Short Question and Answer:

1. Define series.

Ans: Let u1,u2,u3,…………un,……… be an infinite sequence of real numbers , then u 1+u2+…………+un+

…………….. is called an infinite series. A series containing only finite number of terms like u 1+u2+
…………+un is called a finite series. An infinite series is denoted by ∑un where un is the nth term of
the series .

2. Define Bounded Sequence.

Ans: A sequence {Sn } is said to be bounded if it is bounded above as well as below.

3. Define Infinite Series.

Ans: Let u1,u2,u3,…………un,……… be an infinite sequence of real numbers , then u 1+u2+…………+un+

…………….. is called an infinite series. An infinite series is denoted by ∑ un where un is the nth
term of the series .

4. Define convergent series.

Ans: Consider the infinite series ∑ u n. The sum of the first n terms be Sn=u1+ u2+ …+un .If
lim S n=finite , the series ∑ u is said to be Convergent.
n→∞ n

5. Explain Limit Comparison Test.

lim u n
Ans: If n→ ∞ = l ≠ 0∧¿finite, then the series ∑ u n & ∑ v n both converge or diverge
vn
together.

6. Define D’Alembert’s Ratio Test.

un
Ans: Let ∑ u n be a positive series such that lim = l, then the given series
n → ∞ u n+1

i) Converges for l > 1

ii) Diverges for l < 1

iii) Test fails for l = 1

7. Define Alternative series.

Ans: series in a which terms are alternately positive or negative is called an alternating series. It
n−1
may be written as u1−u 2+ u3 - …………..(−1 ) u n+……… where each un is positive.

8. Define Absolute Convergent Series.

Ans: : The series ∑ u n is said to be absolutely convergent if ∑ |un| is convergent.

9. Define Conditionally Convergent Series.

Ans: The series ∑ u n is said to be conditionally convergent if ∑ u n is convergent

10. Define Power series

Ans: A series of the form
∞

∑ an xn= a 0+a 1 x 1+a 2 x 2+…………+a n x n+………..

n=0

Where a 0, a 1…….. a n are all constants. Is called a power series.

Long Answer Questions.

n+1
1. Examine the convergence of ∑ p
n

Solution: we have
un =
n+ 1
=
( 1n ) = 1+ 1n
n 1+

np np n p −1
1
Take v n=
n p−1

( )
un 1
lim =lim 1+ =1≠ 0
n→∞ v n n →∞ n

By comparison test, ∑ u n and ∑ v n will both converge or diverge.

1
But ∑ v n=∑ p −1 convergent if p−1>1 i .e p> 2 and diverge if p−1 ≤ 1i . e p≤ 2
n
Hence ∑ u n is convergent if p>2 and divergent if p ≤2
3 2
n −5 n +7
2. Examine the convergence of ∑ 5
n + 4 n 4−n

Solution: Let u=
n −5 n + 7
=
3 ( 2 ) =
( n n )
5 7
5 7
n3 1− + 3
1− +
n n 3

( 4n n1 ) n (1+ 4n − n1 )
n 5 4
n + 4 n −n 5 2
n 1+ − 4 4

1
Take v n= 2
n
5 7
1− + 3
u n n
lim n =lim =1≠ 0
n → ∞ vn n →∞ 4 1
1+ − 4
n n

By comparison test, ∑ u n and ∑ v n will both converge or diverge.

1
But ∑ v n=∑ n2 is convergent by p-test
 Hence ∑ u n is also convergent.
n
2 32 2 (n+1)
3. Test for the convergence of the series 2
x+ 3
x +… … … … … … . . + n +1 x n + ………,
1 2 n
x>0

(n+1)n n
Solution: : Given series can be written as Σu n where un = n +1
x > 0 as x > 0
n
It is a positive series.

Here we apply Cauchy’s nth root test

lim un
1 /n ( n+1)n n 1/ n
= lim ( n+1
x ) =
n→∞ n→∞ n
lim n+1
n →∞
= 1
x
n
n⋅n

=
lim 1+
n →∞
( 1n ) x
1
n
n
=x

=l

According to Cauchy’s nth root test given series converges for x<1, diverges for x>1 and test fails
for x = 1
n
(n+1) n
Put x= 1 in un = n +1
x
n

( )
n
n 1
(n+1) 1+
Then we get un = = n
nn +1
n
1
Now take v n =
n

( ) = e ≠ 0∧finite
un 1 n
lim = lim 1+
n→ ∞ vn n→∞ n

∴ Both ∑ u n &∑ v n converge or diverge together.

1
But ∑ v n=∑ n1 diverges by P-series test for p=1
∑ u nis also divergent.
Hence the given series is convergent for x ¿ 1∧diverges for x ≥ 1

4. Test for convergence of the series

2 2.5 .8 2.5 .8 .11
+ + +… … … … … … ….
1 1.5 .9 1.5 .9.13
2.5 .8 .11… … … … .3 n−1
Solution: The given series is of the form ∑ u n where un = >0
1.5.9 .13 … … … … .4 n−3
2.5.8 .11 … … … … .(3 n−1)3 n+2
Now un +1= 1.5.9 .13 … … … … .(4 n−3)4 n+1
2.5 .8 .11… … … … .3 n−1
lim = 
un n →∞ 1.5.9 .13 … … … … .4 n−3
lim
n → ∞ u n+1
= 2.5 .8 .11 … … … … .(3 n−1)3 n+ 2
= 
1.5 .9 .13 … … … …(4 n−3) .4 n+1
lim 4 n+1
= n →∞
3 n+ 2
lim 4+1 /n
= n →∞
3+ 2/n
=4/3 >1
So by Ratio test given series converges.
x x2 x 3
5. Test for convergence of the series 1+ + + +……………., (x>0)
2 5 10
n
x
Solution: Here un = 2 >0
n +1
n+1
x
un +1 = 2
(n+1) +1
x n+1
=
n2 +2 n+2
xn
lim
un n →∞ n 2+1
lim =
n → ∞ u n+1 x n+1
2
n +2 n+2
xn
lim 2
n →∞ n +1
=
xn. x
n 2+2 n+2
n
lim x 2 2
n →∞ n2 (1+ + 2 )
= 2 1 . n n
n (1+ 2 ) n
n x .x
1
= =l
x
 1
We know that series converges if l>1 i.e > 1 or x<1
x
1
We know that series diverges if l < 1 i.e. <1 or x >1
x
1
Test fails for l =`1 , i.e =1 or x =1.
x
n
x
Put x =1 in un = 2
n +1
n
1 1
We get un = 2 = 2
n +1 n +1
1
= 2 1
n (1+ 2
)
n
1
Now take v n = 2
n
lim 1
un n→∞
So lim = 1
n→ ∞ vn (1+ 2 )
n
= 1 (≠0) & finite.
So Given series converges for x=1.
Hence given series converges for x ≤ 1 and diverges for x>1
2 3
3 3.6 x 3.6 .9 x
6. Test for convergence of the series 1+ x + + + … … … … … .. Where x>0
7 7.10 7.10 .13
❑
3.6 .9 … … … … … …3 n n
Solution: The given series is a positive series with nth term un = x >0,
7.10 .13 … … … .(3 n+ 4)
by leaving first term

3.6 .9 … … … 3 n(3 n+3)

un +1= x n+1
7.10.13 … … … … (3 n+4 )(3 n+7)
3.6 .9 … … … … … …3 n❑ n
lim  x
un n → ∞ 7.10 .13 … … … .(3 n+ 4)
Now lim u = 3.6 .9 … … …3 n(3 n+3)
n → ∞ n+1
x n +1
7.10 .13 … … … …(3 n+ 4)(3 n+7)

un lim (3 n+7)
lim = n →∞
n → ∞ u n+1 (3 n+ 3 ) x
1
=x = l

1
By ratio test given series converges for l>1 i.e. >1 or x<1
x
1
Series diverges for l<1 i.e <1 or x>1
x
 1
Test fails for =1 or x=1.
x
un (3 n+7)
Put x=1 in u =
n+1 ( 3 n+3 ) x
(3 n+7)
=
( 3 n+3 )
un (3 n+7) 4
Now u - 1 = -1 = ( 3 n+3 )
n+1 ( 3 n+3 )

lim ¿n( u n -1) = lim ¿n. 4

n→∞ un+1 n→∞ ( 3 n+3 )

=4/3 >1
So given converges for x=1

Hence the given series converges for x≤1 and diverges for x>1.

1 1 1
7. Discuss the convergence of the series 1− + − +…
3 9 27
Solution: The given series is an alternating series

1
un = n−1
∧u n+1 <un ∀ n
3
1
lim un= n−1
=0
n→∞ 3
Hence by Leibnitz’s test the series is convergent.
∞
(−1)n−1
8. Test for the convergence ∑
n =2 √ n(n+ 1)(n+ 2)

Solution: Given series is an alternating series

1 1
So un = ∧u n+1=
√ n(n+1)(n+2) √(n+1)(n+2)(n+ 3)
We have n(n+1)(n+2) < (n+1)(n+2)(n+3)

⇒ √ n(n+1)(n+2)< √ (n+1)(n+2)(n+3)
1 1
⇒ >
√ n(n+1)(n+2) √(n+1)( n+2)( n+3)
⇒ u n>u n+1∨u n+1 <un ∀ n

1
Also lim un= lim =0
n→∞ n→ ∞ √ n(n+1)(n+ 2)
 By Leibnitz’s test the given series is Convergent.

x2
9. Show that the exponential series 1 + x + +…………… is absolutely convergent.
2!
n
x
Solution: The given series is of the form ∑ u n where un =
n!

||
Now ∑ |un| =∑
xn
n!
is a positive series.

| || |
n
x
Where u n = >0
n!

| ||
Now u n+1 = | x n+1
(n+ 1) !

| |
n
x
Now lim
n→∞ | |un
un+1
= lim
n→∞
n!
x n +1
(n+1)!

lim n+1
= n →∞
|x|
=∞ > 1

So by ratio test ∑ |un| is convergent

∴ the given series is absolutely convergent.

10. Test for convergence for the series ∑ (−1)

n−1
( 4 n−3
1
)
1
Solution: This is an alternating series . Here un =
4 n−3
1 1 4 n+1−4 n+ 3 4
Now un −un+1= − = = >0
4 n−3 4 n+1 ( 4 n−3 )( 4 n+1 ) (4 n−3)( 4 n+1)
⇒u n>u n+1 ∀ n
1
also lim un=lim =0
n→∞ n → ∞ 4 n−3
Hence by Leibnitz’s test, the series is convergent.
1 1
Consider the absolute series ∑ |un|=∑ so|un|=
4 n−3 4 n−3
1
Compare with∑ v n=∑
n
un n 1
lim =lim = ≠0
n→∞ v n n →∞ 4 n−3 4
By comparison test, ∑ u n∧∑ v n behave in the same way. But ∑ v n is divergent .
Hence ∑ |un| is also divergent.
∴ ∑ un is convergent but not absolutely.
Thus the series is conditionally convergent.