• FIELD STUDY

Field research is defined as a qualitative method of data collection that aims to observe, interact and
understand people while they are in a natural environment. For example, nature conservationists observe
behavior of animals in their natural surroundings and the way they react to certain scenarios. In the same
way, social scientists conducting field research may conduct interviews or observe people from a distance to
understand how they behave in a social environment and how they react to situations around them.

LABORATORY METHOD

• Laboratory experiments are a research method by which researchers create controllable environments
to test hypotheses. Laboratories used for academic research are rooms or specifically designed spaces
within buildings typically located on college and university campuses.

• It is important to distinguish between experiments and other types of research studies conducted in
laboratory spaces.

• A research study that occurs in a laboratory space does not necessarily make it an experiment.
Laboratory experiments, like all true experimental designs, incorporate techniques of random
assignment of participants and control groups to assess causal inferences about the relationships
between independent and dependent variables.

• LONGITUDINAL STUDY

• In longitudinal studies, researchers do not manipulate any variables or interfere with the environment.
Instead, they simply conduct observations on the same group of subjects over a period of time.

• These research studies can last as short as a week or as long as multiple years, or even decades. Unlike
cross sectional studies that measure a moment in time, longitudinal studies last beyond a single
moment, enabling researchers to discover cause and effect relationships between variables.

• They are beneficial for recognizing any changes, developments, or patterns in the characteristics of a
target population. Longitudinal studies are often used in clinical and developmental psychology to
study shifts in behaviors, thoughts, and emotions as well as trends throughout a lifetime.

• Panel Study

• A panel study is a type of longitudinal study involves sampling a cross-section of individuals at specific
intervals for an extended period.

• These studies measure people’s behaviors over time, specifically their opinions, feelings, emotions
and thoughts. Panel studies are a type of prospective study.

• Panel studies involve the collection of data over time from a baseline sample of respondents.

Unlike other forms of longitudinal studies, panels allow for the study of individual behavior change
over time

1. Selection of Research Problem

2. Extensive Literature Survey 8)Hypothesis testing

3. Making Hypothesis 9)Genetalization and interpretation

4. Preparing the Research Design 10)Preparation of report

5. Sampling

6. Data collection THIS IS STEPS IN RESAERCH PROCESS

7. Data Analysis
 • BENEFITS OF SECONDARY DATA DRAWBACKS
• Resource advantage 1) Applicability of data

• Accessibility of data 2)accuracy of data

• Accuracy and stability of data

• Assessment of data

Focus group method-

• Size- should not be too large or too small.

• Nature- individual from same background must be included i.e. demographic traits

• Acquaintance

• Setting

• Time period

• The recording

• The moderator

Personal interview method

Use of this method in-

• Problem definition

• Exploratory research

• Primary data collection

• The interview process can be-

• Unstructured

• Semi-structured

• Structured

Projective Techniques are indirect and unstructured methods of investigation which have been developed by
the psychologists and use projection of respondents for inferring about underline motives, urges or intentions
which cannot be secure through direct questioning as the respondent either resists to reveal them or is unable
to figure out himself.

• Sociometry is one of the technique which is used to analyse and study the extent and nature of social
relationship of individual within a group. It is a way to find out the personality related problems e.g. it
help in identifying individuals who are isolated or rejected in a group.

• There are usually three types of sociometric techniques:

• (i) the nomination

• (ii) the social acceptance and

(1) Convert the research objectives into the information needed,

(2) Method of administering the questionnaire,

(3) Content of the questions,

(4) Motivating the respondent to answer,

(5) Determining the type of questions,

(6) Question design criteria,

(7) Determine the questionnaire structure,

(8) Physical presentation of the questionnaire,

(9) Pilot testing the questionnaire,

(10) Standardizing the questionnaire.

Quantitative research Qualitative Research

Focuses on testing hypotheses and theories Focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a
theory or hypothesis

Analyzed through math and statistical Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and

Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs and Mainly expressed in words

Requires many respondents Requires few respondents

Closed (multiple choice) questions Open-ended questions

Key terms: testing, measurement, Key terms: understanding, context, complexity,

• What is a citation and citation style?

• A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that you
utilized to support your research. It can also be used to locate particular sources and combat
plagiarism. Typically, a citation can include the author's name, date, location of the publishing
company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).

• A citation style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information is ordered,
as well as punctuation and other formatting.
 RESEARCH ETHICS

Research ethics are the set of ethical guidelines that guides us on how scientific research should be
conducted and disseminated.

• Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers It is the guideline for
responsibly conducting the research.

• Research that implicates human subjects or contributors rears distinctive and multifaceted ethical,
legitimate, communal and administrative concerns.

ADVANTAGES

• Research ethics promote the aims of research.

• It increases trust among the researcher and the respondent.

• It is important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights and welfare of
research participants.

• Researchers can be held accountable and answerable for their actions.

• Ethics promote social and moral values.

• Promotes the ambitions of research, such as understanding, veracity, and dodging of error.

• Ethical standards uphold the values that are vital to cooperative work, such as belief, answerability,
mutual respect, and impartiality.

Ethical norms in research also aid to construct public upkeep for research. People are more likely to trust a
research project if they can trust the worth and reliability of research

• PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism means using someone else’s work without giving them proper credit. In academic writing,
plagiarizing involves using words, ideas, or information from a source without citing it correctly. In practice, this
can mean a few different things DOWN BELOW IS Process of Checking a Research Paper for Plagiarism:

• 1. Source Citation

• Inconsistent citation format may lead to plagiarism. Writers must cite with the mention of the first
source.

• They must incorporate other essential stuff like authors’ names or the publication date.

• 2. Quoting from elsewhere

• Quoting from a good source is permissible to enhance the writing standard. Writers should avoid
patchy information. Sometimes accidental plagiarism may take place. Content creators must use
quotation marks in their research papers to avoid plagiarism. They must write thoughtfully, infuse new

ideas and engage readers with original content. 3. Using paraphrasing tools

• Some writers try brainstorming ideas and borrow information from already published materials.
However, it may cause unintentional plagiarism. Paraphrasing tools could be advantageous. Often,
writers got to establish their views on similar subjects for an extended time. Utilizing paraphrase
software, they can invigorate the procedure.

• 4. Presenting original ideas

TITLE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSIONS

CONCLUSION

REFRENCES

APPENDIX