CH 19 - Lecture 4 Network Layer - Logical Addressing (Part 1)

Chapter 19
Network Layer:
Logical Addressing
19.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
19-1 IPv4 ADDRESSES
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and

universally defines the connection of a device (for
example, a computer or a router) to the Internet.
Topics discussed in this section:

Address Space
Notations
Classful Addressing
Classless Addressing
Network Address Translation (NAT)
19.2
Note
An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.
The IPv4 addresses are unique

and universal.
The address space of IPv4 is

232 or 4,294,967,296.
19.3
Figure 19.1 Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address
Note
Numbering systems are reviewed in

Appendix B.
19.4
Example 19.1
Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary

notation to dotted-decimal notation.
Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent
decimal number (see Appendix B) and add dots for
separation.
19.5
Example 19.2
Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal

notation to binary notation.
Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary
equivalent (see Appendix B).
19.6
Example 19.3
Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses.
Solution
a. There must be no leading zero (045).
b. There can be no more than four numbers.
c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal
notation is not allowed.
19.7
Note
In classful addressing, the address

space is divided into five classes:
A, B, C, D, and E.
19.8
Figure 19.2 Finding the classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation
Unicast
Multicast
19.9
Example 19.4
Find the class of each address.

a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111
Solution
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C
address.
c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.
19.10
Table 19.1 Number of blocks and block size in classful IPv4 addressing
Note
In classful addressing, a large part of the

available addresses were wasted.
19.11
Table 19.2 Default masks for classful addressing
Note
Classful addressing, which is almost

obsolete, is replaced with classless
addressing.
19.12
Example 19.5
Figure 19.3 shows a block of addresses, in both binary

and dotted-decimal notation, granted to a small business
that needs 16 addresses.
We can see that the restrictions are applied to this block.

The addresses are contiguous. The number of addresses
is a power of 2 (16 = 24), and the first address is divisible
by 16. The first address, when converted to a decimal
number, is 3,440,387,360, which when divided by 16
results in 215,024,210.
19.13
Figure 19.3 A block of 16 addresses granted to a small organization
19.14
Note
In IPv4 addressing, a block of

addresses can be defined as
x.y.z.t /n
in which x.y.z.t defines one of the
addresses and the /n defines the mask.
The first address in the block can be

found by setting the rightmost
32 − n bits to 0s.
19.15
Example 19.6
A block of addresses is granted to a small organization.

We know that one of the addresses is 205.16.37.39/28.
What is the first address in the block?
Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32−28 rightmost bits to 0, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000
or
205.16.37.32.
This is actually the block shown in Figure 19.3.
19.16
Note
The last address in the block can be

found by setting the rightmost
32 − n bits to 1s.
19.17
Example 19.7
Find the last address for the block in Example 19.6.
Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32 − 28 rightmost bits to 1, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111
or
205.16.37.47
This is actually the block shown in Figure 19.3.
19.18
Note
The number of addresses in the block

can be found by using the formula
232−n.
19.19
Example 19.8
Find the number of addresses in Example 19.6.
Solution
The value of n is 28, which means that number
of addresses is 2 32−28 or 16.
19.20
Example 19.9
Another way to find the first address, the last address, and
the number of addresses is to represent the mask as a 32-
bit binary (or 8-digit hexadecimal) number. This is
particularly useful when we are writing a program to find
these pieces of information. In Example 19.5 the /28 can
be represented as
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
(twenty-eight 1s and four 0s).
Find
a. The first address
b. The last address
c. The number of addresses.
19.21
Example 19.9 (continued)
Solution
a. The first address can be found by ANDing the given
addresses with the mask. ANDing here is done bit by
bit. The result of ANDing 2 bits is 1 if both bits are 1s;
the result is 0 otherwise.
19.22
b. The last address can be found by ORing the given

addresses with the complement of the mask. ORing
here is done bit by bit. The result of ORing 2 bits is 0 if
both bits are 0s; the result is 1 otherwise. The
complement of a number is found by changing each 1
to 0 and each 0 to 1.
19.23
c. The number of addresses can be found by

complementing the mask, interpreting it as a decimal
number, and adding 1 to it.
19.24
Figure 19.4 A network configuration for the block 205.16.37.32/28
19.25

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Chapter 19

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and

Topics discussed in this section:

An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.

The IPv4 addresses are unique

The address space of IPv4 is

Numbering systems are reviewed in

Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary

Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal

Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses.

In classful addressing, the address

Find the class of each address.

In classful addressing, a large part of the

Classful addressing, which is almost

Figure 19.3 shows a block of addresses, in both binary

We can see that the restrictions are applied to this block.

In IPv4 addressing, a block of

The first address in the block can be

A block of addresses is granted to a small organization.

The last address in the block can be

Find the last address for the block in Example 19.6.

The number of addresses in the block

Find the number of addresses in Example 19.6.

b. The last address can be found by ORing the given

c. The number of addresses can be found by

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