International Journal of Physical Education and Sports

www.phyedusports.in
Volume: 2, Issue: 1, Pages: 16-19, Year: 2017
Impact Factor: 1.175 (RIF) ISSN- 2456-2963
Effect of different time of day on the coordinative ability of inter-
university level female football players
Dr. Somanpreet Singh1, Loveleen Kaur1
1
Asst. Prof., Department of Physical Education and Sports Technology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh
Sahib, Punjab.

Received December 25, 2016; Accepted January 23, 2017; Published January 30, 2017

Abstract

An attempt was taken to assess the “effect of different time of day of coordinative ability of Inter-University
Level Female Football Players”. For achieving the purpose of the study; two component of coordinative ability was
selected Balance ability and Rhythm Ability; data was collected on 30 male soccer players age ranged from 18 to 25 years,
from the Department of Physical Education and Sports Technology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh
Sahib. To assess the balance ability of recruited subjects, Long Nose balance test and to check Rhythm Ability Sprint at the
given Rhythm Test was used. The subjects were tested at different time of day i.e. one time in morning between 7.00 AM
to 9.00 AM and one time in evening between3.00 PM to 5.00 PM. To compare Balance and Rhythm ability between
morning and evening time soccer Inter- University level female players mean, standard deviation and paired t–test were
employed with the help of statistical package of SPSS. To test the hypothesis the significance level was set at 0.05
percent. The result showed that there was no significant difference exists between mean of balance ability and Rhythm
ability of Football female players at different time of day (Morning and Evening)

Key Words: Time of Day, balance ability, Rhythm ability.

1. Introduction

The game Soccer may take place at various times throughout the day whilst training may be held in the morning
or afternoon. Despite its popularity as a sport, few scientific studies have focused on the circadian variation in soccer
player's performance. For instance, some investigators, who are interested in soccer performance, reported that aerobic
(Chtourou et al. 2012) anaerobic performances (Chtourou et al. 2012, Hamouda et al. 2012) and repeated sprint ability
(Chtourou et al. 2012) fluctuate with time of day. Indeed peak and mean power during maximal cycling test (Chtourou et
al. 2012, Hamouda et al. 2012, Aloui et al. 2012) maximal voluntary contraction (Aloui et al. 2012) Flexibility (Reilly et al.
2007) hand-grip strength (Reilly et al. 2007) total work during the repeated sprint ability test (Chtourou et al. 2012) total
distance and maximal aerobic velocity during the Yo-Yo test (Chtourou et al. 2012) were significantly higher in the
evening than in the morning. Most of studies showed that peak soccer performances have been found to occur in the
early evening corresponding to the peak of the body temperature rhythm. Furthermore worst performance has been
found in the morning (Aloui et al. 2012, Reilly et al.2007, Bernard et al. 1998, Melhim et al. 1993). Circadian rhythm in
exercise performance for soccer players with morning lows and evening peaks are common findings in many laboratory
tests performed on cycle ergo-meter (Chtourou et al. 2010, 2012, Hamouda et al. 2012, Aloui et al. 2012).
Diurnal variation was also described in some football-specific tests, including dribbling time and chip test
performance, being more accurate in the evening (Reilly et al., 2004).Reilly et al. (2007) indicated that adult football
players perform at an optimum between 16:00 and 20:00 h not only for football-specific skills but also for some physical
performances. Reilly et al. (2004, 2007) investigated the diurnal variation of skill measures only in adult subjects. In this
context, various chronobiological studies suggest that the temporal order of children differs from that of adults (Huguet
et al., 1995).
To our knowledge, there is no study available in soccer has been paid to diurnal variation in skill measures,
particularly those specifically related to a particular game in boys. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to
assess the effects of time-of-day in some specific skills performance during field testing in boy’s footballer.
 Singh & Kaur, 2017
Int. J. Phy. Edu. Spo., 2(1): 16-19. ISSN- 2456-2963

3. Methodology
The present investigation was entitled as “effect of different time of day of coordinative ability of Inter-
University Level Female Football Players”. For achieving the purpose of the study, two components of coordinative ability
Balance ability and Rhythm Ability was selected. Data was collected on a total of 15femaleplayers, age ranged from 18 to
25 yr, from Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib. Balanced ability was measured with the help of Long
Nose Test whereas, the Rhythm ability was measured by Sprint at the given Rhythm Test. The subjects were tested at
different time of day i.e. one time in morning between 7.00 AM to 9.00 AM and one time in evening between3.00 PM to
5.00 PM. After the collection of relevant data, it was processed and analyzed with descriptive statistics. To compare
Balance and Rhythm ability between morning and evening time Football Inter- University level female players mean,
standard deviation and paired t–test were employed with the help of statistical package of SPSS. To test the hypothesis
the significance level was set at 0.05 %.

4. Results, Analysis and Discussion of Finding

The obtained data was analyzed by applying the t- statistics to find out the critical difference between among
the football players at level of significance 0.05.
Table-I
Paired t-Statistics of the Balance ability at different time of day
Time of Day Mean SD SEM N T ratio
Morning 4.12 0.23 0.05 15
Evening 4.42 0.42 0.04 15 0.35
*‘t’0.05 (29) =2.05
It is evident from the table-1 that there was a no significant difference exists between mean of Balance ability of
soccer players at different time of day (Morning and Evening), since the calculated ‘t’ value 0.35 which was found to be
less than tabulated ‘t’ value 2.05.So, the means of two sessions (morning and evening) were found to be rejected at
0.05%

4.42 Balance ability

5 4.12
4

1 0.23 0.42 0.05 0.04

0
Mean SD SEM

Morning Evening

Graphical representation of the Balance Ability of Soccer Players at Different Time of Day
Table-II
Paired t- Statistics of the rhythm ability at different time of day
Group Mean SD SEM N T ratio
Morning 0.56 0.32 0.07 15
0.32
Evening 0.76 0.42 0.08 15
*‘t’0.05 (29) =2.05

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© International Journal of Physical Education and Sports (IJPES)
 Singh & Kaur, 2017
Int. J. Phy. Edu. Spo., 2(1): 16-19. ISSN- 2456-2963

It is evident from the table-II that there was no significant difference exists between mean of Rhythm ability of
soccer players at different time of day (Morning and Evening), since the calculated ‘t’ value 0.32 which was found to be
less than tabulated ‘t’ value 2.05.So, the means of two sessions (morning and evening) were found to be rejected at
0.05%

Rhythm ability
0.8 0.56 0.76

0.6
0.42
0.32
0.4

0.2 0.07 0.08

0
Mean SD SEM
Morning Evening

Fig. 2 graphical representation of the Rhythm Ability of Soccer Players at Different Time of Day

5. Discussions of Findings
The present investigation was entitled as “effect of different time of day of coordinative ability of Inter-
University Level Female Football Players”. For achieving the purpose of the study, two components of coordinative ability
Balance ability and Rhythm Ability was selected. Data was collected on a total of 15female football players, age ranged
from 18 to 25 yr, from Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib. The obtained data was analyzed by
applying the Paired t- statistics to find out the critical difference between among the football female players at level of
significance 0.05. Results reveals that a insignificant difference was found between mean of Balance ability and Rhythmic
ability of football female players at different time of day (Morning and Evening). This difference may occur due to the
reason that similar nature of training was adopted by the Soccer players at the both time of the day, it may also be occur
because the temperature also varies at morning and evening sessions. The dietary habits of the soccer players may also
effects the results of the study.
In 2013 Garbiet. al. also conducted a study entitled “Time of day effect on soccer-specific field test in Tunisian
boy player” supported the present study. The idea, methodology or administration used in this study was adopted in the
present investigation which gives a strong support in relation to fulfill the purpose of present investigation.

7. References

[1]. AdneneGharbi, LiwaMasmoudi, SleheddineGhorbe, Noureddine Ben Said, RiadhMaalej, ZouhairTabka and
MoniaZaouali (2013). Time of day effect on soccer-specific field test in Tunisian boy player. Advances in Physical
Education 2013. Vol.3, No.2, 71-75.
[2]. Aloui A., Chaouachi A., Chtourou H., Wong D., Haddad M., Chamari K. and Souissin N. (2012). Effects of
Ramadan on the diurnal variations of repeated sprints performances. International Journal of Sports Physiology
and Performance”.
[3]. Bernard T., Giacomoni M., Gavarry O., Seymat M., and FalgairetteS G. (1998). Time-of-day effects in maximal
anaerobic leg exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.” 77, 133-138.
[4]. Chtourou H., Hammouda O., Chaouachi A., Chamari K. and Souissi N. (2012). The effect of time-of-day and
Ramadan fasting on an-aerobic performances. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 33,139-147.

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© International Journal of Physical Education and Sports (IJPES)
 Singh & Kaur, 2017
Int. J. Phy. Edu. Spo., 2(1): 16-19. ISSN- 2456-2963

[5]. Hamouda O., Chtourou H., Farjallah M. A., Damien D. and Souissi N. (2012). The effect of Ramadan fasting on the
diurnal variations in aerobic and anaerobic performances in Tunisian youth soccer players. Biological Rhythm
Research, 43, 177-190.
[6]. Huguet G., Touitou Y. and Reinberg A. (1995). Diurnal Changes in Sport Performance of 9 - 11-Year-Old School
Children.” Chronobiology International, 14, 371–384.
[7]. Melhim A. F. (1993). Investigation of circadian rhythms in peak power and mean power of female physical
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[8]. Reilly, T., Atkinson, G., Edwards, B., Waterhouse, J., Farrelly, K. and Fairhurst, E. (2007). Diurnal variation in
temperature, mental and physical performance, and tasks specifically related to football (soccer). Chronobiology
International, 224, 507-519.

Corresponding Author:
Dr. Somanpreet Singh
Asst. Prof.,
Department of Physical Education and Sports Technology,
Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University,
Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab.

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© International Journal of Physical Education and Sports (IJPES)