RUNNING HEAD: POLITICAL CORRUPTION

Political corruption

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24 July 2020
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ABSTRACT
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INTRODUCTION

Corruption is the act of deviating from the formal duties of a public character by taking the

finances or status of an individual character or violates rules against the use of certain types

of personal belongings. This includes bribery-like behavior Similarity And abuse (illegal

takeover of public resources for private use). A power holder who is accused of doing certain

things, a responsible operator or office owner, can claim corruption whenever he or she

begins to take action in favor of those who provide rewards there, either in cash or otherwise

legally. This causes damage to the public and its interests.

Corruption is often portrayed as contagious, degenerative, orbital, constant, and threatening

to corrupt communities. It is said to be on the rise all over the world, and although we have

no real way of showing that it is true, there is often a sense that it has been in it for a very

short time - or nothing.

The purpose of this study is to find out the details of political corruption involving political

decision-makers. Political or major corruption takes place at the highest levels of the political

system. It is only when politicians and government agencies who have the right to make and

enforce laws in the name of the people corrupt themselves. Political corruption is when

political decision-makers use the political power they are armed to maintain their power,

status, and wealth. Thus, political corruption can be distinguished from bureaucratic or petty

corruption, which is corruption in public administration, in the decision to implement politics.

Political corruption involves political decision-makers.

Political or major corruption takes place at the highest levels of the political system. It is

only when politicians and government agencies who have the right to make and enforce laws

in the name of the people corrupt themselves. Political corruption is when political decision-

makers use the political power they are armed to maintain their power, status, and wealth.
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Private corruption and collective corruption

The observations and the contribution of political theory should lead to a second analytically

important classification of corruption, that is, between private corruption and collective

corruption. The extent to which the money or benefits collected by corruption are

“privatized” varies. It can be a single-person extraction, it will share nothing with its profits

or very little of its profits, or it can be extracted with some synchronicity and similarity to a

particular group.

The private individual and private view of corruption are frequently marked because of the

illegal and private nature of corrupt activities. The illegality and immorality of corruption

force cooperation or conspiracy between individuals, or at least a certain closeness and

confidentiality.

However, corruption can also be collective. First, because corruption has a substantial

economic effect in aggregate terms, but also be corruption itself can be a deliberate means of

extracting resources for the benefit of a larger group. Some definitions of corruption also

emphasize that leaders as a group or class, or as an institution or organization make wrong

use of their power to extract resources for the benefit of the group as such, Many well-known

and well-documented cases of grand fraud have involved all administrative offices of

political parties and national governments.

Corruption ("Political corruption: Problems and perspectives - Paul Heywood, 1997), has a

strong inclination towards partnership. Participating in practice gradually from quiet is

usually much less costly than blowing, reporting, and facing a whistle. A conspiracy is easily

reached between individuals in a large practice involving partners, associates, aides,

sponsors, and superiors. As corruption spreads, social acceptance of it may increase. When
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the context of corruption is generally understood to exist, more and more people will believe

that it is determined and expected.

General categorization

OED categorize the nine meanings of corruption as

Physical example. "Destroying or corrupting anything, especially by disintegration or

dissolving the unhealthiness and hatred of its aide; the definition of" political "already given

by morality falls under this category. Another definition of this category is:" moral corruption

or alteration; Corrupt truth or condition; Moral decline or decay; Deterioration. ”Anything

that diverts from the original state of purity — for example, “the perversion of a company,

custom, and so on from its simple purity. The current use of the word corruption in political

relations is colored by the meanings in the "moral" category, while in earlier times the use

was often colored by the other two categories, especially those in the third category. Thus, the

nineteenth-century author based his discussion on "corruption in politics" mainly on the

meanings derived from Aristotle by Montesquieu, for example, regarding tyranny as a

"distorted" variant of a monarchy.

POLITICAL CORRUPTION IN THE UNITED STATES

Corruption and scandal have long been a regular and striking feature of US politics and

government. From land, oil, and railroad scandals of the 19th and early 20th centuries to

presidential, parliamentary and electoral scandals of the late 20th century, the United States is

rarely known for its political honesty or institutional honesty. Some US states are less corrupt

than others, and federal courts experience fewer scandals than the executive and legislative

branches, but corruption as a whole is not limited geographically or institutionally. The way

corruption is understood in the United States is a product of the cultural and legal, social,

economic, and political context.

The rules governing political behavior were very striking with their absence in the 19th

century and, what appeared to be very corrupt by modern standards, was then considered as

political as usual. While corruption has long been an important part of American political life,

efforts to regulate and control it effectively began in 1970 in response to the Watergate

scandal (Williams, 1998). The use of public agents to pursue personal revenge against

'enemies of the state, especially the formation of an internal thief team based in the White

House itself, is quite embarrassing to bring the issue of corruption into the political agenda.

Corruption and offense now play an important role in modern American political debate

Politicians are more sensitive to this problem, the media shows greater interest in showing

violations and the rules governing official policies are becoming more limiting.

There seems to be a new 'iron law' in American politics; the more you look for corruption and

scandal, the more likely you will find it. This makes it very difficult to judge whether there is

more corruption now than before because it is difficult to separate the issue of awareness and

investigation from actual events. There is no reliable data on levels of corruption in the

United States and no way to be sure if there is more now than there was in 1950 or even

1850. We have evidence that suggests that public confidence in politicians honestly fell

sharply in the last third of that year. Twentieth century. We also know that at various points

in American history, there has been political and public dissatisfaction with standards of

public ethics and conduct.

These periodic "moral panics" have provoked various reform efforts and, as a result, there are

good grounds for claiming that the United States has the most complete and strict anti-

corruption laws and regulations in all modem democrats Although we can not prove that

corruption has increased in number or significance, we can say that public doubts have

reached new heights and, as part of a hitherto successful effort to allay public fears an

unprecedented number of reform measures have been implemented.

WAYS TO STOP POLITICAL CORRUPTION

The major problem is how to stop political corruption, there is no bullet to fight corruption.

Many countries have made significant progress in controlling corruption; however, the

government is always on the lookout for solutions and sources of impact.

Effective law enforcement is necessary to ensure that corrupt people are punished, to break

the period of punishment, or to avoid punishment or loss. Effective ways to implement are

supported by a strong legal frame, law enforcement agencies, and an independent and

efficient judiciary. Civil society can support this process with initiatives such as

Transparency International's Unmask The Corruption campaign. Reforms focused on

improving financial management and strengthening the role of audit agencies have in many

countries had a greater impact than public sector reforms in the fight against corruption. One

of these reforms is the disclosure of budget information, which prevents the waste and

diversion of resources.

Increasing the demand of citizens against corruption and empowering them to hold the

government accountable is a consistent approach that helps build mutual trust between

citizens and the government, for example, community monitoring efforts have in some cases

included corruption detection, reduced leakage financing, and improved the quantity and

quality of public services.

Conclusion

Corruption is the process of diverting off from formal obligations of an open character by

taking the accounts or status of an individual figure or by ignoring the standards against the

utilization of particular sorts of individual things. Corruption is commonly described as

infectious, degenerative, orbital, regular, and taking steps to corrupt networks. Political or

significant corruption happens at the most elevated levels of the political structure. It is just

when legislators and government offices who reserve the option to make and implement laws

for the benefit of the individuals get ruined. Political debasement happens when policymakers

utilize the political influence they are provided with to keep up their influence, status, and

riches. The private and private prospect of corruption is regularly set apart because of the

illegal and private nature of corrupt practices. The convenient explanation here is that

corruption must be switched by democratizing the state. The contention is that financial and

political rivalry, straightforwardness, and responsibility, combined with just standards of

balanced governance, are important barriers. Thus, political corruption adds to the many

problems of democratic change and integration. The fight against corruption and the fight for

a clean and accountable government must, therefore, be seen as part of a larger democratic

agenda.
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REFERENCES

Benson, G. C. S., Maaranen, S. A., & Heslop, A. (1978). Political corruption in America.

Lexington: Lexington Books

Heidenheimer, A. J., & Johnston, M. (Eds.). (2011). Political corruption: Concepts and

contexts (Vol. 1). Transaction Publishers.

Johnston, M. (2014). Corruption, contention and reform: the power of deep democratization.

Cambridge University Press

.Philp, M. (1997). Defining political corruption. Political Studies, 45(3), 436-462.

Amundsen, I. (1999). Political corruption: An introduction to the issues. Chr. Michelsen

Institute.