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Study on morpho-physiological and yield performance of four chilli

(Capsicum spp.) lines

Article · September 2014

DOI: 10.18801/jbar.020114.13

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Study on Morpho-physiological and Yield Performance of Four Chilli

(Capsicum spp.) Lines

Mehraj Hasan1, Tamima Haider2, Md. Shah Newaz Chowdhury3, Md. Ferdous
Howlader4 and AFM Jamal Uddin1*

Dept. of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka1

International University of Business, Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka2
Dept. of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka3
Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh4.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Concerning the low yield potentiality of chilli in Bangladesh, an experiment was conducted at
Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh to study the morpho-
physiological and yield performance of four chilli lines (coded from L1 to L4) during November
2013 to May 2014. Maximum number of flowers (49.8/plant), number of fruits (33.0/plant),
length of individual fruits (7.5 cm) and number of seeds (69.0/fruit) was found from L2, whereas
maximum fresh weight of 50-fruits (65.4 g), dry weight of 50-fruits (17.7 g), fruit diameter (0.7
cm) and total yield (149.2 g/plant and 947.3 g/plot) was found from L3. Maximum chlorophyll
content (57.7%), CO2 references (383.5 vpm), H2O references as partial pressure (30.7 µmolm-
2 -1
s ) and Vitamin-C (80.5 mg/100 g fruit) was found from L1, while maximum photosynthetic rate
(5.3 µmolm-2s-1), and P.A.R incident on leaf surface (252.3 µmolm-2s-1) was recorded from L3.

Key words: Chilli cultivars, morpho-physiological and yield

I. Introduction

Pepper (Capsicum spp.) belongs to the Solanaceae family, a year round crop used in variety of ways
(Erinle, 1989; Akinyosoye, 1977). There are many varieties of pepper and among these C. annum are
the sweet or bell peeper while C. frutescences are hot pepper. Hot peppers (Chilies) have high content
of alkaloid capsaicin (C18H2703) which is responsible for pungency or heat (Udoh et al., 2005). It is
known that nutritional and visual quality of fruit depends both on variety and growing conditions
(Pivovarovet al., 2009). A number of cultivars are grown in Bangladesh differing in habit and yield
but green chilli production was only 1.69 t/ha during 2010-2011 (BBS, 2011). Low yield in
Bangladesh could be attributed to lack of suitable cultivars (Uzo, 1990 and Dinakinet al., 1990). For
this reason the current study was undertaken to study the morpho-physiological characteristics and
yield performance of four chilli lines.

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II. Materials and Method

Experimental site and duration of study: The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture farm,
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during November 2013 to May 2014.

Genetic materials and experimental design: Experiment consisted four chilli lines coded as L1, L2,
L3 and L4 in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications. The size of unit plot was 1.6
m x 1.6 m. The distance between both blocks and plots were 0.5 m. Seedlings were planted in plot by
maintaining a spacing of both plant to plant and row to row of distance 40 cm x 40 cm.

Fertilization: Cow dung, Urea, TSP, MP and Borax were applied @ 10 t/ha, 210 kg/ha, 330 kg/ha,
200 kg/ha and 5 kg/ha respectively. Entire amount of Cow dung, TSP, Borax and 65 kg MP were
applied during the final land preparation. Entire amount of Urea and rest of MP were applied in three
installments at 25, 50 and 70 days after transplanting (DAT).

Data collection and measuring procedures: Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves,
number of branches, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance
of H2O (gs), CO2 references(Cref), H2O references as partial pressure (eref), photosynthetically active
radiation (P.A.R) incident on leaf surface (Qleaf), days to first flower bud initiation, number of
flower/plant, number of fruit/plant, individual fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fresh weight of
50-fruits, dry weight of 50-fruits, total yield/plant, total yield/plot and Vitamin C content. Number of
flower/plant and number of fruit/plant was counted up to 2 months at every single day interval from
the first flower and fruit. Leaf area (using CL-202 Leaf Area Meter by destructive method),
chlorophyll content (using SPAD-502), A, gs, Cref, eref, and Qleaf (using LC pro+) were measured at
80 DAT. Fruit diameter was measured using Digital Caliper-515 (DC-515).

Estimation of Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic acid): Vitamin-C content was estimated by Oxidation

Reduction Titration Method.

Statistical analysis: Collected data were statistically analyzed using MSTAT-C computer package
programme. Difference between treatments was assessed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5%
level of significance (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

III. Results and Discussion

Plant growth
Plant height of chilli lines varied significantly at different days after transplanting (DAT). The tallest
plant was found from L3 (69.3 cm), whereas the shortest ones from L1 (47.4 cm) at 65 DAT
(Figure1a). Hosmani (1982) found that there was a lot of variation in height of Capsicum plants. High
phenotypic co-efficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic co-efficient of variation (GCV) were found
for plant height (Mini and Khader, 2004; Sreelathakumary and Rajamony, 2004; Singh et al., 2009).
Number of leaves per plant varied significantly among the chilli lines at different DAT. Maximum
number of leaves was found from L1 (84.2/plant) while minimum from L3 (48.4/plant) (Figure 1b).

Maximum number of branches was found from L4 (26.5/plant) while minimum from L3 (22.5/plant)
(Figure 1c).Maximum leaf area was found from L4 (59.9 cm2) while minimum from L1 (35.9 cm2)
which was statistically similar with L3 (36.3 cm2) and L2 (36.5 cm2) (Table 1). Unit leaf area is of
course a valid basis for assessing the effects of short term fluctuations in environmental variables on
photosynthesis. However, its use as a sole basis of comparing Pmax of a genotype can be misleading
(Charles Edwards and Luding, 1975). The most practical procedure might be to use several parameters
in addition to leaf area such as fresh and dry weight. Green leaf area of crop determines the percent of

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incident solar radiation intercepted by the crop canopy and there by influences the canopy
photosynthesis, evapo-transpiration and final crop yield (Dale et al., 1980).

Morphological characteristics
Maximum chlorophyll content was found from L1 (57.7%) which was statistically similar with L3
(55.0%) while minimum from L2 (47.0%) which was statistically similar with L4 (47.2%) (Table 1).
Maximum photosynthetic rate was found from L3 (5.3 µmolm-2s-1) flowed by L1 (3.7 µmolm-2s-1), L4
(3.3 µmolm-2s-1) and L2 (2.5 µmolm-2s-1) (Table 1). It is assumed that net photosynthesis is related to
fruit characters at the later phase of flowering and fruit setting (Zou et al., 2007). When pepper plants
are exposed to additional stress, strong reduction of net photosynthesis is always followed by lower
pepper yields (Takemotoet al., 1988). However, it is still controversial whether higher leaf
photosynthesis in optimal growth conditions increases plant yields (Sinclair et al., 2004). Some studies
showed that this co-relation depends on the phase of plant development (Oshumiet al., 2007; Peng et
al., 2008). Maximum CO2 reference was found from L1 (383.5 vpm) followed by L2 (3080.3 vpm)
while minimum from L4 (369.3 vpm) (Table 1). Maximum P.A.R. was found from L1 (30.7 mBar)
followed by L2 (29.7 mBar) and L4 (29.5 mBar) while minimum from L3 (26.5 mBar) (Table
1).Stomatal conductance showed statistically identical among chilli lines. Maximum stoamtal
conductance of H2O was found from L4 (0.3 µmolm-2s-1) which was statistically similar with L1, L2 and
L3 (0.5 µmolm-2s-1) (Table 1). Maximum H2O reference as partial pressure was found from L3 (252.3
µmolm-2s-1) while minimum from L4 (126.3 µmolm-2s-1) (Table 1).

Flowering and fruiting

Early flower bud initiation was found from L1 (30 days) whereas late from L4 (42 days) which was
statistically similar with L2 (42 days) and L3 (37 days) (Table 2). Days required to flowering in chilli
crop mainly depend on the variety (Veerapa, 1980; Hosmani, 1982) and the sweet pepper variety
flowered at 27 days after transplanting while Ruby King took 43 days for flowering (Veerapa, 1980).
Maximum number of flower was found from L2 (49.8/plant) while minimum from L1 (22.3/pant)
(Table 2).Maximum number of fruit was found from L2 (33.0/plant) which was statistically similar
with L3 (28.3/plant) and L4 (26.0/plant) while minimum from L1 (14.3/pant) which was statistically
similar with L4 (26.0/plant) (Table 2). Red hot pepper was significantly different from others in
number of fruit (Obidiebube et al., 2012). According to Sharma et al. (1981) small fruit size associated
with more number of fruits and reverse is the relationship in large sized fruit varieties.

Yield contributing attributes

Maximum fresh weight was found from L3 (65.4 g/50-fruits) whereas minimum from L1 (56.0 g/50-
fruits) which was statistically similar with L2 (56.3 g/50-fruits) (Table 2). Red hot pepper was
significantly different from others in fresh weight (Obidiebube et al., 2012). This therefore confirms
that the differentials in yields of cultivars are genetically influenced. This varietal difference is
corroborated by the findings of Akinfosoyeet al. (1997) and Odeleye and Odeleye (2001) who reported
that difference in yield of crops has been ascribed to the cultivars grown and genetic make-up.
Maximum dry weight was found from L3 (17.7 g/50-fruits) whereas minimum from L2 and L4 (12.6
g/50-fruits) (Table 2). Red hot pepper was significantly different from others in dry fruit weight
(Obidiebube et al., 2012).Maximum individual fruit weight was found from L3 (1.3 g) while minimum
from L4 (0.9 g) (Table 2).Longest fruit was found from L2 (7.5 cm) followed by L4 (7.2 cm) while
shortest from L3 (5.2 cm) (Table 3). Padda et al. (1970), Hosmani (1973) and Pillai and Bellukutty
(1978) observed the varietal variation in fruit length in chilli. In case of chilli fruits, length is having
market value because normally medium to long fruits are preferred by customers (Hosmani, 1982).
Maximum fruit diameter was found from L3 (0.7 cm) while minimum from L4 (0.5 cm) (Table 3). Fruit
breadth provides a good selection index for fruit yield (Sharma et al., 1981). Veerapa (1980) studied
varietal performances of bell pepper and recorded 3.1 to 5.2 cm varietal variation in fruit breadth.
Maximum yield was found from L3 (149.2 g/plant) whereas minimum from L1 (45.0 g/plant) (Table 3).

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L3 had given the maximum total yield (947.3 g/plot) whereas minimum from L1 (522.5 g/plot) (Table
3).

80.0
Plant height (cm).

60.0

40.0

a)
20.0

95.0
Number of leaves.

65.0

35.0

b)
5.0

30.0
Number of branches.

20.0

10.0

c)
0.0
25 35 45 55 65
Days after transplanting (DAT)
L1 L2 L3 L4
Figure 1(a, b, c). Performance of four chilli lines on a) plant
height, b) number of leaves per plant and c) number of
branches per plant at different days after transplanting.

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Table 1. Response of four chilli lines on different physiological charactersX

(µmolm-2s-1)

(µmolm-2s-1)

(µmolm-2s-1)
Chlorophyll
content (%)
Chilli lines

Leaf area

(mBar)
(cm2)

(vpm)
Cref

Qleaf
eref
A

gs
L1 35.9 b 57.7 a 3.7 b 0.5 a 383.5 A 30.7 a 201.3 b
L2 36.5 b 47.0 b 2.5 c 0.5 a 380.3 B 29.7 b 143.5 c
L3 36.3 b 55.0 a 5.3 a 0.5 a 377.5 C 26.5 c 252.3 a
L4 59.9 a 47.2 b 3.3 b 0.6 a 369.3 D 29.5 b 126.3 d
LSD0.05 3.1 2.8 0.7 0.2 2.7 0.4 8.8
CV% 4.6 3.4 10.0 8.7 0.4 0.8 3.1
x
In a column means having similar letter (s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter (s) differ
significantly as per 0.01 level of probability

Table 2. Response of four chilli lines on yield contributing charactersX

Days to first Fresh weight Dry weight Individual
Chilli No. of No. of
flower bud of 50-fruits of 50-fruits fruit weight
lines flower/plant fruit/plant
initiation (g) (g) (g)
L1 30.0 B 22.3 c 14.3 b 56.0 c 13.5 b 1.1 b
L2 40.0 A 49.8 a 33.0 a 56.3 c 12.6 c 1.0 b
L3 36.8 A 35.5 b 28.3 a 65.4 a 17.7 a 1.3 a
L4 42.0 A 34.3 bc 26.0 ab 61.0 b 12.6 c 0.9 c
LSD0.05 5.5 12.9 13.5 0.3 0.3 0.1
CV% 9.3 2.8 3.2 0.4 1.2 5.9
x
In a column means having similar letter (s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly
as per 0.01 level of probability

Number of seed/fruit
Number of seed/fruit was varied significantly among the chilli lines. Maximum number of seeds/fruit
was found from L2 (69.0) which was statistically similar with L3 (67.3) while minimum from L4 (46.8)
(Table 3).

Vitamin C content
Maximum Vit-C was found from L1 (80.5 mg/100 g fruit) followed by L3 (77.2 mg/100 g fruit)
whereas minimum from L4 (65.6 mg/100 g fruit) which was statistically similar with L 2 (68.2 mg/100
g fruit) (Table 3). The ascorbic acid and vitamin C, besides nutritional potential, contain antioxidant
properties and it is present in high concentrations in several types of peppers. Maturation and storage
conditions can also affect the stability and accumulation of Vit-C in fruits of Capsicum besides genetic
diversity (Howard et al., 2000; Jimenez et al., 2003).

Table 3. Response of four chilli lines on yield contributing characters, yield seed number and Vit-C
contentX
Chilli Fruit Fruit Total yield Total yield Number of Vit-C content
lines length (cm) diameter(cm) (g)/plant (g)/plot seed/fruit (mg/100 g fruit)
L1 5.6 c 0.6 b 45.0 d 522.5 d 61.6 b 80.5 a
L2 7.5 a 0.6 b 138.9 b 842.2 b 69.0 a 68.2 c
L3 5.2 d 0.7 a 149.2 a 947.3 a 67.3 a 77.2 b
L4 7.2 b 0.5 c 80.5 c 783.8 c 46.8 c 65.6 c
LSD0.05 0.2 0.005 2.5 24.6 3.8 2.9
CV% 2.4 0.1 1.5 2.0 3.9 2.5
x
In a column means having similar letter (s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly
as per 0.01 level of probability

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IV. Conclusion
Chilli lines that were studied in this experiment showed variations in plant height, leaf number,
branches number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, CO2 references, H2O references
as partial pressure, fruit number, fresh fruit weight, dry fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter,
yield/plant, yield/plot, number of seed/fruit and vitamin C content. Among different growth,
morphological and yield contributing characters line-2 and line-3 were performed better, thus these
lines could be suggested for further wider experiment on yield potentials and or recommend as
potential yield increasing line compared other two low yielding chilli lines of this study.

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Citation for this article (APA Style)

Hasan, M., Haider, T., Chowdhury, M. S. N., Howlader, M. F. & Uddin, AFM. J. (2014). Study on
Morpho-physiological and Yield Performance of Four Chilli (Capsicum spp.) Lines. Journal of
Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 02(01), 01-07. Retrieved September 30, 2014, from
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