a subtracted image. Experimental conditions are presented in Table 45.
Analysis
The SNR was calculated using a subtraction method; two identical scans were
acquired and a difference image obtained. The mean signal was measured from
five regions of interest within the test object area in one of the acquired images
and the noise was measured from the standard deviation from these regions in
the difference image (Lerski 1998). The values obtained for SNR were
normalised for voxel size (including measured slice width), scan time, sampling
bandwidth and Q-factor.
Interpretation of results
The image SNR value obtained on a system is influenced by system and
sequence factors. Example system factors are the main magnetic field strength
B0 and the design of the radiofrequency receive and transmit systems. Example
sequence factors are voxel size, scan time and sampling bandwidth.
The normalised signal to noise ratio value is used for comparison as it is

independent of sequence parameters and test-object specific system
performance. The normalised SNR results for the quadrature head coil are
presented in Table 46 and in Graph 1.
Table 45. Experimental conditions for quadrature head coil SNR test
GE-ES GE-TWS PH-INT PH-ACH SI-SYM SI-AVA
Temperature
24 25 22 23 21 20
°C
Bandwidth
11.90 11.90 28.1 23.26 16.64 16.64
kHz
MAGFF- MAGFF- MAGFF- MAGFF- MAGFF-
Test object TO1A_S
Loaded Loaded Loaded Loaded Loaded
Q factor 1.04 1.12 1.03 1.00 1.00 1.00
65
Table 46. Quadrature head coil normalised signal to noise ratio

Transverse Sagittal Coronal Mean
GE-ES 1476 1471 1635 1527
GE-TWS 1177 1458 1306 1314
PH-INT 1683 1562 1520 1588
PH-ACH 1536 1440 1465 1481
SI-SYM 1699 1473 1450 1541
SI-AVA 1456 1306 1277 1347
Graph 1: Comparison of normalised SNR (mean of three planes)
PH-INT
SI-SYM
GE-ES
PH-ACH
SI-AVA
GE-TWS
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

NSNR
66
Quadrature head coil: uniformity

Scan parameters
The standard quadrature head coil uniformity test is carried out using our
standard type-test protocol in Table 44. MagNET's flood field oil test object
(MAGFF-OIL) is placed at the centre of the coil and is imaged at the iso-centre
in all three planes.
Analysis
The average of several intensity profiles is calculated in all three directions. The
fractional uniformity is calculated for each direction from the fraction of the
profile that lies within 10% of the mean value of a central ROI (Lerski 1998).
The optimum value is unity, indicating 100% of the signal is considered uniform
over the measured distance.
Results describe unfiltered images. Filtering is likely to improve image
uniformity usually at the expense of image resolution. The optimum value of
fractional uniformity is 1.00. Fractional uniformity results in the x, y and z
directions are presented in Table 47. Graph 2 shows the fractional uniformity
results averaged over the three directions.
67
Table 47. Fractional uniformity for the head coil (unfiltered)

x-direction y-direction z-direction Mean ± SD*
GE-ES 1.00 1.00 0.72 0.91 ± 0.15
GE-TWS 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.97 ± 0.08
PH-INT 1.00 1.00 0.64 0.88 ± 0.19
PH-ACH 1.00 1.00 0.49 0.83 ± 0.26
SI-SYM 1.00 1.00 0.74 0.91 ± 0.15
SI-AVA 1.00 1.00 0.79 0.93 ± 0.11
*Standard Deviation (SD) of 6 measurements (2 measurements per direction)
Graph 2. Comparison of fractional uniformity (mean of three directions)
GE-TWS
SI-AVA
GE-ES
SI-SYM
PH-ACH
PH-INT
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

uniformity
68
Quadrature head coil: spatial resolution

Scan parameters
The standard quadrature head coil resolution test is carried out using our
standard type-test protocol in Table 44. MagNET's resolution test object
(MAGRES) is placed at the centre of the coil and is imaged at the iso-centre in
all three planes.
Analysis
The resolution is evaluated by calculating the frequency at the 50% point on the
modulation transfer function (MTF) plot (Lerski 1998). This frequency is
converted into pixel resolution.
Measurements of MTF are considered to be within experimental error if they are
within ±10% of the nominal pixel size. The resolution measurements are
presented in Table 48. The measured resolution should be equal to the nominal
pixel dimension of 0.98mm. Graph 3 shows a comparison of the average pixel
dimension.
69
Table 48. Pixel dimension measurements (mm) for 256×256 matrix,

FOV=25 cm
Mean Mean
Mean ± SD*
(in PE direction) (in FE direction)
GE-ES 1.01 1.02 1.02 ± 0.01
GE-TWS 1.02 1.02 1.02 ± 0.01
PH-INT 1.04 1.06 1.05 ± 0.01
PH-ACH 1.03 1.03 1.03 ± 0.02
SI-SYM 1.05 1.05 1.05 ± 0.01
SI-AVA 1.02 1.02 1.02 ± 0.02
*SD of 24 measurements (4 measurements per direction per plane)
Graph 3: Comparison of mean pixel dimension for 256×256 matrix,

FOV=25 cm*
GE-ES
GE-TWS
SI-AVA
PH-ACH
SI-SYM
PH-INT
0.99 1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06

pixel dimension (mm)
*Optimum pixel dimension value is 0.98mm
70
Quadrature head coil: geometric linearity

Scan parameters
The standard quadrature head coil geometric linearity test is carried out using
our standard type-test protocol in Table 44 with FOV=256 mm. MagNET's
geometry test object (MAGGEOM) is placed at the centre of the coil and is
imaged at the iso-centre in all three planes.
Analysis
The geometric linearity results are obtained from a set of horizontal and vertical
distance measurements in the acquired images. These measurements are
converted from pixels to millimetres and compared to the actual separation
distance (Lerski 1998).
The optimum value for the geometric linearity is 120 mm and for its error it is
zero. However, results are considered to be within experimental error if they are
within ±1 mm. Table 49 shows the linearity measurements for each gradient
direction. Graph 4 compares the mean linearity errors for the systems.
Table 49. Geometric linearity for three directions (mm)

x-direction y-direction z-direction Mean ± SD*
GE-ES 120.2 119.7 119.7 119.8 ± 0.51
GE-TWS 119.3 119.8 119.7 119.6 ± 0.50
PH-INT 120.3 120.0 120.0 120.1 ± 0.47
PH-ACH 120.2 120.2 120.0 120.1 ± 0.47
SI-SYM 120.0 120.3 120.2 120.2 ± 0.38
SI-AVA 120.0 120.5 120.5 120.3 ± 0.48
*Standard Deviation (SD) from 18 measurements (6 measurements per direction)
71
Graph 4. Comparison of mean error in geometric linearity systems (mean

of three gradient directions).*
PH-INT
PH-ACH
GE-ES
SI-SYM
SI-AVA
GE-TWS
-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5

linearity error (mm)
*The optimum value is 0 ± 1 mm. Systems are ranked in order of the absolute deviation from optimum.
72
Quadrature head coil: geometric distortion

Scan parameters
The standard quadrature head coil geometric linearity test is carried out using
our standard type-test protocol in Table 44 with FOV=256 mm. MagNET's
imaged at the iso-centre in transverse, sagittal and coronal planes.
Analysis
The coefficient of variation (CV) indicates the degree of variation of the distance
measurements from one another. The coefficient of variation is defined as
(Lerski 1998):
standard deviation
CV = x 100%
mean
The optimum value for the coefficient of variation is zero, hence the lower the
coefficient of variation, the lower the in-plane distortion and the better the
performance of the system. Table 50 shows the distortion results for the three
gradient directions. Graph 5 shows a comparison of the mean geometric
distortion for the three gradient directions.
Table 50. Distortion measurements (CV%) for three gradient directions

x-direction y-direction z-direction Mean
GE-ES 0.34 0.43 0.43 0.40
GE-TWS 0.43 0.34 0.43 0.40
PH-INT 0.43 0.53 0.00 0.32
PH-ACH 0.34 0.63 0.00 0.32
SI-SYM 0.00 0.43 0.34 0.26
SI-AVA 0.01 0.45 0.45 0.31
73
Graph 5. Comparison of geometric distortion (CV%, mean of three

gradient directions)
SI-SYM
SI-AVA
PH-ACH
PH-INT
GE-TWS
GE-ES
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

distortion (%)
74
Quadrature head coil: slice profile and slice width

Scan parameters
The standard quadrature head coil slice width test is carried out using our
standard type-test protocol in Table 44 with SW=3 and 5 mm. MagNET's
imaged at the iso-centre in transverse, sagittal and coronal planes.
Analysis
The slice width is measured from the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the
slice intensity profile (Lerski 1998).
The slice profiles should have minimum side lobes, no ringing, and no central
drop-out. The measured slice widths for the three imaging planes presented in
Table 51 should lie within 10% of the nominal slice width. Graph 6 and Graph 7
show comparisons of the mean 3 mm and 5 mm slice width measurements.
Table 51. Measured slice widths (mm)

Transverse Sagittal Coronal Mean ± SD*
3 mm test
GE-ES 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.8 ± 0.06
GE-TWS 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 ± 0.08
PH-INT 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 ± 0.08
PH-ACH 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 ± 0.05
SI-SYM 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.0 ± 0.12
SI-AVA 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 ± 0.09
5 mm test
GE-ES 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.6 ± 0.20
GE-TWS 5.1 4.7 5.0 4.9 ± 0.21
PH-INT 4.9 4.7 4.9 4.8 ± 0.08

PH-ACH 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ± 0.02
SI-SYM 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.9 ± 0.14
SI-AVA 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.3 ± 0.10
*Standard deviation (SD) of 12 measurements (4 measurements per plane)
75
Graph 6. Comparison of measured slice widths for a nominal slice width

of 3 mm (mean of three planes) †
GE-TWS *
PH-ACH *
SI-SYM *
PH-INT
SI-AVA
GE-ES
-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5

slice width error (mm)
* The system has the optimum measured error value of 0.0 mm.
† The optimum value is 0 ± 0.3 mm. Systems are ranked in order of the absolute deviation from optimum.
Graph 7. Comparison of measured slice widths for a nominal slice width

of 5 mm (mean of three planes) †
PH-ACH *
SI-SYM
GE-TWS
PH-INT
SI-AVA
GE-ES
-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5

slice width error (mm)
* The system has the optimum measured error value of 0.0 mm.
†
The optimum value is 0 ± 0.5 mm. Systems are ranked in order of the absolute deviation from optimum.
76
Quadrature head coil: ghosting

Scan parameters
The standard quadrature head coil ghosting test is carried out using our
standard type-test protocol in Table 44 with a four echo sequence TE=30 ms,
60 ms, 90 ms, 120 ms and NSA=1,2. MagNET's ghosting test object
(MAGGHO) is placed offset from the centre of the coil and is imaged in the
transverse planes.
Analysis
Ghosting is calculated as the ratio of the maximum image ghost, minus the
background noise, to the image signal (Lerski 1998).
The optimum value for ghosting is zero, hence the lower the ghosting, the better
the performance of the system. Table 52 presents the ghosting results. Graph 8
and Graph 9 present the results for 1 and 2 NSA respectively.
Table 52. Maximum ghosting ratio for 1 and 2 signal averages

Echo 1 Echo 2 Echo 3 Echo 4
Mean
30 ms 60 ms 90 ms 120 ms
NSA = 1
GE-ES 0.00 0.20 0.39 0.45 0.26
GE-TWS 0.67 0.43 0.42 1.14 0.66
PH-INT 0.24 0.18 0.25 0.29 0.24
PH-ACH 0.33 0.39 0.54 0.36 0.41
SI-SYM 0.18 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.21
SI-AVA 0.21 0.13 0.21 0.16 0.19
NSA = 2
GE-ES 0.22 0.24 0.35 0.42 0.31
GE-TWS 0.70 0.51 0.64 0.96 0.70
PH-INT 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.12 0.14
PH-ACH 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21
SI-SYM 0.33 0.34 0.26 0.20 0.28
SI-AVA 0.16 0.14 0.17 0.18 0.16
77
Graph 8. Comparison of average ghosting for NSA=1
SI-AVA
SI-SYM
PH-INT
GE-ES
PH-ACH
GE-TWS
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

ghosting (%)
Graph 9. Comparison of average ghosting for NSA=2
PH-INT
SI-AVA
PH-ACH
SI-SYM
GE-ES
GE-TWS
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

ghosting (%)
78
In-built body coil evaluation

In-built body coil: signal to noise ratio (SNR)
Scan parameters
The in-built body coil SNR test is carried out using our standard type-test
protocol in Table 44. MagNET's flood field loaded test object (MAGFF-Loaded)
is placed at the centre of the coil and is imaged at the iso-centre in all three
planes. Two sequential images are taken for each plane and used to form a
subtracted image. Experimental conditions are presented in Table 53.
Analysis
the difference image (Lerski 1998). The values obtained for SNR were
bandwidth and coil loading.

performance. The normalised SNR results for the in-built body coil are
Table 53. In-built body coil signal to noise ratio experimental conditions
Temperature
24 25 22.5 23 21 20
°C
Bandwidth
11.90 11.90 28.80 23.26 16.64 16.64
kHz
MAGFF- MAGFF- MAGFF- MAGFF- MAGFF-
Test object TO1A_L
Loaded Loaded Loaded Loaded Loaded
Siemens
Additional
None None - None Body None
loading
Loader
Q factor 0.84 0.84 0.79 0.81 1.18 0.43
79
Table 54. In-built body coil normalised signal to noise ratio

GE-ES 322 311 338 324
GE-TWS 269 295 269 278
PH-INT 442 428 423 431
PH-ACH 426 397 396 407
SI-SYM 298 283 277 286
SI-AVA 249 232 233 238
Graph 10. Comparison of in-built body coil normalised signal to noise

ratio (mean of three planes)
PH-INT
PH-ACH
GE-ES
SI-SYM
GE-TWS
SI-AVA
0 100 200 300 400 500

NSNR
80
In-built body coil: uniformity

Scan parameters
The in-built body coil uniformity test is carried out using our standard type-test
protocol in Table 44. MagNET's flood field oil test object (MAGFF-OIL) is placed
at the centre of the coil and is imaged at the iso-centre in all three planes.
Analysis
directions are presented in Table 55 and in Graph 11.
Table 55. In-built body coil fractional uniformity

x-direction y-direction z-direction Mean±SD*
GE-ES 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ± 0.00
GE-TWS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ± 0.00
PH-ACH 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ± 0.00
PH-ACH 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ± 0.00
SI-SYM 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 ± 0.01
SI-AVA 0.95 1.00 1.00 0.98 ± 0.03
*Standard Deviation (SD) of 6 measurements (2 measurements per direction)
81
Graph 11. Comparison of in-built body coil fractional uniformity (mean of

three directions)
GE-TWS
PH-INT
GE-ES
PH-ACH
SI-SYM
SI-AVA
0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1

uniformity
82
Multi-channel head coil evaluation

Multi-channel head coil: signal to noise ratio (SNR)
Scan parameters
The multi-channel head coil SNR test is carried out using our standard type-test
Analysis
the difference image (Dietrich 2005). The values obtained for SNR were
bandwidth. There was no correction for coil loading.

performance. The normalised SNR results for the multi-channel head coil are
Table 56. Experimental conditions for multi-channel head coil SNR test
Coil tested 8-channel 8-channel Sense Sense 8-channel Head
high high Head Head head array Matrix
resolution resolution
brain coil brain coil
Temperature 24 25 Not 23 23 20
°C measured
Bandwidth 11.90 11.90 14.00 23.26 16.64 16.64
kHz
Sequence SE for SE for SE for SE for TSE with TSE with
parallel parallel parallel parallel ETL=1 ETL=1
imaging off imaging off imaging off imaging off
TSE (Turbo TSE (Turbo TSE (Turbo TSE (Turbo
factor = 2) factor = 2) factor = 2) factor = 2)
for parallel for parallel for parallel for parallel
imaging imaging imaging imaging
83
Table 57. Multi-channel head coil normalised signal to noise ratio (NSNR)
Parallel imaging
Transverse Sagittal Coronal Average
factor
GE-ES None 2054 1834 1952 1946

2 1695 1302 1567 1521
GE-TWS None 1806 1617 1518 1647
2 1464 1394 1322 1393
PH-INT None 2123 1327 1109 1520
2 1064 1062 886 1004
4 621 514 683 606
6 209 226 228 221
PH-ACH None 2229 1860 1872 1987
1 2175 1443 1454 1691
2 1738 1136 1185 1353
3 1299 930 945 1058
SI-SYM None 2004 1561 2030 1865
2 1374 1153 1410 1313
4 944 1070 1474 1163
SI-AVA None (CP)* 1744 1749 1603 1699
None (DUAL)* 1932 1697 1638 1755
2 (DUAL)* 1295 1154 1262 1237
None (TRIPLE)* 1964 1626 1693 1761
2 (TRIPLE)* 1287 1233 1235 1252
4 (TRIPLE)* 738 838 876 817
*imaging mode
84
Graph 12. Comparison of multi-channel head coil normalised signal to

noise ratio (NSNR) (mean of three planes, parallel imaging factors = off, 2)
PH-ACH
GE-ES
SI-SYM
SI-AVA (TRIPLE)
parallel
SI-AVA (DUAL) imaging off
factor 2
SI-AVA (CP)
GE-TWS
PH-INT
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

NSNR
85
Multi-channel head coil: uniformity

Scan parameters
The multi-channel head coil uniformity test is carried out using our standard
type-test protocol in Table 44, using a selection of parallel imaging factors.
MagNET's flood field oil test object (MAGFF-OIL) is placed at the centre of the
coil and is imaged at the iso-centre in all three planes. In the case of the GE
systems a 17 cm sphere filled with silicon oil was imaged instead.
Analysis
Table 58. Multi-channel head coil fractional uniformity

Parallel
imaging X-direction Y-direction Z-direction Mean ± SD*
factor
GE-ES None 0.43 0.55 0.35 0.44 ± 0.09
2 0.46 0.62 0.43 0.50 ± 0.09
GE-TWS None 0.50 0.58 0.45 0.51 ± 0.07
2 0.51 0.65 0.62 0.59 ± 0.07
PH-INT None 1.00 0.84 0.31 0.75 ± 0.38
1 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.99 ± 0.02
PH-ACH None 0.58 0.63 0.36 0.52 ± 0.13
1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ± 0.00
SI-SYM None 0.38 0.43 0.23 0.35 ± 0.11

SI-AVA None (CP) 0.66 0.61 0.76 0.68 ± 0.07
None (Dual) 0.45 0.62 0.72 0.59 ± 0.13
None (Triple) 0.45 0.66 0.79 0.63 ± 0.16
*
Standard deviation (SD) of six measurements (2 measurements per direction)
86
Graph 13. Comparison of multi-channel head coil fractional uniformity

(mean of three directions for parallel imaging turned off)
PH-INT
SI-AVA (CP)
SI-AVA (TRIPLE)
SI-AVA (DUAL)
PH-ACH
GE-TWS
GE-ES
SI-SYM
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

uniformity
87
Multi-channel body coil evaluation

Multi-channel body coil: signal to noise ratio (SNR)
Scan parameters
The multi-channel head coil SNR test is carried out using our standard type-test
Analysis
the difference image (Dietrich 2005). The values obtained for SNR were
bandwidth. There was no correction for coil loading.
sequence factors are voxel size, scan time and sampling bandwidth. The
normalised signal to noise ratio value is used for comparison as it is
performance. The normalised SNR results for the multi-channel body coil are
Table 59. Experimental conditions for multi-channel body coil SNR test
Coil tested 8-channel 8-channel Sense Body Sense Body CP Body Body Matrix
high high (x2) (x2) Array & CP & Spine
definition definition Body Array Matrix
cardiac array cardiac array Extender
Temperature 24 25 Not 23 23 20
°C measured
Bandwidth 11.90 11.90 14.00 23.26 16.64 16.64
kHz
Sequence SE for SE for E for SE for TSE with TSE with
parallel parallel parallel parallel ETL=1 ETL=1
imaging off imaging off imaging off imaging off
TSE TSE TSE TSE
(Turbo (Turbo (Turbo (Turbo
factor = 2) factor = 2) factor = 2) factor = 2)
for parallel for parallel for parallel for parallel
imaging imaging imaging imaging
88
Table 60. Multi-channel body coil normalised signal to noise ratio

Parallel
imaging factor
GE-ES None 1275 1254 1033 1187
2 920 1004 834 919
GE-TWS None 1149 1333 943 1141
2 845 1018 750 871
PH-INT None 1322 1271 822 1138
2 744 898 697 780
4 183 212 340 245
PH-ACH None 1346 1253 1142 1247
1 1541 1351 1269 1387
2 1037 1021 968 1009
3 624 631 543 599
4 319 330 274 308
Si-SYM None 1450 1585 1414 1483
2 838 1140 1018 999
SI-AVA None (CP) 1421 1497 1176 1364
2 (CP) 742 Not available* Not available* Not available*
None (DUAL) 1464 Not available* Not available* Not available*
2 (DUAL) 910 Not available* Not available* Not available*
None (TRIPLE) 1421 Not available* Not available* Not available*
2 (TRIPLE) 1059 Not available* Not available* Not available*
*Data not available due to time constraints at the time of system technical assessment.
89
Graph 14. Comparison of multi-channel body coil normalised signal to

noise ratio (NSNR) (mean of three planes, parallel imaging = off, 2)
SI-SYM
SI-AVA (DUAL)
SI-AVA (TRIPLE)
SI-AVA (CP)
Parallel
PH-ACH imaging off
factor 2
GE-ES
GE-TWS
PH-INT
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

NSNR
90
Multi-channel body coil: uniformity

Scan parameters
The multi-channel body coil uniformity test is carried out using our standard
type-test protocol in Table 44. MagNET's flood field oil test object (MAGFF-OIL)
planes.
Analysis
Table 61. Multi-channel body coil fractional uniformity

Parallel
imaging X-direction Y-direction Z-direction Mean ± SD*
factor
GE-ES None 0.59 0.28 0.70 0.52 ± 0.22
2 0.42 0.46 0.66 0.51 ± 0.19
GE-TWS None 0.62 0.25 0.72 0.53 ± 0.22
2 0.76 0.26 0.98 0.67 ± 0.33
PH-INT None 0.93 0.81 0.76 0.83 ± 0.09
PH-ACH None 1.00 0.72 0.71 0.81 ± 0.15
1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ± 0.00
SI-SYM None 0.62 0.40 1.00 0.67 ± 0.30
None
SI-AVA 1.00 0.40 1.00 0.80 ± 0.31

(CP mode)
None
0.79 0.44 1.00 0.74 ± 0.26
(Dual mode)
*Standard deviation (SD) of six measurements (2 measurements per direction)
91
Graph 15. Comparison of multi-channel body coil fractional uniformity

(mean of three directions for parallel imaging turned off)
PH-INT
PH-ACH
SI-AVA (CP)
SI-AVA (DUAL)
SI-SYM
GE-TWS
GE-ES
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

uniformity
92
2D and 3D imaging speed

Scan parameters
The sequences and parameters used for evaluating 2D and 3D imaging speed
are presented in the Appendix.
Both the 2D and 3D imaging speed tests require a fixed volume to be acquired
using 2D and 3D fast imaging sequences. The aim of these tests is to measure
data acquisition speed in voxels/second. The voxel size is defined by the image
matrix and the number of slices in the fixed range. Both the 2D and 3D imaging
speed tests allow for the use of parallel imaging techniques.
CEP comment
Imaging speed has been calculated as the ratio of imaged voxels to total scan
time. The total scan time is the time displayed by the scanner, rather than the
number of phase-encoding steps × repetition time (TR).
In the case of parallel imaging, pre-scanning (sensitivity encoding) is a pre-

requirement for image reconstruction. GE and Philips systems perform the pre-
scan before a parallel imaging scan study hence the pre-scan time is not
included in the total scan time when calculating imaging speed. Siemens
systems perform the pre-scan as part of a parallel imaging scan; hence the pre-
scan is included in the total scan time when calculating imaging speed.
Therefore the imaging speed results, where applicable, are presented in

separate graphs.
The numerical results of the 2D and 3D imaging speed tests are presented in
the Appendix. The following graphs show the results for no parallel imaging
speeding (parallel imaging off or parallel imaging factor=1) and for parallel
imaging factor =2.
93
Graph 16. Comparison of 2D imaging speed with GRE-type sequences
PH-INT
PH-ACH
GE-TWS No parallel
imaging
speeding
Parallel
GE-ES imaging
factor=2
0 50000 100000 150000

imaging speed
Graph 17. Comparison of 2D imaging speed with EPI-type sequences (pre-

scan separate from main scan)
GE-TWS
GE-ES
No parallel
imaging
speeding
Parallel
PH-ACH imaging
factor=2
0 200000 400000 600000

imaging speed
94
Graph 18. Comparison of 2D imaging speed with EPI-type sequences (pre-

scan included in main scan)
SI-AVA No parallel
imaging
speeding
Parallel
imaging
factor=2
20500 21000 21500 22000 22500 23000 23500 24000

0 0 0 imaging
0 0
speed 0 0 0
Graph 19. Comparison of 2D imaging speed with FSE-type sequences
GE-ES
GE-TWS
No parallel
imaging
speeding
Parallel
imaging
PH-ACH
factor=2
0 50000 100000 150000 200000

imaging speed
95
Graph 20. Comparison of 3D imaging speed with GRE-type sequences
SI-AVA
SI-SYM
GE-TWS
No parallel
GE-ES imaging
speeding
PH-ACH Parallel imaging

factor=2
PH-INT
0 50000 100000 150000 200000

imaging speed
Graph 21. Comparison of 3D imaging speed with FSE-type sequences
No parallel
imaging
GE-ES speeding
Parallel
imaging
factor=2
PH-ACH
GE-TWS
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

imaging speed
96
Acoustic noise
Acoustic noise levels are given in terms of the continuous equivalent level, LAEQ,
which is A-weighted root-mean-square sound pressure level (SPL) averaged
over the measurement period of 1 minute. The relevant safety levels follow.
Patients and volunteers

IEC-60601-2-33
If the scanner can exceed 99 dB(A) then an instruction for the use of hearing
protection must be included in the manufacturer’s instructions for use.
MHRA
Hearing protection is recommended for all patients even when exposure is less
than 99 dB(A). Where sites can demonstrate noise levels significantly below
85 dB(A) then this requirement may be relaxed. Please refer to Guidelines for
Magnetic Resonance Diagnostic Equipment in Clinical Use: Medical Devices
Agency 2002.
Staff
The UK legislation is to meet the requirements of the EU DIRECTIVE
2003/10/EC and The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 (effective
from 6 April 2006)
Employers have legal duty to protect the hearing of their employees. Hearing
protection must be available for workers exposed to 80 dB(A) and must be worn
if levels exceed 85 dB(A). Employers are responsible for performing risk
assessments for employees exposed to noise. This would include staff present
in the MR scan room during imaging.
Table 62 displays clinical pulse sequences designed to be run on all tested

systems to provide comparative information about acoustic noise. The acoustic
noise levels for these sequences are displayed in Table 63. Graph 22 displays
comparatively the LAEQ levels for the 3DGE sequence. Acoustic noise levels are
given in terms of the continuous equivalent level, LAEQ. All values are on the A-
weighted scale.
97
Table 62. Clinical pulse sequences for comparative acoustic noise

Flip
Pulse Sequence TE TR Matrix NSA FOV SW Slices
angle
SE 15 450 256×256 1 320 1 4 10
FSE (ETL = 4) 15 4000 256×256 1 320 1 4 10
GE (3D) 9 23 160×256 1 170 1 1 10
Single shot EPI 24 2000 128×128 32 230 1 5 10
Table 63. Acoustic noise levels for comparative pulse sequences

Pulse sequence with acoustic noise level dB(A)
System SE FSE 3DGE EPI
LAeq Lpeak LAeq Lpeak LAeq Lpeak LAeq Lpeak
GE-ES* 99.3 111.6 97.2 114.4 101.2 116.9 110.6 120.7
GE-TWS† 89.6 102.8 75.3 104.2 90.2 104.3 102.8 113.6
##
PH-INT 77.00 77.7 98.9 101.2 89.2 89.7 94.7 105.7
‡
PH-ACH 80.1 96.5 78.4 95.6 85.4 95.1 98.5 111.8
#
SI-SYM 87.4 89.9 86.9 87.6 87.5 89.5 89.5 97.8
SI-AVA** 63.7 90.5 71.7 93.1 76.5 99.0 83.4 98.6
*For 3DGE sequence: TE=2.1ms; For single shot EPI sequence: NSA=30
†For 3DGE: TE=2.6ms; For single shot EPI sequence: NSA=30.
##For FSE Turbo factor=64; For EPI, Matrix: 64×64
‡For 3DGE: NSA=2; For Single shot EPI: NSA=32, Matrix: 64×64
#For FSE: TE=12, ETL=3; For 3DGE: No. dlices=16
**For FSE: TE=12ms, ETL=4
Graph 22. Acoustic noise levels for 3DGE sequences
SI-AVA
PH-ACH
SI-SYM
PH-INT
GE-TWS
GE-ES
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Continuous equivalent level, LAeq, db(A)
98
List of safety information

General
Reference Manual for Magnetic Resonance Safety: F Shellock. Amirsys Inc,
Salt Lake City, 2003.
Magnetic Resonance Procedures Health Effects and Safety: F Shellock

Ed.CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2001.
UPMC MR Safety Web Site at www.radiology.upmc.edu/MRsafety
Institute of Magnetic Resonance Safety, Education and Research Web Site at

www.mrisafety.com.
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

Guidelines for Magnetic Resonance Diagnostic Equipment in Clinical Use:
Medical Devices Agency 2002.
MDA/2003/014 - Static MRI scanners with quench vent pipes.
MDA Safety Warning SN 2001 (27) – Programmable Hydrocephalus Shunts:

Risks of Reprogramming during MRI Procedures
Safety notice MDA SN 9517. Risk of burns to patients, with attached monitoring
leads, undergoing MRI scan: Medical Devices Agency. July 1995.
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency Adverse Incident

Reporting at www.mhra.gov.uk.
99
Health Protection Agency

NRPB: Advice on limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (0-300 GHz)
Volume 15 Number 2 2004. http://www.hpa.org.uk/radiation
NRPB Board Statement on “Principles for the protection of patients and

volunteers during clinical magnetic resonance diagnostic procedures” Volume 2
Number 1 1991.
ICNIRP: Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic,

and Electromagnetic Fields (up to 300 GHz), Health Physics Vol. 74, No 4, pp
494-522, 1998. www.icnirp.de.
ICNIRP: Exposure to Static and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields,

Biological Effects and Health Consequences (0-100 kHz)- Review of the
Scientific Evidence and Health Consequences. J.H. Bernhardt, R. Matthes, A.
McKinlay, P. Vecchia, B. Veyret (eds.) International Commission on Non-
Ionizing Radiation Protection 2003, ISBN 3-934994-03-2. www.icnirp.de.
Other bodies
IEC 60601-2-33:2002 (Medical Electrical Equipment. Part 2. Particular
Requirements for Safety. Section 2.33 Specifications for Magnetic Resonance
Equipment for Medical Diagnosis). www.iec.ch
FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health www.fda.gov/cdrh
NHS advice
Health Building Note (HBN) 6, supplement 1:Accommodation for Magnetic
Resonance Imaging. 1994. Produced by NHS Estates, published by HMSO PO
Box 276, London SW8 5DT. ISBN 0113217307.
Health Guidance Note: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1997. Produced by NHS

Estates, published by HMSO PO Box 276, London SW8 5DT. ISBN
0113220510.
Health Building Note (HBN) 6: Facilities for diagnostic imaging and

interventional radiology. 2001. Produced by NHS Estates, published by HMSO
PO Box 276, London SW8 5DT. ISBN 0113220000.
Health Building Note (HBN) 6, Volume 3:Extremity and open MRI, magnetic
shielding and construction for radiation protection. 2003. Produced by NHS
Estates, published by HMSO PO Box 276, London SW8 5DT. ISBN
0113224869.
100
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the support of GE, Philips and Siemens Medical
Solutions during these evaluations. In particular we would like to thank Mr
Ricardo Becerra, Mr John Johnson from GE, Mr Frans Donders, Dr Elizabeth
Moore from Philips, Dr Eckart Stetter, Dr Thorsten Speckner, Mr Patrick Revell
from Siemens, for their expert assistance during the technical tests.
101
References
Lerski R, De Wilde J, Boyce D, Ridgway J. (1998). “Quality-control in magnetic

resonance imaging” (IPEM report No. 80). York, UK, ISBN 0 904181 901
Dietrich O, Reeder SB, Reiser MF, Schoenberg SO, Proceedings of ISMRM, 7-

13 May 2005, Florida USA, Abstract No 158 “Influence of Parallel Imaging and
Other Reconstruction Techniques on the Measurement of Signal-To-Noise
Ratios”
102
Appendix
Manufacturers’ comments
GE
Gradient system: Please note that GE specifies gradient strength and gradient slew rate for
each individual axis.
Speed parameters (Table 9): 2D Gradient Echo sequence used allows EPI readout and hence
has a higher mimimum TR/TE compared to another manufacturer. Note also that key technical
data (e.g.: mimimum TR/TE for various sequences, gradient strength and slew rate, image
reconstruction speed) are based on manufacturer information and are not cross-checked by
MagNET: one manufacturer did not give his sequence performances for 256 matrix as requested
Sequence information: In parallel to dedicated High coil element Density (HD) solutions which
has proven their outcome, signature applications (like Propeller, etc…) are dedicated sequences
specifically optimized for organs. It constitutes today a major improvement of MR in terms of
robustness: capacity to reproduce consistent image quality across patients.
Philips
Main computer system- image processor: Philips high linearity does not require additional
reconstruction time that is not taken into account with competitive systems. Competitive systems
have reconstruction times that are many factors lower when linearity correction is switched on.
Gradient system: Philips wants to stress that highest amplitude and slew-rate are reach without
compromising linearity or field of view. Philips gradients feature a FoV of 53 cm with a linearity of
1.4% for all gradient types and modes (even the dual mode Nova).
Head coil uniformity: The Philips Head coil uses an RF mirror. This results in a faster signal
drop-off in the neck but a better signal in the brain.
Parallel imaging: Philips uses true scan acceleration factors. E.g. A SENSE factor of 2 truly is
twice as fast (Philips does not require reference data within the scan allowing highest possible
speeds)
103
Appendix
Siemens
SNR evaluations: The normalized SNR is strongly dependent on the measured Q factors
obtained from volunteers which are used within normalization procedure. For example the Q
body for the in-built body resonator is highly dependent on the weight, physical condition and
position of the volunteer within the resonator. All uncertainties concerning reproducibility from
system to system of these parameters will result in systematic errors of the obtained normalized
SNR values. The reader should be aware of this when comparing normalized SNR values from
different systems which can be acquired under non comparable loading conditions.
Additionally, Siemens does not recommend using the in-built body resonator for receive. Tim
technology offers a comprehensive set of Matrix coils to cover the whole body. This results in
best possible SNR for all clinical applications, including whole body imaging.
Comparative specifications: Key technical data (e.g. gradient strength and slew rate, image
reconstruction speed) are based on manufacturer information and are not cross-checked by
MagNET applying independent experimental procedures. The reader of this document should be
aware that some manufacturers define these specifications in a different way making direct
comparison invalid. Please note that Siemens specifies gradient strength and gradient slew rate
for each individual axis (and not as a vector summation).
Spatial resolution: The MTF of a properly calibrated MRI system with 2D-spin single echo
imaging is (in absence of raw data filters) rectangular with a step from one to zero at pi/(nominal
pixel size). To see this the analysis has to be performed on the complex image data prior to the
application of the magnitude operator [Steckner et al., Med. Phys. 21 (3), 1994 and examples
provided therein]. The presented data are obtained from magnitude images. The differences of
the calculated values to the nominal pixel resolution may result from the applied magnitude
operator on the evaluated image and therefore probably will not represent a true resolution
difference.
Parallel imaging SNR: Evaluation or comparison on images acquired using parallel imaging
techniques requires to keep in mind that the noise background is not uniform so the results are
dependent on the ROI choice.
CEP comment
CEP recognises that the image noise can be spatially dependent in images acquired using
parallel imaging techniques. An average is taken from 5 ROIs placed on the image. The
technique used by CEP has been shown to be robust for parallel imaging acquisitions, as shown
in ISMRM (Influence of Parallel Imaging and Other Reconstruction Techniques on the
Measurement of Signal-To-Noise Ratios, Olaf Dietrich, Scott B. Reeder, Maximilian F. Reiser,
Stefan O. Schoenberg, Proceedings of ISMRM, 7-13 May 2005, Florida USA, Abstract No 158)
Toshiba
The manufacturer had no additional comments
104
Appendix
2D imaging speed: sequence parameters

Table 64. Standard imaging protocol for 2D imaging speed evaluation
Sequence parameter Standard protocol
Gradient Echo (GRE), Echo Planar Imaging (EPI),
2D sequence
Fast Spin Echo (FSE)
TE (ms) Manufacturer’s choice
TR (ms) Manufacturer’s choice
Flip angle (degrees) Manufacturer’s choice
NSA Manufacturer’s choice
Bandwidth (kHz) Manufacturer’s choice
Echo Train Length (where applicable) Manufacturer’s choice
FOV (mm) 250
Slice width (mm) Less than 5 mm
Parallel imaging factors Selection (manufacturer’s choice)
Range (mm) I To equal 200
Contiguous slices II Maximise
Scan time (min:sec) III Minimise
105
Appendix
Table 65. Scan parameters for 2D imaging speed evaluation on the GE MRI
system (Echospeed gradients)
Sequence parameter Sequence parameter values
Imaging coil 8-channel high resolution brain coil
2D sequence 2DFGRE GRE-EPI FSE-XL
TE (ms) 1.9 133.7 67.9 3.3
TR (ms) 3.9 11000 5600 20895
Flip angle (degrees) 60 90 Not measured
NSA 1 1 1
Bandwidth 166.67 250 83.33
Echo Train Length Not applicable Not applicable
FOV (mm) 250 250 250
Matrix (PE x FE) 256 x 256 256 x 256 256 x 256
Slice width (mm) 5 5 4.2
Parallel imaging factors off 1.5 2.0 off 2.0 off 1.5 2.0
Range (mm) 200 200 201.6
Contiguous slices 40 40 48
Scan time (min:sec) 0:42 0:29 0:22 0:11 0:06 0:42 0:31 0:21
system (Twinspeed gradients)
2D sequence 2DFGRE GRE-EPI FSE-XL
TE (ms) 1.6 113 57.4 3.3
TR (ms) 3.5 9300 4800 21000
Flip angle (degrees) 10 90 Not measured
NSA 1 1 1
Bandwidth 200 Not measured 83.3

Echo Train Length Not applicable Not applicable 128
FOV (mm) 250 250 250
Matrix (PE x FE) 256 x 256 256 x 256 256 x 256
Slice width (mm) 5 5 5
Parallel imaging factors off 1.5 2.0 off 2.0 off 2.0
Range (mm) 200 200 201.6
Contiguous slices 40 40 4.2
Scan time (min:sec) 0:48 0:26 0:20 0:09 0:05 0:42 0:21
106
Appendix
Table 67. Scan parameters for 2D imaging speed evaluation on the Philips
Intera MRI system (Explorer gradients)
Imaging coil SENSE Head Coil
2D sequence FFE
TE (ms) 2.0
TR (ms) 177
Flip angle (degrees) 30
NSA 1
Bandwidth Not measured
Echo Train Length Not applicable
FOV (mm) 250
Slice width (mm) 5
Parallel imaging factors off 2 4 6
Range (mm) 200
Contiguous slices 50
Scan time (min:sec) 0:45 0:23 0:12 0:07
Achieva MRI system (Nova Dual gradients)
Imaging coil 8-channel SENSE head coil
2D sequence 2D-FFE FE-EPI 2D-TSE
TE (ms) 1.95 13 3.92
TR (ms) 144 1025 6500
Flip angle (degrees) 10 10 30
NSA 1 1 1
Bandwidth Not measured Not measured Not measured
Echo Train Length Not applicable Not applicable 33

FOV (mm) 250 250 250
Matrix (PE x FE) 256 x 256 256 x 256 256 x 256
Slice width (mm) 5 5 2.09
Parallel imaging factors 1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8 1 2 8
Range (mm) 200 200 200
Contiguous slices 40 40 96
Scan time (min:sec) 0:37 0:19 0:10 0:05 0:21 0:12 0:08 0:06 1:44 0:52 0:13
107
Appendix
Table 69. Scan parameters for 2D imaging speed evaluation on the

Siemens MAGNETOM Symphony Maestro Class MRI system
Imaging coil PAT head
2D sequence EPI 2D
TE (ms) 188 97 52
TR (ms) 14720 11190 5760
NSA 1
FOV (mm) 250
Slice width (mm) 5
Parallel imaging factors off 2 4
Range (mm) 200
Scan time (min:sec) Not measured Not measured Not measured

Siemens MAGNETOM Avanto MRI system
Imaging coil Head matrix coil
2D sequence 2D EPI
TE (ms) 141 141 141 141
TR (ms) 11060 5760 4020 2100
NSA 1

FOV (mm) 250
Slice width (mm) 5
Range (mm) 200
Scan time (min:sec) 0:11 0:12 0:20 0:19
108
Appendix
3D imaging speed: sequence parameters

Table 71. Standard imaging protocol for 3D imaging speed evaluation
Sequence parameter Standard protocol
3D sequence Gradient Echo (GRE), Fast Spin Echo (FSE)
TE (ms) Manufacturer’s choice
TR (ms) Manufacturer’s choice
Flip angle (degrees) Manufacturer’s choice
NSA Manufacturer’s choice
Bandwidth Manufacturer’s choice
Echo Train Length (where applicable) Manufacturer’s choice
FOV (mm) 250
Slice width (mm) Manufacturer’s choice
Parallel imaging factors Selection (manufacturer’s choice)
Range (mm) I To equal 200
Contiguous slices II Maximise
Scan time (min:sec) III Minimise
system (Echospeed gradients)
3D sequence FSPGR FRFSE-XL
TE (ms) 1.1 22.1
TR (ms) 2.0 200
Flip angle (degrees) 10 Not measured
NSA 1 1
Bandwidth 100 100

Echo Train Length Not applicable 32
FOV (mm) 250 x 250 x 201.6 250 x 250 x 201.6
Matrix (PE x FE) 128 x 128 128 x 128
Slice width (mm) 1.6 1.6
Parallel imaging factors off 1.5 2.0 off 2
Range (mm) 201.6 201.6
Contiguous slices 126 126
Scan time (min:sec) 0:32 0:22 0:16 1:41 0:51
109
Appendix
system (Twinspeed gradients)
3D sequence FSPGR FRFSE-XL
TE (ms) 0.9 35
TR (ms) 1.7 220
Flip angle (degrees) 10 Not measured
NSA 1 1
Bandwidth 125 125
FOV (mm) 250 x 250 x 201.6 250 x 250 x 200
Matrix (PE x FE) 128 x 128 128 x 128
Parallel imaging factors off 1.5 2.0 off 2
Range (mm) 201.6 200
Scan time (min:sec) 0:28 0:19 0:14 1:29 0:45
Intera MRI system (Explorer gradients)
Imaging coil SENSE Head coil
2D sequence 3D FFE
TE (ms) 1.35
TR (ms) 3.1
NSA 1

FOV (mm) 250 x 250 x 199.68
Slice width (mm) 1.56
Range (mm) 199.68
Scan time (min:sec) 1:04 0:33 0:17 0:11
110
Appendix
Achieva system (Nova Dual gradients)
Imaging coil 8-channel SENSE head coil
3D sequence 3D-FFE 3D-TSE
TE (ms) 1.16 5.1
TR (ms) 2.4 268
Flip angle (degrees) 10 30
NSA 1 1
Bandwidth Not measured Not measured
FOV (mm) 250 x 250 x 199.68 250 x 250 x 199.68
Matrix (PE x FE) 128 x 128 128 x 128
Parallel imaging factors off 2 4 8 off 2 4 8
Range (mm) 199.68 199.68
Scan time (min:sec) 0:39 0:19 0:10 0:05 1:44 0:36 0:18 0:10

Siemens MAGNETOM Symphony system
Imaging coil PAT head
2D sequence 3D-Flash
TE (ms) 0.96
TR (ms) 2.13
NSA 1

FOV (mm) 250 x 250 x 192
Slice width (mm) 2.00
Parallel imaging factors off 2 4
Range (mm) 192
Scan time (min:sec) 0:21 0:12 0:08
111
Appendix

Siemens MAGNETOM Avanto system
Imaging coil Head matrix
2D sequence 3D Flash
TE (ms) 0.67
TR (ms) 1.7
NSA 1
FOV (mm) 250 x 250 x 200
Slice width (mm) 5
Range (mm) 200
Scan time (min:sec) 0:07 0:03 0:02 0:02
112
Appendix
2D and 3D imaging speed results

Table 78. 2D imaging speed results (voxels/sec) for GRE-type sequences
Parallel imaging factor
System
off 1 2 4 6 8
Not
GE-ES 62415 119156 Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
applicable
Not Not
GE-TWS 68985 131072 Not applicable Not applicable
applicable applicable
Not Not
PH-INT 72817 142469 273066 468114
measured applicable
PH-ACH Not measured 70091 135125 259548 Not measured 494611
Not Not Not
SI-SYM Not measured Not measured Not measured
applicable measured measured
Not Not Not
SI-AVA Not measured Not measured Not measured
Table 79. 2D imaging speed results (voxels/sec) for EPI-type sequences

Syste Parallel imaging factor
m off 1 2 4 6 8
GE-ES 238312 Not applicable 436906 Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
Not
GE-TWS 291271 524288 Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
applicable
PH-ACH Not measured 121927 213125 319687 Not measured 429744
Not
SI-SYM Not measured Not measuredNot measured Not measured Not measured
applicable
Not
SI-AVA 238313 218453 137971 Not measured Not measured
applicable
Table 80. 2D imaging speed results (voxels/sec) for FSE-type sequences

System
off 1 2 4 6 8
Not Not Not Not
GE-ES 74898 149796
applicable applicable applicable applicable
Not Not Not Not
GE-TWS 74898 149796
Not Not
PH-ACH 65048 60494 120989 483958
measured measured
Not Not Not Not Not Not
SI-SYM
measured applicable measured measured measured measured
SI-AVA
measured applicable measured measured measured measured
113
Appendix
Table 81. 3D imaging speed results (voxels/sec) for FSE-type sequences

System
off 1 2 4 6 8
Not Not Not Not
GE-ES 20439 40478
Not Not Not Not
GE-TWS 18408 36408
Not Not
PH-ACH 20164 58254 111550 616809
measured measured
SI-SYM
applicable measured measured measured measured measured
SI-AVA
applicable measured measured measured measured measured
Table 82. 3D imaging speed results (voxels/sec) for GRE-type sequences

System
off 1 2 4 6 8
Not Not Not Not
GE-ES 64512 129024
Not Not Not Not
GE-TWS 73728 147456
Not Not
PH-INT 32768 63550 123361 190650
measured applicable
Not Not
PH-ACH 52560 105384 201649 403298
measured measured
Not Not Not
SI-SYM 87400 161000 238000
Not Not Not
SI-AVA 93623 177124 273076
114

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Report 06005

1.5T MRI systems

www.pasa.nhs.uk/cep Health and social care working together

Meanwhile, newly published evaluation reports will continue to be e-mailed to subscribers

How to obtain evaluation publications

Centre for Evidence-based Purchasing

Tel: 020 7972 6080

Visit our website for a comprehensive list of publications, details of forthcoming

Comparative report on seven

David Price, Ioannis Delakis, Caroline Renaud

Tel: 020 7594 6305

For more information on MagNET visit www.magnet-mri.org

© Crown Copyright 2007

2D and 3D imaging speed results......................... 113

Purpose of this report

This report combines system specifications, safety and technical evaluation

The aim of the technical assessment is to obtain type-test measurements of

Table 1. 1.5T MRI systems included in the report

Figure 1. 1.5T MRI systems included in the report

GE Signa HDx GE Signa HDe Philips Intera Philips Achieva

RF Frequency MHz 63.86 63.86 63.86 63.9 63.6 63.6 63.86

Table 3. Magnet installation details

Table 4. Magnet shimming details

Table 5. Electronics cabinets

Table 6. Patient comfort details

Height cm 97 97 60 96 120 Not supplied 48.25

Shielding Active Active Active Active Active Active Active

Maximum amplitude mT/m

Figure 2. Gradient direction

Table 9. Speed parameters

Table 10. Resolution parameters

Table 10. Sequence packages: standard packages (1)

Table 10. Sequence packages: standard packages (2)

Table 10. Sequence packages: standard packages (3)

Table 10. Sequence packages: standard packages (4)

Table 11. Sequence packages: angiography and cardiac imaging (1)

Table 11. Sequence packages: angiography and cardiac imaging (2)

Table 11. Sequence packages: angiography and cardiac imaging (3)

Table 12. Sequence packages: perfusion imaging

Siemens Echo Planar Imaging and Advanced Turbo Packages

Table 13. Sequence packages: diffusion imaging (1)

Table 13. Sequence packages: diffusion imaging (2)

Table 14. Sequence packages: diffusion tensor imaging

Table 15. Sequence packages: functional imaging (1)

vendors (not included with BrainWave Hardware Lite).

Table 15 Sequence packages: functional imaging (2)

Table 16. Sequence packages: spectroscopy(1)

Table 16. Sequence packages: spectroscopy(2)

Table 17. Sequence packages: other (1)

Table 17. Sequence packages: other (2)

Table 17. Sequence packages: other (3)

Memory size MB 4000 4000 2048 2048 2000 2000 3000

Image capacity 400,000 400,000 250,000 250,000 110,000* 110,000* 140,000

Table 19. Main computer system – image processor

Word length bit 64 64 32 32 32 64 64

Table 20. Main computer image display monitor

Radio-frequency (RF) coils

Quadrature Quadrature Body Body Body

Table 22. Head coils

rods) rods) Dual Mode: 8 CP elements