Title Card: Water is everywhere!

Learning Area: Earth Science

Grade Level: Grade 11
Topic: Various Water Resources on Earth
Learning Competency: identify the various water resources on Earth
Objectives:
a. identify the different sources of water
b. describe the water forms and distribution
c. identify the different types of water uses
d. describe the advantages and disadvantages of water resources

Guide Card
What do I need to know?
a. What are the different water resources?
b. What are the different uses of water?
c. What are the advantages and disadvantages of water to animals, plants, people
and society?

Introduction:

Water is very useful to humans. For without it,we have no something to drink so we will
die. For animals and plants, water plays an important role in order for them to survive. In
addition, water is used in many things and ways.

The community is one of the biggest recipients of water in making the different business
industries and the like functional. Conservation of water is necessary, because as humans
begin to rise up in numbers, the demand for water increases.

Water is one of the most important elements that will help everyone on the Earth to live.
This is one of the basic needs of the people and other living things in order to survive.

In this lesson, we will find out and identify the different water resources and how they
work for humans and other living things as well as to the community or society.

The Various Resources of Water on the Earth

Water is a powerful, beautiful and sometimes a destructive element on Earth. The Earth
is a watery place. The Earth’s surface is covered with almost 71 percent of water.
96.5% of all Earth’s water is held by the oceans. There is also water presence in the
water vapor, rivers, and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers, moisture in the soil, aquifers,
and even in you.

Water is constantly moving from one place to another place and from one form to
another which is called water cycle. One of the best examples of a water cycle is when
rain water fills up in the ocean, rivers, and lakes and moves up through water vapor.
Spheres showing:
(1) All water (largest sphere over western U.S., 860 miles (1,385 kilometers) in diameter)
(2) Fresh liquid water in the ground, lakes, swamps, and rivers (mid-sized sphere over Kentucky,
169.5 miles (272.8 kilometers) in diameter), and 
(3) Fresh-water lakes and rivers (smallest sphere over Georgia, 34.9 miles i(56.2 kilometers) n
diameter).
Credit: Howard Perlman, USGS; globe illustration by Jack Cook, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (©); and Adam Nieman.

The water in the oceans is saline water while freshwater resources are water falling from
the skies, streams, lakes, rivers, and groundwater. These freshwater resources are most
likely the water used and needed by the people in their everyday lives.

Water on the Earth is easy to visualize. The table above indicates different resources of
water comprising its volume in cubic miles, kilometers and percentage.

Even if you see the water on the Earth’s surface, there is much more freshwater stored
in the ground, than the liquid form on the surface.

Groundwater is used to supply drinking water and to irrigate crops, and has a vital role to
balance the water volume in the river, lakes and to help the people where there is scarcity
of water.

Water Availability

● To sum up water from the Earth’s resources like oceans, glaciers, ice caps, lakes,
rivers, groundwater and water in the atmosphere, the diameter of the water ball is
estimated of about 860 miles or 1,385 kilometers, and the volume of all these
water resources would be about 332.5 million cubic meter ( mi ) or 1, 386 million 3

cubic kilometers (km ). More than 1.1 trillion gallons is the cubic mile of water
3

which is equivalent for 264 billion gallons in a cubic kilometer.

● Estimated of 3,100 mi3 or 12, 900 km3 of water which is in the form of water
vapor is present in the atmosphere. It would be felt as rain and Earth would be
covered only of 1 inch of.
● Freshwater stored in the ground is more likely to be available in the rivers and
lakes. But if you really want to find freshwater, most is stored in the glaciers and
ice caps which are estimated at 7, 000, 00 mi3 or 29, 200, 00 km3.
Water forms
and Distribution

1. Oceans

The largest form and volume of water. 97% of Earth’s water is the ocean. It
contains 35g of salt per liter.

2. Ice and Snow

90% of water from ice and snow is freshwater. It is 2km thick in measure and
more likely found in Antarctica, Greenland, and Snow Mountain.

3. Ground Water

Groundwater is usually found beneath the Earth’s surface particularly under the
ground, soil or layers of rocks. This is the result of absorbed rainwater and snow.
It is also returned to lakes, rivers and marshes and mostly it is readily available for
drinking and use.

4. Lakes

There are two ways how lakes are formed:

4.1 Lakes created by variety of geological events

4.1.1 Tectonic- basin lake

4.1.2 Volcanic lake
4.1.3 Glacial lake
4.1.4 Groundwater-discharge lake

4.2 Lake made by generation of water

4.2.1 Collection of water from low areas

4.2.2 Natural or man-made dams
 4.2.3 Rivers and streams
4.2.4 Groundwater

Two types of Lakes

1. Freshwater Lakes
-These contribute 0.0007% of total Earth’s water.
-These provide water for agricultural irrigation, industrial works, municipal
uses and residences water supplies.

2. Saline Lakes
-These possess 0.006% of Earth’s water.
-These cannot be used due to its high salinity.

5. Rivers and Streams

-These are formed due to gravity of flowing water on the surface.

-These contribute only 0.002% of Earth’s water.
-These are fresh liquid water.

6. Wetlands and Soil Moisture

-These are areas that cover the surface with water for at least part of the year. It is
not as important as rivers and streams.
-However, it plays a vital role such as: protection against soil erosion, reduction
of flood, replenishment of groundwater, trapping sediment and nutrient,
water purification and providing fish and wildlife habitat.

7. Atmosphere

-It contains only 0.001% of Earth’s water. There is around 4% air volume in the
atmosphere. The movement of water through the atmosphere is through rain,
snow or hail. It also distributes freshwater to the terrestrial.

Types of Water Uses

1. Off-Stream Uses:

A. Agriculture

A.1 Irrigation
-Crop irrigation consumes 2/3 of water withdrawal.
-Evaporation and seepage from unlined irrigation systems are the major causes of
water losses.

Three types of Irrigation

1. food irrigation
2. sprinkler irrigation
3. drip irrigation

A.2 Livestock
-It is used for cooling livestock facilities, cleaning of animal waste, dairy
operation, watering livestock, and even in sanitation.

A.3 Aquaculture
 - It is used for raising fish, shellfish, shrimp, lobster and other creatures that
live in the water.

B. Thermoelectric
● It is used in the production of electrical current or power.
● It is one of the largest sources in the world particularly in the United States.
● Both freshwater and saline water are used in thermoelectric power.

C. Industrial
● It is used to cool down the machineries for the production of different
products or materials.
● It keeps the manufacturing of the machines going.
● It is used to clean the machineries, products and buildings.

D. Mining
● Water is used for extraction of minerals, that could be in a form of:
Solid: coal, iron, gold
Liquid: crude oil
Gas: natural gases

E. Domestic
● Water used for domestic purposes both indoor and outdoor.
● It is used for household consumption.

F. Commercial
● Water is very important in the business industry like hotels, restaurants,
marketplaces, and others.

2. On-Stream Uses:
A. hydropower
B. recreation
C. navigation
D. ecosystem support

Water Stress and Scarcity

Water Stress
-This occurs when the annual water supply is less than 1,700m3 per person.

Water Scarcity
-This occurs when the annual water supply is less than 1,000m3 per person.

Absolute scarcity
-This occurs if the annual water supply is less than 500m3 per person.

E. Fresh Water Shortage

-Fresh water problem occurs due to:
E.1 population growth
E.2 lack of access to clean water
E.3 depletion of groundwater
E.4 climate change/ global warming
E.5 shrinking of rivers and lakes

F. Water Use Problems and Conflicts

Water Overuse
1. This refers to overuse of water in agriculture, residences use, and in
community.

Some facts that you need to know:

Water needs to produce our daily food:

● 40 liters to produce 1 slice of white bread
● 70 liters to produce 1 apple
● 1,300 liters to produce 1kg of wheat
● 3,400 liters to produce I kg of rice
● 3,900 liters to produce 1kg of chicken meat
● 15,500 liters to produce 1kg of beef

Water Conflicts:

Control of Water Resources: This takes place when water supply or access to
water is the root of the problem.

Military Tool: This happens when water resources or systems are used by one
particular nation or state as a weapon during military activities.

Political Tool: This happens when water resources or systems are used by a
nation, state or non-state action for a political goal.

Terrorism: This takes place when water resources or systems, are either target or
tools of violence or coercion by non-state actors.

Military Target: This happens when water resource systems are targets of
military actions by nations or states.

Development Disputes: This happens when water resources and systems are the
major source of contention and dispute in the context of economic and social
development.

G. Increase of Water Supply

● water conservation and protection

● development of groundwater
● desalination
● development of salt-resistant crops
● development of drought – resistant crops
● rainmaking
● long distance water transport
● improvement of integration of water use

H. Watershed Management

-A watershed is a connected series of streams, rivers, and lakes that collects water
from a specific place or area.
-It is an important environment or habitat for animals, and plants and offers a
source of drinking and recreational water for many communities.

Objectives:
1. the rehabilitation of degraded lands
2. the protection of soil and water resources in one land that use systems that
produce multiple products of the land
 3. the enhancement of water quality and quantity

The Strategies of Preserving Water Consumption:

1. managing Watershed – land use practices
2. managing of Riparian Areas
3. vegetation – type conversion
4. water Harvesting
5. water Spreading

I. Multi –purpose Water Resource Management

A. Integrated Water Resource Management

1. recreation
2. environmental Protection and Improvement
3. food damage reduction
4. irrigation and water supply
5. navigation

B. Water Management Engineering

1. dredging
2. stream Drainage Channelization
3. reservoir Construction
4. levee Construction

Tips to Save or Conserve Water:

1. Increasing water resources starts in us.
2. Don’t flush the toilet every time you use it.
3. Take showers with minimum water consumption.
4. Don’t let the faucet continuously run while washing dishes, foods or brushing
teeth.
5. Don’t run the dishwasher when half full.
6. Dispose of used motor oil, household hazardous waste, batteries, and the like
responsibly.
7. Don’t dump anything down a storm sewer that you wouldn’t want to drink.
8. Avoid using toxic or hazardous chemicals for simple cleaning and plumbing
jobs.
9. Check your toilet for leaks.
10. Use conserving water appliances: like low flow showers and low flush toilets.

TITLE CARD : Usable Water

GUIDE CARD
As the stewards of Earth, we play an
active role in maintaining the balance in nature.
We can either preserve it or destroy it. As we use
the natural resources to satisfy our daily needs
and ensure comfort, we affect the environment
and other organisms living in it.
Think of what you need to survive, really
just survive. Food? Water? Air? Facebook?
Naturally, I'm going to concentrate on water here.
Water is of major importance to all living things;
in some organisms, up to 90% of their body
weight comes from water. Up to 60% of the
human adult body is water.
 According to H.H. Mitchell, Journal of Biological Chemistry 158, the brain and
heart are composed of 73% water, and the lungs are about 83% water. The skin contains
64% water, muscles and kidneys are 79%, and even the bones are watery: 31%.
Each day humans must consume a certain amount of water to survive. Of course,
this varies according to age and gender, and also by where someone lives. Generally, an
adult male needs about 3 liters (3.2 quarts) per day while an adult female needs about 2.2
liters (2.3 quarts) per day. All of the water a person needs does not have to come from
drinking liquids, as some of this water is contained in the food we eat.
Water serves a number of essential functions to keep us all going. They are as follows :

● A vital nutrient to the life of every cell and acts first as a building material.
● It regulates our internal body temperature by sweating and respiration.
● The carbohydrates and proteins that our bodies use as food are metabolized and
transported by water in the bloodstream.
● It assists in flushing waste mainly through urination.
● It acts as a shock absorber for the brain, spinal cord, and fetus.
● It forms the saliva.
● It lubricates joints.

According to Dr. Jeffrey Utz, Neuroscience, Pediatrics, Allegheny University,

different people have different percentages of their bodies made up of water. Babies have
the most, being born at about 78%. By one year of age, that amount drops to about 65%.
In adult men, about 60% of their bodies are water. However, fat tissue does not have as
much water as lean tissue. In adult women, fat makes up more of the body than men, so
they have about 55% of their bodies made of water. Thus:

● Babies and kids have more water (as a percentage) than adults.
● Women have less water than men (as a percentage).
● People with more fatty tissue have less water than people with less fatty tissue (as
a percentage).

There just wouldn't be any you, me, or Fido the dog without the existence of an
ample liquid water supply on Earth. The unique qualities and properties of water are what
make it so important and basic to life. The cells in our bodies are full of water. The
excellent ability of water to dissolve so many substances allows our cells to use valuable
nutrients, minerals, and chemicals in biological processes.
Water's "stickiness" (from surface tension) plays a part in our body's ability to
transport these materials all through ourselves. The carbohydrates and proteins that our
bodies use as food are metabolized and transported by water in the bloodstream. No less
important is the ability of water to transport waste material out of our bodies.
This lesson discusses the amount of usable water resources on Earth
LEARNING COMPETENCY
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
● explain how different activities affect the quality and availability of water for
human use;
● cite activities that can affect the quality and availability of water for human use;
and
● predict the effect of different activities in the quality and availability of water for
human use.

Main idea: Water is essential for all life, yet it is unevenly

REVIEW distributed on Earth’s surface.
VOCABULARY
Real-world reading link

What did you eat for dinner last night? How much water was used to prepare the meal?
Water is not only used to prepare, cook, and clean up, but it is also needed to grow the
food that you eat.

What properties of water allow it to be so versatile? Water has a high boiling point,
1000C, and a low freezing point, 00C. As a result, water remains liquid in most of the
environments on Earth. Water can exist as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures
because of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Hydrogen bonds form when the
positive ends of some water molecules are attracted to the negative ends of other
molecules. These properties enable water to rise from the roots of a plant through its stem
to its leaves.
Location of freshwater resources

Humans use lots of water. We need it for various activities, including agriculture,
transportation, washing, and recreation. Most importantly, we need to drink fresh water
to stay alive. Today, in many regions around the world, fresh water comes straight to
where we need it. But in some places, people must carry gallons of water from the
closest stream, river, lake, or well to their homes. Access to water and the ability to
move water from its source to where it is needed are important considerations for any
groups making decisions on where they should build their homes and cities.

The Earth has an abundance of water, but unfortunately, only a small percentage

(about 0.3 percent), is even usable for humans. The other 99.7 percent is in the oceans,
soils, icecaps, and floating in the atmosphere. Still, much of the 0.3 percent that
is usable is unattainable.
Worldwide consumption
Different activities affect the quality and availability of water for human use.
Sedimentation, pollution, deforestation, urban growth, shifts in seasonal runoff, and
desalination increased demand for water, and changes in the economy are some factors
that affect water quality and availability.

DISCUSSION OF ACTIVITY
MANAGING FRESHWATER RESOURCES
Our water resources face a host of serious
threats, all of which are caused primarily by
different activities.  It includes sedimentation,
pollution, deforestation, urban growth, shifts in
seasonal runoff, and desalination.
Sediments can occur in water bodies
naturally, but they are also produced in large
amounts as a result of land-use change and
agriculture.
Activities such as farming, clearing forests,
building roads, and mining can put too much soil
and particulate matter in rivers. This sediment can
harm plants and animals by carrying toxic
chemicals into the water, smothering fish eggs and
small organisms used by fish as food, raising water temperature, and reducing the amount
of sunlight penetrating the water.
Sediments can also reduce the capacity of reservoirs and make it difficult for ships to
navigate in waterways. It can also damage equipment used in water supply installations
and hydroelectric plants; thus, increasing their maintenance costs.

READING CHECK
Explain : Is sediment in water harmful?

Wastes that people dispose of can pollute the air, the land, and water resources.
They affect the quality of rainwater and of water resources both above and below ground,
and damage natural systems.
The causes of freshwater pollution are varied and include industrial wastes,
sewage, runoff from farmland, cities, and factory effluents, and the build-up of
sediments.
Emissions from factories and vehicles are released into the air. They can travel
long distances before falling to the ground, for instance, in the form of acid rain. The
emissions create acidic conditions that damage ecosystems, including forests and lakes.
The pollution that passes directly into water from factories and cities can be reduced
through treatment at source before it is discharged. It is harder to reduce the varied forms
of pollution that are carried indirectly, by runoff, from a number of widely spread non-
point sources, into freshwater and the sea.
Forests transport large quantities of water into the atmosphere via plant
transpiration. This replenishes the clouds and instigates rain that maintain the forests.
When deforestation occurs, precious rain is lost from the area, flowing away as river
water and causing permanent drying.
On the other hand, urbanization dramatically affects ecosystem processes, and
consequently water quantity and quality in streams. Alterations of watershed hydrologic
cycles are the root causes of the stream ecosystem degradation observed on today’s urban
landscapes.
Aside from that, runoff is also a major source Desalination can be
of water pollution. As the water runs along a surface, it accomplished using
picks up litter, petroleum, chemicals, fertilizers, and other
several different methods.
toxic substances. From California to New Jersey, beaches
in the U.S. are regularly closed after heavy rainfall One method, called
because of runoff that includes sewage and medical waste. distillation, removes salt
by boiling the water.
Meanwhile, desalination is a process that takes
Another process involves
away mineral components from saline water.
More generally, desalination refers to the pumping the water
removal of salts and minerals from a target through a filtration system
substance,[1] as in soil desalination, which is an to remove the salt.
issue for agriculture.

INFO OVERLOAD
The Environmental Impact of Water
Why is water very important on Earth?
This has many answers. One of which is that it
keeps the balance of hotness and coldness on
Earth’s surface. Water condenses at 40.8 kJ/mol.
This heat is released to the environment. Thus,
this energy transfer helps balance the hot and
cold temperatures on Earth. Without this energy transfer, Earth will be extremely hot or
extremely cold.
It is important that water undergoes a cycle because through this process, it
becomes readily available for the consumption of plants, animals, and other living things.
The presence of water has enabled life to exist in many places on Earth.