SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

SKEE3263 EXERCISE 3

1. The Wien Bridge oscillator can be drawn as in Figure 1.

1
(a) By using the bridge concept, prove that fO  and
2 C1C 2 R1R 2
R1 C 2 R
  B.
R 2 C1 RA

R1
C1 RB

Vf Ii = 0
C2 
Vo

RA
R2

Figure 1

(b) If R1 = R2 and C1 = C2, what is the expression for fO and the ratio of RB/RA?

2. For the circuit in Figure 1, R1 = 2 kΩ, R2 = 1 kΩ, C1 = 1 μF, C2 = 3 μF and RA = 1 kΩ.

What is the value of RB for oscillation to occur? Then, calculate the frequency of
oscillation.

3. For the circuit in Figure 2, RX = 2 kΩ, R2 = 1 kΩ, C1 = 0.1 μF, C2 = 0.2 μF and
RA = 1 kΩ. RP and RB are both 10 kΩ potentiometers. Calculate the range of
frequencies of oscillation that the circuit can produce.

RA
RB

Vo
+

C1 RX RP
C2
R2

Figure 2
4. A phase shift oscillator transfer function of Figure 3 is given as
Vf 1

Vo 6 5 1
1 j   j
RC (RC ) 2 (RC ) 3

(i) Calculate the frequency of oscillation, fo

v 1
(ii) At oscillation, show that f   .
vo 29
(iii) Calculate the suitable value of R3 for the oscillator to sustain the oscillation.

R2
910 k

R3
100 k
R1 + 15 V
33 k

741C VO
+
R4
33 k -15 V

0.2 F 0.2 F 0.2 F

Vf R R R
3.3 k 3.3 k 3.3 k

Figure 3

5. An oscillator circuit and its ac equivalent are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5
respectively. The frequency determining components are pure reactances Z1, Z2 and
Z3. Ls is chosen to be an open circuit at frequency of oscillation fO.

Z1 + Z3 Z1 + Z3
Given that  g m Z1 = 1 + + at oscillation.
Z2 rds
 VDD
Z1 g d
Z3
Z2 Z3
vgs rds Z2
gmvgs
Z1
CG RG LS
s
RS

Figure 4 Figure 5

(i) By comparing the real and imaginary parts of the given equation, show that

Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0 and gmrdsZ1 = Z2.

(ii) Given that Z3 is inductive. Show that Z1 and Z2 are both capacitive.
1
(iii) Prove that f O = .
L3C1C 2
2π
C1 + C 2
[Z1 = 1/jC1, Z2 = 1/ jC2 and Z3 = jL3]

(iv) Given that gm = 2 mS, rds = 80 k and C2 = 10 pF, calculate L3 for the circuit
to oscillate at 1 MHz.

(v) Is the oscillator Hartley or Colpitts?

6. A BJT oscillator is shown in Figure 6. The frequency determining components Z1, Z2

and Z3 are pure reactances.
Given that Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0 and
(1 + ) Z2 + Z3 = 0

If Z1 is capacitive (10 pF),

(i) show that the circuit is a Colpitts oscillator (Z2 is capacitive and Z3 is inductive).
(ii) calculate C2 and L3 for the circuit to oscillate at 1 MHz.
 VCC

RFC

Z1

Z3

Z2



Figure 6

7. An LC oscillator circuit is shown in Figure 7. Given that

1 1
+ jωL + =0
jωC1 jωC2

R2
R1

1 k VO


Vf L

3 mH
C1 C2
0.01 F 0.02 F

Figure 7

Determine the frequency of oscillation, fO and R2 for the circuit to sustain oscillation.
Derive any formula used.
8. (i) A 555 IC is connected as shown in Figure 8. Determine the range of oscillation
frequency and the range in duty cycle.

(ii) To what value of R3 in Figure 8 must be set to produce an oscillation frequency of

3 kHz and the duty cycle of 60%.

V+ = 10V

R1
10k 8 4
7
R2
10k
3 VO
2
R3
100k 6
5 1
C
0.01F
0.01F

Figure 8

9. A 555 timer circuit is shown in Figure 9.

VCC
R1
4 8
7
R2 555 VO
3
6 Timer
2
C 1

Figure 9

(i) Given that R1 = 10 k, R2 = 15 k, C = 0.1 F and VCC = 5 V, sketch the
output waveform VO showing all the important information.

(ii) Calculate the duty cycle of the output waveform.

(iii) Give two suggestions on how you can get the output with duty cycle of about
50%. You may add other components or change component values.