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Abstract Proceedings CMSS23: 4 rd International Congress on Materials & Structural Stability
4th International Congress on Materials & Structural Stability
Mohammed V University in Rabat Morocco
08-10 March, 2023
RILEM Spring Convention
Abstracts & Proceedings
Editors:
Abdeljebbar Diouri
Nacer Khachani
Mohamed Saadi
Hassan Ez-zaki
Mohammed Hadouchi
Driss Elhachmi
Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

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Acknowledgement
The CMSS23 Organizing Committee would like to sincerely thank all the
partners and Sponsors for their financial support and contribution to the
organization of this event.
Our Academic Partners

- Faculty of Science, Rabat
- Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
- Mohammed V University in Rabat
- International University of Rabat
- High Normal School, Rabat -
- Faculty of Science, Kénitra
- High School of Technology, Salé
- National School of Arts and Crafts, Rabat
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie
- L‟Académie Hassan II des Sciences et Techniques
- Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique
Our Sponsor partners

- Le Groupe Al Omrane
- L‟Assoociation professionnelle des Cimentiers APC
- La Région Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
- Le Laboratoire Public d‟Essais et d‟Etudes LPEE
- Le Groupe ECOMED
- Le Groupement d‟Assurance du Supérieur GASUP

Table of Conteents
Foreword
Commitees
Main Topics
Plenary Lectures & Keynotes
Oral Communications
Poster Communications
Author Index

Foreword
Dear colleagues, dear PhD Students
The CMSS23 conference is organized under the high patronage of his majesty King
Mohammed VI. We present our deep gratitude and fidelity to his majesty King
Mohammed VI, may God glorify him.
The CMSS23 conference is focused on the theme “Appropriate choice of eco-friendly
processes and materials for expected environmental building performance” which
covers a wide range of research fields in Materials Science, Cements & Ceramics,
Asphalt Materials & Polymers, Nanotechnology & Nano-Science, Civil engineering &
Building, Computational simulations, Energy & environment, Structures & Historic
buildings.
The impact of building materials on the environment has been widely proven and can
only be evaluated in a multi‐criteria manner. Today there are no highly recognized
and precise reference standards for setting thresholds for defining what is an
"eco‐material", or an "ecological product" or a "good product for ecological
construction". These are intermediate or semi‐finished products associated with
recycling materials and known products in the construction sector, which are intended
to be incorporated in a building. The design of the building as a whole, including a
judicious choice of building processes and products will achieve the expected
environmental performance.
The future of buildings and materials is currently based on the increasing use of
sustainable and ecological materials. Improving thermal insulation, reducing the
carbon footprint, optimizing the energy performance of a building… have related
objectives and are based on the choice of used materials from the design phase to
construction and stability of structures. Building Science, including Materials Science
focusing on building and construction technologies, aims to meet the needs of
sustainable development. These interdisciplinary approaches must become more
innovative. Research on binders provides new environmentally-friendly opportunities
that also accommodate human needs.
The CMSS Congress is an opportunity to discuss and share recent advances in
research and practice in the important areas of engineering and applied materials and
structural sciences, aspects of innovation in civil engineering and building materials.
We thank all the participants who have contributed to this scientific event, especially
the members of the prestigious RILEM Association, who have greatly contributed by
their great experience in the field. The presence of RILEM's Technical committees, its
Bureau and its various commissions gave the event an international reputation of
great value. We would like to warmly thank all the members present at this 4th edition
of the CMSS.
Organizing Committee

Commitees
Permanent Administration
Abdeljebbar Diouri, Conference Chair, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Mohamed Saadi, Co-chair, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Nacer Khachani, Co-chair, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Mohammed Sonebi, Scientific Committee Chair, Queen's University Belfast, UK
Hassan Ait Ahsaine, Scientific Committee Co-Chair, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Judith Hardy, Secretary General, RILEM
Coordination Committee
Nouzha Lamdouar, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Souad El Hajjaji, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Ahmed Akhssas, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Latifa Ouadif, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Sanaà Saoiabi, Faculty of Science,Rabat
Alain Degiovanni, International University of Rabat
Mhamed Taïbi, High Normal School, Rabat
Omar Sassi, High Normal School, Rabat
Mohamed Ebn Touhami, Faculty of Science, Kénitra
Taoufiq Guedira, Faculty of Science, Kénitra
Mohamed Cherkaoui, National High School of Chemistry, Kénitra
Khadija Baba, High School of Technology, Salé
Abdellah Benzaouak, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers, Rabat
Local Organizing Committee
Abdelaziz Berrado, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat

Abdelaziz Laghzizil, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Abderrahman Nounah, High School of Technology, Salé
Abderrazzak Assani, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Ali Boukhari, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Brigitte Jamart, International University of Rabat
El Hachmi Essadiqi, International University of Rabat
El Mostapha Boudi, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Elmostapha Lotfi, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers, Rabat

Hamid Mounir, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat

Hassane Mahmoudi, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Lahcen Bahi, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Lahcen El Ammari, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Lahsen Aitbrahim, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Larbi El Hammari, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Lotfi Rghioui, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Mohamed Ould Moussa, International University of Rabat
Mohammed Garoum, High Normal School, Rabat
Mohammed Abd-Lefdil, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Mohammed Regragui, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Taoufik Cherradi, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Zineb Edfouf, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Zouheir Sekkat, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Monitoring Commission- Session 1: Cements & Ceramics
Ghizlan Kaichouh, Faculty of Science, Rabat

Hassan Ez-zaki, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Jamal Khmiyas, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Meryem Bouziane, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Safae Aazou, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Monitoring Commission- Session 2: Asphalt, Polymers, Wood, Fibers &

Metallic Materials
Abdelkader Benali, Faculty of Science, Rabat

Bilal Lamrani, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Lahoucine Atourki, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Monitoring Commission- Session 3: Energy & Environment
Abdellah El Boukili, High Normal School, Rabat

Hamid Saufi, High Normal School, Rabat
M'hamed Oubela, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Mohammed Hadouchi, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Monitoring Commission- Session 4: Structures & Historic buildings
Anas Bahi, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat

Driss Elhachmi, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Yassine Zalim, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat

International Scientific Committee
Abdelaziz Berrado, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat

Abdelaziz Laghzizil, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Abdelhak Kaci, Cergy-Pontoise University, France
Abdelilah Lahmar, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
Abdeljebbar Diouri, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Abdelkader Ben Ali, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Abdellah El Boukili, High Normal School, Rabat, Morocco
Abderrahman Nounah, High School of Technology, Salé, Morocco
Abderrazzak Assani, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Agnieszka Joanna Klemm, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom
Ahmed Akhssas, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat, Morocco
Alexander Curth, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Ali Boukhari, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Ali Jahami, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
Amine Safhi, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco
Ana Mafalda Matos, University of Porto, Portugal
Arezki Tagnit-Hamou, Sherbrooke University Canada
Arnaud Perrot, Université Bretagne Sud, Lorient, France
Bassam A. Tayeh, Islamic Universityof Gaza, Palestine
Carina Mariane Stolz, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Polytechnical School, Brazil
Claudia Casapulla, University of Napoli "Federico II", Italy
Daniel Hochstein, Manhattan College, New York, USA
Daniel Oliveira, University of Minho, Portugal
El Mostapha Boudi, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Elmostapha Lotfi, Technical High Normal School, Rabat, Morocco
Enrico Sassoni,University of Bologna, Italy
Fouad Bentiss, Faculty of Science El Jadida, Morocco
Francisca Puertas, Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Sciences, Madrid, Spain
Gilberto Artioli, University of Padova, Italy
Hajar Chouiyakh, International University of Rabat, Morocco
Hakim Abdelgader, University of Tripoli, Libya
Hamid Saufi, High Normal School, Rabat, Morocco
Hassan Ait Ahsaine,Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Hassan Ez-zaki,Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Hassane Mahmoudi, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Ioan Pepenar, ICECON GROUP, Bucarest, Romania
Jacqueline Saliba, University of Bordeaux, France
Jamal Khatib, Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Libanon
James Lim, University Auckland, New Zealand
Jean-Claude Carret, Ecole de technologie supérieure, Montréal, Canada
Kamal H. Khayat, Missouri S&T faculty, USA

Karen Scrivener, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland

Kazi Md Abu Sohel, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Khadija Baba, School of Technology, Salé, Morocco
Kolawole Adisa Olonade, University of Lagos, Nigeria
Konstantinos Sotiriadis, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czechia
Lahcen Bahi, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat, Morocco
Lahcen El Ammari, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Lahsen Ait Brahim, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Latifa Ouadif, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat, Morocco
Lotfi Rghioui, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Luca Valentini, University of Padua, Italy
Luigi Coppola, University of Bergamo Italy
Mahmoud Reda Taha, University of New Mexico, USA
Manfredi Saeli, University of Palermo, Italy
Martin Cyr, Université de Toulouse, France
Mhamed Taïbi, High Normal School, Rabat, Morocco
Mohamed Cherkaoui, National High School of Chemistry, Kénitra, Morocco
Mohamed Ebn Touhami, Faculty of Science, Kénitra
Mohamed Saadi, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Mohamed Saidi Hassani Alaoui, National School of Applied Sciences of Al Hoceima, Morocco
Mohammad Arif Kamal, Aligarh Muslim University, India
Mohammed Abd-Lefdil, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Mohammed Garoum, High Normal School, Rabat, Morocco
Mohammed Hadouchi, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Mohammed Seddik Meddah, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
Mohammed Regragui, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Mohammed Sonebi, Queen's University Belfast , United Kingdoms
Moncef Makni, Institut Supérieur des Etudes Technologiques de Sfax, Tunisia
Mouhcine Benaicha, National School of Architecture of Rabat, Morocco
Moulay Larbi Abidi, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Nacer Khachani, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Natalia Lushnikova, National University of Water and Environmental, Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine
Nezha Mejjad, Faculty of Sciences El Jadida, Morocco
Nouzha Lamdouar, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Omar Sassi, High Normal School, Rabat, Morocco
Ravindra Gettu, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Romildo Dias Toledo Filho, University Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Salahdine Elyoubi, Faculty of Science, Kénitra, Morocco
Schmidt Wolfram, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, (BAM), Berlin, Germany
Shwan H. Said, Northern Technical University, Iraq
Sofiane Amziane, Université Clermont Auvergne, France
Souad El Hajjaji, Faculty of Science, Rabat
Su Taylor, Queen‟s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdoms
Taoufik Cherradi, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat
Taoufiq Guedira, Faculty of Science, Kénitra, Morocco

Zineb Edfouf, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco

Zouheir Sekkat, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco
Main Topics
1. Cements & Ceramics
Additions, Advanced ceramics, Advanced construction materials, Alkali activated materials,
Anti-bacterial ceramics, Bricks, Calcined clays, Cements, Clay minerals, Composite
materials, Concretes, Earth-based materials, Fly ash, Glass-ceramics, Glasses Hybrid
materials, Industrial by-products, Marble, Microsilica in Concrete, Mortars, Rammed
earth, Sediments, Silicates, Slag, Stone, Substitution materials, Superplasticizers,
Traditional ceramics
2. Asphalt Materials & Polymers

Aggregate, Asphalt, Asphalt recycling, Bituminous materials, Computational and datadriven
modelin, Connectors, Cracking, Energy harvesting pavement systems, Enhancing resilience
to climate change, Fiber reinforced polymer, Geotextile, Mastics, Materials for Roads,
Pavements, Performance engineered design, Specifications Polymers, Product category
rules, Recycling agent, Secondary and marginal material usage, Self-healing materials
3. Wood & Fibers

Bamboo, Bindings, Durability of wood, Floor joists, Glued laminated, Hybrid Composites, Life
cycle assessment, Lowering carbon footprint, Natural & synthetic fibers, Removing wood
Soundproofing surface state, Timber framing, Wood for structures Wood frame
4. Metallic Materials
Alloys, Aluminum, Analytical characterization, Brass, Carbon, Steel, Cast iron, Chemo-
mechanical Composite, Mild Steel, Ferrous metals, Lead, Metal-Matrix Materials for batteries,
Metals, Silver, Stainless Steel, Surface treatment, Wrought iron, Zinc and Zinc Alloys
5. Energy & Environment

Alkali-aggregate reaction, Biodegradation, Carbonation, Corrosion, Cracking, Cracks and
watermarks, Diagnostic Methods, Eco-friendly binders, Electrocatalysis, Energy lowering,
Energy storage materials, Environmental products, Fire resistance, Freeze-thaw Health
impacts Leaching Life cycle assessment Low CO2-emission materials Lowering carbon
footprint, Lowering environmental, Materials and health, Monument restoration,
Photocatalysis, Photovoltaic materials, Reinforcement corrosion, Structural changes, Sulfate
attacks, Surface treatment, Thermal properties
6. Structures & Historic buildings

Analysis and computation, Blasting, Bridge Decks, Bridges, Building design, Buildings,
Buildings aging, Construction diseases, Deterioration mechanisms, Dimensional stability,
Dynamics of structures, Earth, Earthquake, Enclosures, Extreme loads, Historic building
materials, Macro-mechanical approach, Masonry, Modelization, Seismic vulnerability,
Stability of slopes, Stone, Strengthening, Structural engineering, Structural Response,
Substrates, Surface consolidation , Timber
…… and others……….

Plenary Lectures

Strategies to reduce CO2 emissions from concrete fast and at scale

Karen Scrivener, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
In this presentation I will review the realistic options to reduce CO2 emissions
associated with Cement and Concrete. It is important to realise that there are no
magic solutions, despite the frequent hypes appearing in the media. In contrast,
substantial reductions are possible if all parts of the construction chain are
considered: cement level, concrete level, structure level. I will highlight some
particularly promising solutions at all these levels. We need to bring about a
paradigm shift to connect the different parts of the value chain to achieve the
maximum reductions. This is the aim of the Globe Consensus, which will be
introduced.
Understanding the carbonation of concrete with supplementary

cementitious materials
Nele De Belie, Ghent University, Belgium
The application of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to partially replace

Portland cement (PC), provides one of the most feasible routes for reducing carbon
dioxide emissions associated with concrete production. The use of blended cements,
however, leads to important differences in the hydrate phase assemblage, pore
solution chemistry, microstructure and transport properties. Furthermore, there is
interaction between the effects of binder composition, and the age and curing
conditions of the concrete. A main difference between blended and PC systems is the
amount of portlandite, which is expected to decrease at higher SCM replacement
levels. This is due to the reduced portlandite production from the lower amount of
Portland clinker in the cement during its hydration and the consumption of portlandite
during pozzolanic reactions. Reduced portlandite contents can be beneficial in specific
environments, for instance for concrete prone to acid attack. However, it can also lead
to pH decrease in the concrete pore solution and an increased risk at reinforcement
corrosion due to carbonation.
Carbonation in concrete with SCM based binder will proceed differently in comparison
to a PC based system. Portlandite carbonation is the main contributor of released
water during carbonation, and usually leads to a reduction in pore sizes and volume of
meso- and macro-pores due to CaCO3 precipitation. In blended systems, carbonation
of C-S-H and C-A-S-H phases will happen more rapidly and can induce carbonation
shrinkage, especially for C(-A)-S-H with low Ca/Si-ratio. As a consequence pore
structure coarsening and strength reduction may occur which could reduce the
resistance to other forms of degradation. In order to assess the carbonation resistance
of a specific cementitious material from its composition, three main approaches have
been developed: (1) estimating carbonation resistance based on the clinker content and
water to binder ratio (w/b); k-value concept (EN 206), (2) using the type of SCM and
water/(cement + k·addition) (w/ceq); (3) assessing buffering capacity based on the
ratio of mixing water to reactive calcium oxide (w/CaOreactive).
Recent advances in digital processing of concrete

Nicolas Roussel, Gustave Eiffel University, France
Interest in the rheological properties of fresh cement-based materials has steadily

grown in the last couple decades due to the development of new automated concrete
shaping processes. These “large-scale” additive manufacturing technologies are
progressively shifting the usual rheological requirements of these standard
construction materials.
In this lecture, we will describe the way these properties dictate the outcome of both
typical formative and recent additive shaping processes. We will in parallel revisit
these processing technologies under the light of the central role played by gravity-
induced stresses and their competition with yield stress and its time evolution. This
will allow us to deal with the exact extent of the adjective “large-scale”.
Over 30 years of experimental affordable house made with gypsum in

Morocco
Mohammed Sonebi, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
The cement industry is responsible for about 7%-8% of global carbon dioxide
emissions, the equivalent of more than any individual country except China and the
US. Cutting emissions from cement production is difficult because the chemical
processes used to make it and concrete release CO2. Cement makers around the world
have pledged to cut their greenhouse gas emissions by up to a quarter this decade and
reach net zero by 2050, in a move they said would make a major difference to the
prospects for the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow (UK). However, it is important to
promote other sustainable materials having low carbon footprint to be used in some
countries for affordable housing where a huge reserve of local materials, such as
gypsum, is locally available. Gypsum is one the most mined materials in the world
after mainly aggregates, iron ore and lime and the world production of gypsum in
2011 was 148 million tons. In Morocco, it is estimated the production of gypsum in
Morocco 600 thousand metric tons. The reserve is estimated of 6.5 billion tons with
layer varied from 10 to 100 m thickness. An experimental house was built with local
gypsum from region of Safi to promote affordable housing of in Rabat in 1988 with
gypsum mortar (Béton banché in French). The estimated rain and average
temperature by year were 300 mm and 26C degree. The quality of control of gypsum
mortar used in the construction of walls, roof and arch entrance to house was carried
out 1989. It is worth to mention that the mechanical performances of gypsum mortar
are very sensitive in contact with water. The foundation was made with classic
conventional concrete. Using sustainable material such as gypsum instead cement
significantly saved the cost and reduced the carbon footprint which affects the global
warming. The villa is still standing until now after more than 30 years from 1989 up
to now. This presentation gives a summary of architectural design, construction
method, materials, and composition of gypsum mortar used with the mechanical

performances and cost saving with reduction of carbon oxide. The construction took 6
months and with less labour due to the speed of striking the formworks compared to
traditional construction with cement blocks.
Low-carbon binders and SCMs: opportunities and challenges

Martin Cyr, Université de Toulouse, France
With the growing environmental constraints, several solutions are emerging to

decrease the carbon impact of the construction. Numerous studies are reporting the
development of new cements and binders, and also propose ways of using more
supplementary cementing materials (SCM) in replacement of ordinary Portland
cement (OPC). However, the improvement of the environmental impact in the
construction industry is often seen only on the angle of the material, while several
other ways exist, some of them involving structural design.
As business-as-usual practices will probably lead to a significant increase in CO2

emissions, efforts need to be made to improve the environmental impact of concrete
structures. Several developments in low-carbon binders and low-carbon concrete
formulations have been made these past years. But we should not limit ourselves to
concrete technology and low carbon solutions at the structural level should also be
considered. Then, it seems urgent to involve structural engineers in how to design low-
carbon concrete structures with the tools developed.
From low-carbon structure to concrete formulation to constituents – It is more and

more obvious that low-carbon constituents alone do not necessarily lead to low-carbon
structures unless appropriately used. The low-carbon design process should thus
consider the potential for minimizing CO2 emissions at all levels, i.e. the structural
level, the concrete level, and the constituent level.
Bitumen stabilized materials

Gabriele Tebaldi, University of Parma, Italy
The bitumen stabilized materials are made with cold asphalt technologies: it means
that it‟s not required to heat the aggregates to have the proper dispersion of the
bitumen in the mixtures and it‟s not an action on the bitumen viscosity that allows
having the required coating of the aggregates to create the proper bonding among
them. The two technologies that are used to make the BSMs are bitumen foaming and
bitumen emulsify. In both cases, the final result is a partially bounded material that
has part of the characteristics of granular material and part of the characteristics of
bituminous material. One of the main components of BSMs are the active fillers; they
are primarily used as an element to support the dispersion of the bitumen among the
aggregates and to manage the water content of the mixture. In addition of that, the
most commonly used active fillers are cement and lime and they with their specific
characteristics can modify the mechanical characteristics and their performance, in
particular, the setting reactions can modify the curing process and the velocity of the
strengthening.

The lecture will talk about the mechanical characteristics and the performances of
BSMs and the effects on these of the active filler used in the mixtures.
The Role of cement and concrete in sustainable construction

Francisca Puertas, Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Sciences, Madrid, Spain
This Plenary addresses, in a summarized way, the need to achieve sustainable

construction and the role played by materials (cements and concretes) to achieve it.
Some of the research being carried out to obtain more eco-efficient and low carbon
footprint cements (cements with low clinker content and alkaline cements) are
described. The raw materials for a large part of these eco-efficient cements and
concretes are waste or industrial by-products. The need to have chemical, physical,
mineralogical and radiological controls of these residues before and after their use in
the preparation of construction materials is highlighted. The positive aspects
(performance and environmental) of these cements and the open lines of research
regarding the improvement of their properties and behavior are briefly described.
With the same purpose of achieving "Green Concrete", results of the reuse of
construction and demolition waste in the production of concrete are presented.
Reference is also made to other types of high-performance concrete (resistant and
durable) and special properties and characteristics (self-sealing, self-cleaning, 3D
printing, etc.).
Towards NetZero and Intelligent Infrastructure through Structural

Health Monitoring
Su Taylor, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
Globally, there is increasing extreme climate events (such a flooding) intensifying

traffic load and patterns coupled with long-term underinvestment in many countries
which has led to escalated deterioration of civil engineering assets within our road and
rail transport networks. Additionally, we move towards next generation zero net
emissions, understanding the impact vehicles will have on our infrastructure will be of
key importance to ensure sustainable services. The public transport sector with its
regular service routes offers particular opportunities for added value. By stimulating
a digital transformation in the monitoring, processing and analysis of information of
our civil engineering infrastructure, we can predict how it will perform under
changing vehicle loads, cycles of loading and environmental factors, and move
towards Smart Infrastructure. The cost of repairing faults as they approach criticality
is enormous, but if damage is prevented at an early stage, alongside accurate risk
modelling, earlier interventions can be made. Another challenge which has faced the
low energy smart infrastructure is the requirement for a continuous power supply to
structural health monitoring systems. Drive-by systems can negate this, but current
research on drive-by monitoring systems with efficacy have not been fully
demonstrated. This keynote will present how Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is
an essential tool for informed decision making in the safe management of
infrastructure. Most recently the use of computer vision technology has gained
considerable attention in the field of SHM due to its ability to obtain data using non-

contact methods at long distances. Additionally, it provides a low cost, rapid

instrumentation solution with low interference to the normal operation of structures.
However, the need for many cameras to capture the global response can be cost
prohibitive. Roving camera and drive monitoring can to capture a complete derivation
of the response of a structures under live loading and to identify safety and potential
damage. Infrared thermography (IRT) is also a non-destructive technique capable of
detection and localisation of hidden subsurface defects in components of
transportation infrastructure, such as concrete bridges, thereby contributing to the
field structural health monitoring (SHM). The lack of research on subsurface damage
detection in concretes by convection heat exchange, and the importance of laboratory
studies for proper implementation of IRT, are presented from recent laboratory
investigations of IRT on concrete slabs with simulated hidden defects using convective
thermal excitation mechanism.
Environmental assessment of an industrial heritage building:

A canadian case Study
Daman Panesar, University of Toronto, Canada
This presentation is focused on highlighting approaches, modelling, assumptions and

challenges associated with achieving net zero- carbon emissions of the restoration of a
building in Canada which has a „heritage‟ designation. Beyond discussing the
methods, models, and approaches to achieve net zero-carbon emissions another
important component that will be discussed is the consideration of uncertainty
associated with carbon accounting of this project . Broadly, implementation of low
carbon solutions pertaining to existing structures and infrastructure requires
knowledge, and inputs from several disciplines: material scientists, structural design
engineers, architects, environmental scientists, and construction managers, to name a
few, in order to make responsible design decisions at the intersection of environmental
impacts, technical requirements, service life, economic viability and societal need. The
designation the case study building as a „heritage‟ structure imposes some important
design constraints which in turn warrant greater innovation, creativity and multi-
disciplinary expertise to contribute to the success of the design solution. Some
strategies in the restoration of the building involved: reuse and recycling of materials
and structural elements; integration of indigenous and low-carbon materials;
implementation of renewable energy options, as well as optimizing the building
envelope with improved low emission lighting, insulation etc.
This case study of a net zero carbon restoration project of a heritage building is
intended to be insightful for future refurbishment projects from the perspective of
developing awareness of: challenges, data availability, methodology, sustainable
design options. The importance of the bespoke nature of refurbishment which is
partially impacted by geographic, and spatiotemporal uncertainty will also be
highlighted. The approaches and recommendations regarding data sources, data
collection, and approach to uncertainty evaluation are relevant to environmental
impact assessment, and low carbon design to a broader range of new and
refurbishment related construction projects.

Development of modular textile reinforced concrete elements

Ravindra Gettu, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Glass textile reinforcement is ideally suited for thin-walled elements, leading to lighter
structural systems. The prefabrication of textile reinforced concrete systems is
explored starting from the optimization of the cementitious matrix, choice of textile
configuration and characterization of the tensile response of the composite to design
and validation in the structural level. One application that will be discussed is for
small tanks that can be used for the storage of liquids, such as water and effluent. The
development of the systems will be explained to illustrate the approach and the
advantages of using textile reinforced concrete is light elements.
The nature, historical development, and architectural role of binders

Gilberto Artioli, University of Padova, Italy
A brief history of the nature, use and technology of binders in ancient constructions
and buildings is outlined, including the apparent chronological discontinuities related
to technological developments. The skilled and clever use of mineral resources is at the
base of the technical achievements related to architectural activities, from simple
adobe to high-performance modern concrete. It is argued that among pre-industrial
binders the Roman pozzolanic mortars were highly optimized materials, skillfully
prepared and very durable. Their innovative use in architecture is one of the keys of
the successful expansion of the Roman Empire. The role of mineralogy and mineral
reactions is emphasized in terms of: (1) the preparation and manufacturing of the
binding materials; (2) the hardening process and the development of the physical
properties of the binder; and (3) the archaeometric reconstruction/interpretation of
the ancient materials towards the heritage valorization and preservation.
Future-oriented standards for cement and admixtures – how Africa can

spearhead the implementation of green urban construction materials
Schmidt Wolfram, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
There is no alternative to concrete when it comes to infrastructure and urban

construction materials. In comparison, to other structural mass materials, it has a low
carbon footprint and it is the only material that can meet the global demand.
However, since it is the most widely used commodity in the world after water, its
production is responsible for 10-15% of the global carbon emissions. The major
contributor to the carbon footprint of concrete is its binder, Portland cement, which
alone is responsible for about 8% of the total anthropogenic carbon emissions.
Therefore, future materials developments have to focus on using concrete with less
Portland cement and using the binder in concrete more efficiently.

Novel binder concepts, for example based on calcined clay, agricultural waste ashes or
natural resources do exist, and a variety of construction chemicals can support their
implementation and optimum usage. However, the existing standard frameworks all
over the world are not ready for the effective implementation, since cement and
concrete standards are based on very traditional concrete mixture compositions, and
raw materials sources that are running out today. In addition, even though the
chemical agents of chemical concrete admixtures are following standards, their very
elementary interaction with the early cement hydration is not covered in any standard
all over the world.
The paper highlights the shortcomings of existing cement, concrete and admixture
standards and provides performance and reaction-based solutions how to make the
standards framework capable of dealing with today‟s construction challenges and the
yet unknown challenges of the future. Particularly in Africa, where urbanization takes
place at rapid pace, a disruptive change of the standardization framework can
support the continents potential to become green construction pioneer.
The presentation introduces the unbalance between rural and urban development in
many parts of Africa, and proposes materials technologies that can help enhancing
livelihoods in rural areas in synergy with the rapid urban growth. Some technologies
and value chains are introduced and critically discussed. Eventually, a case study of
cassava waste usage in Nigeria is presented, followed by a conclusion on overcoming
certain biases to replace old-fashioned techniques for future-oriented sustainable
technologies.
Awareness of natural risks within the urban planning plans to strengthen

the resilience of infrastructures in Morocco
Lahsen Ait Brahim, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
Morocco, due to geographical location, meteorological and geological conditions, and

climatic variability, is exposed to major natural risks. They caused human life loss,
significant material damage and social, economic and environmental invaluable
deficits. The Al Hoceima earthquake was a key date for Morocco, because of the
awareness of the socio-economic and environmental vulnerability of basic
infrastructure as well as institutional, technical and organizational deficiencies, and
prevention, information and communication measures weakness to face such a
disaster. Morocco has recorded several natural disasters such as earthquakes (Agadir
1960; Al Hoceima 1994, 2004; 2016 with the strongest magnitude of 6.5 with material
and human loss. Very frequent landslides in the Rif due to its geology, its
geomorphology, its steep slopes (Fes-Boulernane 2008, Talembot 2010, Chefchaoun
2016). The numerous floods concerning several regions of Morocco (Ourika 1995,
Tangier 2008, 2009 and 2013, Gharb 2009, Essaouira 2010, Casablanca 2010 and
2013, Marrakech 2016, Taroudant, Tiznit and Ouarzazate 2016, Rabat and Sale 2017
and Marrakech -Ourika 2018). The phenomenon of shrinkage-swelling of clay soils
(very complex in terms of chemical, mineralogical and hydric properties) is
responsible for serious disorders in the construction foundations. Atlantic and
Mediterranean coastal erosion and submersion (weather-marine events) due to giant

waves have two origins: meteorological one and devastating seismic one). The
historical and instrumental seismicity indicate the presence of Tsunamis (382, 1755,
1761, 1941, 1969 and 1975) 1755 is the most important one (Magnitude 8.7 to 9 on the
Richter scale) and caused the most human and material loss on the Moroccan coast.
The extreme weather also caused giant waves responsible for significant problems in
several Moroccan coastal cities (January 2014 in Casablanca, February 2017 between
Sale and Skhirate). This context got worse in recent decades by the increase of
urbanization, litoralisation, and climate change effects. In 2007, to improve the
governance of natural risks, the government developed a new National Integrated
Risk Management Strategy with national priority status and a national risk
management and prevention program supported by new legal texts, a substantial
budget, a responsible evaluation and monitoring system. Thus, the province of Al
Hoceima (1st pilot zone) urgently experienced in 2007 the first study for the
development of the urbanization suitability map. But this national strategy was only
applied in 2015 with the launch of a vast program to draw up Urbanization Aptitude
Maps (31 maps by 2021) which covers all of the national territory to strengthen
resilience regard of 5 risks: seismic, flooding, landslides, shrinkage-swelling of clays
and coastal erosion-submersion (Tsunamis). These reference documents make it
possible, supported by the law, to take into consideration the dimension of the risk of
natural disasters during the development of the various town planning documents.
They specify on studied urban areas: the buildable zones, the buildable zones under
conditions and the non-buildable zones. They also define prevention, protection and
safeguard measures, particularly for existing constructions.

Keynote Lectures

Durability of concrete in sewer networks: understanding mechanisms of

cementitious materials resistance and assessment of materials‟
performance - recent progress and research needs
Alexandra Bertron, INSA Toulouse, France
The durability of concrete in sewer systems notably related to the biogenic acid attack
that develops in the aerial part of the pipes is a major economic, societal and health
issue in developed and emerging countries. There are several scientific and technical
challenges to overcome to develop durable and sustainable cementitious materials
intended for the construction of new sewer systems, but also for the maintenance and
rehabilitation of old ones, and adapted to different levels of aggressiveness
encountered in the sewers. The presentation will aim to review the latest progress
obtained from the work carried out at INSA Toulouse in the last decade, (i) in the
understanding of the mechanisms of biodeterioration and of the resistance of
cementitious materials exposed to sewer-like environments, and (ii) the development
of a representative accelerated laboratory biological test method together with a
universal performance indicator and their exploitation to assess the performances of a
wide range of cementitious materials. From this overview, the presentation will also
highlight the pending key questions to be unlocked in the next years.
Compatibility between asphalt binders, recycled asphalt materials and

recycling agents
Eshan V. Dave, University of New Hampshire, United States Assessing
A major challenge in current asphalt pavement material selection, specification and

mix design processes, is the lack of knowledge in determining compatibility between
virgin binders and binders in recycled materials as well as those between binders (new
and recycled) and rejuvenators. This lack of a characterization process to evaluate
compatibility is a significant issue in the currently adopted practices for asphalt
specification and purchase, whereby multiple sources of binders are often blended, and
most agencies allow for use of recycled asphalt pavements in the mixtures. The
consequence of this is manifested in the form of inferior pavement performance and
longevity, lack of guidance to agencies in adopting higher amounts of asphalt
recycling, as well as selection of appropriate binders and recycling agents. One of the
urgent needs of asphalt materials and pavement field is to develop a practical and
implementable characterization system to determine compatibility between virgin
asphalt binder and recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) as well as that between virgin
asphalt binder, RAP and recycling agents (RA). Based on the key results obtained from
the state-of-the-art review, a laboratory testing campaign including the SARA
analysis, Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) analysis, DSC thermal analysis
and rheological measurements using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), was
performed in this study. The materials evaluated consist of two different RAs, three
RAP sources and three base binders. In addition to binder tests, several mixture
performance testing that are widely used by agencies and researchers in United
States, including Complex (dynamic) Modulus, Direct Tension Cyclic Fatigue (DTCF)
test and fracture tests (e.g. Disk-shaped Compact Tension (DCT) and Illinois flexibility
index test using the Semi-Circular Bending (SCB)) were performed to evaluate the

compatibility of the binder blends in the mixture state. The results from the binder tests
were then compared to the mixture testing results. The overall objective of this study is
to determine the suitability of the binder evaluation methods selected from the
literature review as well as the state of art mixture performance tests for evaluation of
the compatibility of complex asphalt materials blended with different virgin binders,
RAP and RAs.
Sustainability design of concrete structures and structural application of

recycled concrete
Jianzhuang Xiao, Tongji University, China
Based on the new idea of compatible symbiosis between structure and environment,
the necessity and feasibility of building a closed-loop structural life cycle through the
recycling of C&D waste will be analyzed, in response to the major challenges for the
sustainable development of concrete structures in civil engineering. Focusing on the
technologies of recycled concrete, which include recycled materials production,
recycled concrete preparation, and mechanical properties and seismic behaviors of
recycled concrete structures, this presentation will systematically introduce the
experimental researches, theoretical analyses and demonstration applications of
recycled coarse aggregate, recycled fine aggregate and recycled powder concrete
carried out by our research group in the past ten years. Further, based on the 3R
(reduce, reuse, recycle) principle, the connotation of low-carbon utilization of C&D
waste recycling will be expanded. A new concept of transforming traditional
demolition to deconstruction will be proposed, and new research progresses in the
field of reduction, reuse and recycling will be summarized. Then, under the
background of climate change as well as carbon peaking, neutrality goals, the
common characteristics of C&D waste reutilization will be refined, the pathway and
effect of carbon reduction to concrete structures will be discussed, and the exploratory
research results of the structural sustainability theory oriented to carbon reduction
will be introduced. Finally, based on the current status and future demands, the
development prospects of reutilization technology will be put forward, and the new
exploration of fully recycled concrete, composite recycled concrete, 3D printing
recycled concrete and high value-added functional recycled concrete will be shared,
aiming to provide beneficial enlightenments to researchers and engineers.
Is net-zero feasible: systematic review of emerging technologies for

cement and concrete decarbonization
Moncef L. Nehdi, McMaster University, Canada
Cement production accounts for 8% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. If

considered a country, the cement and concrete industry would rank world‟s third
largest carbon emitter just after China and the USA. Since over 120 countries
committed to net-zero emissions by 2050, whether net-zero cement and concrete
would be achievable needs to be examined. Cement and concrete are hard-to-abate
industrial sectors for decarbonization due to growing demand driven by rapid

urbanization, population growth, and the considerable need for rehabilitation of aging
infrastructure. This systematic analysis scrutinizes pertinent emerging cement and
concrete carbon saving technologies and evaluates their short- and long-term
potential, benefits, and limitations. Critical analysis reveals that most emerging
technologies are at an early stage of development, while rigorous life cycle assessment
is necessary to appraise their carbon-saving promise. The findings suggest that
adopting circular economy tactics through the use of various sources of by-products,
unwavering stakeholder commitment, and breakthrough technologies are key to
attaining net-zero aspirations and United Nations sustainability goals. A multi-faceted
approach coupling materials innovations, alternative fuels, and efficiencies across
various sectors are needed to reach the net-zero goal. The review identifies promising
technologies, knowledge gaps, need for future research and recommendations for best
practice towards the net-zero goal.
Truly digital concrete: a reality or a mirage?

Sandra Nunes, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Concrete is, currently, the most widely-used construction material, and no alternative
material is expected to arise meeting our societies' legitimate needs for infrastructure,
housing, and improved living standards, at least for the next generation. Although
concrete per tonne has a lower environmental footprint than other common
construction materials (steel, brick, asphalt) in the absence of different approaches, its
increasing consumption volume per year has turned it into a serious problem, due to
its negative impact on the environment. More R&D&I efforts are urgently needed to
meet future emissions-reduction goals, targeting efficiency at all stages of the value
chain: cement production, cement use in concrete, concrete use in construction and use
of structures. Alongside the transition that is required to deliver the Green Deal, as
part of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the construction industry is undergoing
digitalisation and industrialisation. A huge factor in this transformation is also the
rapid proliferation of, and the major role that is increasingly played by, data. Despite
the progress made in recent decades, concrete formulation remains a difficult task
because of increasing number of constituents (cement/alternative binders, mineral
additions, chemical admixtures, recycled and/or natural aggregates, with/without
fibres, curing conditions) and because it must fulfil multiple performance
requirements (safety, serviceability, durability, environmental impact and economy).
Considering the difficulty of the task, a parallel route to physical and semi-empirical
experimental proportioning methods can be considered using the recent advances in
data-driven science, such as machine learning (ML) or deep learning (DL). Millions of
concrete mixes are produced made every day throughout the world, which might yield
lots of valuable datasets provided a well-defined protocol is established. Concrete
production complemented with high throughput experimentation could provide an
unprecedented amount of information (big data), covering a wide variety of relevant
parameters (input data), well beyond the compositional space. On the property side
(output), as much useful mechanical and microstructural data as possible could be
recorded. By feeding them to ML/DL algorithms, a disruptive new optimization
paradigm that allows us to test nearly limitless mixes and utilise each constituent of
concrete, including cement, at its best (without waste) for each specific application
may emerge. This in parallel to the introduction of digital fabrication processes is key

to tackling the environmental impact and productivity issues of the construction

sector. This is “truly digital concrete”, but this is still a mirage! Our reality is quite
different, constituent materials and the concrete itself are characterized by a multitude
of different experimental techniques and in many sites worldwide, which provide
different, non-correlated datasets, due to the diversity of users and their research
objectives. The lack of basic data on waste streams also prevents its recycling and
reuse in concrete. Even at the academic level, research results are published mainly in
written form. And, currently, there is no open repository on cement-based materials
with enough data available for innovative reuse. These shortcomings prevent the
generic use of the datasets for cement-based material developments and innovation,
severely restricting the use of new data-driven techniques. The overall background of
ML use in the field of concrete technology will be examined first in this work. Then,
practical examples of how ML has been used to further optimize the concrete mixes, the
construction cycles, energy consumption and reduced CO2 will be provided. Finally, it
is aimed to identify important issues that need to be addressed in the future.
Ultra-High-Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete in Modular

Construction: Sustainable Solution for Green Housing Challenges
Raafat El-Hacha, University of Calgary, Canada
The challenges facing the Northern Territories could be solved using the modular
housing construction method. Modular construction is a procedure in which a
structure is constructed off-site, under controlled plant conditions, and transported to
the intended site. This construction trend is based on using panel elements or complete
volumetric units. In Canada, modular construction has grown in popularity, especially
in rural and underdeveloped areas. Due to its positive effects on project constraints,
safety, the prevention of construction restrictions and demolition waste, and its many
advantages over conventional construction techniques, modular construction has
recently attracted much attention from the construction industry.The major
advantage of modular construction includes faster construction processes, better
quality, more precise and predictable completion time, less on-site labour, less
material waste and less environmental sensitivity. In addition, one key aspect of
modern construction is increasing sustainability, which reduces the building sector's
economic, environmental, and social implications. However, despite the significant
advantages, the private sector continues to rely mainly on the traditional on-site
construction process that involves timber formwork, scaffolding, and in-situ
concreting due to the challenges facing this sector. To overcome these challenges,
Canada needs a new mindset, as the same old ideas, conventional building techniques,
and traditional construction materials merely do not work. Incorporating Ultra-High-
Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC), a sustainable and
environmentally friendly material, further maximizes the advantages of modular
design.UHPFRC represents a technological advance in the industry due to its
outstanding mechanical properties relative to conventional concrete. Utilizing
UHPFRC results in modular houses with thin structural components, such as walls,
floors, and roofs.

Sustainable sourcing of raw materials for construction

Luca Valentini, University of Padua, Italy
Although the ongoing discussion on cement and concrete sustainability is mostly

focused on CO2 emissions, the management of raw materials used for construction
also deserves attention from the scientific community and industry. Each year, the
construction and building sector incorporates about 40% of the over 90 billion tonnes
of raw materials extracted from the Earth‟s spheres. Raw materials supply chains can
be exposed to risks of critical shortages and price volatility (e.g. associated with
changing geopolitical scenarios), and their transport over long distances strongly
contributes to the overall anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Therefore, deploying
strategies aimed at mitigating the impact of raw materials supply, in line with what
envisaged by Sustainable Development Goal 12 (sdgs.un.org/goals/goal12) will be
crucial to the achievement of a sustainable construction industry. In such a context,
clays are emerging as a key raw material for alternative cement, given their
abundance, homogeneous geographical distribution and relatively low cost. This
lecture will focus on the use of locally sourced clays, including laterites, for the
production of both blended and OPC-free cements. The use of other alternative, locally
available raw materials (industrial and agricultural by-products, carbonaceous shells,
marls etc.) will also be explored, with the aim of assessing both the environmental and
engineering performance of binders incorporating such locally sourced primary and
secondary resources. Some specific scenarios will be addressed: this will include the
African continent, as well as current strategies for future construction in an extra-
terrestrial environment, based on the ISRU (in situ resource utilization) approach.
Implications about possible lessons to be learned from the ISRU paradigm, back on
planet Earth, will be discussed.
Process of earthen materials for low-impact construction

Emmanuel Keita, Ecole des Ponts, Gustave Eiffel University, France
Earth is one of humankind‟s oldest building materials, and it is still present across the
world. Currently, the interest in earth-based building materials is revived by their low
environmental impact and the need for answering global warming issues. Indeed, the
building sector contributes by a significant share to the entropic carbon emissions. In
this context, earth appears as a promising solution for low carbon emission, recycling,
and reuse in the construction field. However, earth-based materials face many
challenges to be considered as a relevant modern building material. The variability of
the resources should be integrated with the formulation strategy. At the hardened
state, water sensitivity should be better assessed. At fresh state, vernacular technique
and new processes need a scientific review in order to obtain better control of material
density and prediction of the hardened properties. In recent years, various rheometric
and characterisation tests have been developed for earth-based building materials.
Rheometry tools and methodologies are designed in many laboratories to deal with
fluid to stiff pastes or even granular-like materials. However, the underlying behavior
is postulated but rarely fully assessed. For instance, materials are often considered
purely plastic. However, they may also exhibit frictional and viscous behavior as in 3D
printing. These contributions should be taken into account in the description of
processing routes. Moreover, depending on the mineralogical nature of fine particles,

particle size distribution and water content, earth can show a large range of behavior
from very fluid to granular like. The boundary between these different types of
behavior should be linked to the material microstructure and shared rheological tools
should be adopted for each earth consistency. Although mix design main consequences
are on rheology, its influence on drying and mechanical build-up is detrimental. It is
necessary to avoid cracks, limit shrinkage and obtain homogenous materials. Indeed,
new formulations with additives offer ways to reduce the water content and suppress
cracks while improving mechanical behavior. There is a need to understand the
underlying physics behind the additives effect in order to have mix-design strategies
not only based on trials and errors or empirical methods. Finally, Robotics and
Information Technologies allow revisiting most building processes. For the last
decade, new construction processes have been developed with digital tools. These
innovations were also related to a better formulation control of cement-based
materials. Similar contributions are now focusing on earth-based materials.New
techniques under development, such as extrusion-based 3D printing and poured earth
will be presented. The technical novelty applied to earth-based materials generates
complex inter-disciplinary problems; moreover, processing requirements usually play
a key role in the mix design.
To conclude, the workflow of the new RILEM Technical Committee on Processing of

Earthen Material will be presented. Indeed, the history of RILEM Committees on
earthen materials and the strong link with Morocco and the LPEE laboratory will be
acknowledged.
Multiphase characterisation of cold bitumen emulsion materials

Andrea Graziani, Marche Polytechnic University, Italy
Alan Carter, School of Higher Technology in Montreal, Canada
This keynote presents the main findings of TC 280-CBE “Multiphase characterisation

of cold bitumen emulsion materials”. Cold bitumen emulsion (CBE) technologies play a
key role in the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable bituminous
pavements because they allow paving at ambient temperature and therefore allow
important energy savings and reduction of atmospheric pollution. The objective of TC
280-CBE was to foster the use of CBE technologies as a sustainable alternative to
traditional hot technologies for both non-structural (microsurfacing, slurry seals) and
structural (surface, base and sub-base layers) paving applications. To tackle this goal,
the TC focused on the multiphase and evolutive nature of CBE materials. Such
distinctive features are basically due to the presence of free water (low-viscosity
liquid) which is essential for dispersing and distributing the bitumen droplets (thermo-
viscoelastic solid) and to reduce the internal friction between aggregate particles
(rigid solid). The TC was organized into two groups. Task Group 1 (TG1) focused on
the study of CBE mortars (as essential structural phases of CBE mixture), Task Group
2 (TG2) focused on the study of CBE mixtures for non-structural layers (slurry seals,
micro-surfacings). After the initial literature review phase, the working program of
both TGs was based on the organization of separate interlaboratory tests (ILT). This
presentation summarizes the experimental results of these ILT, introduces some key
points for their analysis and outlines the main deliverables. The specific objective of the
ILT organized by TG1 was developing an experimental framework for characterising

the relation between physical and mechanical properties of bitumen emulsions as

binders in mixtures for structural layers based on bitumen emulsion mortar (BEM)
concept. A reference mortar composition was developed by selecting common
volumetric properties and base materials (emulsion, sand, filler and cement that were
shipped to all participants). The reference mortar was tested by the participating
laboratories using e common method (indirect tensile strength). Testing activity also
included mortars prepared with different base materials and compositions, different
testing methods as well as testing on mastics. The main deliverables of TG1 are
outlined: a report describing the use of BEM as a tool for characterizing the
mechanical behaviour of bitumen emulsion; a recommendation on the volumetric
analysis/design of BEM; a recommendation on laboratory mixing and compaction of
BEM. The specific objective of the ILT organized by TG2 was harmonizing and
improving the existing mix design approaches and testing methods for slurry seals,
micro-surfacings. Local and common materials (Aggregate, emulsion, cement and
filler) were shipped to participating laboratories that applied their own testing
approaches and mix design procedures. Protocols for mixture preparation and
production of samples were also shared. The results of several tests carried out by
different laboratories were compared. A new testing procedure for measuring the
bonding between the cold microsurfacing and the underlying layer is proposed. The
main deliverables of TG2 are outlined: a report describing common procedures and
issues of current procedures for microsurfacing mix design based on existing EN
standards; a recommendation on materials and mixtures preparation for the
production of samples; a recommendation on testing method for direct shear bond
strength microsurfacings.
Bio-Concrete utilization in Africa for sustainable and resilient

infrastructure
Kolawole Adisa Olonade, University of Lagos, Nigeria
Portland cement is an indispensable construction material as it binds various

ingredients in making concrete for virtually all infrastructure development and
housing provision. In the production of Portland cement substantial quantity of earth
material is consumed and various pollution is generated. Its production also
contributes significantly to global CO2 emission. In 2015, annual global cement
consumption was 4.6Gt and it is estimated to increase to between 6 and 13.5 Gt/a in
2050. Regrettably, there is no alternative material available in commercial quantity to
replace Portland cement in making concrete for building houses and other
infrastructure. The situation is better imagined as the world‟s population increases
from today‟s 7.3 billion to 9.7 billion in 2050. Approximately, one ton of CO2 is
released for one ton of cement produced, making the production of cement responsible
for more than 8% of all the greenhouse gases released by human activity. In Africa
where there is gross infrastructure deficit and serious need for adequate housing to
shelter its teeming population, more concrete will definitely be needed. However, the
cost of cement, which represents 42% of the total cost of building a house, seems
extremely high and makes the cost of housing/infrastructure prohibitive for average
earners. The challenge before the researchers is to find alternative material that is
cheaper in cost and less destructive to the environment. Supplementary cementitious
materials (SCMs) and pozzolans as partial replacement for cement in cement-based

materials have potential to mitigate emissions in cement plants. The use of blended
cements in Europe is very common and is continuing to increase. Globally acceptable
SCMs such as fly ash and silica fume, are scarcely available in Africa. Thus, Africa as a
region must look inward to find regional solution to reduce CO2 emission associated
with cement production. Nevertheless, the region (Africa) is blessed with various
agricultural solid wastes that could be explored. They can be used in form of SCMs,
aggregates and or construction chemicals. The thrust of this lecture is therefore to
create awareness and emphasize that the time to act is now. In this lecture, overview
of the state of infostructure in Africa is presented, while the materials needed to meet
the ever-increasing gap between the demand and supply is underscored. The lecture
also identifies several potentials that are abound in Africa that are in the verge of
development and those that are yet to be developed. The challenges faced in the course
of developing these potential materials are identified and possible panacea are
proffered. Strategies to deploy these bio-materials are equally offered. Of particular
interest is the need for the region to take advantage of the abundant bio-materials to
develop its bio-economy for more regional integration.
Wood: an inexhaustible resource for sustainable building materials

Youssef Habibi, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco
Wood played a key role throughout human history as an important building material
for the construction of houses, boats, tools, etc. It has contributed (and still) to the
growth of human civilizations, yet, it didn‟t get as much attention as other materials
such as copper, and bronze used for the establishment of the “age of man”. In the 21
century, wood is still contributing to our civilization and new attributes are being
discovered through the development of modern technologies allowing new and
sophisticated applications of wood in different areas including in building materials.
In conjunction with the growing interest in developing circular economies through the
substitution of fossil carbon by renewable resources, interest in biomass feedstock,
including wood, does not appear to wane but will continue to attract considerable
attention in our society during the so-called 4th industrial revolution.1 In fact, with
total production estimated to be 1013 tons with a yearly growth of ~ 3  1011 tons,
biomass is not only abundant, renewable, and sustainable but represents a limitless
potential to supplant or at minimum complement fossil fuels resources. Therefore, the
conversion of these resources into sustainable value-added chemicals, polymers, and
materials is surfacing as a potential answer to face the expected scarcity of fossil
resources and consequently addresses timely issues of sustainability and ecological
consciousness. Indeed, herein we argue for a renewed interest in wood as a limitless
resource of chemicals, polymers, and materials within the construct of the biorefinery
for the processing, fractionation and full recovery of all components to convert them
into non-traditional high-added value and sophisticated uses. Various technologies
including, but not limited to thermomechanical, enzymatic and chemical conversions
toward the production of chemical, additives, fibers, nanosized fillers, different classes
of polymeric materials for a wide range of applications are being developed. This
plenary lecture will provide an overview of recent advances in converting woody
components into functional polymeric materials for more highly demanding

applications. An emphasis will be given to new trends in using wood-derived polymers

and fibers in sustainable building materials.
Process-Properties-Performance in 3D Printed Concrete: Focus on

Sustainability
Timothy Wangler, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Digital fabrication with concrete (DFC), especially the dominant technology of 3D

printing with concrete and cementitious materials, has become a strongly researched
topic within the past decade due to pressure within the construction sector to reach
higher productivity, especially with current and impending shortages of skilled labor.
Additionally, these new technologies have been identified as avenues towards more
sustainable construction due to their potential for customization and material savings.
However, DFC brings its own set of challenges, which result primarily from perhaps
its most distinctive characteristic compared to standard construction: the lack of a
standard formwork, which leads to the requirement of a controlled structural buildup
to ensure successful production. Additionally, the inherently layered nature of these
processes has inspired numerous examinations into their impact on various
performance parameters of DFC material.
Producing more sustainable structures is a laudable goal for DFC, but the true
potential can be called into question, as DFC mix designs are notoriously higher in
cement content, although the research community is working hard to address this,
especially through the introduction of more cement substitutions and paste reduction
through the use of mix designs with coarse aggregates. The still mostly unknown
questions related to durability also remain a topic of great interest in the research
community, with implications for the sustainability of DFC structures, especially with
respect to the impact that interfaces play on transport properties and the greater risk
of shrinkage cracking. This talk will focus on these topics, especially on how from a
process standpoint DFC can play a role in the production of truly more sustainable
structures based on their shape efficiency and material savings.
Magnetic materials for efficient cooling and air-conditioning systems

Mohamed Balli, International University of Rabat, Morocco
Over the last two decades, materials with excellent magnetocaloric properties have
attracted worldwide interest due particularly to their potential implementation as
active solid substances in magnetic cooling and heating systems including air-
conditioners. In magnetocaloric devices, the needed thermal effects are usually
generated by magnetizing and demagnetizing magnetocaloric materials (MCMs)
under varying external magnetic fields, while the heat transfer between the hot and
cold ends is achieved by using water-based fluids. In this context, the discovery of
cheaper materials with outstanding MCEs that can be obtained under very low
magnetic fields over a wide temperature range is crucial for the upscaling of this

technology towards broader commercialization. In fact, this would enable us to

markedly enhance the thermodynamic performance in terms of cooling powers and
temperature spans while dramatically reducing the quantity of used permanent
magnets and accordingly the cost as well as the weight of existing preindustrial
prototypes. In this talk, I will present recent developments regarding magnetocaloric
materials and their implementation in cooling/air-conditioning devices. The
challenges faced by magnetic cooling/heating will be discussed while providing new
routes for boosting the research activities on magnetocalorics. In this way, an
innovative design for magnetic refrigeration recently developed at the International
University of Rabat (UIR) will be presented.
Lessons learned of project milestone: The first 3D printed concrete house

in the Netherlands
Rob Wolfs, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
The lecture will discuss the key findings of Project Milestone: a series of five 3D
concrete printed residential houses in the Netherlands, of which the first was opened in
2021 and is currently inhabited. 3D Printing has the potential to produce more
efficiently, with less material, and increased degree of freedom in design. Thus, in an
age where an increasing and aging world population call for an enormous growth in
(permanent and temporary) housing, which should be realized within the framework
of sustainable and circular construction, exploring this potential is valuable. Project
milestone, as a collaborative effort between academia and industry, aims to achieve
exactly this, by designing and producing five houses in a consecutive manner:
increasing complexity over the course of the project and reacting upon lessons learned
in each of the five houses. In the lecture, the results of 3D printing experiments and
large-scale structural tests are presented, which provided the basis for the structural
analysis and building permit of the printed house. The printing experiments consist of
full-scale production of two different wall configurations, demonstrating the feasibility
of in- and out-of-plane curvature, as well as the application of insulation material. The
structural testing concerned two different loading cases, centric and eccentric loading,
applied to the full-scale printed elements. The load-deformation behaviour is captured
and analyzed. Following the successful testing phase, and approval by the
municipality, the project moved towards final production and assembly. The results of
this study are highly valuable for the rapidly developing scientific and industry
community targeting the use of Digital Fabrication with cementitious materials, such
as 3D concrete printing, to address the sustainability and productivity challenges in
the sector. However, the technology is still in its infancy and thus, standards and
prescribed testing procedures are still absent. As a result, many printed structures
remain of a „show-case‟ character, where the printed concrete does not perform any
load-bearing function. In this way, the technology will not be able to reach its full
potential. To move beyond this limitation, the testing procedures described in this
contribution can act a basis for standardization and protocols, which will enable
widespread adoption of this promising technology, in practice.

Strengths and weaknesses of traditional and innovative products for

consolidation of stones, mortars and bricks
Enrico Sassoni, University of Bologna, Italy
In recent years, several types of innovative products have been proposed to overcome
the limitations of traditional consolidants, such as lime, ethyl silicate and acrylic resin.
In fact, especially when applied onto carbonate substrates (including marble,
limestone and lime-based mortars), traditional products show important limitations,
such as scarce efficacy, significant chromatic alteration or limited durability owing to
scarce stability or temporary hydrophobicity. Moreover, because they are often
dissolved in organic solvents (such as white spirit or acetone), traditional consolidants
are also responsible for significant environmental impact (e.g. global warming, fossil
fuels depletion and photochemical ozone formation). With the aim of developing
products with improved technical performance and improved environmental
sustainability, innovative consolidants have been proposed, by following two main
strategies: (i) reducing the consolidant size to the nanoscale (e.g., nanolimes and
nanosilica), with the aim of favoring penetration in depth and accelerating the curing
reactions; (ii) exploiting completely new chemical routes (e.g., calcium alkoxysilanes
and ammonium phosphate), with the aim of forming compatible consolidating phases
with improved performance.
In this talk, the genesis and the chemistry behind four types of innovative consolidants
(nanolimes, nanosilica, calcium alkoxysilanes and ammonium phosphate) will be
illustrated. For each type of consolidant, strengths and weaknesses will be highlighted,
in terms of consolidating ability, compatibility and durability when applied onto a
variety of substrates, including natural and artificial stones and mortars based on
different binders. Comparative studies among these innovative products, as well as
with traditional alternatives, will be presented and discussed. Significant cases of
application of the new products to real monuments will be also illustrated. The
environmental impact of the new consolidants will be also discussed, in comparison
with traditional alternatives. The talk will provide an overview of the pros and cons of
the products that are currently available for the practice of monument conservation
and will highlight the research needs that should be pursued for further optimization
of these products.
Applying the multi criteria decision making applications in sustainable

concrete
Mohammed Abed, King‟s College, Wilkes-Barre, USA
The development of eco-efficient building materials is a prime focus of the most

sought-after sustainable development practices. However, building materials often
struggle meeting the requirements due to the clash among the functional properties,
the environmental burden associated with the production, and the financial costs.
Moreover, different mechanical and environmental loading associated with different
construction applications and service conditions may demand re-balance among the
performance requirements and the material design. Most of the available studies
focusing self-compacting concrete (SCC) remain concerned about the specific set of
criteria (generally mechanical and/or durability performance) only and thus lack a

sustainable approach. One step further to the available literature, this study aims to
conceive an SCC mixture for various performance requirements for the optimized
proportions of RA and/or FA through multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM)
techniques. MCDM techniques are established statistical techniques for evaluating
various alternatives against multiple performance criteria and selecting a best
solution. Authors have evaluated the application of MCDM techniques for selecting,
conventional mix design, sustainable and optimized waste based concrete mixes and
this analytical/optimization approach has the potential for real applications in the
construction industry. Utilizing waste and recycled materials in concrete production
has received a lot of attention recently and researchers have successfully formulated
SCC involving RA for building and infrastructure applications. However, the majority
of the studies considered technical and durability aspects separately with less attention
to combined-factors evaluation for various applications and performance
requirements. Researchers should develop such frameworks that can integrate various
techno-environmental-economic parameters to select sustainable products suitable for
various applications. MCDM techniques can provide such pathways for designing and
adopting optimized products considering specific/general key performance criteria for
intended applications. By establishing a set of criteria, MCDM techniques can rank the
alternatives through several algorithms. For instance, in concrete and other
construction materials, MCDM techniques can be employed to balance the technical-
durability-environmental performance and the cost of the best alternative.
Corrosion and service life of steel-cementitious systems – Highlights from

12 years of research
Radhakrishna G. Pillai, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Developing techniques for corrosion prevention and service life estimation of concrete
structures is becoming very important. Chloride threshold is one of the key input
parameters that is essential to estimate the service life of steel-cementitious (S-C)
systems. It is traditional to assume chloride threshold as 0.4 %bwob. However,
chloride threshold is a function of both the steel and cementitious systems involved (not
the former alone) and no suitable test methods are available to determine this for
various S-C systems. This prevents engineers from estimating service life and choosing
suitable materials to achieve a specific target corrosion-free service life. In this paper,
the development of a corrosion cell for S-C systems, complexities associated with the
interpretation of electrochemical data from S-C systems, and eventual development of
short-term test method (hr-ACT) to determine the chloride threshold of S-C systems
with highly reactive cements will be presented. Then, the modification of hr-ACT
method to suit the specific requirements of testing S-C systems with corrosion
inhibitors,coated bars, prestressing steel, etc. will be presented. A significant database
on the chloride threshold will be presented. Finally, the effect of chloride threshold on
the service life of various S-C systems and the nomograms developed for service life
design will be presented.

Effect of glass powder on High-strength self-compacting concrete

properties
Bassam A. Tayeh, Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine
High-strength self-compacting concrete (HSSCC) is a type of special concrete that

combines two-property self-compacting and high-strength. HSSCC production ensures
high flow properties under the influence of its weight with high mechanical properties.
The production of HSSCC may require a high cement content, which increases the cost
and limits production. This research focuses on producing HSSCC using glass powder
(GP) to reduce the cement content and absorb glass waste. In this research, the
experimental study was conducted on the degree of eleven experimental mixtures for
SCC samples. Two types of glass waste powder (bottle glass powder and window glass
powder) were added as a partial substitute for cement in proportions 10-50% by
weight of cement. To evaluate the performance of GP, tests were carried out on fresh
properties of HCSCC (Slump Flow, Slump T50cm, V-Funnel, V-Funnel T5min, L-Box,
J-Ring, and Fill Box). Hardened HCSCC was evaluated by mechanical properties tests
(Compressive, Splitting Tensile, Flexural Strength, and Modulus of Elasticity. The
results showed that adding GP to concrete improved its fresh properties, which met the
requirements of EFNARC specifications. The results also showed that adding GP
decreased compressive strength with an increase in replacement rates
Development of a new method of concrete mix design based on the

Bolomey method and Abrams's law
Hakim Abdelgader, University of Tripoli, Libya
Cement is still the most popular binder used in concrete production. Unfortunately, the
cement production process is energy-intensive and it is responsible for around 7% of
total CO2 emissions. In 2020, over 320 million m3 of ready-mix concrete was
produced in Europe and concrete production will increase in the coming years.
Portland cement clinker, which is mainly responsible for the high energy requirements
and high global warming potential of concrete, can be replaced with more resource-
efficient materials. The filling of the space between the cement particles with
alternative materials has a decisive influence on the workability and strength
development of the concrete. There are known results of research on the use of fly ash,
microsilica, lime flour, zeolite, metakaolin or other materials such as dust resulting
from the cutting of basalt and granite rocks or glass waste. Some of the above-
mentioned materials, e.g. lime flour, microsilica or silica dust from glass cullet, only
fill the space between the grains, but a significant part of additives such as fly ash,
zeolites or metakaolin are characterized by pozzolanic properties, thanks to which
replacing part of the cement does not reduce the final strength of the concrete , it can
only change endurance gain over time. Therefore, the cement consumption should be
optimized by introducing changes in concrete ready-mix design. Many known concrete
design methods are based on the Abrams law and the Bolomey method. The
composition of concrete with the assumed strength class, calculated by any method,
differs significantly. This is especially true for the cement content when the amount
differs by 20 to 50%. The author present the modified Bolomey method and law
Abrams together with the results of tests for concrete compressive strength from 25 to

45 MPa characterized by medium and very high workability. For this purpose, the
author performed a theoretical design analysis according to the Abrams method and
the modified Bolomey method known and used in Germany and Poland. The
laboratory tests of the consistency and the compressive and tensile strength of concrete
were performed. On the basis of the presented tests, it was shown that the differences
in the amount of cement used are significant, and the actual strength of the concrete
differs significantly from the designed one. When the Abrams method is used, the
selection of the amount of cement is more optimal and suitable for designing concrete
in the range of classes up to C35/45, whereas the Bolomey method require the use of
more than 50% more cement. In this case compressive strength is about 30% higher
than predict. The aim of scientists should be to develop new methods of concrete design
that will enable precise determination of the properties of the materials used, and at
the same time will be easily applicable in mass production of ready-mixed concrete.

Oral Communications

O1-11 An exploratory study of fly ash-based hybrid binder with different

alkaline activators.
Juan M. Etcheverrya, Yury A. Villagran-Zaccardia,b, Philip Van den Heedea, Nele De Beliea.
a Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory for Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Ghent
University, Ghent, Belgium
b Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
Fighting global warming requires the development of low-carbon binders, and research has been
increasingly focusing on finding alternatives for a reduced carbon footprint of the cement and concrete
industry. Hybrid binders emerge as an intermediate solution to further decrease the clinker factor in
cementitious systems without unfavorable slow development of microstructure. There is an amount of fly
ash that is not yet used in the production of cementitious materials due to its limited reactivity. Therefore,
by the election of an appropriate activator and small contents of Portland cement, it might be possible to
provide an acceptable behaviour in terms of early-age strength and at the same time to achieve a
valorization of these supplementary cementitious materials. This paper presents results of an exploratory
study for the activation of a low calcium fly ash in hybrid systems. Strong and mild alkaline activators
were tried. Fly ash/binder ratio was from 0.5 to 0.7, w/b was 0.45. In literature, it can be found that the
inclusion of limestone in small amounts is an effective tool to promote nucleation centres and contribute to
the development of early resistance. In our own previous studies, the interaction of ground granulated blast
furnace slag (GGBFS) and Portland cement with alkaline activator was shown to be effective in achieving
improvements in early resistance as well. For these reasons, low amounts of GGBFS and limestone with a
lower carbon footprint were also incorporated into some mixes since they can contribute to the system in
terms of reactivity enhancement. Results of isothermal calorimetry for pastes provided insights of the early
age behaviour and how effective the activator and its doses are. By replacing one of the binders by quartz it
was possible to obtain an estimation of how much of the SCMs or PC was contributing to the heat released
and development of microstructure. Compressive strength as one of the most important parameters in
concrete structures gave account of how effective was the interaction between binders and alkaline
activator and elucidated the role of the quantities of each constituent. Life Cycle Assessment calculations for
mortars are also presented. By comparing the different mixes in a cradle-to-gate oriented analysis, an
estimation of the eco-efficiency of each of the systems was obtained. These results are treated with caution
since no parameters regarding the durability of the systems are yet taken into account. However, it
remains a useful tool to assess the environmental burdens related to increasing the activator dosage or
Portland cement content. The obtained Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for 1 m³ of mortar were
also normalized to the characteristic compressive strength at various ages in order to find an optimum
dosage of activator. The interaction Portland cement/activator seems to control the early age behaviour,
not only in terms of strength development but also regarding setting. A very fast reaction seems to inhibit a
further strength development. The workability is still a major concern for certain activators that do not
provide acceptable setting times. The results demonstrate that the addition of a mild activator seems to be a
more effective approach for hybrid binders than options using low calcium fly ash with PC as the only
precursor.
Keywords: Fly ash, hybrid binder, alkali activation.
Corresponding Author: [email protected]; [email protected]

O1-22 Alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag based viscosity

modifying agents
Hassan Ez-zakia,b, Maurizio Bellottob, Gilberto Artiolib
a Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux,
Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
b CIRCe-Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Alkali-activated materials currently showed an alternative to OPC (ordinary Portland cement). The
replacement of OPC with alkali-activated GGBS (ground granulated blast-furnace slag) does not only
reduce anthropogenic gas emissions, but is also economically and environmentally conceivable in terms of
reduction of primary raw materials and disposed waste. On the other hand, the improvement in concrete
technology is mandatory by improving the fresh and hardened properties, in particular, viscosity, strength
and durability due to the reduction in bleeding and porosity which are related to lower water to binder
ratio (w/b). Therefore, controlling the rheological properties of fresh pastes is essential for enhancing
performance with low w/b ratio. However, it is considered that superplasticizers are less effective in alkali-
activated materials. This paper studies the influence of VMAs (viscosity modifying agents) on the
rheological properties of alkali-activated GGBS. Two commercial VMAs ˗ PEO (Polyethylene oxide) as a
superplasticizer and EDTMP (ethylene-diamino-tetra-methylen-phosphonic acid) as a retarder ˗ were
combined and mixed with the binder at different w/b (0.35; 0.40; 0.45 and 0.50). The PEO dosage used
was 0.3%, and EDTMP was 0.1% and 0.3%. The diameter of spread, viscosity and viscoelastic properties
were investigated through a series of experiments. Results showed that, at high w/b, the workability of
fresh paste increased with increasing the retarder content in the binder. Moreover, EDTMP has decreased
the viscosity when mixed at high fraction with PEO, while achieving a high water reduction. Also, at SAOS
in the linearity region, the elastic modulus exhibited stronger microstructure network of the system when
lower EDTMP fraction was used at low w/b. The presence of superplasticizer did not decrease the viscosity
of the paste, while the retarder agent had a major effect on the superplasticizer efficiency at low w/b.
Keywords : GGBS, viscoelastic properties, superplasticizer, rheology.
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
O1-24 Rheology characterization of 3D printing mortars with nanoclays and

basalt fibers
Hugo Varelaa,b, Gonzalo Barluengaa, Mohammed Sonebib
a Departamento de Arquitectura, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
b School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen‟s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
3D printing has become one of the most innovative technologies for cement-based systems (CBS) in the last
few years. However, recent studies have shown some issues related to printability and buildability, as
water drainage, plugs on extruder die, spreading of first layer after deposition or after placing new layers
over it, etc. To achieve a proper rheology control of CBS, it is essential to modify the material fresh state
properties. The evolution of shear and compressive yield stress and elastic modulus over time should be
assessed to understand the behavior of CBS during 3D printing process. In this study, a reference cement-
based mortar with fly ash (25%), a 1:1.5 binder to sand ratio and a 0.38 water to binder ratio was used. A
High range water reducing admixture was added to reach a consistency of 0.8-1 kPa (measured with the
cone-penetration test). Also, small amounts of several types of nanoclays (NC) in powder and slurry form
(sepiolite, attapulgite and bentonite) and natural fibers (basalt fibers) were added to modify the rheological
properties of the mortar. The aim of the study was to characterize the rheological properties of 3D printing
mortar samples with NC and BF to understand printability and buildability of this material. To Printability
and buildability were characterized using the cone-penetration test, flow table test and slump value test.
The cone-penetration test was performed in stirred and left at rest samples to assess shear yield stress
before and after material deposition. Nanoclays showed a remarkable capacity to retain water and avoid
drainage during extrusion but also to increase fresh state strength of material over time. Besides, they
increased shear yield stress over time when left at rest. On the contrary, samples stirred over time did not
show an increase of shear yield stress, especially samples with sepiolite nanoclays. Natural fibers also

reduced drainage and enhance printability control regarding to reference mortar. Mortars with both
nanoclays and basalt fibers also produced a better performance, mainly governed by NC effect. Cone-
penetration test and flow table test result values were found to be well correlated.
Keywords: 3D printing, nanoclays, natural fibers, mortar.
O1-26 Optimization of fresh properties, rheological Parameters and

mechanical performances of grouts containing bentonite
Ahmed Abdalqadera, Tahreer Fayyada, Mohammed Sonebib
a Tracey Concrete Ltd, Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, UK
b Queen‟s University Belfast, Civil Engineering Department, Belfast, Northern Ireland,
UK
Grouting is widely used to control seepage, in concrete repairs and for soil stabilisation. A suitable grout
should fulfill the requirements of the intended application. This study attempts to develop prediction
models to describe the effect of the proportions of grout containing Bentonite (BT). The developed models
can be used further to optimise the proportions of the grout. A full factorial design was carried out to
mathematically model the spread, flowability, cohesion, rheological parameters and compressive strength
of grouts containing BT. The parameters considered in this study were water-to-binder (w/b) ratio,
bentonite content, and dosage of superplasticiser. The w/b ratio varied between 0.36 – 0.58, while the
bentonite content and SP dosage were in the range of 0- 6% and 0-0.8%, respectively. Results show that
the spread of grout increased with increasing the SP dosage and w/b ratio and decreased with increasing
BT content. On contrary, cohesion decreased with increasing the SP dosage and w/b ratio and increased
with increasing BT content. The yield stress of the grout was influenced by the dosage of BT, SP and W/B.
Increasing BT were approximately 2.2- and 1.42-times greater influence than increasing W/B and SP
respectively. The plastic viscosity was affected, in order of significance, by the dosage of BT, SP and W/B.
BT led to improvement of grout strength while w/b ratio decreased the strength. Interactive effects of the
parameters on the measured properties were also observed.
Keywords :Grouting, bentonite, factorial design, superplasticiser.
O1-31 Mechanical and microstructural properties of mortar with fine

recycled aggregates
Maria E. Sosaa , Juan M. Etcheverryb , Yury A. Villagrán Zaccardic,b and Claudio J. Zegad
a CITEMA-LEMaC, CONICET, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Berisso, Argentina
b Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory for Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Ghent
University, Ghent, Belgium
c Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
d LEMIT-CICPBA, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
Attached cement paste causes a lower density and higher absorption and porosity of fine recycled concrete
aggregate (FRCA) compared to fine natural aggregates. The influence of FRCA on the performance of
mortars and concretes is nowadays a topic on which there is no consensus. The literature generally
indicates that workability, compressive strength, drying shrinkage, and transport properties, among
others, are adversely affected by FRCA. However, opposite results are also frequently reported. This
difference in behavior can be explained on the one hand by the high porosity of FRCA, which can improve
the interfacial transition zone, and on the other hand by the additional water sometimes added during
mixing to compensate for the FRCA absorption. Due to the difficulties in accurately determining the water
absorption ratio of FRCA, such corrections of water are many times incorrect. When this additional water
is overestimated, it increases the porosity of the cementitious matrix. Depending on whether one or the
other effect predominates, the inclusion of FRCA will have a positive or negative effect on the performance
of mixes. This paper presents a study of FRCA mortars with the objective of determining the degree to

which the interfacial transition zone and porosity of mortars are affected. The effect of the water
absorption of the FRCA was also analyzed by testing mixes containing different percentages of FRCA in air-
dry state. A reference mortar with 45 % by volume (with respect to the total amount of sand) of
manufactured sand and w/c ratio of 0.40 was produced to be compared with FRCA mortars with 15, 30
and 45 % by volume of FRCA replacing part or all the manufactured sand. The manufactured sand was
used to address the effect of the porosity of FRCA as the only variable, whereas the particle shape of the
aggregate package was maintained similar irrespective of the FRCA content. FRCA was obtained from a
jaw-crushed conventional concrete (compressive strength of 35 MPa and crushed granite as coarse
aggregate). No compensation of water due to the FRCA absorption capacity was made (i.e. no additional
water was added to the mixing water). Flow was measured immediately after mixing and again 30
minutes later. Bleeding (capacity and velocity) was also measured in the fresh state. In hardened state,
results for density, water absorption capacity, porosity and compressive strength are presented. In
addition, thin polished samples of each mortar were prepared to evaluate the microstructure and
interfacial transition zone by SEM analysis. Images were converted into binary images to better analyze
the pore structure. Whereas the inclusion of FRCA increased the overall porosity, other changes in the
microstructure were also found. From the results, it can be concluded that the microstructure of mortars
changed with the presence of FRCA, especially the interfacial transition zone. The results for the mortar
samples were overall predictable and made it possible to analyze the interesting effect of the water transfer
in the fresh state between matrix and FRCA on the developed interfacial transition zone. The water
absorption of FRCA showed a characteristic influence on the mortar performance depending on the
property considered.
Keywords: Fine aggregates, interfacial transition zone, porosity, water absorption.
O1-34 Development of a cementitious pozzolanic material using calcined

local clay: mechanical and durability performances
Mohammed Seddik Meddah, Munira Al-Owaisi, Ola Najjar, and Abdul Wahid Hago
Department of Civil & Architectural Eng., Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Oman
In today's cement-based materials, the usage of different natural and artificial cementitious and
pozzolanic materials has become very popular in the concrete industry. These cementitious and Pozzolanic
materials are recognized to offer value to mortar/concrete not only in terms of mechanical and durability
performance, but also in terms of sustainability, resulting in lower construction sector environmental
impacts. The development of locally generated natural pozzolans is critical to the building industry's long-
term viability. Locally excavated raw clay from Nizwa city (NZS) in Oman was subject to a series of
preparation and treatments including screening, grinding, categorizing, and calcination. Both the raw
and calcined clays were first characterized before utilized as a partial substitution for normal Portland
cement (PC) in mortar at 10%, 25%, and 35%. The materials characterization include physical (specific
gravity, particle size distribution, fineness, particles shape and surface texture), chemical and
mineralogical composition. The designed mortar mixes were assessed for a compressive strength at
various ages and durability performances including porosity, absorption, sulphate and chloride attacks,
acid attack, and chloride permeability. Thermal conductivity of blended mortar was also assessed. The
compressive strength and durability properties of the blended mortar were evaluated after an initial wet-
curing. The results show that the flow diameter of the blended mixes has dropped slightly. The NZS
replacement had no influence on the hardened mortar's density, although it did increase strength at 10%
replacement before dropping at higher substitution ratios. In the meantime, when modified mortar is
exposed to 5% sulphuric acid, strength losses between 4% and 50% is recorded, with a 1.8% mass increase.
Exposure to a combined solution of 5% (sulphate + chloride) resulted in a 2 to 2.5 percent mass loss and a
significant increase in strength. In addition to the mortar building material quality improvement, the
produced cementitious system is more economic and environmentally friendly with a reduced cost and a
lower environmental footprint compared to the plain cement mortar. The study contributes to the
promotion of using local and sustainable materials that enhances structures` performances and extends

their service life with a minimum environmental impact.

Keywords : Pozzolanic materials, sulphate and chloride attacks, mortar.
O1-35 Investigating the possible bio-stabilization of rammed earth through

microorganisms
Busra Akturka, Hatice Gulenb, Birsen Cevher Keskinc, Tugrul Yazard, Fulya Akipeke
a Civil Engineering Department, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey
b Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
c TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Kocaeli, Turkey
d,e Architecture Department, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey
In recent years, the construction industry has been meeting challenges in reducing the environmental
impacts due to climate change and increased greenhouse gas emissions based on the production of the most
used construction materials such as cement and concrete. It is necessary to limit the production and usage
of these materials since they cannot be mentioned as environment-friendly. Thus, the demand for the use
and development of alternative materials has been increasing for the last decades. Within this context,
earth-based construction materials can be a natural and suitable alternative since their production reduces
global carbon dioxide emissions and limits the disposal of raw materials through a circular economy
approach. Bio-based construction materials such as earth, wood, fiber, and plant aggregates have been
used by human for thousands of years. One of the natural materials, earth, is still the most widely used
construction material in many countries in the world; one-third of human beings live in earthen houses in
developing countries. Even though the earth has been preferred to use as it has several advantages such as
providing good thermal and acoustic properties, resistance to fire, and low cost, it is known that the earth
suffers from having satisfying strength and resistance to water. To obtain desired performance, earth can
be stabilized with two main methods; one is mechanical stabilization which increases the density and,
therefore, the properties of the earth and the second one is the chemical stabilization which develops
secondary mineralogical phases. Incorporating cement, gypsum, and lime are the most known and
effective methods for chemical stabilization. However, usage of them, especially cement, limits the
recyclability of the materials due to increased carbon dioxide emissions. Instead of stabilizing by hydraulic
binders, alternative bio-sourced methods with low environmental impact are increasingly used. These
methods can be classified as incorporating bio-additives and bio-stabilizers into the earth. Bio-additives
such as plant aggregates and fibers reduce density, improve water sensibility by congesting the open pores,
and enhance thermal properties. On the other hand, bio-stabilizers originated from animals, plants, and
minerals such as tannins, oils, fats, urine, casein, etc., improve such characteristics as strength and water
resistance through induction of calcite precipitation, bio-polymerization, and mineral transformation. In
this study, three microorganisms, Bacillus subtilis, Sporosarcina pasteurii, and Bacillus subtilis subsp.
subtilis, which are capable of inducing calcite precipitation effectively, were used to investigate possible
stabilization and improvement in the compressive strength of the rammed earth. The microorganisms are
suspended in a solution of yeast extract and ammonium sulfate. The effects of different concentrations of
microorganisms and calcium resources were studied by producing a total of twelve mixes. The
concentrations of the bacteria were determined by the optical density method, OD600. As calcium
resources, low-cost and locally-available materials such as air lime and gypsum were used at different
amounts. The influence of various microorganisms on earth stabilization was determined by performing a
uniaxial compression test at different ages, e.g., 7th, 28th, and 90th days after the production. The cube
specimens with a size of 50 × 50 ×50 mm were produced. Moreover, microstructure analysis was
performed to determine the mineralogy of the samples. The obtained results showed that both
concentration of the microorganisms and calcium amount in the medium are the main parameters
affecting the mechanical performance of the earth samples. It was found that all microorganisms effectively
enhance the compressive strength on and after 28 days. For a definite concentration of the Bacillus subtilis,
two times higher values, e.g., 8.4 MPa, were achieved on 28 days than the reference mixes, which do not
contain any microorganisms. It can be deduced that the preliminary test results are promising to be a
feasible alternative to cement and or lime-stabilized rammed earth.
Keywords: Bio-based construction materials, microorganisms, earth.

O1-36 Carbonation of concrete cured under different conditions

Kolawole Adisa Olonadea, Nafisat Motunrayo Akinniyib
a Department of Civil Engineering, Kampala International University, Western Campus,
Ishaka, Uganda
b Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
Concrete is cured under different conditions to preserve the moist state of the concrete matrix for
continuous hydration as it is done on most construction sites. In this study, the effect of different curing
techniques on the carbonation depth of concrete mix is presented. Concrete matrix of mix ratio 1:2:4 with a
water-cement ratio of 0.5 was prepared and cast into cubes of sizes 150 mm. After 24 hours, the concrete
cubes were removed from moulds and cured using different techniques for 3, 7, 28, 56, 91, 140, 183 and 365
days. Thereafter, the compressive strength of the concrete cubes and carbonation depths were determined
for each curing day. The curing techniques investigated were immersion in water (IM), sprinkling (SP),
polyethylene membrane (PM), damp sand (DS), indoor (OI), outdoor (OT), and saturated wet covering
(SWC). The results indicated that carbonation depth differed with each of the concrete cured in different
techniques. It was observed that concrete exposed outside was worst affected by carbonation followed by
those cured indoor, while those cured with polythene showed the least carbonation depth. It was concluded
that the polythene membrane curing technique was the best curing technique to limit the effect of
carbonation of concrete.
Keywords: carbonation depth, curing techniques, permeability, compressive strength, construction site.
O1-44 Investigations on alkali-activated aggregates from fine recycled

construction wastes in concrete
Isabelle Wichmann, Rafia Firdous and Dietmar Stephan
Department of Civil Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25,
Berlin, Germany
Dwindling natural resources combined with the increasing amount of construction waste is one of the
major challenges of the current time. In concrete production, attempts are being made to tackle both
problems through one approach: obtaining new material from construction demolition wastes (CDW). The
coarse fraction of the CDW is mostly recycled whereas the fine fraction of the CDW is often neglected or
ignored due to missing recycling applications. The reduction of natural aggregate resources and the fact
that up to 70% of concrete volume consist of aggregates expedites the research on artificial aggregates. This
paper deals with recycling of the fine fraction (≤ 4 mm) of concrete and brick demolition waste obtained
from recycling yards. In a first step, the materials are ground and sieved. As the obtained powders showed
pozzolanic reactivity, alkali-activation was performed with a sodium silicate solution. The aggregates were
produced through pelletization. As a next step, two different types of aggregates were manufactured in this
study: i. concrete powder aggregates (CPA) and ii. brick powder aggregates (BPA). The mechanical and
physical properties of aggregates such as bulk crushing resistance, particle density and water absorption
were determined. The produced aggregates are 2-8 mm in diameter. For further investigation, the
aggregates were used to produce concrete with varying water/cement ratios at a binder content of 0.4
g/cm³ and aggregate contents of 1.2-1.4 g/cm³. The prisms with dimensions of 40x40x160 mm³ were
compared in compressive strength, density, water absorption and thermal conductivity following EN
standards. Compressive strength was evaluated after 7 and 28 days. The results show that the concrete
samples made with CPA possess higher compressive strength (with values ranging from 25-35 MPa) than
the BPA samples. The water absorption of the aggregates range between 15-22 wt.-%. The lower density of
BPA leads to lower thermal conductivity values compared to CPA. All in all, the results of this study provide
a viable solution to deal with the fine fraction of CDW in an environmentally friendly way by establishing a
sustainable circular system.

Keywords: Construction demolition wastes, thermal conductivity, water absorption.

O1-46 Evaluation of potential alkali-activated reaction for the Egyptian north

coast area
Vyacheslav Falikman, Pavel Sirotinand Aleksandr Surkov
Scientific Research Center “Construction”, Department for complex construction projects,
Moscow, Russia
Ensuring the required deterioration resistance and durability is always considered as one of the main
challenges in concrete performance. This quality parameter becomes critically important in the design and
construction of large-scale infrastructure facilities with a long service life. Most of the properties of concrete
that determine the structural durability (porosity, permeability, resistance to deterioration caused by
environment, abrasion, etc.) are relatively simply provided by the proper concrete design using effective
chemical and mineral admixtures. More complicate and time consuming task is the evaluation of the long-
term durability of the raw materials used. The premature degradation of concrete caused by reactive
aggregates is one of the most acute problems facing concrete science today. Given the significant duration
of this “internal” process of deterioration in concrete under natural conditions, accelerated methods to
assess a risk of its development when using potentially reactive aggregates acquire special importance. In
whole, the North African region is underlain by a crystallin Precambrian basement complex, which is
overlain by later sedimentary sequences of Jurassic to Pliocene age. The paper presents the results of
determination of potential alkali-reactivity of aggregates from several deposits and quarries in Northern
Egypt, specifically Al Khattaba quarry, Abo Agwa, Attaka, Al Khattaba quarry, El Salhia, El Dabaa,
Hurghada, and Wadi El Natron. Tests were conducted by accelerated methods with determination of
strains on prisms according to ASTM and RILEM standard methods. The methods used were developed to
determine the potential reactivity of both silica and carbonate rocks. The results of the investigation
revealed the potential reactivity of the Hurghada deposit aggregates. At the average value of relative
strains of more than 0.110% for prisms made with their use, on the 9th day of exposure in 1M NaOH
solution, the appearance of a branched system of cracks on the surface of tested samples was registered.
When testing other aggregates, the value of relative strains in the tests did not exceed the threshold value
established by the standards, although in some cases it was recorded exceeding the value of the deviation of
the result in the final period of testing. A detailed mineralogical and petrographic analysis of the rock was
performed for the Attaka aggregate with the minimum recorded deformation value (-0.001%). It was found
that the crushed stone was formed mainly by carbonate rocks (mostly fine-grained dolomite, associated
with pelitomorphic organogenic-detrital dolomite, silty organogenic-detrital carbonate rock, and calcite)
with minor impurities of quartz, iron hydroxides, and clay minerals. The presence of potentially reactive
silicate impurities in the rock (quartz, chalcedony, etc.) noted in the mineralogical and petrographic
characteristics according to the test results does not have a negative impact on the resistance of the
aggregate to the effects of cement alkalis. Considering the already available literature sources the analysis
of data on the assessment of the crushed stone reactivity from the Attaka deposit has been carried out.
Based on the data obtained, the paper analyzes the possibility of using the tested types of aggregates to
perform concrete work in the construction of large infrastructure facilities in the North of Egypt, viz port
facilities, offshore platforms, massive dams, and nuclear power facilities. Methods to reduce a potential risk
of deleterious alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete according to ASTM C1778 are considered.
Recommendations have been formulated to design of concrete compositions for various performance
purposes considering the peculiarities of the hot climate of the Northern Region of Africa.
Keywords: Alkali-activation, structural durability, reactive silicate.

O1-51 Hydration and durability characteristics of a new composite

Cementitious binder containing of slag and calcite
Yogarajah Elakneswarana, Chuang Lia, Siventhirarajah Krishnyaa, Masataka Oginob, Eiji
Owakib
a Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo, Japan
b Structure and Material Research Section, Infrastructure Technology Research
Department, Taisei Advanced Center of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
The conventional attempt to decrease the CO 2 emission in the cement manufacturing plants and concrete
industry is the partial or complete replacement of clinker with supplementary cementitious materials
(SCMs) in cement or replacement of cement with SCMs in concrete mixture. The blast furnace slag (BFS) is
more commonly used with cement to produce sustainable blended cement, as it shows better intrinsic
properties compared to other blended cement paste. Adding an inert or weakly reactive material into the
SCMs mixture enhances the hydration reaction and subsequently improves the intrinsic properties of the
hardened matrix. A significant amount of limestone/calcite behaves as active reactant, as a result, it is
often used as filler material in the alumina rich SCMs. In this study, the hydration and durability
characteristics of a new clinker free material made of calcium hydroxide, BFS, calcite, and expansive agent
is explored. The hydration characteristic of the newly proposed material is investigated by multiple
experimental programmes including X-ray diffraction (XRD), TG-differential thermal analysis (DTA),
selective dissolution measurement, and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). In addition, chloride
resistance was evaluated by an exposure experiment, where the hydrated paste was exposed to 500 mM of
NaCl solution for 3, 6, and 12 months. The accelerated carbonation experiment was conducted for 2, 4 and 6
months to analysis the CO 2 diffusion and carbonation reaction of the paste. After the exposure of chloride
and CO2 diffusion, the specimen was ground from the exposure surface to 2 mm deep using a file and the
powder was analyzed using XRD to determine the changes in mineralogical composition. The experimental
results revealed that the reaction of degree of slag in the absence of cement was mainly enhanced by water
to powder ratio, calcite content, and specific surface area of the calcite for a specific condition. The
ettringite and hemicarboaluminate are the main crystalline hydration products of BFS-calcite hardened
matrix, and the formation of monocarboalumate or destabilization of ettringite was not observed in any
samples due to the presence of calcium carbonate. The thermodynamic model was developed predict the
hydration products of the proposed composite material. The predicted hydration products and porosity as a
function of hydration period from the proposed model for the cementless binder showed excellent
agreement with experimental results. The chloride exposure experimental results showed that the initial
hydration product of hemicarboaluminate is transformed to Friedel‟s slat due to the ingress of chloride.
Both total and free chloride profiles show the same tendency with distance and exposure period. Moreover,
the increasing the coarseness of the calcite shows better resistance to chloride ingress. Another interesting
finding of this study is that penetration depth of chloride did not change with exposure period, which is
around 10-12 mm. The accelerated carbonation of the materials shows fully carbonation at the exposure
surface, which brings around 20 mm carbonation depth. The ettringite and hemicarboaluminate phases
were reacted with diffused CO2 and formed additional calcite at the carbonated surface. Finally, a multi-
scale model was used to predict the chloride ingress and CO2 diffusion. The experimental data were
successfully verified with modelling results.
Keywords: Limestone, chloride resistance, accelerated carbonation, ettringite.
O1-58 Influence of calcined clay on workability of mortars with low-carbon

cement
Lucia FERRARIa, Villiam BORTOLOTTIa , Nikola MIKANOVICb , Mohsen BEN-HAHAb and
Elisa FRANZONIa
a DICAM Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
b Global R&D, Heidelberg Cement AG, Leimen, Germany
The second-largest industrial CO2 emitter globally is the cement sector. The Technology Roadmap of low
carbon transition for cement industries includes the introduction of calcined clay as supplementary

cementitious material. LC3 is proposed as a new type of cement based on a blend of limestone and calcined
clay. LC3 can reduce carbon dioxide emissions of cement production by up to 40% and it is prepared using
limestone and clay which are globally available. Many scientific studies aimed to investigate the hydration
of LC3 to understand the contribution of calcined clay to compressive strength development. However,
recent studies showed that other cement properties, like workability and water demand, are highly
impacted by calcined clay. Despite some papers state that an increase in superplasticizer dosage
compensates this effect, such concrete is usually sticky, hard to handle and deal with. In this sense, a proper
understanding of the mechanisms regulating rheology of LC 3 is needed. The objective of this study is to
analyze workability of calcined clay-based cement pastes and mortar, specifically investigating the role of
capillary unbound water in particle suspensions. A commercial CEM I and CEM II were used to establish
the reference flow parameters of mortars at W/B=0.5. Different mortars with variable proportions of CEM
I, limestone and calcined clay were prepared using a superplasticizer to obtain target workability
measured by mini-slump cone and flow table tests. Afterwards, flow curves of pastes at W/B=0.4 were
measured by a rheometer to understand material flow resistance as function of decreasing imposed
deformation. Capillary unbound water in paste was detected by the means of Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC) and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry. Preliminary results show that
calcined clay highly impact workability of mortars and pastes. The mini-slump and flow table test results
highlight a need to increase superplasticizer dosage to achieve target workability with calcined clay
cements. Rheology measurements confirmed the results obtained with mortar and provide insights of an
impact of superplasticizer on both yield values and viscosity of pastes. DSC and 1H NMR relaxometry
results clarify that the capillary unbound water is rapidly consumed by calcined clay, being thus
unavailable to fluidify cement pastes. This multi-method approach provides a further step in understanding
calcined clay impact on workability of mortars with low-carbon cement.
Keywords: LC3, limestone, calcined clay, rheology, NMR.
O1-59 Sustainable concrete: development pathways and opportunities beyond

clinker content reduction
Franco Zunino and Karen Scrivener
Laboratory of Construction Materials, EPFL STI IMX LMC, Lausanne, Switzerland
Concrete is the second most used substance by mankind after water. Due to this enormous utilization,
Portland cement (PC) is responsible for about 7% of manmade CO 2 emissions, so that addressing this
situation is essential, but not trivial. Existing technologies, such as blended cements that incorporate
mineral additions in combination with clinker, enable substantial CO 2 reductions compared to traditional
PC. Concrete is the only material on Earth that can be produced in the volume required to meet the current
and future demand of construction. It is not only widely available, but it is also cheap, easy and safe to use,
as well as versatile and durable. There is no other material that can replace it that satisfies all of these
qualities and consequently, concrete will remain the cornerstone of human development for decades and
centuries to come. In this article, we show that by a simultaneous use of blended cements and a critical
optimization of the concrete mixture design, the CO 2 footprint of concrete can be reduced by up to 75%
compared to current concrete formulations. It is only by addressing the cement and concrete scales
simultaneously that the maximum carbon savings can be achieved. The missing link that will enable this is
the development of adequate admixture formulations to provide adequate workability to the low clinker,
low binder content concrete of the future.
Keywords : concrete mixture design, CO2 footprint, low clinker.

O1-64 The influence of clinkering conditions and cooling rate on the phase
composition of Belite-Ye’elimite-Ferrite (BYF) clinker
Adam Sabbah and Semion Zhutovsky
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Israel
BYF cements are a promising alternative to Portland cement due to their lower carbon dioxide (CO 2)
emissions and reduced energy requirements. BYF clinkers can generally be produced at lower firing
temperatures and their main clinker phases (belite, ye‟elimite, and ferrite) have lower lime content than
those of Portland cement clinker, e.g., alite. The formation of these phases, their relative proportions, and
polymorphism, which determines their reactivity, strongly depends on clinker synthesis parameters.
Therefore, it is essential to assess the influence of the raw meal composition, burning conditions, and
cooling rate on BYF clinker phase composition. This study was carried out in order to examine the influence
of raw materials proportioning, retention time, and cooling rate on the mineralogy and microstructure of
the BYF clinker. Raw meals with different contents of sulfate (SO3) were calculated, and laboratory clinkers
were produced in a high-temperature electrical furnace. The burning temperature of the clinkers was set at
1350 °C. The influence of retention time at the maximum temperature was investigated starting at 15
minutes and including 30, 60, and up to 120 minutes. The effect of different cooling rates on phase
composition and polymorphism of main clinker phases was studied. The phase transformations during the
clinkerization process were also investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) during both heating and cooling stages. The resulting mineral composition of
the clinkers was studied by quantitative X-ray powder diffraction (QXRD) using Reitveld refinement. The
microstructure and morphology of the clinkers were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy.
The experimental results of this study indicate that the retention time of 30 minutes, excess SO 3, and
moderate-rapid cooling with cool air are the most beneficial for obtaining the desired clinker phase
composition with the most reactive polymorphs of belite and ye‟elimite. It was demonstrated that sulfur
content and retention time had a greater effect on clinker mineral composition and polymorphism of belite
and ye‟elimite than the cooling rate. The results showed that stoichiometrically calculated sulfur content
was found to be insufficient for stabilizing the β-belite in the clinkers even at high cooling rates. On the other
hand, the addition of SO3 enabled the stabilization of β-belite and prevented the formation of the
hydraulically-inert form of belite (γ-C2S). Moreover, excess SO3 in the raw meal was also found to be
necessary for the proper formation of the ye‟elimite phase (C4A3$). The polymorphism of C4A3$ was
influenced by both SO3 addition and retention time, whereas the cooling rate had no significant effect on
neither its final composition nor polymorph type. The high relative contents of SO 3 in the raw meal resulted
in a higher ratio of the cubic ye‟elimite to its orthorhombic polymorph. It was demonstrated that the level of
iron oxide (Fe2O3) incorporated into C4A3$-c increased with the increase of SO3. Iron oxide incorporation
into ye‟elimite was accompanied by an increase in the latter‟s unit cell volume and a decrease in the C 4AF
phase content. The findings of this study showed that proportioning of raw materials, burning conditions,
and cooling rates affect the composition and polymorphism of the BYF clinker. These results emphasize the
importance of optimizing the technological parameters of clinker production to achieve the desired clinker
composition. As a consequence, BYF clinker with reactive phases such as β-belite, cubic ye‟elimite, and
ferrite can be enhanced in order to create a new generation of environmentally-friendly cements with lower
CO2 emissions relative to Portland cement clinkers.
Keywords: Belite-Ye‟elimite-Ferrite (BYF), Reitveld refinement, sufate, TGA.
Corresponding Author:[email protected]

O1-71 Influence of sawdust and flax shives on the high temperature

mechanical behavior of earthen materials
Salomon Igra Pohowe, Rafik Abdallah, Prosper Pliya, Anne-Lise Beaucour
L2MGC, CY Cergy Paris Université, Cergy, France
Earthen materials have recently made headlines due to their high potential reuse in the construction
industry. The growing request of earth-based materials is hampered by the lack of information on the fire
behaviour of these materials, in particular for issues of instability. Vegetal aggregates are frequently used
in earth construction because they stabilize the clay fraction shrinkage and improve their insulating
capacity. The current study focuses on the role that vegetal additives could play in their implementation
inside earthen materials, specifically in terms of the latter's high temperature behavior. At various
percentages, sawdust and flax shives were added to a raw earth mix. The percentages of those vegetal
additives in the earthen matrix ranged between 0 and 7.5 percent of the dry weight of soil. The used
additives were characterized before being mixed with soil that was itself characterized also. The
manufactured specimens were therefore made up of a mix of raw earth soil mixed with water and vegetal
additives, with the characteristics of each additive considered. The specimens were then heated to high
temperatures in a furnace programmed to achieve target temperatures of 150°C, 300°C, 500°C, 600°C and
800°C at a heating rate of 1°C/min. The specimen‟s residual mechanical properties were then examined. In
the absence of vegetal additives, the compressive strength of the specimens increased with temperature.
But, the addition of vegetal additives led to a decrease in strength between 150° and 300°C, which is greater
as the percentage of vegetal additives increased. For a lower mass percentage of vegetal additives (2.5%),
the compressive strength increased again between 300 and 500°C; and then between 600°C and 800°C for
all the tested dosages. The comparison between the two types of vegetal additives illustrated the
unfavorable influence of a larger size of additives on the residual properties of specimens. In terms of their
contribution to the previously determined properties, the sawdust additive outperformed flax shives. This
outperformance is thought to be the reason why sawdust is suitable for the use in high-temperature-risky
constructions.
Keywords: Earthen materials, vegetal additives, high temperature, residual properties.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
O1-85 Influence of iron content on processing conditions and early age

hydration of Ye’elimite
T.V. Bipina and Piyush Chaunsali
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Calcium sulfoaluminate-belite (CSAB) cement is considered as a technically adequate low-CO2 alternative

binder to Portland cement (PC) for various applications. Ye‟elimite constitutes the primary phase of CSAB
cement along with belite and ferrite as the other main phases. CSAB cement is produced using limestone,
clay, bauxite, and calcium sulfate as raw materials. The use of bauxite as a major source for the high
fraction of alumina in CSAB cement increases its manufacturing cost significantly. In recent years, the
utilization of various industrial by-products as alternative raw materials to produce CSAB cement is being
promoted for its economic and environmental advantages. Alumina rich by-products or waste-materials
such as red mud, low-grade bauxite, and aluminum anodizing sludge are potential alternatives for bauxite
in CSAB cement production. The lime requirement in the raw meal is considerably less for CSAB cement
compared to PC. Hence, limestone can also be substituted with calcium rich fly ash that can provide CaO
and SiO2, and it also allows the possibility of utilizing low-grade limestone that is unsuitable for PC
production. However, when alternative raw materials are used, certain trace elements or impurities are
unavoidably present in the raw mix. This paper aims at studying the formation and hydration of ye‟elimite
incorporated with iron, which is commonly found in the industrial by-products suitable for CSAB cement
production. The influence of iron on the clinkering conditions and its incorporation in the ye‟elimite phase
are investigated using microstructural characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction and
thermogravimetric analysis. The iron-incorporated ye‟elimite, synthesized using laboratory-grade
chemicals, is examined for early age hydration using isothermal calorimetry to study the effect of iron on

the reactivity of ye‟elimite. The iron content in the raw mix was found to affect clinkering reactions by
accelerating the decomposition of calcite and calcium sulfate. The iron incorporation also resulted in
changes in the crystal structure and reactivity of ye‟elimite.
Keywords: Calcium Sulfoaluminate-Belite cement; Iron content; Ye‟elimite; Hydration
Corresponding Author : [email protected]
O1-88 Reactivity assessment of Indian biomass ashes for their utilisation in

alternative cementitious binders
Nilakanmani Manimaran and Piyush Chaunsali
Global population growth, urbanization, and industrial advancements will likely increase the global energy
demands up to ~20% by 2040. The process of biomass incineration for energy generation is increasing
world-wide, particularly in developing countries like India. Biomass constitutes 32% of primary energy
consumption in India and it is also used as feedstock in small scale to medium scale industries and biomass
power plants. The residual ash on biomass incineration consists of reactive silica, making it a potential
candidate for cementitious binders. Utilisation of high volume of agro-based biomass ash in chemically
activated binders could pave a way towards sustainability of construction materials. The agro-based
biomass ashes can be chemically activated with Ca-Na based activators with low alkali concentration at
ambient environmental conditions. The utilisation of agro-based biomass ash in cementitious binders is
restricted due to the presence of residual carbon, inconsistency in ash composition, and variability in ash
reactivity. Reactivity assessment of the biomass ash is crucial for understanding its utilisation potential.
This study involves physico-chemical characterisation and reactivity assessment of agro-based biomass
ashes collected from India. The existing reactivity assessment tools, such as strength activity index test,
Chapelle test, Frattini test, and R3 method (as recommended by RILEM TC 267), may not be suitable to
assess the reactivity of pozzolanic materials for chemical activation. Hence, the reactivity is assessed by
measuring the heat of hydration of chemically activated biomass ashes and dissolution extent of the ash in
alkaline medium. The heat of hydration study is carried out without the addition of sulphates and
carbonates (modified R3 method). The study aims to establish composition-reactivity relationship of Indian
biomass ashes.
Keywords: Agro-based biomass ash, chemical activation, dissolution, heat of hydration, reactivity
assessment.
O1-96 Ambient-cured geopolymer mortars developed by the combined Use of

construction and demolition wastes
Gurkan Yildirima,b, Ashraf Ashoura, Emircan Ozcelikcib,c, Muhammed Faruk Gunalb, Behlul
Furkan Ozeld
a Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, the
United Kingdom
b Department of Civil Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
c Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
d Department of Civil Engineering, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
Degrading infrastructure and structural demolishment practices create tremendous amounts of

construction and demolition waste (CDW) all around the world. To address this issue, recycling CDW
suitably has become a global concern recently. To this end, this study focused on the utilization of CDW-
based materials including hollow brick (HB), red clay brick (RCB), roof tile (RT), glass (G) and concrete (C)
in the production of geopolymer mortars. These materials, after collected from an urban transformation
area, were subjected to an identical two-step crushing-milling procedure to obtain powdery precursors

suitable for geopolymerization. The effect of use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (S) as part of the
CDW-based precursors (20%, by weight) was also studied. Fine recycled concrete aggregates (FRCA)
obtained from crushing and sieving of waste concrete were used as the aggregate to maximize the amount
of CDW recycled. A series of mixtures were designed using different proportions of three alkaline activators
such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate (Na 2SiO3) and calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2). After 28
days of ambient curing, the entirely CDW-based geopolymer mortars activated with three different
activators reached to a compressive strength level of 35 MPa, whereas the S-substituted counterparts
achieved a compressive strength of 48 MPa. While the geopolymer mortars activated by the sole use of
NaOH exhibited poor mechanical performance, the use of Na 2SiO3 and Ca(OH)2 improved the performance.
The main geopolymerization products were related to NASH, CASH, and C(N)ASH gel formations. Our
results imply that CDW-based materials can be successfully employed in the manufacturing of sustainable
geopolymer materials being potential alternatives to Portland cement-based systems and capable of
reducing clean raw materials‟ need, cost, negative environmental impact and increasing the amount of
waste upcycled considerably.
Keywords: Construction and demolition waste (CDW), Ambient curing, Geopolymer, Mortar, Compressive
strength, Microstructure.
O1-98 Investigation of the pozzolanic reactivity of three different grades of

calcined marl from phosphate by-products
Abdelmoujib Bahhoua,c, Yassine Tahaa Rachid Hakkoub, Arezki Tagnit-Hamouc, Mostafa
Benzaazouaa,d
a Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Gue-rir, Morocco
b Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Marrakech, Morocco
c Département de génie Civil, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
d Institut de Recherche en Mines et en Environnement, Univ du Québec en Abitibi
Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
One of today's cement industry challenges aim in reducing the production of the clinker through the use of
sustainably supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Those SCMs are highly consumed, and their
production is very limited (fly ashes, slags, silica fume, etc.) unlike calcined clays widely available.
Phosphate exploitation by-products can be an alternative resource to feed the cement industry. In this
paper, different types of marl clays from the phosphate extraction ores were calcined at three temperatures
750, 800, and 850 °C. With respect to their mineralogical after the calcination. The optimum temperature
has been revealed and it has been confirmed through solubility of Al & Si ions in alkaline solution. XRD,
SEM and MAS NMR analyses have been done to assess the phases formed for pastes specimens after 28
days of hydration. Mortar specimens were evaluated for their mechanical performance (compressive and
flexural strengths). The result showed that replacement of cement by 30-20% of calcined marls at 850 °C
could achieve optimal strength. The improvement of the mechanical performance seems to be related to the
new phases formed during hydration. Owing to the reaction occurred between the aluminate phase and
calcium carbonate, the latter tends to form monocarboaluminate (Mc) and hemicarboaluminate (Hc). This
work enabled to better-understand the hydration mechanisms of this phosphate waste-based cement.
Keywords: Clinker, supplementary cementitious materials, phosphate waste, marls, compressive strength,
flexural strength, calcination.

O1-104 Packing optimization of cement paste incorporating waste perlite

powders
Amina Dacić and Olivér Fenyvesi
Department of Construction Materials and Technologies, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
On the path of addressing the environmental impact of concrete, focusing on the cement paste phase is
significant. Since cement production is the largest contributor to concrete's environmental impact, reducing
its content without degrading the material performance is essential. The utilisation of traditional
supplementary cementitious materials is widely investigated and employed. However, alternative locally
available raw materials which do not have a product value (e.g. industrial and/or agricultural waste) can
lead to favourable results for reducing environmental impact while maintaining the material performance
of cementitious materials. In this study, the utilisation of two types of waste perlite powders (WPPs) is
investigated as cement replacements to improve the packing density of the cement paste and decrease the
amount of cement used. The WPPs used in this study were obtained from the perlite production milling and
grading system. WPP-C designates the dust collected from the cyclone while WPP-SZ from the baghouse.
The cement pastes are produced using ternary blended cementitious material containing ordinary Portland
cement (OPC) and two types of WPPs. The WPPs differed in specific surface area, which governs their
influence on optimising the packing density of cement pastes. One of them (WPP-SZ) had a substantially
higher specific surface area than OPC, and the other had a lower (WPP-C). Hence, their application in
ternary blended cementitious mix was recognised as the most suitable. For the investigation, the wet
packing method was used with volumetric replacement ratios. The volumetric replacement ratios of OPC by
WPP-SZ ranged from 2.5% to 12.5%, while for WPP-C from 2.5% to 7.5%. Aside from packing density,
compressive strength measurement was made. Hence, the contribution of WPPs by packing density and by
pozzolanic activity to the strength of cement paste can be identified. The correlation between the two
parameters will provide the necessary data on the effectiveness of utilising such ternary cementitious
materials in concrete.
Keywords: Waste perlite powders (WPPs), cement replacement, baghouse.
O1-108 Testing alginate- and sulfonate-based superabsorbent polymers as

alternative to commercial options used in cementitious materials
José Roberto Tenório Filhoa,b, Maria Adelaide Pereira Gomes de Araújoc, Els Mannekensd,
Nele De Beliea and Didier Snoecke,a
a Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory, Department of Structural Engineering and Building
Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
b SIM vzw, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 48, Ghent, Belgium
c Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

d Chemstream bv, Drie Eikenstraat 661, Edegem, Belgium
e BATir, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
In the current context, where sustainability is found in the core of global discussions, advances in
construction technology and building materials are more important than ever to ensure higher durability
and better performance of engineering structures. The use of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) figures as a
remarkable example of that. For the past two decades they have been investigated in the field of building
materials and have been proven to enhance the performance of cementitious materials in a wide range of
applications: internal curing, reduction of freeze-thaw damage, immediate sealing of cracks, and
increasing of self-healing efficiency. Most of the studies conducted so far have made use of synthetic and
commercially available SAPs. Most of them are built from the acrylic acid monomer, which is considered a

non-renewable material that is dependent on the petroleum industry. In this work, eight different “in-
house” developed polymers are investigated as internal curing agents in cement pastes and compared to
commercially available SAPs. The in-house developed polymers are based on alginates and sulfonates and
differ in kinetics of sorption and desorption. They were tested for the water uptake in artificial cement pore
solution by means of a filtration test and further tested in cement pastes with a range of water-to-cement
ratios from 0.30 to 0.40. Their efficiency as internal curing agents was assessed by means of autogenous
shrinkage measurements with corrugated tubes and internal relative humidity testing. Setting and
hardening, compressive strength tests at the age of 28 days, and air void analysis on polished sections were
also analyzed. The alginate SAPs presented a very limited internal curing effect, consequence of a
premature water release. The cement pastes produced with these polymers were comparable to a reference
mixture where extra water was used with the intent to reduce shrinkage. In contrast, most of the sulfonate-
based SAPs presented a more controlled water release, which resulted in partial or complete mitigation of
shrinkage. All pastes produced with SAPs (regardless of the type) suffered a reduction in compressive
strength in comparison to a reference cement paste without SAPs and effective water-to-cement ratio
comparable to the SAP mixtures. Overall, some of the “in-house” developed SAPs performed in a way
compatible to that of the commercial ones. These results indicate a promising line of investigation towards
the development of SAPs with properties that can be fine-tuned for specific applications.
Keywords: Superabsorbent polymers, internal curing, cement, alginates, sulfonates, kinetics.

O1-129 Application of silica fume based solid activators for the one-part
geopolymerization of various aluminosilicate raw materials
Olga Andriana Panitsa , Dimitrios Kioupis and Glikeria Kakali
School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Geopolymerization stands out as the most promising technology to incorporate the sustainability principles
in the construction sector. The research community has focused on altering the established two-part method
of geopolymers production, where a corrosive alkaline solution is used to activate an aluminosilicate raw
material, by introducing solid activators in the procedure (one-part synthesis procedure). Till today, most
of the tested solid activators are commercial products with high embodied energy (e.g. Na 2SiO3). However,
an advanced solid activator was generated by our research team, through a simple procedure, where silica
fume, sodium hydroxide and water were mixed and treated either thermally at 150°C or by using a
microwave for only 2 minutes to produce a solid powder with high Na 2SiO3 content. This paper tests the
scope of application of this new silica fume based solid activator by using it for the alkali activation of
various established aluminosilicate raw materials in the geopolymerization technology: fly ash, ceramic
waste (brick) and metakaolin. Initially, the raw materials were characterized in terms of their chemical
and mineralogical composition, as well as their grain size. The produced geopolymers compressive strength
was examined and compared with two-part geopolymers reference samples that derived from optimizing
each synthesis by utilizing a multifactorial design of experiments (DoE), called the Taguchi method. Finally,
the Rietveld Quantitative Analysis method was applied to quantify the geopolymers‟ content in amorphous
Si and Al, which is considered to contribute significantly to geopolymerization, and examine the efficiency
of the new silica fume based solid activator. Results of first series experiments using fly ash showed that the
use of this low embodied energy product, as a solid activator in general, leads to geopolymers with
comparable mechanical performance to those prepared with commercial products (~60MPa), pointing out
their future successful inclusion in the geopolymers market. The rest of the experiments are in progress.
Keywords: Geopolymer, solid activator, aluminosilicate, design of experiments, Taguchi method.

O1-135 Additive Earth: local material processing and fabrication

Alexander Curth and Lawrence Sass
Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Architecture – Computation, Cambridge, USA
Additive manufacturing with earth is an emerging, though largely uncharacterized, approach to

fabricating low embodied carbon structures. Methods for processing and 3D printing locally sourced
earthen materials in different environments is critical for the validation of large scale earthen additive
manufacturing as a tool to address a growing global need for housing and climate resilient architecture.
We present a set of straightforward design guidelines for local material sourcing, processing, material
characterization, and material simulation. In addition, we share novel 1:1 scale prototypes of building
elements printed in earth and the results of rheological and mechanical tests corresponding to the printed
structures. These structures include wall sections with various strategies for thermal control and
reinforcement (fiber, post tensioning), freestanding vaults for efficient roof structures, and foundation
formwork. Structures are printed engaging both 3 and 6-axis robotic systems. Material characteristics such
as clay and aggregate content are adjusted relative to the behavioral demands of the geometry being
printed. We demonstrate that it is possible to print highly functional building elements with repeatable
mechanical characteristics using locally earth mixtures. By illustrating a range of reproducible material
and geometric possibilities we expand the design space of additive earth and its applications.
Keywords:Earth, printed structure, rheology, mechanical characteristics.
O1-145 Effect of nanoclay in the printability of extrusion-based 3D printable

mortar
Sandipan Kaushika, Mohammed Sonebia, Giuseppina Amatoa,
Arnaud Perrotb, Utpal Kumar Dasc
a Schoolof Natural and Built Environment, Queen‟s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
b Department of Civil Engineering, Université Bretagne Sud, Lorient, France
c Department of Civil Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
Additive manufacturing especially extrusion-based 3D concrete printing have reignited interest in

construction industry due to key benefits such as decreased cost and time, freeform parametric design, and
formwork free manufacturing. The lack of formwork necessitates possession of a high yield stress for self-
support and to allow a larger buildable height of extrudable mortar filaments. Higher yield stress is
beneficial for buildability, but extrudability should also be addressed. When the concrete's yield stress is
higher, the extrusion effort to create flow is greater, and the extruded filaments have surface flaws.
Nanoclay can improve the yield stress of the printable mortar at a very early stage after mixing without
compromising the flowable properties of the mortar significantly. Due to environmental factors and
hydration the rheological properties of the cementitious mixture changes over time and therefore there are
conditions or boundaries for efficiently utilizing the cementitious mixture to produce extrudable and
buildable mortar filaments. A printability box is developed with the help of slump flow and yield stress
values to characterise the most feasible boundary within which 3D printable mortar is both extrudable and
buildable with least possible surface flaws or shape alteration of mortar filaments. The printable mortar is
designed with a maximum fine aggregate size of 1.18 mm, cement, fly ash, basalt fibre, superplasticizer and
nanoclay. It is also possible to say that the printability of the 3D printable mortar has improved because of
a reduction in layer settlement caused by an increase in the dosage of nanoclay. A reduction in the
settlement of printed layers can also be correlated to an increase in the yield stress of the material as the
dosage of nanoclay increases in the mortar matrix. Furthermore, in applications of 3D printing, cement-
based materials are usually exposed to compressive stresses owing to the weight of the printed layers and

the bottom most layers are more susceptible to the compressive stress. To determine whether the printable
mortar under investigation is stiff enough to sustain the compressive stress with least deformation or
strain, the printed filaments are subjected to a uniaxial compression test. It is observed that with the
increase in the amount of nanoclay in the mortar, compressive strength of fresh mortar filaments increases
manifold as compared to the reference.
Keywords: 3D concrete, nanoclay, yield stress, rheological properties.
O1-148 Numerical approach to determine the mechanical properties of fresh

and hardened cement paste
Mylvaganam Nithurshana, Siventhirarajah Krishnyaa, Yuya Yodab, Ryoma Kitagakia,
Yogarajah Elakneswarana
a Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
b SHIMIZU CORPORATION, Shimizu Institute of Technology, Japan
Microstructure of the cement paste influences the hardened properties of concrete such as compressive
strength and elastic moduli, which are often needed to design and analyses the concrete structures. In
addition, the strength gain of concrete in early age (1-3 days) is also important to understand the
development of the micro-crack that vastly reduces the durability. Numerous experimental studies have
been carried out to understand the hydration and development of microstructure and those experiments are
time-consuming, cost and labor-intensive. Hence, with the advancement of computer programming and
hardware, researchers have started to simulate the hydration and microstructure development of cement
paste using various techniques such as the heat of hydration model (DuCOM), digital-pixel-image model
(CEMHYD3D), and volume expansion model (HYMOSTRUC), etc. However, those models did not account
for the formation of types of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H), which is the prime hydration product for
strength development, and the kinetics of microstructural development used in those models were simulated
using semi-empirical parameters that must be verified against experimental results for each mix design.
Therefore, the comprehensive investigation of the microstructure development of cement paste from its C-S-
H globe (nanoscale) is crucial as cement paste is a multi-scale, multi-phase and complex material. Thus,
this study aims to predict the mechanical properties of cement paste with hydration age by emphasizing the
formation of two different types of C-S-H (low density and high density) along with a realistic prediction of
chemical shrinkage and capillary porosity during the hydration process, as several studies have already
proved that the volume fraction of hydration products is the main factor to be considered in predicting the
mechanical properties of cement paste or concrete. Initially, the coupled thermodynamic model is used to
determine the volume fraction of hydration products including chemical shrinkage and capillary porosity
with the function of time. The mechanical properties of the two types of C-S-H are then estimated using the
multi-scale model proposed in the recent literature. Afterwards, the Representative Volume Element (RVE)
of cement paste in macro scale is generated by writing codes in MATLAB such that the anhydrate particles
and capillary porosity phases are randomly distributed in the hydrated phase. The RVE is then imported to
COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 through LiveLink™ and finite element analysis is performed on the RVE using
the Structural Mechanics module available in COMSOL 6.0. Finally, the predicted mechanical properties of
the cement phase such as compressive strength with time are compared with experimental data available in
the literature. Based on the results, the model predicts well the strength development of cement paste
comparable with experimental data. Since this model is developed by incorporating the complex hydration
process such as the formation of C-S-H (prime binder) in two different densities, unlike other models in
which total C-S-H was assumed as a single phase, the model can be used to realistically predict the
mechanical properties of cementitious system that include fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace
(GGBF) slag cement with hydration time with less effort.
Keywords: Cement paste, compressive strength, elastic moduli, hydration, multi-scale, thermodynamic
model.

O1-178 Durability assessment of industrial by-product and marine resource

based ultra-high performance concrete
Shameer Saleha, Aziz Hasan Mahmooda, Xiao-Ling Zhaoa, b and Ehab Hameda
a School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney,
Australia
b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hong Kong, China
The increasing demand for concrete and thereof its production and supply pose severe environmental
impacts through the consumption of natural resources (e.g., fresh water, river sand, and coarse aggregates)
and through the carbon emission-intensive cement manufacturing process. These alarming concerns have
prompted the development of seawater and sea-sand concrete (SWSSC) which utilizes adequate marine
resources instead of depleting fresh water and river sand. On the other hand, incorporating industrial by-
products in concrete as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can contribute to sustainable
construction practice by offsetting the cement carbon footprint. Utilizing seawater, sea sand, and industrial
wastes in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) fabrication can lead to a sustainable as well as durable
construction material, especially suited for marine infrastructure development. This experimental work
investigates the durability properties of ultra-high performance seawater and sea-sand concrete (UHP-
SWSSC) with partial substitution of cement by ground granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume as
SCMs. Five mixes were developed with varying proportions of SCMs as cement replacement (0% as control
mix, 25% and 50% by mass) and water-to-binder ratio (0.15, 0.2 and 0.25). In addition to mechanical
behavior through standard axial compression tests on cube specimens, several durability indicators such as
water absorption, sorptivity, permeability of chloride ions, and volume of permeable voids were measured
over time. Results reveal that the incorporation of SCMs in UHP-SWSSC although improves the mechanical
properties marginally, significantly enhances the durability performance. In comparison to the control mix,
40%, 75% and 90% reduction in the volume of permeable voids, rate of water absorption and non-steady
state chloride migration co-efficient were observed in a 50% SCM replaced mix, respectively. Addition of
ground slag and silica fume induced a relatively compact matrix through refinement of the microstructure,
which made the resulting concrete nearly impermeable to ion movements. An optimum water-to-binder
ratio of 0.2 was established, below which neither the strength nor the durability characteristics improved
further.
Keywords: Seawater and sea-sand concrete (SWSSC), permeability, chloride ions, migration co-efficient,
durability.
O1-183 Substitution of lime by quarry co-products in hemp concrete: impacts

on mechanical and thermal properties
Simon Guihéneufa, Arnaud Perrota, Thibaut Colinarta, Damien Rangeardb and Tangi
Leborgneb
a IRDL, UMR CNRS 6027, Université de Bretagne Sud, Lorient Cedex, France
b LCBTP Groupe Pigeon, Noyal-sur-Vilaine, France
In the last decades, bio-based building materials have regained interest in a global warming acceleration
context. Hemp concretes, composed of hemp aggregates and binders (mostly lime or cement), are
nowadays regularly investigated. Their good hygrothermal properties and the use of fast-growing bio-
based resources that can store carbon in the building stock during its lifetime are their major features.
However, the use of hydraulic binders in their composition present some drawbacks with their embedded
carbon footprint, thus the partial or full replacement of these binders with unfired clayey materials can be
relevant. In this study, the use of different clayey quarry co-products, washing sludge, in replacement of
traditionally used hydraulic lime is investigated. In laboratory, the studied materials are processed at a
same rheological state that is equivalent to the on-field consistency of a conventional sprayed lime-hemp

concrete. The hemp-binder ratio is remaining constant as far as possible. Two main issues are targeted in
this work. Firstly, with a given clayey material one first aim is to highlight the effect of the reduction of lime
content (from 20% to 2% in mass of the clayey binder) on dry mechanical properties (density, compressive
strength) and thermal conductivity of these hemp concretes. Then at a given clay-lime ratio (lime addition
of 10% in mass of the clayey binder) three other clayey materials are studied to highlight the effect of their
variability (clay activity, particle size distribution, mineralogy) on the same properties. The first obtained
results display the fact that the lime content reduction for a given clayey binder seems to lead to higher
thermal conductivity, higher dry densities and higher dry compressive strengths. For this given material
the thermal conductivities (measured at 10°C at dry state) are ranging from 0.06 to 0.072 W.m -1.K-1, (better
than the conventional performances of lime hemp concretes) while their dry densities are ranging from 250
to 350 kg/m3. The second study highlights the fact that the mechanical and thermal properties of hemp
concrete are much more impacted by the variability of clayey part of the binder. For all of the studied
materials the thermal conductivities (measured at 10°C at dry state) are ranging from 0.06 to 0.11 W.m-1.K-
1, while their dry densities are ranging from 250 to 600 kg/m 3. For some clayey materials that displayed
low clay activity the hemp-binder ratio was modified in order to obtain a suitable consistency to be
processed. Finally, the use of clayey quarry co-products in replacement of hydraulic lime in the binding
phase of hemp concretes seems to be easily achievable, leading to robust thermal and mechanical
behaviours if the clayey materials are carefully chosen. It also seems possible to adapt the mix compositions
to the variability of clayey materials with weaker thermal performances.
Keywords: Hemp concrete, clayey quarry, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties.
O1-196 Hygrothermal behavior of compress earth block envelopes

Giada Giuffrida, Laurent Ibos, Hamza Allam, Abderrahim Boudenne
University of Paris Est-Creteil, Certes, Paris, France
The growing concern about the environmental impact of contemporary construction has posed emphasis on
the need of adopting new sustainable building technologies with lower embodied energy, higher energy
efficiency and minimized waste production. In this context, bio-based construction and in particular raw
earth construction are promising fields which can ensure inexpensive technologies, characterized by wide
availability, non-toxicity and high adaptation to several climatic (hot and temperate climate, but also
continental ones) and geographic conditions (seismic-prone areas or not). The front challenge for the
establishment of earth-based technologies in contemporary building markets is the guarantee of high
structural and energy performances which could enable a real competition with conventional building
materials which nonetheless have higher environmental impact (clay bricks, concrete masonry units,
reinforced concrete). For this reason, this work focuses on the performance analysis of compressed earth
blocks (from now on CEB) which are currently commercialized for the construction of massive vertical
envelopes, with high thermal inertia. However, this is not always sufficient to obtain an acceptable comfort.
In fact, it is also necessary to have a construction material with high thermal resistance to obtain an
optimal wall. This issue can be overcome by the design of insulated CEB stratigraphies which make use of
bio-based insulations and are characterized by compatible hygrothermal properties and breathability
capacities compared to raw earth-based materials. In this way, the thermal performance of CEB walls can
be increased so to respond to the high demanding energy standards which are more and more adopted in
European Countries and in the whole world, in view of the decarbonization of current building stock and
reduction of its energy needs. More in detail, this work reports the first results of the experimental
characterization of the analyzed CEBs, comprising the main thermal (volumetric heat capacity, thermal
conductivity and diffusivity) and hygrometric (sorption isotherm, water vapor permeability) properties.
These experimental data are then used for the implementation of a hygrothermal simulation which allow a
deepest comprehension of raw earth materials‟ behavior in view of their combination with several bio-
based thermal insulations.
Keywords: Compressed earth blocks, thermal resistance, hygrometric properties.

O1-220 The influence of cement dosage and aggregate size on properties of the
pervious concrete
a,b a b
Abdenour Khezzane , Ilhem Ghorbel and Abdelhalim Benouis
a L2MGC, CY Cergy Paris University, Neuville-sur-Oisa, France
b LGCH, University of Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
Pervious concrete is an environmentally friendly material. It is an alternative solution for impermeable

floor coverings that poorly manage the various problems caused by rainwater. Also known as porous
concrete or permeable concrete, it has mechanical and drainage characteristics. The interconnected
porosity that constitutes this concrete is the essential factor that favors its draining qualities; at the same
time, its presence leads to a drop in mechanical performance. Pervious concrete is used as a permeable
pavement and also as a base layer for porous structures. Compared to conventional concrete, the mix
design of pervious concrete is different. It is composed of cement, coarse aggregate and water. The
adaptation of the paving concrete to its purpose and use includes the definition, optimization and
classification of the dosage and the particular composition of the various ingredients. The typical
compressive strength of this concrete at 28 days varies from 3.5 to 28.0 MPa, water permeability between
81 to 730 l/min/m2. A voids content between 15 and 35 %, an S/G ratio such that 0 ≤ S/G ≤ 1.1; a W/C ratio
such that 0.27 ≤ W/C ≤ 0.40; a pore size pore size ranging from 2 to 8 mm (ACI Report PRC-522-10, 2011).
The objective of this research is to find the best balance between cement dosage and aggregate size for a
pervious concrete that balances two contradictory properties, water permeability and mechanical strength.
Experimental tests were carried out in the laboratory, analyzing the impact of two different gravels with
two Dmax (10 and 20 mm) and two cement dosages (250 and 300 kg/m3) on the properties of pervious
concrete in the fresh state (slump test and fresh density) and hardened state (water permeability, porosity,
density and compressive strength). The results showed that the Dmax is a crucial parameter influencing the
properties of the concrete obtained. A low Dmax, coupled with a low cement dosage, leads to better
workability in the fresh state. Concerning the hardened state, a low Dmax, associated with a high cement
dosage, induces a low porosity and water permeability. At the same time, the mechanical strength and
density of the concrete are increased.
Keywords: Aggregate size, fresh properties, porosity, density.
O1-228 The Effects of NaOH Concentration of Synthesis of fluorapatite -

Tetracalcium phosphate Using Blast Furnace Slag and evaluation of
adsorption properties
H. Agourrame, N. Khachani and A. Diouri
Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université
Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
The steelmaking process results in the by-product formation of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS). Slag is
recovered at two different stages of the steelmaking process, the first recovery is black and the second is
white mainly consisting of SiO2, and CaO . Steel slag is a solid waste produced in the metallurgical industry.
It has a loose and porous structure, high density, settles fast in water, a short cycle of solid–liquid
separation, and contains alkaline oxide and a large amount of iron and silicon. These features make steel
slag a possibility for the adsorption of pollutants in wastewater. A great deal of research has shown that
steel slag is an inexpensive waste water adsorbent. The present research focuses black and white slag from
SONASID-Jorf steel in Morocco for preparation of fluorapatite (FA) -tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP)
phases for adsorption applications, using methylene blue as a model compound. Theses phases were
successfully synthesized by activated slag with Alkali activator NaOH and using a wet precipitation method

with molar ratio of Ca/P = 1.67. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption tests for
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis techniques were performed on the samples to characterize the
mineralogical and microstructural properties. Adsorption studies were executed by batch experiments on
the synthesized composite, we studied the effect of several parameters such as adsorbent amount, contact
time, solution pH, and initial concentration on the adsorption process. The characterization of the
developed phases indicates the formation of mixtures of dicalcium silicate with phases of spinelloid and
zoisite in the black slag and mixtures of dicalcium silicate with reinhardbraunsite and vesuviante phases in
the white slag activated with Alkali activator NaOH. Moreover, indicates the formation of The fluorapatite
and Tetracalcium phosphate phases synthesized by wet precipitation method. The micrographs obtained by
SEM show the morphology of rounded particles in the form attributed to fluorapatite phase And like woven
nets attributed to TTCP. The results of the adsorption indicated theses phases possessed good adsorption
ability to methylene blue.
Keywords: blast furnace slag, hydroxyapatite,Tetracalcium phosphate
O1-229 Synthesis of Fluorapatite Using Blast Furnace black Slag and

evaluation of adsorption properties
Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014,
Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux,, Rabat, Maroc
The steelmaking process results in the by-product formation of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS). Slag is
recovered at two different stages of the steelmaking process, the first recovery is black and the second is
white mainly consisting of SiO2, Fe2O3 and CaO. Steel slag is a solid waste produced in the metallurgical
industry. It has a loose and porous structure, high density, settles fast in wate. These features make steel
slag a possibility for the adsorption of pollutants in waste water. A great deal of research has shown that
steel slag is an inexpensive waste water adsorbent. Hazardous pollutants in wastewater have become a
major concern due to the high potential of causing serious problems to humans and aquatic ecosystems,
such as adverse health effects, environmental damage, and air pollution. The present research focuses black
and white slag from SONASID-Jorf steel in Morocco for preparation of fluorapatite (Ca 5(PO4)3F) phase for
adsorption applications, using crystal violet as a model compound. These phases were successfully
synthesized by activated slag with Alkali activator NaOH and using a wet precipitation method with molar
ratio of Ca/P = 1.67. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption tests for
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis techniques were performed on the samples to characterize the
mineralogical and microstructural properties. The characterization of the developed phases indicates the
formation of mixtures of dicalcium silicate with phases of reinhardbraunsite (Ca 5((SiO)4)2OH2) and
cuspidine ( Ca4Si2F2O7) phases in the white slag activated with Alkali activator NaOH. Moreover, indicates
the formation of the fluorapatite and Hydroxyapatite phases synthesized by wet precipitation method. The
micrographs obtained by SEM show the morphology of rounded particles in the form attributed to
fluorapatite phase. The results of the adsorption indicated this phase possessed good adsorption ability to
crystal violet.
Key Words:blast furnace slag, fluorapatite, adsorption, crystal violet.

O1-232 Eco-friendly belite cement from shell powder and glass powder
Jihane Moudara, Nisrine El Famia, Abdeljebbar Diouria and Mhammed Taibib
aLaboratory of Applied Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V
University in Rabat, Morocco
b Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Inorganic and Organic Materials, Ecole Normale
Superieure, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
The purpose of this study is to use inorganic wastes to completely replace traditional raw materials for the
production of belite-rich clinkers and to investigate the hydration characteristics of the resulting mortars.
The objective is to use waste glass as a source of SiO2 oxide and shells as a source of calcium carbonate
CaCO3 as starting materials to synthesize a belite-rich cement. After grinding, the raw materials were
mixed to synthesize the belite phase in a heat treatment from 500 °C to 1000 °C. The elaborated clinkers
were rich in Ca2SiO4, mixed with shell powder (CaCO3) and gypsum. The cements were synthesized with
different proportions of belitic clinker. The hydration of the cements was slowed down by increasing the
fraction of belite-rich clinkers. C2S samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The mechanical strength of some mortars was measured for 28,
65 and 90 days. Here we attempted to review the development of high-belite cements by simple heat
treatment at relatively low temperature and low CO2 release.
O1-254 Mechanism of solidification at early age of poured earth by addition of

hemihydrate and lime
Samuel Meulenyzera,b, Elodie Prudhommeb, Yves Jorandb, Laurent Gremillardb
a Holcim Innovation Center, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France
b Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
Several recent studies have shown that poured earth concrete has its place among the building materials of
tomorrow. Poured earth is a durable material, available locally. In addition, shaping it by traditional tools
from the concrete industry (for example concrete benches) would allow its massive use for the building
industry. One of the major challenges is to combine the flowability of earth concrete thanks to its large
quantity of water and at the same time promote rapid solidification which would give the concrete a
strength allowing it to support its own weight 24 hours after being poured. Recently, certain works, such as
those of Pinel et al., have attempted to give the material a short-term solidification (24 h) without waiting
for it to dry, in order to allow rapid unplugging. Based on the use of alginate, these developments have
made it possible to move towards stabilization processes with very low environmental impact. Such work
has made it possible to produce test specimens of mortar that can be removed from the mould 24 hours
after pouring and have a compressive strength of around 0.1 MPa, theoretically sufficient for a wall 3 m
high to hold under its own weight. However, this major advance does not allow this material to be
completely accepted and used in a more advanced massification framework. Among the panel of solutions
available to lead to short-term internal gelling, we are exploring the use of a plaster/lime and/or low CO 2
binders combination as an addition to the earth. Plaster and lime mixtures are indeed known materials for
stabilizing soils, earth in particular. They have the advantage of having a more favourable CO 2 balance
than cement, while being recyclable and available at low cost. The first results show that a substitution of
soil by plaster/lime mixtures or low CO2 binders can lead to a good mechanical performance.
Keywords: Earth concrete, plaster, lime, low CO2 binders.

O1-255 Age influence on compressive strength for concrete made with different
after exposed to high temperatures
Ahmed M. Seyam and Rita Nemes
Department of Construction Materials and Technologies, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
This study investigated the influence of high temperature and concrete age on the compressive strength of
concrete produced by three different types of lightweight aggregates in addition to the normal quartz
aggregates. For this purpose, four different mixtures were prepared by 100% replacement of the coarse
aggregate by expanded clay, expanded glass, and crushed clay bricks aggregate. The specimens were cured
in water for seven days, and then kept in the laboratory for 120 days and 240 days. The compressive
strengths of concrete made by different types, of course, aggregates tested at the age of 28, 120 and 240
days and have been measured after being exposed to temperatures 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800°C and 1000
°C. All of the tests were performed in a cold state. The behaviour of each concrete mix was compared, and
results showed differences for the same type of concrete age 120 and 240 days and measured at
temperatures ranging from room temperature as well as after heating up to 1000 °C). The behaviour of
concrete showed an increase in strength by increasing the concrete age and behaviour after exposure to
high temperatures.
Keywords: Lightweight aggregates, clay, glass, temperature exposure.
O1-256 Maturity-based machine learning Prediction of strength development

for cementitious composites incorporating phase change materials
Afshin Marani and Moncef L. Nehdi
Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Phase change materials (PCMs) have emerged as a promising solution to reduce the operational energy
consumption and carbon emission of buildings in recent years. Concrete, as the most- consumed
construction material, has been widely used as the host medium to incorporate PCMs. Despite integrating
latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) capacity, microencapsulated PCMs (MPCMs) have proven to
impact the hydration process and strength development of cement mortars and concretes due to several
probable mechanisms proposed in the literature. Yet, the effect of MPCM addition on the maturity of
cement-based composites needs further investigation. Therefore, this study employs a machine learning
(ML) model to study the effect of diverse MPCMs having different thermophysical properties on the
strength development of cement mortars and concretes cured under various temperatures. For this
purpose, the most up-to-date dataset of mixture designs for MPCM-integrated cement mortars and
concretes was compiled by combining data from the literature with the new laboratory collected data.
Multiple powerful ML models were developed to find the best predictor model based on several statistical
error indicators. Results indicated that the ML model successfully captured the effect of MPCM
incorporation on the strength development of mixtures cured at different temperatures. Furthermore, the
best predictor model was utilized to develop maturity curves of MPCM-integrated cement-based composites
to enable the prediction of compressive strength using maturity curves. Additionally, the most influential
parameters contributing to the strength gain of such composites were identified which can further assist the
optimization of mixture design. The obtained results can be deployed to study the cracking behavior of
hydrating MPCM-integrated concrete exposed to temperature variations in future research.
Keywords: Phase change materials, multiple powerful ML models, data, strength development.

O1-258 Durability properties of modified ferro-silicate slag concrete

Pithchai Pandian Sivakumara,b,c, Bert Colettia, Elke Gruyaertc, Nele De Belieb
a
Aurubis Beerse (N.V), R&D Department, Beerse, Belgium
b
Dept of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
c
KU Leuven, Materials and Constructions, Ghent and Aalst Technology Campuses, Ghent,
Belgium
Eco-efficiency of concrete is essential for sustainable development given the huge amounts of concrete used
every year by mankind. Three aspects are fundamental in this regard: low carbon emission, limited use of
non-renewable resources, and extended service life. This paper deals with the (durability) properties of
concrete mixes containing modified ferro-silicate (MFS) slag. MFS slag is cleaned Cu slag synthesised by
Aurubis Beerse using state-of-the-art plasma fuming technology. Considering the principle of circular
economy, eco-friendly concrete containing 30% MFS slag + 70% PC was synthesised (SCM 1) and
benchmarked against reference concretes with CEM III/A 42.5 (SCM 2) and CEM I 52.5 N (SCM Ref).
Carbonation resistance, chloride resistance and frost scaling of the different concrete types were thoroughly
assessed. The carbonation and chloride ingress tests give an idea of the diffusivity of CO 2and chloride
respectively. Freeze-thaw tests were applied to measure the resistance of concrete or mortar under the
complex degradation mechanism of freeze-thaw cycles with or without deicing salts. MFS slag blended
concrete (SCM 1) showed almost identical compressive strength after 28 days compared to BFS slag
blended concrete (SCM 2), but less favourable resistance to carbonation. SCM 1 (MFS based) showed a
lower chloride diffusion coefficient than SCM Ref. MFS slag blended concrete (SCM 1) showed increased
mass losses after freeze-thaw cycles due to scaling and the degradation can be considered fairly high
compared to the BFS-based mix (SCM 2). Overall, the mix design with 30% MFS slag used in this study,
tended to underperform in terms of some of the tested durability indicators, compared to a similar mix with
BFS blended cement. Nevertheless, results for the MFS slag-based mix remain promising and the studied
mix would already be suited to be used in several less high demanding applications.
Keywords: Modified ferro-silicate (MFS) slag, durability, carbonation, chloride ingress.
O1-259 Corrosion resistance and bond strength of concrete with ferrochrome

slag as coarse and fine aggregates
Kazi Md Abu Sohel, Anwar Al Habsi, Khalifa Al-Jabri and M S. Meddah
Civil and Architectural Engineering Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Ferrochrome slag (FCS) is an industrial byproduct extracted during the production of Ferrochrome alloy. A
significant amount of FCS is produced in various parts of the world, including Oman. It is found that FCS
has a good potential to be used as an aggregate instead of natural aggregates in the production of concrete.
The strength properties of the concrete with FCS aggregate are superior to or comparable to those of
conventional concrete. However, the reinforcement bonding with FCS concrete and the corrosion resistance
was not studied explicitly. Therefore, it is still not well understood the bond strength and corrosion
resistance of reinforcing bars in FCS concrete. Some research studies showed that the porosity of the
concrete and FCS content has a proportional relationship. High porosity may reduce the corrosion
resistance of FCS concrete. Some pozzolanic and cementitious materials are used in practical applications
to reduce the porosity of the concrete. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is one of such materials
which can be used to reduce the porosity of the concrete leading to increase the corrosion resistance of the
concrete. This treatment may help to increase the mechanical properties such as compressive, tensile, and
bond strength of the concrete. Therefore, in this study, GGBS is used to replace some portion of Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) to produce FCS concrete. Different percentages (30 to 40%) of cement replacement
with GGBS were used in the production of FCS concrete to obtain the optimum replacement percentage of
GGBS in FCS concrete. The concrete samples were tested for strength properties fowling the ASTM test

methods. The bond test was carried out by pulling out the reinforcing bar from the cube specimen. The
corrosion test was conducted following NT BUILD 356 Standard. It is found that the FCS aggregates have a
positive effect on the mechanical, bond, and corrosion properties of the concrete compared to conventional
concrete. The GGBS reduces the chloride penetration permeability and improves the corrosion resistance of
the FCS concrete.
Keywords : Ferrochrome slag, production of concrete, corrosion resistance.
O1-263 Influence of sawdust and soil type on the high temperature behavior of
raw earth bricks
Franck B. Jovial Siyapze, Rafik Abdallah, Prosper Pliya and Anne-Lise Beaucour
The properties of earthen materials have been extensively researched in recent years in preparation for
their reuse in modern construction. One of the unexplored behaviors is their high temperature and fire
behavior, which is regarded as vital for their use in buildings in the possible event of a fire. The current
study looks into the high temperature behavior of commercial raw earth blocks made with varying
amounts of saw dust additives. In addition to the various saw dust amounts, two different soil types were
used in their production: clayey-silty soil and a clayey soil. Before being tested at high temperatures, those
blocks were referred to an initial characterization to assess their physical and mechanical properties. At
room temperature, the compressive strength decreased with increasing the sawdust mass fraction. The
clayey-silty soil presented a better resistance than the clayey soil. After that, the blocks were exposed to
high temperatures at a slow heating rate of 1°C/min inside a furnace programmed to attain target
temperatures of 150°C, 300°C, 450°C and 600°C. The residual physical and mechanical of the specimens
were then determined. High temperature measurements were also assessed during the heating inside the
samples by means of thermocouples that were embedded inside their center. The obtained results showed
that the compressive strength of the earthen bricks without sawdust increased as the temperature is raised.
However, the compressive strength of the bricks with sawdust decreased between 150°C and 300°C due to
the pyrolysis of the sawdust and then increased again between 300°C and 450°C as a result of clay
dihydroxylation. The clayey-silty soil and the clayey soil demonstrated a similar evolution with respect to
temperature. The temperature measurements in the center of the samples revealed the influence of the
sawdust additives on the temperature distribution inside the sample. The pyrolysis of the sawdust caused
the heat to be released. The amount of sawdust has an influence on the evolution of the residual properties
with temperature. The higher the volume fraction of sawdust, the lower the compressive strength increases
with temperature between 20 and 600°C.
Keywords: Raw earth, saw dust, high temperature, residual properties, temperature measurements.
O1-272 Recycling concrete waste fines to produce lightweight aggregates

Smadar Kedem Elmachily and Semion Zhutovsky
National Building Research Institute, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
In the 20th century, the construction sector experienced rapid growth due to the economies of scale brought
by the Industrial Revolution. This development has led to an increase in concrete construction and
demolition waste, which contributes to the problem of waste disposal and landfills. This issue can be
addressed by recycling concrete waste fines into lightweight aggregates, which reduces CO2 emissions
while providing a substitute material. Concrete waste is recycled by grinding and sieving it into coarse and
fine aggregate fractions. As a general rule, coarse concrete waste fractions serve as a replacement for

natural aggregate, while the concrete waste fines are often not recycled and are disposed into landfills. The
present research focused on recycling concrete waste fines as a potential raw material for producing a self-
expandable lightweight aggregate (LWA). The effect of heating rate and maximum temperature was
investigated on bloating gas release rate and the sintering process. The influence of different additives to
the raw material were tested with the aim of bloating optimization by means of altering the chemical
composition of the mixture based on the prediction of Riley's ternary diagram. The bloating performance
and the properties of the LWA were characterized. The research investigated recycled concrete waste fines
obtained by crushing concrete with characteristic 100 mm cube strength of 30 MPa produced using CEM I
52.5 N type cement. Two types of concrete waste fines were investigated: those with a particle size below
2.36 mm and those with a particle below 4.75 mm. The raw materials were initially analyzed physically
and chemically, using x-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, thermogravimetric
analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and helium pycnometry. The substantial voids and bloating
properties were observed using optical microscopy in LWA made from concrete waste fines that were
sintered at the maximum temperature of 1275 °C. Based on Riley's diagram, quartz and bassanite were
added in order to achieve optimal blotting characteristics. The preliminary results of the investigation of
the recycled LWA indicate that the laboratory produced LWA meets all standard requirements. Therefore,
the production and application of LWAs, originating from the recycling of concrete waste fines, can
significantly contribute to the sustainability of construction materials.
Keywords: Recycle, lightweight aggregate (LWA), concrete waste, reduce CO2.
O1-275 LC3 cement: Stumbling blocks during the industrial dissemination

phase
Fernando Martirena
Universidad Central de las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
The cement industry is receiving a lot of pressure due to its contribution to the emission of carbon dioxide
associated with cement manufacture. The acceleration of the impact of climate change prompts the industry
for swift and effective solutions to reduce a large part of the carbon dioxide associated with cement
manufacture. The use of Supplementary Cementitious Materials, SCM, such as fly ash and slag have enable
so far the possibility of partially replacing clinker, the most energy intensive and main responsible
component in cement for carbon emissions. However, reserves of both SCM are declining and their price is
increasing. Further, replacing more than 30% clinker with these SCM can compromise early strength. In
recent years a global team of scientists from Switzerland, Cuba and India have proven the possibility of
dropping clinker content in cement down to 50% or even less through the combined use of calcined
kaolinitic clays and limestone, both cheap and abundant materials, to produce a new cement called “LC3”.
The resulting cement matches the properties of a CEM I (EN-197) at all ages, and carbon emission reduction
is reportedly around 25-40%, depending on the cement to compare with. The LC3 project has created
Technical Resource Centers, TRC, in Cuba and India, as an interphase for the dissemination of the
technology through industrial partners. This paper presents the main experiences and lessons learned by
the Latin American TRC during the last five years of implementing real life projects for the production of
the LC3 cement throughout the world. Issues like the choice of the right clay, calcination technology, product
formulation, standardization and economic feasibility will be discussed. The information in this paper is
intended to encourage industrial partners to invest in the new technology.
Keywords : Cement industry, LC3, economic feasibility.

O1-280 Factors affecting the stabilization of alpha belite

Antonina Goncharov, Semion Zhytovsky
Technion (Israel institute of technology), Civil and environmental engineering, Haifa, Israel
One of the most acute issues for the world community is the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and the
sustainability of the production process in all industries. In the construction industry, cement production is
a major source of carbon dioxide emissions from limestone calcination and fuel combustion. The main
mineral in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is alite, which is formed at a high temperature of over 1450 °C
and requires 3 moles of calcium oxide per mole of silica. An alternative to alite-rich binders is binders based
on belite, which requires a lower temperature and only 2 moles of calcium oxide per one mole of silica to
form. However, there are several problems associated with belite-based binders. The most important
problem of belite is the reduced rate of hydration compared to alite. The solution to this problem can be the
stabilization of more active belite polymorphs, which are alpha belite α'L, α'H, and α, as well as
understanding the mechanisms of acceleration alpha belite hydration. To study these mechanisms, it is
necessary first to obtain pure alpha belite in the laboratory. The generally accepted method for producing
pure alpha belite is to use chemically pure calcite and silica with calcium to silica ratio of 2 and subsequent
stabilization with boron, which is a highly toxic substance that is unlikely to be used in real cement
production. The objective of this research is to study the stabilization of alpha belite polymorphs with less
toxic substances, to determine the factors affecting its stability, such as the type and content of mineralizers,
and burning and cooling regime parameters. For this, raw mixtures were prepared using chemically pure
calcite and quartz. Tribasic calcium phosphate was used as a mineralizer to replace the multivalent silicon
ion with phosphorus ion, and lithium carbonate was used as a source of univalent lithium ion to replace the
divalent calcium ion. All components were weighed, mixed, and homogenized using a planetary ball mill.
The raw mixes were burned in a high-temperature oven with various thermal regimes, including maximum
temperature, duration of burning, and cooling rate. The mineral composition of each clinker was
investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. For this purpose, resulting clinkers were crushed and
ground in an XRD mill for preventing preferred orientation. Based on the results, the optimal belite
preparation parameters were determined to obtain clinker with the highest content of alpha belite.
Keywords :belite polymorphs, clinker preparation, alternative binders, carbon dioxide emissions
O1-282 Influence of alkali leaching on the development kinetics of delayed

ettringite formation
Thierry Houndonougboa, Thierry Chaussadenta, Loïc Diveta and Joao Custodiob
a MAST-CPDM, Gustave Eiffel University, Marne-La-Vallée, France
b National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC), Lisboa, Portugal
It has been shown in several works that thermal heating at a young age above 65°C increases the risk of
Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) development in concrete. However, other factors seem to have a
significant impact on the rate of material degradation in the context of this internal swelling pathology.
This is particularly the case alkali leaching. Thus, this study aims at highlighting the relationship between
the leaching of alkalis and the internal sulphate reaction in concrete by showing the impact of an
environment favorable or not to the departure of alkalis from the concrete on the rate and the amplitude of
swellings due to the DEF. The method used is based on a series of concrete specimens having undergone a
heat treatment above 65°C at a young age and a cycle of humidification and drying then kept in tanks
whose water is renewed or not periodically in order to induce the departure of alkalis. The results show that
the specimens with water renewal reached a highest level of swelling in comparison with the specimens
kept continuously in the same water.
Keywords: DEF, alkali-leaching, concrete swelling, delayed ettringite formation.

O1-285 A framework for information recovery of cementitious materials under

long-term use
Satoshi Fujimoto
Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya,
Japan
The lifetime of concrete and concrete structure is significantly longer compared to the ordinary industrial
materials and products. During the lifecycle stages, various stakeholders take place and makes
interventions to the structures. These activities include regular operation of the structures as well as the
maintenance and remedial activities. To detect any anomaly phenomena; deterioration and damage due to
natural hazards, and to appropriately plan and execute the remedial activities, it is important to store all
information necessary for the remedial activities. This information includes design documents and
construction records at newly construction as well as the remedial activity records at the use stage.
Although the importance of such information storage is emphasized in many studies and recommendations,
the loss of such information is frequently observed for the concrete structures after long term use. In
particular, even the most basic information related to concrete material design is frequently lost after long-
term use of the concrete structures. For example, there are cases where information of raw materials for
concrete is lost to evaluate the risks for alkali-aggregate phenomena. There are other cases where
information on water-to-cement ratio and design strength of concrete is lost to evaluate structural and
durability performances. Therefore, the framework and method to recover materials information is
necessary to appropriately operate and maintain the structure for the long-term period. This paper
presents a novel framework for realizing such information recovery of cementitious material using the
multi-dimensional data driven approach. The framework aims to recover the material properties and other
information necessary for planning and executing the remedial activities. In this paper, following outlines
of the framework was introduced: 1) the essence and advantage of obtaining the multi-dimensional data in
comparison with single value approach is presented, and 2) the key factors for obtaining the multi-
dimensional data in concrete material are presented. Special focus was placed on the data obtaining
difficulties specific to the concrete and the schematic diagram for overcoming the difficulty is presented.
Keywords: Framework, cement, multi-dimensional data.
O1-287 Experimental and theoretical investigation of the properties of

PEG/natural clay based hybrids: Effect of monomer volume fraction
Mohammed Belghazdis, El-Kaber Hachem
Research Team "Innovative Research & Applied Physics", Faculty of Sciences, Moulay
Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
This article deals with the preparation of hybrids by intercalation of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) chains
between the inter-layer spaces of natural clay from the Meknes region using the direct intercalation method
in the presence of water as a solvent, for future exploitation in the construction field especially in the
thermal insulation of buildings. The study highlighted the effect of the variation of the monomer volume
fraction (φ) of PEG on the structure and properties of composite formulations for two molecular weights
PEG2000 and PEG6000. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were used to
observe the structure and morphology of the purified clay and the developed clay-PEG composites. From a
mineralogical point of view, the combined results of the four techniques attest the presence of smectite, illite,
kaolinite and quartz. Moreover, an enlargement of the interlayer spaces of the phases was noted in the XRD
results, after the intercalation of PEG chains by increasing the monomer volume fraction. As φ increases,
the evolution of the interlayer space of the clay minerals reports the existence of five different regimes
which are the surface dilute regime, the two-dimensional semi-dilute surface regime, the plateau regime,
the well regime and the saturated regime. An intercalated structure marked by the formation of new bonds
between the inorganic phase and the polymer was shown by FTIR. Finally, the XRD results were used to
follow the evolution of the interlayer distance of the clay minerals as a function of the monomer volume
fraction of PEG. These results reveal a very good agreement with the theory developed by using De Gennes

scaling laws for the different regimes near the surface.

Keywords: Hybrids, direct intercalation method, PEG.
O1-306 Hydration kinetics of Portland cement pastes blended with C-S-H

seeds and low initial reactivity supplementary cementitious materials
Guilherme Durigon Cocco, Amanda Pereira Vieira, Eduardo de Moraes Rego Fairbairn
and Oscar Aurelio Mendoza Reales
Civil Engineering Program - COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) as an alternative to reduce the CO 2 footprint of
Portland cement-based composites has been extensively investigated. It is known that the clinker dilution
effect, combined with the low initial reactivity of some of the commonly used SCM, can result in slower
hydration kinetics and less hydrated minerals formation during the first days of hydration. It is also known
that calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) seeds accelerate the formation of C-S-H during the first hours of
hydration by acting as extra nucleation spots, resulting in matrices with greater strength at early ages.
Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the use of C-SH seeds as means of compensating the hydration
kinetics delays induced by high amounts of cement substitution by SCM. Three SCM replacement levels (10,
20 and 30 wt%) of Portland cement by metakaolin and rice husk ash, and #325 silica as an inert reference
material were studied in pastes with a water/binder ratio of 0.5, with and without the addition of 3% of C-
S-H seeds (in relation to cement mass). The hydration kinetics were evaluated by isothermal calorimetry
tests during the first 3 days of hydration. Results showed that while the SCM induced a delay in the
hydration reaction, the addition of 3% of C-S-H seeds was able to reduce the final time and duration of the
induction period for all mixtures, regardless of the SCM used or its replacement level. Furthermore, the
presence of the nano-additive promoted a higher minimum heat release in the induction period and a
shorter time to maximum heat release. The addition of C-S-H seeds also increased the cumulative heat of the
mixtures. However, its influence is more relevant during the first hours of the hydration process. It was
concluded that the use of C-S-H seeds has good potential to correct the issues induced in the hydration
kinetics by low initial reactivity SCM.
Keywords: Portland cement, C-S-H seeds, hydratation kinetics delay.
Correspoding author: [email protected]
O1-307 Evaluation of AI approach compared to phenomenological model to

predict concrete properties based on a set of production data
Arnaud Delaplacea , Louise Hardinga , Paul O‟Hanlona and Andreas Griesserb
a Holcim Innovation Center, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France
b Holcim RMX R&D & Innovation, Switzerland
RMX industry is facing one of its most critical challenges, reducing its environmental footprint in a short
time. Considering the CO2 constraint, designing a concrete is now a multi-criteria optimization process. To
avoid any extensive experimental campaign, it is worth to have some predictive models allowing to assess
concrete properties (among others strength, rheological behavior, cost, CO2 content). In the last decade,
numerous publications have shown that machine learning algorithms can play a major role to predict some
of these properties. The key factor is the availability of data to train the models. Collecting, cleaning and
consolidating data can be challenging tasks, especially in concrete industry in which the digitalization of
the supply chain is still under progress: use of different non-linked databases, missing values, heterogeneity
of properties. The objective of this work is to evaluate the relevance of data driven models compared to
classic phenomenological models when using data issued from RMX production. An extraction of data of
three RMX plants has been done. The data are extracted from: the batching software (mix composition,
exposure class), the Quality Control system (strength, slump/slump flow, batching time) and the technical

sheets of the raw materials. It corresponds to a dataset of 80000+ deliveries. As expected, the number of
usable data is much less than this number. The reference results are computed with Bolomey‟s model, based
on concrete components (cement, addition, water and air contents), a coefficient related to aggregates, a
coefficient related to cement, a coefficient related to additions if they are used. For machine learning
approach, a Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) algorithm is used built on a selection of concrete properties.
The correlation between the concrete properties is evaluated, allowing refining and limiting the number of
inputs. Then, the strength is computed and compared to real measured value. More important, the
performance of the GBM algorithm versus Bolomey‟s model is presented and discussed.
Keywords: RMX production, Plant, Extraction, CO2.
O1-312 Rheological characterization of SCCs by an innovative device:

comparison with AFGC recommendations
Benaicha Mouhcinea, Jalbaud Olivierb, Hafidi Alaoui Adilc, El harrouni Khalida and
Burtschell Yvesb
a National School of Architecture, Structure and Materials laboratory, Rabat, Morocco
b Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
c AbdelmalekEssaadi University, FSTT, Tangier, Morocco
Very fluid while remaining homogeneous, the self-compacting concretes (SCC) are implemented in the
formwork under the sole effect of their weight, without vibration. In practice, this results in a slump flow
whose speed is high. From a more scientific point of view and considering that concrete is a Binghamian
fluid, the workability of SCCs is the result of low yield stress and low plastic viscosity. Most SCCs are
currently designed empirically and therefore must satisfy several tests recommended by the EFNARC
standard and described by the AFGC. This work presents an innovative device to characterize the
rheological parameters of SCCs such as plastic viscosity and yield stress; this is a standardized V-Funnel
tied to a horizontal channel. This work aims to compare the values of these parameters found by the device
developed with those measured by a concrete rheometer and recommended by AFGC. This experimental
comparison showed that the characterization of a SCC can be carried out with the approach developed in
this study. Therefore, given its advantages over empirical tests, the rheological behavior of a SCC can be
analyzed, on-site or in the laboratory, by our device instead of a concrete rheometer.
Keywords: SCC, plastic viscosity, yield stress, V-Funnel.
O1-313 Comparative life cycle assessment analysis of mono, binary and

ternary construction and demolition wastes-based geopolymer binders
Obaid Mahmoodia, Hocine Siada, Mohamed Lachemia and Mustafa Şahmaranb
a Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
b Department of Civil Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
The aim of this paper is to comparatively analyze the life cycle assessment (LCA) of construction and
demolition waste (CDW)-based geopolymers when comprising recycled brick powder (RBP), recycled
ceramic tile powder (RTP) and recycled concrete powder (RCP) at the mono, binary and ternary systems.
The mono GP binders were synthesized based on pre-targeted design chemical parameters and liquid-to-
solid (L/S) ratios, while the binary and ternary combinations considered different RBP, RTP and RCP
precursor contents at the optimised SiO2/Al2O3 and Na2O/SiO2 ratio of each CDW. The LCA analysis was
performed through GaBi and One Click LCA software and compared with experimental results in terms of
embodied energy consumption (Ef), embodied CO2 emissions (Cf) and global warming potential (GWP). The

synthesis of optimal CDW compositions normalized with respect to their compressive strengths at 28 days
indicated reductions of up to 86% and 76% in the embodied CO 2 and embodied energy respectively, as
compared to the reference Portland cement (PC) binder. Interesting results were attained about the greater
sustainability effect of the ternary integration of CDW materials than their mono and binary counterparts
when used as precursors in geopolymer binders.
O1-314 Characterization and value-added application of low-quality concrete

waste based recycled aggregates
Emircan Ozcelikcia,band Mustafa Sahmarana,b
a Department of Civil Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
b Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
An enormous amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is generated as a result of the
renovation/maintenance/demolition activities of buildings that considered being risky and/or end-of-life.
Since they are often considered to be of low-quality and there are unawareness and reluctance of the
importance of effective recovery, CDW-based materials are frequently either down cycled as road base
fillers or disposed of directly to landfills. To address this issue, this study concentrated on the
characterization of different originated low-quality concrete waste (CW)-based recycled concrete
aggregates (RCA) and assessment of their effective recycling performance with the purpose of utilizing in
value-added applications. CWs of unknown origin were collected from three different demolition sites and
subjected to two-step crushing-sieving procedures to obtain fine and coarse RCAs. In the first stage, the
original materials utilized in the manufacturing of RCAs were identified by analyzing their chemical
composition. RCAs were also evaluated for their apparent, oven-dry, and saturated surface dry densities,
water absorption capacities and sulfate soundness. In the second stage, RCAs were utilized in the
production of Portland cement concrete with different replacement ratios (i.e., 0%, 60%, 75%, 90% and
100%) with the natural aggregates. Besides, three different Portland cement dosages (i.e., 310.8, 383.3 and
425.9 kg/m3) were used. Special attention was given to adjusting the slump values of the mixtures in the
range of 100-150 mm by using various dosages of superplasticizers, while the water content for all mixtures
were kept constant. The specimens were mechanically analyzed with various testing protocols such as
slump tests, 7- and 28-day compressive and splitting-tensile strength tests. According to the results, an
increment in compressive and splitting-tensile strength was seen with increasing RCA ratio at low and
medium cement dosages, on the other hand, the opposite behavior was noted at high cement dosage, which
indicated a clear relationship between the strength of the mixtures with RCA/cement dosages/water-
cement ratios. The maximum mechanical performance was obtained from the mixture produced with 100%
RCA and 383.3 kg/m3 cement dosage with 47.3 MPa compressive strength and 4.27 MPa splitting-tensile
strength at the end of 28-day. Consequently, the findings of the study demonstrated that low-quality CW-
based RCAs can be successfully utilized in the value-added applications such as incorporating in the green
concrete production. Additionally, although CWs from different origins have considerably diverse chemical
compositions, it was determined that these variations did not significantly alter the mechanical
performance of concretes.
Keywords: Construction and demolition waste (CDW), recycled concrete aggregate, value-added
applications, compressive strength.
O1-319 Effect of the incorporation of an excavated earth fine-grained fraction

in cementitious mixes.
C. Folleta,b, S. Kamali-Bernarda , E. Moudiloub
a LGCGM, INSA Rennes, Rennes, France
b SOLVALOR, Bruz, France
In the current context of global warming, valorisation of waste materials is becoming a key issue in the
cement and concrete industries. This research focuses on the effect of the incorporation of an excavated
earth fine-grained fraction (< 63 μm) in cement mixes and its contribution on the cement hydration

mechanisms. This fine-grained fraction results from a washing and mechanical sorting of grains process
for excavated earth. The tests have been performed on cement pastes composed of cement (Portland cement
and blast furnace slag cement) and the fine-grained fraction as a sludge with its inherent humidity. Pastes
with different sludge contents leading to different water-cement ratios (0.5 and 0.8) have been studied. The
impact of the incorporation of the fine particles and the water contained in the sludge on the hydration of
the cement pastes has been evaluated using isothermal calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis.
Moreover, equivalent 4x4x16 cm mortar specimens have been tested to relate hydration rate to mechanical
performances (compression and flexural resistances).
Keywords: Excavated earth, fine-grained fraction, hydration rate, isothermal calorimetry,
thermogravimetric analysis
O1-344 Digital fabrication material processing strategy for bespoke low

clinker mass concrete components
Timothy Wanglera , KathrinaVangena , Joris Jan Burgerb and Robert J. Flatta
a Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
b Institute for Technology in Architecture, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Digital manufacturing techniques are seen to be very promising in concrete construction because of their
potential for increasing productivity, as well as their potential to increase sustainability due to reduced
material usage via nonstandard geometry. Concrete 3D printing via extrusion has received the most
attention as a method, however the problem of implementing reinforcement remains unresolved; therefore,
printed concrete typically serves as either a formwork or as unreinforced masonry. The recently developed
technique of Digital Casting allows for digitally produced concrete components that implement standard
reinforcement bars. The technique was developed especially for digitally produced, nonstandard
formworks, and relies on controlled set acceleration of a self-compacting concrete to control formwork
pressure during production. Digital fabrication techniques such as Digital Casting (and 3D Printing),
however, have notoriously high cement contents due to processing requirements, and this may negate any
sustainability benefit that can be realized through material savings in a bespoke concrete component.
Research efforts to bring these cement contents closer to standard concretes have focused on: 1) reducing
paste content through increased aggregate content and 2) reducing clinker content through substitutions,
with most recent efforts focused on the latter. A recent project demonstrated, additionally, that elevated
clinker contents negatively impact the casting of mass concrete elements due to high heat generation, which
limits the applicability of digital fabrication for mass concrete applications. In this study, the use of a
CEMIII (slag substituted cement) based mix design for this type of application was examined. The mix was
successfully accelerated to control formwork pressure in a digital casting process of a thick (>1 m) bespoke
element with overhang, and internal temperatures monitored. The reduced heat release generated
temperatures of only half of those generated by a previous mix design with higher clinker content.
Keywords: Digital manufacturing, digital Casting, cement.
O1-349 Sulphate durability of low carbon cements with high contents of

calcined clay. Reasons for the resistant phenomenon
C. Pedrajasa , C. Aramburob and R. Taleroc
a Aramburo & Pedrajas Consultant, Madrid, Spain
b Aramburo & Pedrajas Consultant, Cali, Colombia
c SACAH S.L., Madrid, Spain
Calcined clays have quickly become one of the most interesting supplementary cementitious materials in the

cement industry to achieve the clinker substitution levels set for the future. In this research, the sulphate
resistance of various blended cements using calcined clay as supplementary cementitious material was
evaluated. These cements would be designed as CEM type IV / A-SR and IV / B-SR cements by the current
European standard UNE-EN 197-1: 2011. Blended cements were prepared by three Portland cements with
different mineralogical compositions, (from 14% to 0% of C3A phase, approximately) and a calcined clay
with high content of reactive alumina and a early, fast and strong pozzolanic activity. The level of
replacement was greater than 40% by weight and two series of blended cements were made: one with
enough gypsum for SO3 to account for 7.0% of the total cementitious material in each sample, to enhancing
kinetics system, and the other gypsum-free. In addition, one group of blended cements was prepared with
an extra content of lime as calcium hydroxide. Each blended cement and the three Portland cements (P1 and
PY6) were submitted to the Le Chatelier–Anstett test. The results obtained confirm the increase in sulphate
resistance of every two Portland cement when they are replaced by calcined clay in level of replacement
greater than 40%. These results are a consequence of the chemical effect from the pozzolanic activity of the
calcined clay. Therefore, an important decrease in portlandite levels of paste liquid phase, which causes the
increase in sulphate resistance. The expansion decrease ratio is due to the lower proportional concentration
of portlandite from the beginning to the end of the test. This lower amount of portlandite prevented the
formation of all the rapid formation ettringite amounts of calcined clay. With the external addition of
portlandite, the calcined clay was able to show its true chemical character and behaviour against the attack
of sulphates.
Keywords: Calcined clays, pozzolanic addition, low carbon cement, sulphate attack.
O1-354 Effect of graphene as additive on the mechanical properties of concrete

Ali Jahamia, Hussein Mouzanara, Sarah Mahfouzb, Jamal Khatibb and Mohammed Sonebic
a AlMaaref University, Faculty of Engineering, Beirut, Lebanon
b Beirut Arab University, Faculty of Engineering, Beirut, Lebanon
c Queens University of Belfast, School of Natural and Built Environment, Belfast, UK
Graphene is a smart and relatively new material that has a promising applications in many engineering
applications. Recently it was found that graphene can be produced from burning waste materials which
will have an impact on cost and the wide applications in many engineering fields including construction.
The addition of tiny amounts of graphene in concrete mixes can enhance the mechanical and durability
properties. This research investigated the effect of Graphene as additive on the mechanical properties of
properties. The percentage addition (by weight of cement) was 0.02%, 0.035%, and 0.05%. Cubic and
cylindrical specimens were prepared to assess the compressive strength, flexural strength and modulus of
elasticity modulus of concrete. Results showed that adding graphene to concrete led to increase in both
compressive and flexural strength as well as the modulus of elasticity. This will help in reducing concrete
dimensions in different structural members like columns and beams and will contribute towards
sustainable development.
Keywords: Concrete, Graphene, Mechanical properties, Workability, Sustainability

O1-356 Length change mortar containing phragmites Australis ash (PAA)

Jamal M. Khatiba,b, Lelian W. ElKhatiba, Adel Elkordia,c, M Sonebid
a Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
b Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
c Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University, Alexandria, Egypt
d School of the Natural and Built Environment, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
This research is part of an ongoing investigation on the use of Phragmites Australis Ash (PAA in
cementitious systems. This paper examines the dimensional stability of mortar containing different
amounts PAA as partial cement replacement. Cement was replaced with 0, 10, 20 and 30% PAA (by weight)
at a constant water to binder ratio of 0.55. Prismatic specimens were prepared and exposed to different
environmental conditions in order to determine the drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage and expansion.
For the drying shrinkage, specimens were left exposed to ambient conditions. The specimens for autogenous
shrinkage were wrapped in order not to allow moisture to leave or penetrate into the specimens. For the
expansion measurements, specimens were immersed in water tank. The length change was monitored up to
90 days. The results indicate that PAA can be used to partially replace the cement and recommendations
were made for future research.
Keywords: Australis Ash, dimensional stability, mortar, cement.
O1-358 Effect of anisotropy on permeability index and water sorptivity of

fiber reinforced slag modified 3D printed metakaolin-based
geopolymer concrete
Mustapha B. Jaji, Gideon P.A.G van Zijl and Adewumi J. Babafemi
Department of Civil Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
3D-printed geopolymer concrete (3DPGPC) is being showcased as a potential alternative to ordinary

Portland cement concrete in digital construction. However, the widespread application is limited due to the
unknown long-term durability properties of the material, which could also be influenced by the anisotropic
behaviour of the prints. The durability index (DI) of metakaolin (MK) based 3DPGPC and mould-cast
specimens from mixes modified with 0% and 5% slag are investigated using the oxygen permeability index
(OPI) and water sorptivity test. 70 mm Ø by 30 mm thick specimens were cored perpendicular (direction1)
and longitudinal (direction 3) to the printing direction to determine the effect of anisotropy on the
permeability and water soptivity of 3DPGPC. Specimens were cured in the climate-controlled room (23 ± 2
°C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity) for 21, 49, and 83 days, respectively. Thereafter, specimens were placed
in the oven and maintained at 50 ℃ for 7 days at each curing age. Specimens were removed from the oven
and cooled to 23 ± 2 °C in the desiccator for 2 hours before placing them in the permeameter cell for testing
at 28, 56, and 90 days, respectively. The OPI test comprised the supply of oxygen at the pressure of 120 kPa
to the permeameter cell and testing terminated when the pressure dropped to 50 kPa. After OPI tests, the
water sorptivity of specimens was determined for 25 minutes at 5 minutes intervals. The OPI and water
sorptivity tests indicate different migration characteristics under onedimensional ingress in 3DPGPC in
orthogonal directions. The sorptivity and permeability coefficients of 3DPGPC are compared with mould-
cast to contextualise the durability of 3DPGPC.
Keywords: 3D printed geopolymer, coefficient of permeability, oxygen permeability index, sorptivity,
durability index, anisotropy

O1-362 Comparative impact of limestone quarry waste fineness on the

reactivity of LC3 cement
Matea Flegara , Gaspard Houdayera , Kiran Rama , Marijana Serdara and Karen Scrivenerb
a Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,
Croatia
b Laboratoryof Construction Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Lausanne, Switzerland
The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) offers the cement industry a rapid transition to
minimise CO2 emissions associated with clinker production. It is already known that cements containing
calcined clays in combination with limestone (LC3) are a good alternative to reduce the clinker factor
without compromising mechanical properties or durability. In this study, the differences in limestone
fineness, defined by particle size distribution (PSD), are investigated in terms of their performance when
used as a part of the LC3 system. Two types of limestone powder were used, one collected as waste material
from a limestone quarry and another, industrially used limestone filler (LF). The limestone quarry waste
was adopted in the study in two ways, as received (AR) and processed by grinding in a disc mill (DM). The
LC3 mixes were developed with a cement replacement of 45% and contain 30% calcined clay and 15%
limestone. They were tested to address the reactivity and the compressive strength of mortars. The results
indicate a higher reactivity of the finer limestone powder from industrial production, although the
difference is not very large. In conclusion, the beneficial economic and environmental factors of using waste
minerals in cement production are weighted and highlighted.
Keywords :limestone fineness, PSD, LC3 system, cement, compressive strength
Corresponding author : [email protected]
O1-365 Superplasticizers and rheological properties of highly concentrated

cement pastes
Xiaohan Yua,b, Hela Bessaies-Beyb, Xin Liua, Xin Shuc, Jiaping Liua, Nicolas Rousselb*
aSoutheast University, 2 Southeast University Road, Nanjing 211189, China
bGustave Eiffel University, 5Boulevard Descartes, Champs sur Marne 77454, France
cJiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., 118 Liquan Road, Nanjing 211103, China
With the growing demand for higher mechanical properties and durability, the water-to-cement mass ratio
(W/C) of modern cementitious materials is progressively decreasing, leading to poor workability.In this
paper, we focus on the effects of polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCE) on the rheological properties of
highly concentrated cement pastes and the scaling laws for the yield stress and residual viscosity of the
pastes, to optimize the mix design for high-performance concrete. Our adsorption measurements show that
PCE adsorption at low W/C still follows a Langmuir-type isotherm. Our rheological measurements on
cement pastes show that, similar to the previous works, the adsorbed PCE can indeed deflocculate the
concentrated system, which is at the origin of the decreasing yield stress and residual viscosity. Moreover,
the residual viscosity scales with the square root of yield stress for a given solid volume fraction. We,
therefore, suggest that the role and the action mechanism of PCE should not be affected by the W/C ratio.
All the consensuses drawn from previous studies can be applied to highly concentrated cementitious
materials.
Keywords:superplasticizer, adsorption, rheology, highlyconcentrated cement paste

O1-382 Life-cycle assessment of Three Generations of Recycling Concrete

Supported by and Multi-Criteria Analysis
Mohammed Abeda and Maysam Shmllsb
a King‟s College, Engineering Department, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
bDepartment of Architecture and Building Construction, Szechenyi Istvan University,
Gyor, Hungary
This research aims to perform a life cycle assessment and multi-criteria analysis for the three generations of
recycled aggregate concrete. The mechanical performance in addition to the costs and environmental
impact of seven concrete mixtures that were produced as three generations of recycling concrete were
evaluated. The performance results were employed as input criteria for the multi-criteria decision-making
technique, Weighted Sum Model (WSM). The results showed that the third generation of recycling concrete
gives an excellent alternative that has better combinations of technical, environmental, and economical
performances.
Keywords : Multi recycled aggregate concrete, life cycle assessment, multi-criteria decision-making
techniques
O1-385 On the use of non-destructive testing for the measurement of self-

healing in lime-based mortars
Franco Grosso Giordanoa,b, Maxime Bruninb, Nico Boona, Nele De Belieb
aCenter for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
b Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory, Dept. of Structural Engineering and Building Materials,
Ghent University, Technologie park Zwijnaarde 60, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
The study of self-healing construction materials has increased in popularity over the last couple of decades.
Nevertheless, this work has been focused predominantly on cement-based materials and work on other type
of binders such as lime-based mortars remains rather limited. Despite the multiple testing methods
available to assess the efficacy of self-healing, these techniques are not always suitable for materials of
different mechanical strengths and behavior. In order to further expand the knowledge on self-healing
beyond the high-strength cement-based materials, self-healing has been studied on low-strength binders.
Here it is shown how the use of non-destructive testing with ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and resonance
frequency (RF) can help determine the self-healing capacity of low-strength mortars. A hydrated lime
mortar mix of 1:3 binder-aggregate volume ratio was cast and cracked after 28 days of curing. The
samples were damaged under compression using 70 % of the average compressive strength. Before and
after damaging, the samples were tested by UPV and RF and superficial cracks were studied by
microscopy. The samples were the placed under wet-dry cycles of 1 hour wet/23 hours dry for 28 days and
tested again. As healing proceeded, an increase in the UPV was observed, while the RF of the sample
increased close to its to its original frequency. Microscopy measurements confirmed visually the closure of
cracks. These results show the necessity for techniques that are tailored to the mechanical nature of the
different studied materials and opens up the possibility of further investigating self-healing in a wider
variety of construction materials.
O1-390 Chalcedonite aggregate in lime mortars: assessment of strength,

microstructure, and durability
Tomáš Ţiţlavský, Martin Vyšvařil and Patrik Bayer
Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czechia
The constructions of historic buildings are on ground and sub-ground level often affected by various salts

leeching in the constructions from surrounding environment due to non-existent or non-functional ground-
water insulation. The salts dissolved in water are transported through capillary system of masonry and
cause severe problems at air-construction interface where the water evaporates into the environment and
salts accumulate in the outer-most layer destroying it in the process by the crystallization. To improve the
durability of repair mortars and their ability to accumulate salts lightweight porous aggregate is used. This
study focuses on the use of chalcedonite aggregate in such materials. Mortars based on aerial and natural
hydraulic lime are prepared and the siliceous aggregate is replaced by chalcedonite sand. Fresh state
properties of mortars likely to affect microstructure and/or durability e.g. air content in fresh mortar are
determined. Flexural and compressive strength are studied at the ages of 28, 56, 90, 180, and 365 days,
additionally at 90 days microstructural characteristics, durability to freeze-thaw cycles and salt
crystallization resistance are studied. The use of highly porous aggregate leads to significant increase in
amount of mixing water needed to achieve the same workability, while air content in fresh mortar and
water retention value are only mildly affected. The substitution of aggregate leads to improvement in
flexural strength however, compressive strength is decreased. The incorporation of lightweight porous
aggregate causes significant increase in total open porosity of the mortars, their water absorption as well
as increase in capillary water transport. Even though the significant increase in hygric properties, the
durability to freeze-thaw cycling also increases. The improvement in salt crystallization resistance is
observed mainly in the case of sulphate attack with only minor improvements in the solutions of nitrates
and chlorides. The mortars with chalcedonite aggregate show results favourable for their utility as repair
mortars, mainly in damp buildings, where the fast capillary water transport is highly beneficial.
Keywords: Chalcedonite aggregate, hydraulic lime, Fresh state properties.
O1-397 Evaluation of rhyolite rock as a thermocline storage material for

medium and high temperature applications
Elbachir Abddaima,b, Siham Sakamic and Lahcen Boukhattema,b
a LMPEQ, National School of Applied Sciences, Safi, Morocco
b EnR2ELaboratory, National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi
Ayyad University ,Marrakesh
c L3G, Faculty of Science and Technology Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh
Morocco has one of the world's large thermodynamic energy facilities in Ouarzazate that uses molten salt
as storage material. The latter is put in two tanks and not completely filled them. It represents 50% cost of
the storage system. Moreover, the Andasol plant in Spain uses a quantity of 28 000 tons of molten salt that
costs 700 euros/ton and has a 20% environmental impact on the storage system of the entire Concentrated
Solar Power plant. Nowadays, the packed bed filled with aggregates which replaces a large part of the fluid
used and prevents convective mixing in the storage liquid has a better cost/storage time ratio. It is easily
integrated with some types of renewable energy. Besides, it is cheaper and more efficient without
environmental impact. As a result, it was crucial to check some criteria to select the storage materials. In
this regard, the objective of this paper is to examine the properties of the rhyolite rock as a candidate for
heat storage collected at Oued Tensift near Marrakech, Morocco to define the optimal temperature range
for this rock. For this purpose, chemical and structural composition andthermo-physicalproperties of the
rock are carried out for this category of application by using XRF, EDX, DRX and TGA-DTA. In addition,
an experimental heating and cooling test was performed on our sample at two different temperatures
300°c and 600°c to determine the effect of thermal cycling on the rhyolite rock properties. The found results
indicate that this candidate can be used as a thermal energy storage material for medium temperature
(100-300°C) as well as for high-temperature applications (below 650°c) such as CSP plants.
Corresponding author : [email protected], [email protected]

O1-433 Intrinsic shape stability of printable concrete filament and its influence
on voids generation
John Temitope Kolawole, Jerry Xu, Jim Dobrzanski, Muhammad Nura Isa, Sergio
Cavalaro, Richard Buswell
Hybrid 3D Concrete Printing Group, School of Architecture, Building, and Civil
Engineering, Loughborough University, UK
Extrusion-based 3D concrete printing technology is gaining widespread growth with advantages such as
automation of concrete manufacture and improved sustainability by formwork elimination, minimal and
precise material use. However, the manufactured concrete still has undesirable effects such as inadequate
geometric precision and tolerance, and anisotropic property that causes reduced strength. At the roots of
these are the intrinsic shape instability and interfacial zone heterogeneity, such as voids, respectively. The
origins of these problems must be understood, in the first instance, to enable good solutions that will
encourage widespread adoption of the technology. In an attempt to understand this problem, this study
isolates two essential parameters of 3D concrete printing – rheo-physical properties and print speed – to
adjust the inherent response of the material under its self-weight and minimal printing pressure. This
enables the evaluation of the intrinsic shape stability of the printed filaments possible for analysing
conformance to near-net-shape and their interaction in voids generation. A printable mortar was adjusted
to achieve three mixes with different rheo-physical properties and were printed as single filaments, double
filaments, one layer (multiple horizontal filaments), and four vertical layers (multiple vertical layers). They
were sliced into multiple sections for camera image analysis, to examine their shape stability, conformance
and voids. The shape stability of the filament was found to be coupled with its restraint condition to
influence the geometric conformance of the printed sample. Filament instability, in the form of deformation,
was detrimental to achieving the samples' geometric conformance. On the other hand, the self-deformation
of the filament, though undesirable for geometric conformance, reduces the void generated within the
sample. A balance between these two phenomena is required to achieve a consistent microstructure and
geometry. These results put forward viable countermeasures to ensure geometric near-net-shape while
minimising generated voids within printed concrete elements.
Keywords: Printable mortar, filaments, image analysis, shape stability.
O1-450 Data provenance - from experimental data to trust worthy simulation

models and standards
Jörg F. Unger, Annika Robens-Radermacher, Erik Tamsen
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). Unter den Eichen 87, 12205
Berlin, Germany
FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) data usage is one of the main principals that many
of the research and funding organizations include in their strategic plans, which means that following the
main principals of FAIR data is required in many research projects. The definition of data being FAIR is
very general, and when implementing that for a specific application or project or even setting a
standardized procedure within a working group, a company or a research community, many challenges
arise. In this contribution, an overview about our experience with different methods, tools and procedures
is outlined. We begin with a motivation on potential use cases for the applications of FAIR data with
increasing complexity starting from a reproducible research paper over collaborative projects with
multiple participants such as Round-Robin tests up to data-based models within standardization codes,
applications in machine learning or parameter estimation of physics-based simulation models. In a second
part, different options for structuring the data are discussed. On the one hand, this includes a discussion on
how to define actual data structures and in particular metadata schema, and on the other hand, two
different systems for storing the data are discussed. The first one is the open BIS system, which is an open-
source Lab notebook and Postgre SQL based data management system. A second option are a semantic
representations using RDF based ontologies for the domain of interest. In a third section, requirements for
workflow tools to automate data processing are discussed and their integration into reproducible data
analysis is presented with an outlook on required information to be stored as metadata in the database.

Finally, the presented procedures are exemplarily demonstrated for the calibration of a temperature
dependent constitutive model for additively manufactured mortar. Metadata schemata for a rheological
measurement setup are derived and implemented in an open BIS database. After a short review of a
potential numerical model predicting the structural build-up behaviour, the automatic workflow to use the
stored data for model parameter estimation is demonstrated.
O1-455 Hygrothermal simulation of multilayer foamcrete wall panels with

pozzolans
Hamais Sajida,b, Farnaz Batoolc, Bing Chena,b
aState Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
China
b Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
cDepartment of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi,
Pakistan
Innovative building materials have been used in building envelops to reduce the heating and cooling loads
of the building. This numerical study aims to assess the hygrothermal performance and risk of fungal
growth in multilayer foamcrete wall panels with pozzolans. The foamcrete was produced by replacing fly
ash, metakolin and silica fume, with Portland cement up to 20% by weight, for the density of 400 kg/m3.
The 226 mm thick wall assembly was consisting of plaster layers both inside and outside along with
foamcrete filled in between the layers of normal concrete. In addition, a layer of weather resistive barrier
was also provided on the exterior surface to prevent rainwater. For hygrothermal simulation, Harbin city
of China, having extreme cold climatic conditions have been selected. Properties such as density, thermal
conductivity, specific heat capacity, relative humidity and heat loss of three different mixes were analyzed
through hygrothermal simulations. The results revealed that the hygrothermal performance of the
multilayer foamcrete wall panel improves with the addition of pozzolanic admixtures in foamcrete and
among the three pozzolans, fly ash was the most efficient. Subsequently, heat loss has been reduced by
36.9% for fly ash foamcrete, 35.37% for silica fume foamcrete and 32.68% for metakaolin foamcrete in
comparison with normal concrete wall. All walls based on insulation foamcrete mixed with pozzolans
showed the mould index (MI) within the acceptable range, i.e., 2. Addition of pozzolanic admixtures in
foamcrete layer showed improvement in the relative humidity and temperature at the interior surface of
walls. As revealed by simulation, the indoor temperature increased from 0.43°C to 14°C while the range of
RH reduced from 57-95% for reference wall to 42-68% for insulated wall. This material allows stabilization
of relative humidity levels in the ambient air by naturally regulating the hygrometry, to ensure better
environment. Similarly, the water resistivity of the wall also improved in the presence of foamcrete layers.
Thus, this material can be used massively in the construction field in order to meet the requirements of the
current standards which aim to reduce the energy and environmental impacts of dwelling and office
building.
Keywords: Mould risk; Hygrothermal Performance; Heat loss; Foamcrete; Pozzolans
O1-458 Strength of unfired clay bricks with almond husk additive in relation to
surface porosity based on a quantification by SEM images analysis
Othmane Noureddine a,b, Imad Manssouri a, Hassane Sahbi c, Houssame Limami b, Asmae
Khaldoun b
a Laboratory
of Mechanics, Mechatronics, and Command, Team of Electrical Energy,
Maintenance and Innovation, ENSAM-Meknes, Moulay Ismail University, Marjane 2,

BP:15290 Meknes 50500,Morocco

b Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000,
Morocco
c Moulay Ismail University, Marjane 2, BP: 298, 50500 Presidency Meknes, Morocco
Aiming to reduce the resources invested in the laboratory assessment of unfired clay bricks incorporating
natural wastes as additives, this paper proposes an evaluation of the surface porosity of unfired clay bricks
with almond husk powder using processing of the SEM images of representative cubes and its relationship
with the bricks‟ strength. Unfired clay bricks are showing a huge interest among researchers and are
widely investigated in order to improve their physical and mechanical performances. Used clay is extracted
from Bensmim red soil in Ifrane – Morocco and determined as an Illite. One control specimen with pure
clay and four specimens were prepared using the proportions 2, 5, 10, and 20 wt.% of almond husk powder.
After drying, SEM analysis is done on the specimens. The processing of the issued images is done using
ImageJ software. The SEM images show domains of irregularly shaped platelets of clay, bound together,
with micro-pores on the surface. The results show, in general, an increase in the surface porosity with the
increase of almond husk powder in the matrix. This is reported due to the formation of coagulant volumes
that generates a porous network depending on the size and the amount of the additive. However, a
considerable decrease in the porosity is shown using 2 wt.% additive which is reported to the fiber bridging
mechanism. These results are found complying to the strength of the bricks. The increase in the surface
porosity was followed by an increase in strength. Theoretical models are evaluated for the best fit in the
relationship between strength and porosity. Balshin, Ryshkewitch and Hasselman are applied and
compared with the experimental data. Nevertheless, the polynomial modeling of degree 3 is considered the
most adequate. the findings in this research establish a potential road to predict unfired clay bricks quality
using processing of SEM images of only representative specimens of the surface porosity.
Keywords: Unfiredclay bricks, compressive strength, surface porosity, SEM images processing.
Corresponding author :[email protected]
O1-468 Optimization of the formulation of a cellular concrete for load-bearing

masonry
Heikal Afraitane, Fatima Abou-Nouh, Khaled Lahlou, Reda Jaafri
ERIC-LaGCET, Ecole Hassania des Travaux Publics (EHTP), Casablanca, Maroc
The strong growth of the construction market and the immense increase in the need to upgrade aging
infrastructure has triggered a need for faster and more efficient solutions. In addition, the concrete
industry faces increasing challenges to meet modern demands for sustainability and environmental
friendliness. Life cycle analyzes of current buildings show that the major part of their environmental
impact comes from one part on the building materials used and, on the other part, from the energy
consumed for their heating which is, itself, related to the efficiency of their thermal insulation. Traditional
building materials therefore no longer appear as an obvious solution to remedy these challenges and create
structures that are economical in terms of cost, durable and that comply with the new energy efficiency
code. Due to their reduced weight, their low carbon footprint, the energy savings they can provide
compared to conventional concretes, lightweight concretes offer a wide range of characteristics. Among
lightweight concretes, cellular concrete, is the most popular in developing countries due to low capital
expenditure on equipment and the wide availability of the main materials. Recognized for its good
workability, low cement content and low use of aggregates, it improves fire resistance, thermal
conductivity and sound absorption due to its textured surface and micro-structural cells, because it is
consisting of random air voids created from the mixture of foaming agents in the mortar. It contributes to
recycling with the possibility of incorporating construction and some of industrial wastes which will
condition its skills by improving some of his characteristics. This paper will focus on the impact of the
formulation and the conditions of implementation on the behavior of cellular concretes in the hardened
state. The objective is to propose a method for formulating cellular concrete that meets specific criteria
while optimizing the use of construction materials. It also involves identifying the characteristics and
influential factors of the mixture using a statistical approach. The results presented in this paper will form
the basis for economical evaluation and primary design of cellular concrete for load-bearing masonry.

O1-470 Testing air lime mortars produced with lime of different technology
M. Stefanidoua, F. Kesikidoua, Ch. Kouroutzidoua, N. Copseyb
a Laboratory of Building Materials, School of Civil Engineering, AUTH, Greece,
[email protected]
b Second affiliation, Address, City and Postcode, Country
Lime has been produced since ancient times in different parts of the world when pyro-technology was
developed. Common uses were the production of plasters and structural mortars.In past constructions, the
selection of the binder (or the binders) used and their combination with other masonry units (bricks or
stones) seems to follow empirical criteria based on the availability and performance of the materials. The
evolution of lime technology was based mainly on the quality of the raw materials (limestone), the kilns
used for firing and the slaking of the lime. Each of these parameters affected drastically the lime properties
while the mortars produced were used for the construction of masterpieces. Nowadays, protecting
architectonic structures from deterioration agents has been a major concern in building
technology.Upgrading traditional binders such as lime or producing high quality lime is still an open
question as lime is considered “the binder of choice” for architectural conservation. Beyond that, lime is a
diachronic binder and finds various uses even in modern times even though a plethora of materials are
available in the market. In the present study, different limes (CL90air lime in dusty form, lime putty and
quicklime) were used to produce mortars. Mechanical and physical properties are recorded and from the
results it seems that mortars produced using hot-lime technology, presented enhanced mechanical
properties such as flexure, compression, and tension (bond strength). The improved properties are probably
connected to the different microstructure revealed by ScanningElectron Microscopy which is attributed to
the slaking procedure.
O1-484 Valorisation of fines recycled concrete in the production of construction

materials: activation of concrete fines by mechanosynthesis
Othmane Bouchenafaa, Rabah Hamzaouia, Céline Florencea, Laure Regnaudb
a Institut de Recherche en Constructibilité IRC, ESTP, Université Paris-Est, Cachan, France
b Fondation École Française du Béton, Clichy, France
In 2017, the production of 1 kg of clinker emitted an average of 0.66 kg of CO 2 into the atmosphere. This
observation, established for many years, has made it necessary to look for technical solutions to reduce CO 2
emissions. Among the possible approaches, using industrial by-products as a substitute for clinker is an
avenue that has been the subject of several studies. The reuse of deconstruction concrete is as aggregate or
fill, where most of this material is recovered as new concrete aggregate or granular pavement material,
particularly in structural layers such as pavement bases and sub-bases. However, the finer parts of the
concrete are reused to a relatively limited extent despite their high hydraulic and pozzolanic potential. The
use of fine recycled concrete (FRC) was studied as a substitute for cement. However, it has been shown that
the use of a large quantity of FRC has the effect of reducing mechanical performance, especially at a young
age. For this reason, we have proposed activating this material by using mechanosynthesis to improve the
performance of the modified cement/FRC materials. Mechanosynthesis is a high-energy milling process in
which the powders mixture is placed with balls in vials, subjecting the powders to high-energy collisions.
This process is characterised by a continuous welding/fracturing motion where there is a possibility of
producing metastable crystalline or nanocrystalline phases and transforming crystalline phases into
amorphous ones. Furthermore, it allows the powder particle's shape modification and size reduction to
micrometre scale. While crystallites (the grains forming a particle) are reduced to nanometer size resulting
in nanostructured materials. This study uses different milling times and speeds to identify the optimal
combination of both of them. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the mechanical activation resulted in the
amorphisation of portlandite and nanocrystallised quartz and calcite production. Furthermore, the use of
50% of activated FRC as a substitute to the OPC type I for the production of mortar resulted in an
improvement of compressive strength in comparison with the use of the unmilled FRC estimated at +110%,
+61% and 68% at 1,7 and 28 days of curing time. However, compared with 100% OPC, the performances
are lower, but they reach the performance of a CEM II or CEM III.

Keywords: Mechanosynthesis, fine recycled concrete, cement, substitution.

O1-509 Study of the suitability of unfired bricks based on clay and smmar
fibers as an ecological building material with zero carbon footprint
Aziz El-Yahyaoui and Imad Manssouri
Laboratory of Mechanics, Mechatronics and Command Team of Electrical Energy,
Maintenance and Innovation, ENSAM-MEKNES, Moulay Ismail University, Meknès,
Morocco.
In the context of the de carbonization of the construction sector and the design of innovative ecological
building materials, this article provides a design of unfired bricks reinforced with Smmar fibers. Its main
purpose is to study the influence of the dosage of smmar fibers on the physico-mechanical and thermal
properties of earth blocks produced in the local artisanal way from clay extracted from Oulad Azam in the
Taounate region in Morocco and fibers from the Smmar plant also extracted from the same region. First,
the two raw materials have undergone pre-treatment in order to obtain 0/1mm fine soil and 10mm length
smmar fibers. Then, six samples were produced, each containing a varied dosage of fibers per soil weight
(0%; 1%; 3%; 5%; 7% and 10%), and their performance was evaluated after drying the latter. Finally,
taking into account the decrease in mechanical performance and the increase in thermal performance
following the increase in the dosage of fibers, an optimization of the formulation of the bricks was made in
order to obtain bricks with optimal physicomechanical and thermal properties for the purpose of using the
two raw materials wisely and sparingly.
Keywords: biobased building material; identification and characterization; physicomechanical
performances; thermal performances; optimization and production cost.
O1-521 Cement testing potentials in Africa: a case of pan-African

interlaboratory testing
Kolawole Adisa Olonadea, Pheladi Tlhatlhab, Patience Malengoc, Akindehinde Ayotunde
Akindahunsid, Kathrin Wunderliche, Mark Bediakof, and Wolfram Schmidtb
a Kampala International University, Department of Civil Engineering, Ishaka, Uganda
b Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
c Office Congolais de Controle, Kinshasha, Democratic Republic of Congo
d Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Civil Engineering, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
e Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
f CSIR - Building and Road Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana
Material testing plays a vital role in a functioning quality infrastructure (QI) ecosystem. Of the materials
needed to bridge the gross infrastructure deficit in Africa, cement is sine qua non. This paper presents
outcomes of interlaboratory testing on cement conducted under the Pan Africa Cement Proficiency Testing
Scheme. 36 laboratories across African countries participated in the exercise. The tests conducted on the
cement (local and reference) were chemical and physical tests as well as further tests on the flow and
interaction with superplasticizers. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using descriptive
and inferential statistics. The results indicated that the participating laboratories have high capacity to
perform mechanical tests as there were no outliers recorded but relatively low laboratories conducted
Blaine tests, while large outliers were obtained in the loss on ignition test. It was observed that about 50%
of the laboratories could not comply with all the provisions of the standard used, especially in the area of
room temperature to be kept at 20±1. Though the large deviations from the mean values by many
laboratories make it difficult to be certain of the proficiency of these laboratories in all the tests. The paper
hence discusses reasons and mitigation potentials for the large scatter and proposes modifications that
apply within the African policy and QI framework. It is concluded that there is need for more capacity

development with a view to bridging the variations.

Keywords: Cement, interlaboratory testing, data, standard, quality infrastructure.
O1-528 Improving the thermal properties of phase change materials

incorporated in plaster through 3D-printing by selective activation
method.
Marwa El Yassia,b, Alexandre Pierrea,Ikram El Abbassia,b Yannick Melingec
aLaboratoire de Mécanique et Matériaux du Génie Civil - L2MGC, EA 4114, CY Cergy Paris
University - Neuville-surOise, Cergy-Pontoise 95031,France
bLaboratoire de Recherche en Eco-innovation Industrielle et Energétique (LR2E), ECAM-
EPMI, Cergy-Pontoise 95000, France

cLaboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques - LRMH, CRC UAR 3224, Champs-
sur-Marne 77420, France
The constructionsector is particularly interested in the development of new building materials for the
improvement of thermal performance and also for passive cooling in summer season. In order to answer
this problem, the integration of phase change materials (PCMs) with solid-liquid transition in building
materials to improve the storage and restitution of thermal energy seems to be a solution. The aim of this
work is to study first, the integration of micro-encapsulated phase change materials in a di-hydrated
plaster on the thermo-physical performances. Secondly, to study the feasibility of shaping plaster and
plaster incorporating PCM samples using a 3D printer, as we highlight the damages of many micro
capsules coating the PCM, most often induced by the mixing process. The technique adopted in this study is
theselective activation method, which avoids the homogenization step with which a layer of PCM has been
incorporated in the middle of the geometry of the printed plaster, and is presented in the form of a
sandwich. Results show that the addition of the micro-encapsulated PCM reduces the thermal conductivity
of the plaster and this improvement varies depending on the method of sample preparation.
O1-549 Structure and mechanical study of a ground-granulated blast-furnace

slag (GGBS) based binder and its use in earth concrete.
Arthur Lam1, Rabah Hamzaoui1, Andrea Kindinis1
ESTP-IRC laboratory, 28 avenue du président Wilson, 94230 Cachan, France
The aim of this work is to characterize the mechanical properties with the understanding of the chemical
reactions of a ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) based binder for earth concrete. Both binder
paste and earth concrete samples are cured at 20°C and 100% of relative humidity. Several
characterization techniques are conducted, including X-raydiffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and mechanical tests. The compressive tests are done at 7, 28 and 90 curing
days. This study shows that dicalcium silicates found in the binder powderleads to calcium silicate hydrates
(C-S-H) formation in the early age. It also reveals the presence of portlandite, leading to the calcium-
activation of the GGBS. This latent reaction creates several phases such as C-S-H and C-A-H in the mid and
long term. The analyzis of the infrared specters corroborates those results. The C-S-H characteristic bands are
identified around 400, 655 and 960 cm-1. C-A-H characteristic peak is identified at 850 cm-1.The mechanical study
shows that the compressive strength of the binder reaches 13,9MPa, 21,1MPa and 25,4MPa and the earth concrete
8,9MPa, 16,6MPa and 18,7MPa at 7, 28 and 90 curing days respectively. Those mechanical properties are brought by
the hydrates formed during the binder‟s reaction. It creates a matrix that bounds the grains of raw earth together.This
work highlights the high mechanical properties of earth concrete made out of this binder. It also shows the potential of
calcium-activated GGBS and pozzolanic reactions in order to create low carbon earth concrete with good resistance.
Such binder may foster the use of earth concrete in buildings, enhancing their thermal comfort and energy efficiency
while reducing their environmental impact.
Keywords:Earth concrete, Binder, Raw earth, Mechanical resistance, Ground granulated blast furnace slag.

O2-55 A new approach for reinforcing the pavement subjected to solicitations

and admissible deformations
Omar Ben Charhi and Khadija Baba
GCE Laboratory, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Mohammed V University in Rabat-
Morocco
Roads play a very important role in the movement of goods and people. They also contribute to economic
development and growth and bring important social benefits. Improving the road network is one of the
pillars of the territorial upgrading strategy. The development and modernization of this network is a real
lever for socio-economic development and ensures regional and local integration. The analysis of the
existing roads has shown that the repeated use by heavy vehicles causes damage to the road surfaces,
manifested mainly by the appearance of transverse cracks (thermal shrinkage of the asphalt concrete). In
addition, the cracks allow water penetration, which leads to new damage mechanisms and reduced ride
comfort. Various principles and numerous methods are used in pavement strengthening, which can be
divided into two categories: The first category uses the concept of residual pavement and the second
category uses deformation data. The residual method measures the bearing capacity of the soil under
worst-case conditions under the existing pavement and then estimates the equivalent thickness of the
pavement. The second category of reinforcement consists of measuring the deflection of a flexible pavement
under a heavy wheel load. The purpose of this method is to predict the future structural performance of the
pavement and to plan the covering with bituminous materials. The method is applicable to soils with a
C.B.R. of 2.5 to 10. The above methods originated from abroad and therefore had some adaptation
difficulties to the Moroccan context. In this study, a new approach for the reinforcement of pavement
structures is presented. The methodology used for this new method allows a synthesis and leads to a design
considering the influence of the different parameters that determine the solution of the reinforcement.
Keywords: Pavement, road, reinforcement, bearing capacity.
O2-116 Fatigue damage modeling of asphalt mixtures using heterogeneous

numerical model and complex impedances approach
Benaboud Soufyanea,b , Allou Fatimaa , Dubois Frédérica and Takarli Mokhfia
a GC2D Laboratory, University of Limoges, Egletons, France
b LINEACT Laboratory, CESI La Couronne, Angoulême, France
Asphalt concrete (AC) is a heterogeneous material containing a bituminous matrix and aggregates
characterized by viscoelastic and elastic behaviors, respectively. The dependent time mechanical behavior
of AC is strongly dependent on the matrix behavior characterized by a thermo-sensibility. When testing AC
under cyclic loading, part of the amount of thermodynamic work is dissipated as heat through viscous
losses but the remainder is stored by the elastic component, which drives the damage evolution. The
viscoelastic rheological models present a network of basic elements: spring, linear, and/ or parabolic
dashpots connected in series and/or parallel configuration. In this work, a new thermodynamic
formulation is used to describe the viscoelastic rheological models subjected to mechanical fatigue loading.
An electromechanical analogy is used to generalize this approach to all viscoelastic rheological models.
Firstly, the determination of the Helmholtz free energy and the dissipation energy in the time domain is
presented. Then, so-called complex mechanical impedance is defined and determined for the basic elements.
Thermodynamic functions are defined using the complex mechanical concept for the Maxwell and Kelvin
Voight models. Subsequently, the Helmholtz free energy and the dissipated energy are determined for the
stain and stress control modes. Finally, the approach is generalized for other viscoelastic rheological
models with discrete spectrum (The Generalized Maxwell and Kelvin Voigt) and models containing
parabolic dashpots (Huet, Huet-Sayegh, and 2S2P1D). The numerical model was implemented in the
Cast3M finite element code. In order to take into account the heterogeneity of bituminous materials, a
method of creating the microstructure, based on image processing techniques, was developed and
integrated into the Cast3M code where the pixels of the images are projected into fixed mesh support whose
elements represent either the aggregate or the matrix. The results of numerical simulations on the tension-

compression and/or 2-point bending fatigue test are presented.

Keywords : Asphalt, thermodynamic, rheology, bituminous materials.
O2-123 Cracking susceptibility of asphalt concrete subjected to combined

action of moisture, freeze-thaw cycle and long term ageing using semi-
circular bending test
Cezary Szydłowski and Marcin Stienss
Department of Highway and Transportation Engineering, Gdańsk University of
Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
The paper presents an analysis of the influence of environmental factors on the change of cracking
susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. In order to assess the phenomenon, laboratory tests were carried out
taking into account the destructive effects of moisture, freeze-thaw cycle and long term ageing. The
influence of both factors occurring simultaneously was also verified. Due to the different methods of
assessing resistance to water and frost, the tests were carried out according to four variants of conditioning
the samples: Polish Technical Requirements WT:2-2010 and WT:2-2014, AASTHO T 273, AASHTO TP 140
(MIST). Long-term aging was conducted according to AASHTO R 30 for 120h and also in extended time to
216h. Finally ten variants of conditioning samples were tested. Asphalt concrete for wearing course were
investigated. Parameters of mixtures with neat (50/70) and SBS-modified (45/80-55) binder were
compared. The evaluation of changes in fracture toughness was carried out based on the results of testing
SCB specimens with a 10 mm notch depth at a temperature of +10°C, at a loading rate of 1 mm/min.
Fracture toughness, fracture energy and Flexibility Index were assessed. A group of 40 results for each of
the mixtures was obtained, taking into account both the dispersion due to material heterogeneity (four
samples for each of the conditioning variants) and variation in material properties caused by
environmental factors (10 conditioning variants). The influence of water and frost action causes a decrease
in fracture toughness and a reduction in the fracture energy. Long-term ageing increases the stiffness of the
mixture, thus increasing the fracture toughness. A significant increase in the brittleness of the material is
observed, which reduces the deformation at fracture and thus the fracture energy. On the basis of the
obtained results, it can be concluded that the destructive effect of environmental factors is clearly more
visible in the case of a mixture with neat binder. The comprehensive laboratory test results allowed for
probabilistic analysis and reliability estimation related to the assessment of the durability of asphalt
mixtures.
Keywords: Asphalt, cracking, moisture, freeze-thaw cycle, durability.
Corresponding Author:: [email protected]
O2-131 Study of the miscibility of hybrid Polymers based on Recycled plastic

N. Akkouri A,B, K. Baba B , O. Bourzik B And L. Elfarissi C
a Technical Center of Plastics and Rubber CTPC, Casablanca, Morocco
b Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
The accumulation of plastic waste in the world, with its negative impact on the environment, is increasing.
Their management methods can be different, but the best solution is the one that optimizes environmental
protection at a reasonable cost, such as recycling. But one of the obstacles to the recovery of recycled
plastics is their quality. In this study, we aim to develop a new hybrid polymer based on one of the three
main recycled polymers in Morocco, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), added to Styrene-
Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) copolymer, as a reinforcing agent to improve their properties. The hybrid
polymer formulations were prepared using an internal mixer. A series of tests were performed, ranging
from characterization of the recycled materials by TGA, IR, DSC and tensile test, to the study of the
miscibility of five different formulations of the following blends: PE/SBS and PP/SBS. The results showed
good miscibility for 80PE/20SBS and 80PP/20SBS. Also, the quality of the recycling of the plastic waste
influences the properties of the hybrid polymer.

Keywords: recycled plastic waste, SBS, thermal properties, miscibility.

O2-143 Enhancements in Bond in Textile Reinforced Concrete: Experiments and

Modeling
Yarden Rahamima, Isabel Zayasb, Matthew P. Adamsb, Matthew J. Bandelta, Alva Peleda
aBen Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Beer Sheva, Israel
bNew Jersey Institute of Technology, John A. Reif, Jr Department of Civil and
Envrionmental Engineering, Newark, New Jersey, USA
Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) has been subject to intense R&D effort, as it known to improve the brittle
tensile properties of the concrete. The bond between the textile bundle and the cement matrix is a crucial
factor that control TRC elements performance. Unfortunately, methods to improve the bond between textile
fabrics and a concrete matrix are limited. This paper evaluates techniques to improve bond in TRC systems
through a multi-scale approach using experimental and numerical methods. Specifically, the
pulloutbehavior of textile fabrics within a cementitious matrix through various treatment mechanism is
evaluated. Then the direct tension response of the composite TRC systems is evaluated across treatment
mechanisms. Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element models are used to simulate experimental
behavior and understand how treatment mechanisms influence local pullout response, crack opening in
direct tension, and strain distribution.
O2-144 Sustainability in concrete production: reclaimed asphalt pavement

(RAP) as recycled aggregate
Alessandra Michelacci, Anna degli Esposti, Beatrice De Pascale, Giulia Masi, Stefania
Manzi, Alessandra Bonoli, Maria Chiara Bignozzi
Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM),
University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Due to the fact that concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials, it contributes to 4-8% of
global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and it consumes large amount of natural resources. Thus, research
on concrete has long been focused on the development of sustainable mixes containing recycled materials in
order to avoid the exploitation of exhaustible resources and at the same time reducing pollution and the
amount of landfilled materials. In this regard, considering that aggregates are the mostly used material for
concrete production, one virtuous solution can concern the use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) as
recycled aggregate. RAP can affect mechanical properties in concrete mixtures, leading to a general
decrease in compressive strength especially with the increase of RAP content in mixture. Despite that,
specific studies on RAP as recycled aggregates and their use in concrete production are still lacking in
literature. Aiming to fill this gap, firstly RAP collected from Italian highway sites was characterized in light
of its physical and microstructural properties as concrete aggregates. Then, microstructure of concrete
mixes containing RAP (RAP-CON) was studied by mercury intrusion porosimeter analysis and scanning
electron microscopy. Moreover, the environmental assessment of RAP-CON was performed with Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) tool according to ISO 14040 standard series. This study has been carried out in the
framework of the research project “Sustainable concrete made with recycled asphalt pavement" (RAP-CON,
2020-2023) granted by Fondazione Cariplo (“Circular Economy for a sustainable future” call, 2019).
Results have shown that the well adherent bituminous layer on aggregate surface in RAP induce a
hydrophobic behaviour, not evident in natural concrete aggregates. In hardened concrete, adhesion

between RAP and cement paste can differ according to the amount of bituminous layer on the aggregates.
However, the use of RAP as natural aggregate replacement for sustainable concrete is a promising route as
RAP presents excellent frost resistance and dimensional stability. LCA has demonstrated that high amount
of RAP in concrete mixes promote a decrease in the impact category of global warming potential, however
the impacts due to transports type and distance play a very important role.
Keywords: Asphalt, pavement, bituminous layer, aggregate.
O2-156 Reusing waste food-packaging plastic as additive modifier in asphalt

mixtures
Antonio Robertoa , Gledson Mesquitaa , Elena Romeoa , Laura Bergamontib , Claudia Graiffb
and Gabriele Tebaldia
a Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
b Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of
Parma, Parma, Italy
Plastic waste generation is one of the main problems worldwide. Consequently, governments and
researchers are struggling on how this plastic can be efficiently recycled. Particularly, the problem is quite
severe for packaging plastics that are representing the most generated plastic waste by the industrial
sector. A particular and quite critical situation is represented by the liquid food-packaging (milk, juice,
etc.), where plastic is generally combined with paper and aluminum to make bricks. In this specific case, the
plastic waste is typically generated during the maceration process, which is carried out to separate the
aluminum foil, paper, and plastic from each other. Thanks to this process, paper and aluminum foil can be
reused, while plastics have to be disposed. The aim of this research study is to reuse the disposed plastic
material coming from the maceration processes as additive to produce Polymer Modified Asphalt (PMA)
mixtures. The research work was carried out in two different stages: chemical analysis and mechanical
analysis. The chemical analysis was performed to understand whether the temperature (from 160 to 170
°C) used during PMA production is high enough to properly melt the waste plastic or not, and to study the
chemical composition of the used plastic. To assess these key points, Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(DSC) test was performed to identify the melting points of the plastics contained in the analyzed material.
While the Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) tests were
performed to assess the type of plastics which compose the reused material. The analysis of the mechanical
characteristics was performed comparing the PMA mixtures, containing two percentages of reused plastic
(5% and 10% by the aggregate weight), with two Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) prepared with 3.5% linear- and -
radial Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) modified asphalt, using the SuperPave Indirect Tensile Test (IDT)
performed at 10°C. The results obtained by XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the heterogeneous
composition of the analyzed plastic, which is mainly composed by Polyethylene (PE), High-Density
Polyethylene (HDPE), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene terephthalate
(PET), and Polystyrene (PS). The DCS highlighted that the melting points of the identified type of plastics
are all compatible with the temperature required to properly prepare PMAs. The results showed that the
used plastic can be recycled as a material for low level of modification of bitumen or combined with the
traditional polymers used for bitumen modification to make environmentally friendly asphalt mixtures.
Keywords: Plastic waste, Polymer Modified Asphalt, bitumen.
O2-168 Engineering behavior of cold in-place recycling materials

E. Sebaaly Peter, Y. Hajj Elie and J. Hand Adam
Department of Civil & Env. Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
Cold In-place Recycling (CIR) of asphalt pavements is a process that has successfully been used for many
years. The use of CIR for rehabilitation offers many advantages over reconstruction. When looked at closely
the sustainable benefits are particularly positive. Regardless of the good field performance and positive
sustainability aspects, some engineering properties of CIR have not been fully developed and mechanistic

performance modelling are limited. In this research, CIR mixtures were designed with four emulsion types.
The mixtures were then subjected to dynamic modulus, repeated load triaxial, and flexural beam fatigue
testing over a range of temperature and loading conditions. The engineering and performance test data
generated were then used to develop dynamic modulus master curves, rutting, and fatigue performance
models for CIR mixtures for use in the AASHTOW are Pavement ME software. The analysis of the
experimental data indicated that the impact of asphalt emulsion type does not follow a consistent trend,
and therefore, for project level analysis it is recommended that each CIR mix is independently designed and
its unique properties are determined. However, for network level benefit-cost analysis for comparison
among various alternatives, average models can be used with 95% confidence. In addition, the source of
RAP materials does not control the properties of the CIR mixture, which are controlled by the type and
content of asphalt emulsion and gradation of the RAP material.
Keywords : Asphalt pavements, dynamic modulus, AASHTOW.
O2-201 Comparison of thermal and ultraviolet oxidation of bitumen

Hochstein Daniel and Dano Christian
Manhattan College, Civil and Environmental Engineering, New York, USA
The aging of bituminous materials is due to a combination of both thermal and ultraviolet (UV) oxidation.
This results in an increase in the stiffness of the bitumen which creates a higher susceptibility to cracking
and decreases its useful life. While there exist standard test methods for thermal oxidation, there is much
less standardization involving oxidation using ultraviolet radiation. This paper aims to both compare
thermal and ultraviolet oxidation and also to further understand the role that the ultraviolet wavelength
and spectral intensity have on UV-oxidation. The Universal Simple Aging Test (USAT) is a thermal
oxidation procedure which has been developed to mimic the results of the more common Rolling Thin-Film
Oven Test and the Pressure Aging Vessel. The USAT exposes a thin-film of bitumen with a thickness of
300μm to elevated temperatures in a forced draft oven. In this study, bitumen was first conditioned using
the USAT to simulate short term aging (50 minutes at 150oC) and then exposed to long-term aging using
either thermal or UV oxidation. Long-term thermal aging was achieved by exposing the thin-film bitumen
specimens to 100oC in a convection oven. The USAT test method states that 40 hours of exposure
corresponds to PAV. Long-term UV-aging was conducted using both UVA and UVB fluorescent lamps. The
centerline wavelengths were 365nm and 312nm for the UVA and UVB lamps, respectively. The intensity was
varied by changing the distance to the specimen and was measured using a UV spectrometer. The effects of
aging were quantified by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR was conducted in
attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode and the degree of aging was calculated by measuring the area under
the sulfoxide, carbonyl, and reference aliphatic band. By controlling the intensity of the UV radiation and
through exposing the bitumen to thermal and UV-oxidation for various times of exposure, recommendations
are made concerning appropriate UVA and UVB exposure conditions (time and intensity) that produce
similar physical and chemical changes to long term thermal aging using the USAT procedure.
Keywords : Bituminous materials, UV-oxidation, Universal Simple Aging Test.

O2-203 Railway ballast aggregate characterization through a new strength

index: preliminary suitability evaluation of an industrial by-product
for a railway application
Marco Pasetto and Giovanni Giacomello
Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova,
Padova (PD), Italy
Ballast is a layer of the railway infrastructure that ensures the correct (horizontal and vertical) geometric
position of the track equipment, distributing vertical loads on the underlying layers. Ballast is composed by
aggregate grains of adequate grading, containing a consistent number of voids and a medium-low fine
content (limited to avoid saturation of the intergranular voids). The aggregates of ballast must be tested in
the laboratory to ascertain the suitability for their use under construction or maintenance phases. Physical-
mechanical characteristics of the aggregates must be verified and compared with the specific limits
imposed by the specifications, usually quite binding. In this work, the physical-mechanical characteristics
of different types of aggregate (natural and recycled) were evaluated. All the aggregates came from Italian
production plants. One “artificial” aggregate (steel slag) was also used. The by-product was tested to assess
if it can be used instead of the natural aggregate in a railway line in Italy. A mixture of natural and
artificial aggregates was also tested for comparison purposes. Moreover, an index to predict the main
physical-mechanical characteristics provided by the laboratory tests was also assessed. For this purpose,
the Point Load Test was used. Although this test is used for crushed rock in the geological field, it can be
used in railway applications. The results show that the artificial aggregate has excellent physical-
mechanical properties, compared to the natural one. After the preliminary study, it can be concluded that
the tested byproduct is able to replace the natural one especially in consequence of: high resistance of
fragmentation (low Los Angeles index, also after the freeze-thawing cycles), high density and low water
absorption (although this parameter is much variable with the morphological structure of steel slag). The
mixture of natural and artificial aggregates can guarantee the preservation of natural resources and solve
supply difficulties of by-products, maintaining very good physical-mechanical characteristics. In general,
the Los Angeles index (both before and after the freeze-thawing cycles) shows a good correlation with the
Point Load Strength Index for the ballast aggregates tested. Starting from this result, the Point Load Test
could be used to characterize the ballast aggregates. A statistical analysis was also performed on the other
physical-mechanical parameters: a good correlation was found in some cases, indicating that a prediction
of the Los Angeles index through the Point Load Index, allows anticipating an indication of the other
physical-mechanical characteristics of the ballast aggregates.
Keywords: Railway infrastructure, ballast aggregates, Los Angeles index, freeze-thawing cycles, physical-
mechanical parameters.
O2-215 Dynamic shear rheometer determination of axial E* and shear G*

complex moduli for binder
Nuh Isa, Salvatore Mangiafico and Cedric Sauzeat
Univ Lyon, ENTPE, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CNRS, LTDS, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
In order to design pavement structures, the knowledge of bituminous mixtures viscoelastic behaviour is
required. The common experimental method used in testing bituminous mixtures is the complex modulus
test, for which different test geometries may be used. It allows to determine the complex modulus E* and
sometimes the complex Poisson‟s ratio. However, these tests are not easy to perform and require some
expensive equipment. Many authors have developed different models to predict linear viscoelastic (LVE)
behaviour of mixtures from the binder experimental values. In that case, the shear complex modulus G* of
binder is used. It is generally determined using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) in shear oscillatory
movement. The binder Poisson‟s ratio is generally considered constant equal to 0.5. The axial complex

modulus of binder is then directly obtained by multiplying G* by 3. An accurate experimental evaluation of

binder properties is however pertinent to improve the model‟s estimations. The objective of this study is to
determine the complex shear G* as well as the axial modulus E* of an unmodified common bitumen over a
wide range of temperatures and frequencies. For this experimental campaign, samples of bitumen are
tested with a Dynamic shear Rheometer (DSR) using samples of different heights. In addition to the motor
head that allows shear oscillatory movement, the DSR is equipped with an axial motor at the base allowing
axial movement. Axial (E*) and shear (G*) complex moduli measurements are determined within the
binder‟s linear viscoelastic limit, using both 4 mm and 8 mm parallel plate geometries. Black diagram and
master curves are plotted in the assessment of the rheological measurements of tested binders. The
rheological model 2S2P1D developed at the ENTPE is used to fit the measurements. The model fits quite well
the experimental measurements of axial (E*) and shear (G*) complex moduli. The influence of sample
height on E* values is analyzed. From these results, it is shown that results need to be correctly analysed
before obtaining binder Poisson‟s ratio. In the end, an improvement in the bitumen-mixture transformation
models should be possible.
Keywords: Bitumen, rheology, oscillatory, shear.
O2-218 Quantification of inhomogeneity and anisotropy of bituminous

mixtures using biaxial experimental data
Arbin Raj and J. Murali Krishnan
Most of the existing mechanical characterization test methods and the analytical models for bituminous
mixtures are developed based on the assumption of homogenous and isotropic material properties.
However, the extent to which such assumptions hold good for bituminous mixtures is not very clear. A
systematic collection of biaxial experimental data can be used to investigate the extent of inhomogeneity
and anisotropy of bituminous mixtures. A biaxial testing scheme in indirect tension mode can come in
handy to collect the experimental data at different test temperature regimes. It is expected that the gauge
length of the measurement sensors and the test temperature can also play a critical role in quantifying the
extent of inhomogeneity and anisotropy. In this study, a bituminous mixture with a nominal maximum
aggregate size (NMAS) of 13.2 mm is used to fabricate cylindrical test specimens with 150 mm diameter
and 63.5 mm thickness for conducting the repeated load indirect tension (IDT) test. The input load level is
selected as 5 to 7 % of the indirect tensile (ITS) failure load in the form of a haversine pulse of 0.1 s loading
and 0.9 s rest period. The IDT test is conducted using 100 cycles of preloading to achieve a steady state, and
the subsequent five cycles are used to evaluate the inhomogeneity and anisotropy. Such loading is applied
on 0-degree and 90-degree orientations of the specimen. The resulting deformations in different directions
are measured using linear variable differential transducers (LVDT‟s) attached to both diametral faces of
the specimen. The response of the bituminous mixture specimen is captured at three different temperatures
of 20, 25, and 30 C using two different gauge length (half and quarter gauge of the total diameter).
Systematic collection of IDT test data is carried out by eliminating the possible experimental variability
that can occur due to the sensitivity of the LVDT‟s and the variability across different testing orientations
and diametral faces. Using the experimental data, the deformation response of the test specimen captured
in the same orientation at different diametral faces is compared to evaluate the extent of inhomogeneity.
The extent of anisotropy is evaluated by comparing the deformation response of the test specimen captured
at different orientations within the same diametral face. From the investigation, it is observed that the
extent of inhomogeneity and anisotropy changes with the chosen gauge length and the test temperature.
For instance, the material response captured using the quarter gauge length tested at 20 and 25 C exhibits
homogeneous and isotropic behavior, but not at 30 C. In the case of material response captured using half
gauge length, the bituminous mixture remains inhomogeneous and anisotropic, irrespective of the test
temperature.

Keywords: Bituminous mixtures, biaxial testing, indirect tension test.

O2-219 Influence of aspect ratio on the viscoelastic characteristics of

bituminous mixtures in torsion
Sandeep I.J.Sa , Greena M.Sa , A. Padmarekhab and J. Murali Krishnana
a Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Civil Engineering, Chennai, India
b SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
Measurement of viscoelastic response in torsion for various materials including soft gels, vulcanized
systems, and glasses are carried out using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). When a sample is subjected
to torsion, tensile stresses develop at the outer edges that are in contact with the clamps whereas
compressional stresses develop at the cross-sectional center. Tensile and compressional stresses developed
at the clamps to resist the warping in test specimens resulted in an increase in torsional stiffness.
Investigations on rectangular polymer samples have shown that size ratio plays a significant role in the
stress distribution of the cross-section, and in-turn influences the extent of viscoelastic response in torsion.
However, similar investigations on rectangular bituminous mixtures are scarce. ASTM D7552 2014
prescribes a test method for measurement of linear viscoelastic properties of bituminous mixtures in torsion
where a rectangular cross-section specimen of dimensions 10 × 12 × 50 mm is suggested. Thus, it is
necessary to carry out systematic experiments to document the influence of various size ratios on the linear
viscoelastic properties of bituminous mixtures tested in torsion. In this investigation, a dense graded
bituminous mixture with unmodified bitumen of absolute viscosity of 2800 Poise at 60 C and aggregate
with Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size (NMAS) of 13.2 mm were used. A 5 % weight of bitumen by the
total weight of the mixture was added to the aggregate. The bituminous mixture was compacted using a
shear box compactor and specimens of the required size were sliced. The thickness of the rectangular
specimen was held constant i.e., 10 mm. The other specimen dimensions, width, and length varied from 6
mm to 12 mm and 24 mm to 48 mm respectively. A frequency sweep experiment was conducted wherein the
specimen was subjected to constant strain amplitude of 0.005% and the frequencies varied from 50 Hz to
0.1 Hz (50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 1 and 0.1). The tests were conducted at 20 and 40 C. Based on
the test results it is observed that the absolute shear modulus decreased with an increase in the length to
width ratio. The change in length of the sample has more influence on the absolute shear modulus when
compared to the width to thickness ratio. The range of aspect ratios where there is no effect on the
viscoelastic response has been identified in this study.
Keywords: Bituminous mixture, torsion, viscoelastic response.
O2-269 Influence of rice husk ash on moisture susceptibility of warm mix

asphalt using chemical based additive
Shiva Kumar Mahto and Sanjeev Sinha
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India
Warm mix Asphalt (WMA) is produced at lower temperatures as compared to hot mix asphalt (HMA). It
uses several techniques that influence the viscosity property of the bitumen binder, enhances the workability
and beneficial to produce mixes at lower mixing temperature. In the present study the chemical based
additive namely Zycotherm used to produce WMA. The effect of rice husk ash (RHA) an agricultural waste
was varied from 0-100% for the replacements of the filler material. Huge amount of RHA is produced every
year in the country and disposal is a big issue. Further, hydrated lime was added to check the ability for
moisture resistance as an antistripping agent. The viscosity grade (VG 30) was used as primary binding
agent to the mix. The siliceous type of aggregate was used in the warm mix preparation. Dense bituminous

macadam of grade 2 was adopted as an aggregate gradation from Ministry of road Transport and
Highways (MoRTH, 2013). The Marshall Stability (MS), retained marshall stability, volumetric properties
such as (air voids, voids in mineral aggregates, voids filled with bitumen), Marshall Quotient (MQ) and
indirect tensile strength (ITS) test was used to check the strength performance. The results reported that the
usage of RHA has showed significant improvement as compared to control mix. The optimum content of
RHA was found to be at 50% to the replacement of natural stone dust. Further increase inRHA content leads
to decrease in stability value. This might be due to excess content of RHA absorbs more bitumen and
insufficient bitumen is remained for coating the aggregate particles.
Keywords : Warm mix asphalt, rice husk ash, zycotherm, stability, tensile strength.
O2-318 Laboratory and onsite development of Roller Compacted Concrete

Pavement (RCCP) containing recycled aggregates from excavated earth
C. Folleta,b, S. Kamali-Bernarda, E. Moudiloub
a INSA Rennes, LGCGM, Rennes, France
b SOLVALOR, Bruz, France
In light of current environmental concerns, innovative valorisation of waste materials strategies are being
pursued in the construction and concrete industries, including for road construction applications. In order
to counter the landfilling practice of excavated earth which currently prevails, this research studies the use
of the three recycled grain size fractions (gravel, sand and sludge) resulting from a washing and
mechanical sorting of grains process for excavated earth. The objective of this study is to incorporate these
three recycled grain size fractions into a low carbon concrete mixture designed for the construction of
industrial Roller Compacted Concrete Pavements (RCCP). Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) is a no-slump
concrete spread by asphalt-type pavers and consolidated by a powerful external vibration using steel drum
and rubber tyred rollers. RCC aggregate gradation differs from the common requirements for conventional
concrete and should be accurately selected to optimise workability, compactibility and final surface finish.
In the present study, RCC recycled aggregate gradation has been determined through a compressible
packing model ensuring a compact aggregate skeleton. In the laboratory, the RCC mix design has also been
optimized considering other parameters: cement content, optimum moisture content, consistency through
Vebe time and compressive strength. Compressive test results indicate the RCC made from the studied
recycled materials achieves a compressive resistance comparable to that of conventional concrete found in
the literature. The RCC mix design developed in the laboratory has been applied on an experimental
worksite for a 2000 m² industrial pavement. The RCC consistency requirements have been adapted onsite
to the mixing energy of the concrete mixing plant and the specific energy of placement and compaction of
the paver and rollers. RCC cylindrical specimens were cast onsite to compare the compressive
performances obtained onsite and in the laboratory. The compressive strength of the pavement has also
been estimated through a non-destructive test method using a rebound hammer.
Keywords: Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement (RCCP), excavated earth, recycled aggregates,
mechanical properties, Vebe time.
O2-350 Influence of gradation on compactibility and workability of bituminous

mixtures containing recycled polyethylene plastic waste
Gabriel Orozco, Clément Lassus And Alan Carter
École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, Québec, Canada
The interest of recycling post-consumer plastic waste in bituminous mixtures is soaring as the reduction of
both raw material demand and waste pollution has become a global concern. Among other LDPE

incorporation techniques, the semi-dry process consists of adding plastic pellets/flakes to the aggregate
during hot mix production. As the LDPE particles melt, they contribute as a binder, at least partially, to the
mixture cohesion. Efforts to describe and understand what drives the geometrical distribution of the plastic
particles before and after compaction, and how this distribution influences the final thermomechanical
performances, are still being made. This paper aims to help understand how much the gradation influences
the shape that the plastic particles take inside the loose mixture and how much these discrepancies
subsequently lead to different compactibility and workability. Recycled flakes from a local post-consumer
LDPE blend (mostly stretch films and grocery bags) are used. Two hot mix designs are compared: open-
graded vs. dense-graded, both with various bitumen and recycled LDPE contents (up to 3% of total mixture
mass). The compactibility is evaluated with a Superpave Gyratory Compactor, while workability is
measured thanks to Nynas “workabilimeter” device. The shape of the LDPE particles is characterized with a
CT-Scan. The results show that open-graded mix allows a high LDPE content (3%) regarding compactibility
but progressively exhibits workability issues (starting around 2% LDPE content). Several-centimeter
clusters in the mix are observed at high LDPE content, as plastic particles coalesce. For dense-graded
mixture, both compactibility and workability remain fairly good up to 3% LDPE content. No cluster is able
to form due to the greater mastic content, preventing LDPE particle coalescence. The CT-Scan analysis
reveals clear discrepancies of LDPE particle geometry. Finally, both mix design allows a reduction of 10%
of the bitumen content while adding LDPE. Overall, the semi-dry process allows incorporating a
substantial amount of recycled LDPE (1 to 2%) while keeping good workability and compactibility. Further
investigations will focus on the combined laboratory and field evaluations of the role of the gradation on
the performances of mixtures containing recycled LDPE.
Keywords: Bitumen, plastic particles, recycled flakes, compactibility.
O2-386 Flexural performance of self-Ccmpacting concrete beams reinforced

with hooked end and three-dimensional steel fibres
Jeffri Ramli, Brabha Nagaratnam, Heshachanaa Rajanayagam, Keerthan Poologonathan
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University,
Newcastle, UK
In comparison to conventional concrete, fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) combines the

advantages of SCC in the fresh state with better performance in the hardened state due to the addition of
fibres. This study investigates the flexural performance of SCC beams reinforced with hooked end and
three-dimensional (3D) steel fibres at fibre contents of 4.8, 9.6 and 14.4 kg/m3 and comparing them to
those without fibres. Two different lengths of hooked end steel fibres with 35 and 60 mm, whereas two
different sizes of 3D steel fibres with perimeters of 115 and 220 mm were used. The results obtained showed
that the flexural performance of SCC beams increases with the increase of fibre content. The flexural
performance of SCC beams with hooked end steel fibres of 35 mm was significantly improved, in which the
peak flexural strength reached 9.83 MPa at fibre content of 4.4 kg/m3 that was 19% that of the control
sample, 12.3% that of those with hooked end steel fibres of 60 mm, 1.8% that of those with 3D steel fibres of
115 mm, and 0.7% that of those with 3D steel fibres of 220 mm. Meanwhile for SCC beams reinforced with
3D steel fibres with perimeters of 115 and 220 mm, 16.9% and 18.1% gain in flexural strength at fibre
content of 14.4 kg/m3, respectively, with respect to the control sample. 3D steel fibres, as novel materials
for reinforcement, have demonstrated significant contribution the improvement in flexural performance of
SCC beams.
Keywords: Fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete, hooked end steel fibres, flexural performance.

O2-395 Influence of fiber orientation on the moisture adsorption of continuous

bamboo fibers composites
Mouad Chakkour1,*, Mohamed Ould Moussa1, Ismail Khay1, Mohamed Balli1, Najma
Laaroussi2 and Tarak Ben Zineb3
1 Laboratoryof Renewable Energies and Advanced Materials LERMA, College of
Engineering and Architecture, International University of Rabat, Morocco
2 Materials
Energy and Acoustics Team (MEAT),EST Sale, Mohammed V University in
Rabat, Morocco
3 LEM3, CNRS, Arts et Métiers, Université de Lorraine, ParisTech, F-54000, Nancy, France
Recently, a considerable interest is being shown in the use of natural fibers as reinforcements for polymer
composites. Indeed, researchers and scientists are trying to overcome the environmental bias by using bio-
composites in several engineering applications. Their attractive specific mechanical properties, low cost,
lightness, renewability and biodegradability may promote them to replace expensive and non-renewable
synthetic fibers such as carbon, kevlar and glass fibers. However, the hydrophilic behavior of natural fibers
is of a great concern for their potential outdoor applications. Indeed, the entrapment of moisture molecules
at the lumens of fibers, voids and porosities may reduce the mechanical properties of the composites. Hence,
this work aims to evaluate the moisture adsorption behaviour of bamboo fibers reinforced composites at
different fiber orientations (tangential and radial directions). Firstly, bamboo fibers are extracted using a
combination of compression and manual techniques. Morphological and thermogravimetric analyses are
carried out for a deep understanding of the physical properties of the extracted fibers. The findings show
that fibers consist of parallel microfibrils surrounded by impurities and other components. The moisture
content of bamboo fibers at 50RH% is deduced from the moisture evaporation stage in the
thermogravimetric curve and is about 8.07%.Thereafter,a combination of hand layup and cold
compression molding is used to manufacture the composites specimens for the moisture adsorption test.
The obtained results show that the equilibrium moisture content and diffusion rate values are higher in the
fibers direction. The mechanism of moisture transport into composites is found to follow Fick‟s law.
KeyWords:Biocomposite – Bamboo fibers – Mechanical properties – Anisotropy
O2-415 Characteristics of asphalt concrete mix using coal bottom ssh as fine
aggregate substitution
Siti Mira Maulida, Yusria Darma, SofyanM. Saleh, Muttaqin Hasan, Riska Yati
Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
The use of coal as fuel in steam power plants creates problems to the environment because the residual
combustion produces solid waste such as fly ash and bottom ash. This study aims to determine the value of
the Marshall parameters in asphalt-concrete mix due to the use of coal bottom ash to substitute fine
aggregate. Aggregates used were taken from Indrapuri, Aceh Besar District. Variations in coal bottom ash
(CBA) are 5% and 15%. This study uses Marshall method. The results obtained from this studyshows that the
best CBA content is 5% with 6.05% asphalt content. The durability of asphalt concrete mix without CBA is
98.29% and the asphalt concrete mix using 5% CBA content is 96.11%, respectively. Thus, the durability
value is ≥90%, this indicates that the durability value fulfils the 2020 Bina Marga specifications.
Keywords: Marshall parameters, coal bottom ash, durability, flexible pavement.

O2-416 Effect of using waste concrete as coarse aggregate substitution and

polyethylene terephthalate as asphalt substitution in asphalt
concrete pavement
Riska Yati, Yusria Darma, M. Isya, Muttaqin Hasan, Siti Mira Maulida
Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
The dominant layered pavement structure requires aggregate, the higher construction level need a lot of
new materials and to minimize the problem of natural damage due to rock mining, one alternative is
substitute concrete waste for coarse aggregate. The concrete waste that will be used is the quality of K-225
as a coarse aggregate substitution material and asphalt modified by polymer (plastic) type PET
(Polyethylene Terephthalate) which is mineral bottle. This study aims to determine the characteristics of
Asphalt Concrete base course (AC-BC) mix using waste concrete as coarse aggregate substitution and 6%
PET as asphalt substitution. The total specimens are 75 specimens with variations of waste concrete as
coarse aggregate substitution are 5% and 15%. The use of waste concrete as coarse aggregate substitution
and 6% PET as asphalt substitution according to the specifications of Bina Marga 2018 Revision 2 (2020).
The results in this studythe best concrete waste, namely at 5% variation at lower 5.68% asphalt content with
a stability is 1168.70 kg, flow is 3.63 mm, density is 2.44 t/m³, VIM is 3.86%, VMA is 17.29%, VFA is 77.67%
and MQ is 323.98 kg/mm. The durability for the best mix composition is 91.71% which means the mix has a
durability according to specifications.
Keywords: Waste concrete, coarse aggregate, polyethylene terephthalate, marshall method, AC-BC.
O2-483 Durability of asphalt concrete mix using fly ash of coal bottom ash as
filler
Ucha Arief Pratama, Sofyan M. Saleh and Yusria Darma
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda
Aceh, Indonesia
Plastic waste is a big problem and is troubling because it takes a long time to decompose. This is a severe
problem that must be resolved immediately. One of the efforts that can be made to manage plastic waste is
to reuse it. In addition to plastic waste, using coal as a fuel also creates new problems because, after
burning, it leaves solid waste in the form of fly ash and coal bottom ash. This study aimed to determine the
effect of the asphalt concrete mixture due to the use of coal bottom ash as a filler substitution in wear layer
concrete (AC-WC) with LDPE mixture on Marshall characteristics using the wet mixing method. After
obtaining the best combination of the best LDPE substitution variations on asphalt, then tested the
substitution of fly ash from coal bottom ash as a filler with variations in the addition of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%,
and 100% filler. The best variation was obtained from adding fly ash as a filler of 25% with a durability
value of 94.65% and already fulfilling the requirements of the 2018 Highways Specifications Revision 2
(2020), namely ≥ 90%. Data analysis was carried out using significant results in the one-way ANOVA test
showing the effect of fly ash on the Density, VIM, VMA, and VFA values.
Keywords: Fly ash, marshall, coal bottom ash, wet mixing method.
O2-495 Influence of Pre-Geopolymer Powder on the Mechanical Properties of

Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures
Layella Ziyania, Maroua Zerzouria,b, Rabah Hamzaouia, Aurélia Nicolaïc, Saliha Alehyenb
aUniversité Paris-Est, Institut de Recherche en Constructibilité, Ecole Spéciale des Travaux
Publics, 28 avenue du Président Wilson, 94234 Cachan Cedex, France
bUniversité Mohammed V, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Laboratoire de Physico-

Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Rabat,

Avenue Mohamed Bel Hassan El Ouazzani, BP 5118, Takaddoum-Rabat, Morocco
cSpie Batignolles Malet, 18 avenue de Pradié, 31120 Portet-sur-Garonne, France
Cold bitumen emulsion mixture (CBEM) is a more environmental-friendly solution than conventional hot
mix asphalt. Nevertheless, its time-evolving behavior, its difficulty in being applied in unfavorable seasons
and its lower mechanical performance limit its large-scale development. Thus, to reconcile ecological and
practical expectations, research has been carried out on the various methods for improving the
characteristics of cold mixes. One of these is the addition of “classic” aluminosilicate additives, recovered
from industrial waste or natural deposits, as fillers. This study aims to assess the performance of CBEM
modified with an original additive, namely a pre-geopolymer. This material is generally prepared in a
liquid solution, from an aluminosilicate source and an alkaline compound, and is dedicated to the precast
sector. In this work, a pre-geopolymer based on blast furnace slag and NaOH was obtained by
mechanosynthesis, a solvent-free process consisting of high-energy ball milling. Then, the powder was
incorporated as a filler in the formulation of a 0/10 CBEM. Two other cold mixtures (one with limestone
and the other one with blast furnace slag alone) were manufactured to evaluate the influence of the filler
nature on the mechanical properties. The three formulations were compared to a reference mix without
filler. All the mixes were tested in terms of cohesive strength at different curing times, compressive
resistance, water sensitivity, and rutting resistance. The results pointed out that the cohesive strength of
the mix containing pre-geopolymer is lower than that of the other mixes 4h after manufacture, which
reflects better workability. After 24h of curing, its strength is two to three times higher than that of the
other formulations, which traduces a strong and fast cohesion build-up. High compressive resistance of
the pre-geopolymer-based mix is noticed; however, its immersion/compression ratio is slightly lower, in
comparison with the other mixes. The rutting percentage of the pre-geopolymer-based mix reaches 4% at
30,000 cycles, while it exceeds 20% for the other mixes at the same number of cycles. Therefore, the
addition of pre-geopolymer is a promising solution to enhance the implementation and durability of
CBEM.
O2-559 Determination of the Stiffness of Ecological Asphalt Mixtures with Non-

Destructive Impact Resonance Tests
Ana Karoliny Lemos Bezerraa, Jean-Claude Carretb, Lucas Feitosa de Albuquerque Lima
Babadopulosa, Jorge Barbosa Soaresa
aFederal University of Ceará, Campus of Pici, Fortaleza-60440-900, Brazil
bÉcole de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Rue Notre-Dame, Montreal-H3C1K3, Canada
Determining the stiffness of asphalt mixtures is a crucial step for both design procedures and quality
assessment and quality control of pavement construction. Cyclic tension-compression tests performed
with hydraulic presses are commonly used to characterize the complex mechanical behavior of asphalt
mixtures in laboratory, determining a material property known as the complex modulus. Such devices are
very expensive and this type of testing is not applicable in situ. In the past decade, research developments
have allowed to characterize the same properties using non-destructive approaches with unexpensive
equipment, and quick and easy procedures that can be adapted for field on-pavement testing. However,
the materials considered in the studies so far are conventional asphalt mixtures not suitable for northern
climates such as that of Canada. In addition, there is a growing number of biobased materials, as well as
recycled or reclaimed products, limiting the ecological impact of the pavement industry. The behavior of
such materials may be different from conventional mixtures. In this context, nondestructive methods may
prove particularly interesting as they make the characterization of these emerging materials more viable.
Thus, the main objective of this research is to validate the potential of a nondestructive testing method to
characterize the thermomechanical behavior of environmentally friendly and innovative bituminous
mixtures in the laboratory. For this purpose, a Quebec standard asphalt surface course of type ESG-10

will be used as a reference mixture. A mixture of the same type with a high percentage of reclaimed
asphalt pavement (RAP) will also be characterized, as well as another mixture incorporating Kraft lignin,
an organic polymer to partially replace bitumen. Specimens will be characterized both through the
investigated non-destructive method and using classical cyclic tension-compression complex modulus
testing. The material properties are determined over a wide frequency and temperature range from the
non-destructive test results through a complex back-analysis procedure that requires to use a rheological
linear viscoelastic model (2S2P1D model) as well as finite element software. The global master curves of
the tested asphalt mixtures are therefore obtained for both tests. Results of the two tests are analyzed and
compared to verify the quality and accuracy of the results from the non-destructive method,
comparatively to the classical method for the reference mixture and for the non-conventional greener
mixtures. It is hoped that this work will contribute to nondestructive characterization of both conventional
and “ecofriendly” asphalt mixtures with a more affordable testing approach, helping: (i) manufacturers to
better monitor the quality of their products and facilitate the development of new materials; and (ii)
constructors to better assess the quality of their works in the field.
Keywords: bituminous mixtures; non-destructive testing; Frequency Response Function (FRF); dynamic
behaviour; linear viscoelasticity.
O2-560 Subgrade improvement with mixed lime and cement as additives

Aizaz Ullah and Djamalddine Boumezerane
Engineering Division, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
The study deals with the utilization of mixed lime and cement for enhancing subgrade soil properties.
Most of the research has been carried out utilizing the lime and cement individually. Less investigation
has been done on mixing lime and cement and then adding in the soil to gauge its effect on the properties.
The research work aims at investigating the effect of mixing the additives instead of using them
individually. A series of tests were carried out, including Atterberg‟s limits, modified Proctor and
California Bearing Ratio in accordance with BS EN 1377-(2-4-9):1990 standards. The soil used for the
research work was taken from the construction site of Paisley Museum in Paisley-Scotland. The mixture
combinations adopted for testing were : Control/Untreated Sample, Lime 3% and Cement 1.125%, Lime
6% and Cement 2.25%, Lime 9% and Cement 3.375% replacement. The results showed interesting features,
as the lime and cement utilized in combination showed a significant improvement in the values of the CBR
(%) in comparison to previous research, where the lime or cement were used separately in the soil. With
the increase of the percentage replacement of lime and cement combined, the CBR (%) with respect to the
untreated samples of soil showed also significant increase. For a penetration of 2.5 mm, the increase in
the soil CBR (%) was not significant in the beginning but after adding more stabilizer materials we have
seen the values increasing up to 36%. On the other hand the increase was around 21 % for the CBR
penetration of 5.0 mm.
Keywords: Cement, lime, mixing, construction, soil.
O3-78 Tensile load-bearing behaviour of concrete components reinforced with

impregnated flax fibre textiles
Katrin Zecherlea, Marcus Rickera, Tânia Feiria, Jan Bindeb, Christina Haxterb
aHochschule Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Structural Engineering,
Biberach/Riß, Germany
bFraunhofer Institute for Wood Research, Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institute, Braunschweig,
Germany

In recent years, natural flax fibres have witnessed a growing interest amongst research communities due
to their green, economical and good mechanical properties when used as a reinforcement in composite
building materials. Flax fibres without impregnation are natural, ecological with no harmful effect on the
environment even after degradation and have an economic benefit compared to synthetic fibres. These
benefits are only slightly limited when using biodegradable or bio-based resins for the impregnation.
Nonetheless, guidelines, or even load-bearing models, to design concrete members reinforced with textiles
made of natural fibres – including flax fibres – are still lacking to structural engineers. Hence, the load-
bearing behaviour under uniaxial tension load of concrete members reinforced with textiles made of
impregnated flax fibres is investigated in this conference paper. Here, the results of the tensile tests of
concrete members with three-layered reinforcements (impregnated gauze weave) are presented. For these
investigations, a total of 140 test specimens were tested while systematically varying textile parameters ,
such as the fineness of the weft threads, spacing between warp and weft threads or the number of
reinforcement layers. For a reference, both test specimens reinforced with nonimpreganted textiles and
without any reinforcement were investigated. In general, it can be stated that this type of reinforcement
works satisfactory for concrete members bearing uniaxial tension. Furthermore, an increase in failure
load was achieved compared to concrete members without or even with less reinforcement. The stress-
strain-diagrams show that the curves can be divided into three areas typically for reinforced tensile test
specimens (State I: uncracked stage, State IIa: crack formation stage, and State IIb: stabilised cracking
stage). Also a very finely distributed crack pattern with multiple cracks was observed. The impregnated
textiles reached higher failure stresses with less strains in comparison to the textiles without
impregnation. The findings of this investigation are vital for further analysis on the behaviour of load-
bearing of this reinforcement type, e.g. bending or long-term behaviour. These future tests together with
theresults of this study are crucial to define load-bearing models – and ultimately, to develop guidelines
for the design of concrete members reinforced with textiles made of natural fibres.
Keywords: Tensile, concrete, stress-strain, failure load.
O3-109 Distribution of synthetic fibers in cementitious composites

Mrduljaš Brankaa, Baričević Anaa and Mauko-Pranjić Alenkab
a Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia
b Department of Materials, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute,
Slovenia
Different types of fibers are used in a variety of cementitious materials to improve their properties.
Uniformly distributed and aligned fibers are crucial to ensure the desired improvements. Experimental
techniques for microstructural characterization of materials, such as micro-computed tomography, are
critical to understanding the contribution of fibers to the behavior of composite materials. As a non-
destructive method, micro-computed tomography (CT) has been used in medicine as a diagnostic imaging
technique since the 1970s and is gradually finding application in other industries. The 3D view of the
internal structure of the materials under investigation makes CT a valuable tool for the evaluation of
fiber-reinforced composites. The actual fiber content, distribution and orientation of individual fibers can
be easily determined and used to explain the behavior of composites. To date, research has focused mainly
on steel fibers, whose high specific density facilitates the identification of fibers in the cement matrix.
Synthetic fibers present a greater challenge to CT due to their low density and lack of conductivity. In this
paper, the basic principles of X-ray computed tomography, its advantages and limitations are presented,
focusing on the methods for detecting the distribution of synthetic fibers in cementitious composites.
Keywords: Synthetic fibers, micro-computed tomography, distribution, orientation.

O3-190 Flame retardant coating of textile fabrics based on liquids with self-
extinguishing, high thermal stability, and mechanical properties
Souhayla Latifia,B, Sanaâ Saoiabia, Aicha Boukhrissb, Said Gmouhc, and Ahmed Saoiabia
a Laboratoirede Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
bLaboratory REMTEX, ESITH (Higher school of textile and clothing industries),
Casablanca, Morocco
cLaboratory LIMAT, Faculty of science Ben M‟Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca,
Morocco
Halogen-based Flame retardants generate toxic gases during combustion, which influences the
environment and humans „as well as animals‟ health, this is why several countries have banned the
application of this type of flame retardant. Therefore, Textile industries have recently been forced to
eliminate toxic flame retardants and replace them with green products.To enhance the fireproof
properties of blended cotton/polyester fabrics, several compositions were used as fire retardants. Novel
ionic liquids Hexafluorophosphate N-Hexylpyridinium [Py, PF6] and Hexafluorophosphate N-Hexyl N, N,
N tributyl ammonium [A, PF6] were considered environmentally respectful fire retardants since they don‟t
produce toxic burns. Textile coatings with polyurethane (PU) and poly-acrylic acid (PA) and Latex resins
offer several properties such as abrasion resistance, resistance to water penetration, and also a leather
aspect to the treated fabric. This type of coating is widely known on cotton or cotton-polyester blended
fabrics. But these coatings have a bad burning behavior. This study concerns the application of ionic
liquids [A, PF6] and [Py, PF6] as non-toxic halogen-free flame retardants for textile materials. Ionic liquids
were applied Cotton-Polyester substrates via the coating process using polyurethane (PU) Poly(acrylic)
acid (PA) and Latex. The process consists of the deposition of a polymer layer containing different ionic
liquids as a flame retardant agent onto the textile substrate to improve the water repellency of
cotton/polyester blend fabrics. The vertical combustion test according to ISO 6940: 2004 (F) and
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) on pre-treated fabric and coated fabrics have shown that ionic liquids
combined with resins give the blend fabric (CPF) a flame-retardant property and thermal stability for a
percentage of 2% of ionic liquids. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the
morphology of fabrics. Mechanical properties and hydrophobic properties were also investigated
according to ISO 13934-1: 2013 and AATCC 22-2005 standards respectively.
Keywords: Cotton/Polyester, polyurethane, poly (acid), Latex, ionic liquids, eco-friendly, flame-retardant,
hydrophobicity.
O3-191 Combining 3D textiles and synthetic microfibers for a sustainable

strain-hardening behavior in cementitious materials
Ciska Gielisa, Michael El Kadia, Tine Tysmansa and Didier Snoeckb
a Department Mechanics of Materials and Constructions (MeMC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel
(VUB), Brussels, Belgium
b Department Building, Architecture and Town Planning (BATir), Université Libre de
Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Sustainability is becoming more and more important for the built environment. As concrete is the most-
consumed building material in the world, it has a huge environmental impact and the emissions of carbon
dioxide should be limited as much as possible to guarantee the needs and comfort for future generations.
Nevertheless, concrete and traditional cement will continue to be used abundantly and solutions are
necessary to make proper use of it, in order to become more sustainable in its applications and use. Next
to the cementitious matrix, the use of metallic reinforcements leads to other environmental concerns and

durability issues such as corrosion. A new way of reinforcing cementitious materials is using 3D textiles
and making use of the combination of 3D textiles and synthetic microfibers. As such, the aim is to
construct more slender, lighter, and more durable structures, limiting the need for initial natural
resources partially tackling the occurring resource scarcity. The 3D textiles guarantee the loadbearing
capacity while the synthetic microfibers limit the crack widths to an acceptable range. This range would
be healable and would thus limit the necessity of maintenance and repair works, increasing the service life
of future civil works. The short synthetic microfibers, 3D textiles and cementitious matrix synergistically
interconnect and lead to different mechanical performance which needs to be studied in detail. In this
paper, the interaction with the 3D textiles and the microfibers is investigated. The first step was the
overall workability as the penetration of the microfibers through the 3D textiles needed to be sufficient
and the microfibers should be evenly distributed throughout the cementitious matrix. An optimal fiber
type, fiber length and content were obtained. Using four-point bending tests linked with digital image
correlation monitoring and microscopic analysis, the strain-hardening behavior, bending behavior and
crack width formation were investigated in a subsequent step. Using 3D textiles, a good flexural behavior
is obtained, due to the anchorage mechanism of the transversal connections as compared to more
traditional 2D textiles. A higher post-cracking stiffness was obtained when synthetic microfibers were
added, showing the positive effect of the combination of both reinforcement methods. Smaller crack
widths were obtained upon the use of the 6 mm long polypropylene microfibers at a content of 1 m%. The
crack width range was found to be in the average range below 30 μm and all crack widths were able to
close in wet/dry cycling.
Keywords: 3D textiles, microfibers, crack, reinforcing cementitious materials.
O3-238 Wood waste reuse for acoustic insulation panels in residential

buildings
Narimane Mahani, Oumaima Bourzik, Khadija Baba, Abderrahman Nounah
Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory (LGCE), Mohammadia Engineering School,
Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
Eco-sustainable reused materials have known a great success when it comes to their use in buildings as it
helps in the development of the green building movement. Wood waste being part of those materials, has a
promising acoustic performance in preventing noise pollution. Noise pollution can affect people‟s lives as
it can cause blood pressure, fatigue, and stress. To try to decrease the side effects of noise pollution,
various techniques could be used such as sound absorption, sound insulation, and vibration isolation. As
the Moroccan land is known for its tremendous and biodiverse forests; the research in this specific study
would consider different kinds of woods; namely Juniper wood, Walnut wood, Beech wood, and Cedar, as
these are the most common wood types in Morocco. The purpose of this paper is to discuss wood waste
performance on different types of wood used the most in Morocco, and how it could be a potential solution
to be applied in the design of sound insulation materials (100mm to 300mm thickness) within residential
buildings and homes (at least 30 to 40 Db for interior partitions, and at least 52 Db between homes or
apartments). Many properties are studied to define how effective a material could be. Density is one
factor that could impact the acoustic insulation in an element, as well as the reflection factor, absorption,
transmission loss related to the transmission coefficients.
Keywords: Wood waste, sound insulation, eco-sustainable, green building, noise pollution.

O3-299 Numerical study of thermal stress of a building material based on clay

and date palm fibers
Ahmed Lkouena, Mohamed Lamranib, Ahmed Meskinia and Abdelhamid Khabbazic
a LM2I-ENSEM, Hassan II University in Casablanca, Morocco
b LGCE, EST- Sale, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
c EMDD_CERNE2D, EST- Sale, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
This work aims to present, through a numerical study, the results of the thermal stress that appears with
in a construction material based on soil stabilized by date palm fibers (PDF) in a dry climate region. These
plant fibers constituting an abundant and renewable natural waste have always been favored to develop
and improve the thermal performance of building materials, nevertheless the problem of daily
temperature variations in these regions leads to cracks that may caused formations and damage of
building walls. The effect of heat propagation on the deformation of solids has been treated
mathematically by thermomechanical laws. Our simulation begins with the generation of 3D structures
and then homogenization techniques and finite element calculations (FE) are used to estimate the
equivalent coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite. This coefficient varies from 5.4.10 -6 per °C for
raw clay to 5.9.10-6 per °C for 30% date palm fiber content, showing that the content of date palm fibers in
adobe and clay brick acts on the thermal stress and stability of traditional construction buildings
Keywords: Date palm fibers, finite element calculations, temperature variations, clay brick.
O3-346 Effects of treated waste wood fibers incorporation on rheological

properties of the construction and demolition waste-based geopolymer
mortar
Hüseyin İlcana, Oğuzhan Şahinb, Merve Sönmeza and Mustafa Şahmarana
a Hacettepe University, Civil Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
b Ankara University, Civil Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
Nowadays, the enormous amount of generation of construction and demolition waste is a major problem
for countries considering the detrimental effects on the environment. To minimize or eliminate the
negative effects of CDWs, new-fashioned valorization methodologies arean urgent need. To meet this
need, geopolymerization of CDW-based materials can be regarded as one of the most sustainable ways to
provide value-added upcycling of different types of CDWs (hollow brick, roof tile, red clay brick, glass,
and concrete wastes). Considering that the incorporation of fibers into construction materials for
improvement in mechanical performance gained significant popularity globally, the inclusion of waste
food fibers assorted from demolition sites into the geopolymer systems is another methodology for the
valuable recycling of CDWs. In line with these approaches, this study focused on the valorization of waste-
wood fibers in CDW-based geopolymer mortar. In that context, chipped waste-wood fibers were
chemically treated by immersing them into alkaline solutions to reduce inorganic impurities attached to
the surface of fibers, in favor of increased compatibility with the geopolymer matrix. Then, treated waste-
wood fibers were incorporated into the CDW-based mortar mixture activated with NaOH and Ca(OH)2.
To assess the effects of fiber inclusion on the rheological properties of CDW-based geopolymer mortar
mixture, empirical test methods of flow table, vane shear test, and buildability tests were conducted and
rheological tests with an advanced rheometer device were performed by following different
implementation protocols (flow curve and three interval thixotropy test). The results showed that the
incorporation of chemically treated waste-wood fibers yielded an increment in static and dynamic yield
stresses and viscosity of CDW-based geopolymer mortars. Besides that, the inclusion of wood fibers
caused increments in the thixotropy performance of mixtures, providing better viscosity recovery
performance after the agitation. It is believed that the findings of this study will contribute to the current
literature by proposing a different way of producing novel CDW-based geopolymers and valorization of
waste-wood fibers in construction materials.
Keywords: Construction and demolition waste, geopolymer, waste wood fiber, upcycling, rheological properties

O3-544 Reinforcementof 3D Printable Earth-Based Mortar with Natural Textile

Material
Yeşim Tarhana and Arnaud Perrotb
a Engineering Faculty, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
b IRDL, Université de Bretagne Sud, Lorient, France
Earth-based building materials, which have been used in the construction industry for centuries, have
started to renew interest due to the increasing environmental threats caused by cement-based materials.
Various properties such as low cost and easy accessibility, zero waste because of recyclability, indoor
climatic control, and breathability make earth-based materials indispensable for sustainable
development. The 3D printing process is a new technology for the construction sector, enabling fast,
economical, and environmental production and providing almost unlimited geometric freedom for
architectural design. Despite its revolutionary advantages for the construction industry, reinforcement
remains an issue needed to find solutions. Furthermore, allowing geometrical freedom makes more
challenging to solve the problem of reinforcing these complex geometries with traditional construction
reinforcements. In this study, in which earth-based samples produced by the 3D printing technique were
reinforced using textile, a method which depended on using natural materials to solve the reinforcement
problem of the 3D printing technique was proposed, and the effectiveness of the method was investigated.
The beam-shaped samples produced for use in experimental studies were obtained by reinforcing with
completely natural jute fabric textile the 3D printable mixture obtained using only clay, earth and sand.
This paper highlights the beneficial effect of reinforcing 3D printable earth-based composite with natural
jute fabric textile material to obtain a structural material exhibiting better compressive strength, good
tensile strength and ductile behaviour.
Keywords: 3D printing process, earth-based mixture, textile reinforcement.
Corresponding Authors: [email protected]
O4-70 Welding techniques recommended for duplex steels used in building

structures
Mariusz Maslak, Marek Pantak and Marek Stankiewicz
Chair of Bridge, Metal and Timber Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow
University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
The suitability of various welding techniques for joining elements made of duplex steels used in
construction has been considered. The evaluation criterion was to obtain the required resistance to pitting
corrosion, especially that initiated in the chloride environment. The advantages and disadvantages of
using the traditional GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) and PAW (Plasma Arc Welding) methods in this
context are presented and discussed in detail. It has been shown that the use of slag, high-oxygen arc
welding methods in this field, such as SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding), SAW (Submerged Arc
Welding) and FCAW (Flux-cored Arc Welding) techniques, not only limits the corrosion resistance of the
weld, but also reduces the value of the breaking energy KV. The possibilities of using a combined welding
method with assisted cooling of the weld using a micro-jet injector with argon as a cooling agent are also
discussed. The benefits of chemical etching of welded joints made of duplex steels in order to remove the
oxide layer formed above the weld and the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and then re-passivation of the joined
steels by chemical means are indicated as well. It was emphasized that ensuring the corrosion resistance
of welded joints made of duplex steels requires extending the routine quality control activities by several
additional measures. The first is the need to control the O 2 content in welding gases, despite the use of
certified gas mixtures from a proven supplier. This applies in particular to the welding of the root, so that
the permissible level of 200 ppm is never exceeded. The second of these activities is the need for continuous
and accurate monitoring of the inter-pass temperature. In duplex steels it is usually lower than in other
steel groups. The habit of welding other groups of steels at higher values of the inter-pass temperature

may lead to its reflex, unintentional increase by the welder in this case and consequently to the release of
harmful secondary phases. They usually are indelible in larger-sized elements that cannot be subjected to
homogenizing annealing and cooling in water after welding. It is also necessary to check the content of δ-
ferrite on an ongoing basis with a ferritometer. Another issue is the correct shaping of the welding
grooves. The shapes of such the grooves for this type of joints are analogous to those related to the joints of
elements made of austenitic acid-resistant steel. However, they are characterized by a wider ridge
opening, a lower ridge threshold, as well as a larger opening angle of the filling area and the weld face.
Keywords: Welding method, corrosion resistance, duplex steel, passivation.
O4-317 Thermal behavior of polymer foam cavity insulated LSF walls under
standard fire conditions
Tomislav Ščapeca, Marija Jelčić Rukavinaa, Davor Skejićb, Bojan Milovanovića, Ivan
Palijanc, Tomislav Prlićd
aDepartment of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,
Croatia
bChair for metal structures, Department for Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
In some parts of the world, light steel framed (LSF) construction systems have proven to be a fast,
economical and efficient way for constructing residential and non-residential buildings as it offers
significant advantages compared to concrete and masonry structures. As thin steel lipped channel studs
have a high thermal conductivity the use of a thermal insulation layer is mandatory for an energy
efficient buildings. In the current practice mineral wool (MW) is the preferred insulation choice which is
places in the cavity between at least two layers of gypsum plasterboard (GB). However, such LSF systems
with MW inside the cavity does not solve the thermal bridging effect and potential moisture condensation
that can decrease the thermal performance of the assembly. As it is known polymer insulation materials
have better thermal conductivity and water permeability than MW. Consequently, they can provide better
thermal properties at ambient temperature with same overall thickness of the assembly. However, their
use in LSF structures has not been researched due to the materials flammability and reaction to fire.
Given that, a new composite LSF assembly in which the polymer foam and steel studs are encapsulated
within gypsum fiberboards (GFB) is studied. GFBs are believed to provide better fire performance than
standard GBs. Additionally, to avoid thermal bridging, spacers are used to separate the steel and the
finishing boards. This paper presents the results of a fire test of such composite LSF assembly and
presents details of finite element model developed to simulate the heat transfer mechanism through the
specimen. The numerical analyses were conducted using the finite element program ABAQUS. The model
is based on the thermal properties of the polymer foam and gypsum fiberboards that were tested using
TGA and DSC methods. The results of the TGA and DSC of the components are also presented in this
paper.
Keywords: Light steel framed (LSF) construction, polymer, mineral wool, ABAQUS.
O5-21 Durability assessment of concrete pipe based calcined clay under

highly corrosive environment
Aadil Ejbouha, Adil Ech-chebaba, Mouhsine Galaia, Hanane Benqliloub and Mohamed Ebn
Touhamia
a Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University
IbnTofail, Kenitra, Morocco
b International Institute for Water and Sanitation (IEA), National Office of Electricity and

the Potable Water, Rabat, Morocco
Calcined clay as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete represents a very promising

alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), not only to mitigate the CO 2 emissions and its
negative impact on the environment but also to improve the durability of reinforced concrete. This
study investigates the durability performance of concrete pipe based calcined clay in semi-arid region
of Morocco, where the environmental conditions are extremely aggressive by the presence of combined
chloride-sulfate ions in the soil under alternative dry wet periods. Two samples were considered: OPC
as a reference mix, and 1:5 calcined clay as supplementary cementitious materials in concrete. The
samples were buried in simulated aggressive exposure soils with combined chloride and sulfate ions
under drying wetting cycles, and were experimentally investigated by electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy, XRF, DRX, and MEB/EDS analyses. The results showed that the use of calcined clay
as s SCM in concrete enhanced the service life of the concrete pipe against chloride sulfate penetration
and increased the corrosion resistance of the reinforcing steel wire. Moreover, the mechanical proprieties
of the two mixes were approximately similar. Ultimately, the addition of calcined clay improved also the
sustainability and durability performance of the concrete pipe in this highly harsh environment.
Keywords: Calcined clay, concrete pipe, durability, aggressive environment.
O5-28 Concrete sector on the catch of the data train

Sandra Nunesa, Irene Palomarb, Lora Amstronga, Thilo Muthc , Jörg Ungerc, Birgit Mengc
a Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands
b Departamento de Arquitectura, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Espana
c Bundesanstaltfür Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
Today, advances in concrete technology occur at a much faster pace, but the core of the scientific process
remains the same. One needs high-quality data from multiple sources to derive, validate or reject our
theories and models. The nature and amount of scientific data are expected to increase exponentially with
the rapid pace of technology, such as new embedded sensor technologies, software, and the Internet of
Things (IoT). Another important driver for change is the open-science movement. While the use of data
analytics in the construction industry is not new, acceptance of big and open data is still in its early stages
and lags behind its widespread adoption in other fields. Initiatives are needed to increase the amount of
openly available data, particularly in the field of concrete materials and structures, which is strongly
fragmented into individual stakeholders and where there is an unsatisfactory knowledge transfer from
research to industry and vice-versa. Open data brings new possibilities for transparency, reproducibility,
validation/verification, and for gaining new knowledge. In addition, data sharing may help the
digital transformation of the concrete sector thanks to novel artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The
overall background of data sharing in the field of concrete materials and structures is examined first in
this work, looking from the perspective of individual researchers, institutions, and industry. The current
digitalization initiatives and existing infrastructure (data repositories) are then identified, as well as
the gaps in the knowledge. Finally, the best practices among different disciplines are summarized,
serving as a basis to propose some practical guidelines on data sharing and data storage from today
while ensuring reproducibility and not becoming overly complex.
Keywords : Big and open data, artificial intelligence, digitalization.

O5-41 Evaluation of environmental and economic life cycle assessment of

geopolymer aggregates concrete
Sarah Fernando, Chamila Gunasekara, David Law and Sujeeva Setunge
Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
Coarse aggregate, which forms up to 65% of the volume of concrete, is an essential component which
contributes to the properties of the concrete. The production of coarse aggregates creates many challenging
issues for the next decades concerning their environmental impacts. Aggregate quarrying causes
substantial health and environmental concerns due to transformations in natural vegetation, water and air
quality, top soil, ground vibration, biodiversity, wetlands and noise pollution levels. Hence, utilizing
alternative aggregates, such as manufactured fly ash geopolymer coarse aggregate (GPA) in concrete
production would be beneficial by incorporating high-value reclaimed waste into sustainable construction
practices and reduce the reliance on natural aggregate quarries. The use of this novel aggregate in concrete
has the potential to reduce the reliance on conventional aggregate quarries as well as using a waste
material, hence reducing the environmental impacts. Furthermore, the use of manufactured GPA from
industrial waste fly ash could lead to improved sustainable concrete design and a greener environment
while reducing use of landfill and storage lagoons. Hence, it is essential to carry out a comprehensive
environmental assessment of the novel GPA to be utilized in concrete before their use as a commercial
product. Manufactured GPA using low-calcium fly ash has recently been technologically advanced. The
technology for the manufacture of this GPA uses novel techniques employing high pressure and reduced
temperature production methods (i.e., sintering, cold bonding, or expanding processes). This research
focuses on the life cycle assessment of the replacement of natural crushed aggregate with manufactured
GPA in concrete in an environmental and economical context. The aim of this research is to investigate the
midpoint effects on the environment and economic aspects according to the ReCiPe Midpoint (Europe H)
impact assessment method. SimaPro (version 8.4.0) life cycle assessment software is used to build the
model, perform calculations and compare the environmental impacts associated with GPA concrete. Five
key impact categories identified are taken into account for midpoint analysis, including global warming,
human toxicity, land use, mineral resource scarcity, and fossil resource scarcity. Quantification of the
environmental impacts over the „cradle to grave‟ life cycle of GPA concrete and the comparison of their
environmental performance with a conventional coarse aggregate concrete enables the identification of
both the impacts and the opportunities available to improve the environmental performances. Cradle to
grave analysis enables an assessment of the impact of removing and managing the waste from the storage
ponds over the lifecycle of the structure. The economic analysis was conducted based on „cradle to gate‟
phase, including material manufacturing, material transportation and concrete manufacturing of GPA
concrete. The research data presented herein will be beneficial to identify the key variables to reduce
impacts caused by natural aggregate and GPA in concrete and to understand the quantified variations in
impacts and benefits.The outcomes of this study will be useful when adopting feasible and sustainable
alternatives in GPA concrete manufacturing and construction, considering the environmental and
economic perspectives.
Keywords : Aggregate, concrete, geopolymer, fly ash.
O5-60 Study of the effect of class fly ash on the durability of concrete of water
treatment tanks exposed to a high concentration of aluminum sulfate
by an electrochemical process
Adil Ech-chebaba, Aadil Ejbouha, Mouhsine Galaia, Redouane Lachhaba, Tounsi Belhajb,
Hanane Benqliloub and Mohamed EbnTouhamia
a Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Faculty of Sciences,
University IbnTofail, Kenitra, Morocco
b International Institute for Water and Sanitation (IEA), National office of Electricity and

drinking Water, Morocco
The reinforced and pre-stressed concrete water treatment plants of ONEE in Morocco are among the
structures that suffer from corrosion. Furthermore, a preliminary examination of the facilities that have
suffered corrosion damage has identified a number of damaged areas in the main tank. These types of
observed damage or cracks compromise the stability of the whole structure over time. The reasons for
this degradation are due to the use of aluminum sulfate coagulant (Al 2(SO4)3) at high concentrations.
The main objective of this work is to improve the durability of water treatment tank concrete exposed to
3.5% aluminum sulfate. To do so, we replaced the cement of the control concrete mix considered as control
with two percentages of class F fly ash 15% and 25%. After their preparation, we immersed the samples in
the solution and then we accelerated the accelerated migration of sulfate ions in the concrete by an
imposed voltage (15V). During the experimental process, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS) and open circuit potential (OCP) following ASTM-C876 were measured to monitor the durability of
the prepared concrete. SEM-EDS and XRD were also used to examine the microstructure and
corrosion products. The results show that Class F fly ash can be effective in mitigating aluminum
sulfate attacks. In addition, the durability increases as the replacement rate increases.
Keywords: Durability, concrete; fly ash class F, Al 2(SO4)3, EIS, OCP, XRD, SEM.EDS.
O5-69 Eco-efficiency of the lime cycle on lime-based materials: Recyclability,

technical feasibility, and life-cycle assessment
Agustin Lavegliaa,b , Neven Ukrainczyka , Nele De Belieb and Eddie Koendersa
aInstitute of Construction and Building Materials, Technical University of Darmstadt,
Darmstadt, Germany
bMagnel-Vandepitte Laboratory for Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Ghent
University, Gent, Belgium
The use of lime-based materials (LBM) dates to 7000BC. Nowadays, in Europe, more than 20 Mt/y are
consumed in the construction sector (plasters, renders, mortars, and bricks), representing around 18% of
the sales in the lime market. Within the framework of an environmental crisis, the need of shifting towards
a green and circular economy becomes clear. During its production, it is first required to burn the limestone
(CaCO3) to form quicklime (CaO). Hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) can be produced by adding water to the
quicklime. While the material is in use phase, the Ca(OH)2 reacts with atmospheric CO2 to generate
CaCO3 again. This process is called the Lime Cycle (LC) and LBM present the advantage against cement-
based materials of having a higher carbonation potential. At the same time, the reaction products (CaO,
Ca(OH)2, CaCO3) during the LC suggest a good prospect for their full recyclability. As a first approach to
more complex mixes, the recyclability of a pure lime plaster and mortar was studied. The samples were
hydrated and fully carbonated in a climatic chamber under controlled conditions (humidity, temperature,
and CO2 concentration) to simulate the end of life. Two recycling cycles were performed (carbonation,
calcination, and re-hydration). To recycle the lime mortars, an additional step of a mechanical separation
of the “lime-rich phase” from the “silica rich-phase” was required. No additional virgin material (except
water) was added to cast the recycled plaster and mortar (i.e., full recyclability). To evaluate the change in
reactivity of the CaO, four different calcination temperatures were selected (900, 1000, 1100 and 1200°C).
The reaction products during the LC were characterized by means of XRD, DTA/TG, calorimetry and SEM-
EDX. The environmental benefit of the cradle-to-cradle scenario against the traditional cradle-to-grave
was calculated through Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, using the software OpenLCA and the
Impact 2002+ method. The considered stages of the life cycle included the production stage, the use stage
(carbon uptake) and two end of life scenarios (landfilling and recycling). The results show that it is feasible,
under the proposed procedure, to recycle a pure lime plaster and mortar at the end of life to produce a
second life lime material. In the case of the mortar the efficiency of the separation of the lime rich phase of
the mortar from the silica phase plays a critical role for the manufacturing of the recycled binder.

Furthermore, the LCA confirms the ecoefficiency of the recycling cycle in comparison with the traditional
landfilling scenario.
Keywords: Lime, life-cycle, circular economy.
O5-86 Frequency modulated ultrasound generated by fluidic oscillators for

contactless material characterization
Viswa Sunkavalli, Stefan Maack and Christoph Strangfeld
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Department 8: Non-Destructive
Testing, Berlin, Germany
Existing transport infrastructure is required to fulfill a wide range of demands such as: carrying high loads,
cost efficient during construction and service, reliable and long-lasting. In the future, environmental
considerations, reuse of construction materials, and a shift towards circular economy may lead to an
increase in the design complexity in civil engineering. Thus, two aspects will become more important
for building materials: quality control during construction as well as monitoring of potential
degradations. One non-destructive method which is able to disclose material properties, internal
material structure, and several types of material degradations is ultrasound. Although this method is
frequently employed in civil engineering, it is only used for local investigations within a range of a few
square meters. The primary cause is the need for coupling to the surface in commercial piezoelectric
transmitters. More than 99 % of the total measurement time is consumed in pressing the transmitters
against and then lifting from the surface. Eliminating the requirement of surface contact will remarkably
increase the measurement speed and enable large scale ultrasound measurements of entire structures. In
this study, material characterization is carried out using a recently developed method of generating
ultrasonic that is based on fluidic devices. Here, fluidic oscillators are employed to generate a
fluctuating air jet excited by natural flow instability without the use of any moving parts or electronics.
This enables contact-free ultrasound actuations as the sole energy source required is pressurized air.
Additionally, using air in ambient air medium eliminates the acoustic impedance loses. Furthermore, to
enable a robust and reliable determination of the time of flight through the material, the oscillation is
frequency modulated by varying the supply pressure. Besides a detailed description of these new fluidic
transmitters, first measurement results will be shown including material characterization of building
materials based on air-coupled, frequency modulated ultrasound. The fluidic transmitters can be made of
steel, glass, ceramics, etc. and are maintenance free. The robustness makes them ideally suited for
measurements in harsh or dusty environment. On the other hand, only a soft air jet is touching the surface.
This enables ultrasound measurements of the structure although the surface is very sensitive, i.e. ancient
paintings on stone walls. Thus, modern civil engineering as well as preservation of historical monuments
will benefit from this new technology.
Keywords: Structure, fluidic transmitters, soft air jet, ultrasound.
O5-87 Moisture diffusion affected by the Knudsen effect in temporal changing

pore networks
Christoph Strangfelda and Philipp Wiehleb
a Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Department 8: Non-Destructive
Testing, Berlin, Germany
b Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Department 7: Safety of Structures,
Berlin, Germany
Almost all building materials in civil engineering possess an open porosity. Thus, they are able to interact

with or be affected by the environment. In fact, structures might suffer from moisture adsorption,
carbonation, corrosion, penetration of salt ions and chemical substances, etc. In the hygroscopic
range, these processes are mostly driven by diffusion. Due to the confinement of small pores (< 1 µm), the
Knudsen effect reduces the molecular diffusion. This reduction can become more significant in case of
temporal changing pore systems due to physisorption of water vapor, carbonation, or chemisorption. In
this study, unstabilised earth masonry is investigated. In a first step, the pore size distribution is measured,
and sorption isotherms are recorded in experiment. Besides the ordinary physisorption, the involved clay
minerals perform swelling or shrinkage due to chemisorption. Thus, two effects have to be considered. First,
the reduction of the available pore space due to the adsorbed water layer. For this, the Hillerborg
adsorption theory is used, which is a combination of the famous BET theory and the Kelvin equation. This
enables the computation of adsorbed water layers even in curved pore geometries. In a second step, the
variation of the initial pore size distribution due to chemisorption needs to be modeled. Based on these two
models, the effective diffusion coefficient will be predicted. For validation, arrays of relative humidity
sensors were embedded into a free-standing wall made of unstabilised earth blocks and earth masonry
mortar. This monitoring was performed in Berlin, Germany over more than one year to have a broad
variety of environmental conditions. The results of predicting the effective diffusion coefficient can also be
adapted by other processes and materials regarding temporal changing pore systems such as
carbonation of cementitious materials, alkali silica reaction, calcium leaching of long-lasting structures,
etc. This effect becomes most prominent in the meso-pore range and might alter the effective diffusion
coefficient by more than 100 %.
Keywords :Porosity, Hillerborg adsorption theory, diffusion coefficient
O5-95 Performance of calcined clay – GGBFS alkali-activated concrete

against carbonation and chloride diffusion
Samuel De Carvalho Gomes, Quang Dieu Nguyen and Arnaud Castel
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW,
Australia
In the last decades, several studies on the potential of alternative materials with less environmental impact
(low CO2 emission binders) have gained space as a potential substitute for the Ordinary Portland
cement. One of these materials, also known as alkali-activated materials, are binders derived from by-
products or industrial residues with low environmental impact, good compressive strength and high
durability. Calcined clay has emerged as a potential candidate as a precursor for this type of material.
Large amounts of suitable clays are available in Australia and around the world. This research
analyzed the behavior of alkali-activated concretes using calcined clays (low grade) and granulated blast
furnace slag (GGBFS), in terms of physical-mechanical performance and resistance to accelerated
carbonation and chloride diffusion (Rapid Chloride permeability test (RCPT), NT Build 492, Surface and
bulk Resistivity) of the material. The results indicated that the addition of GGBFS had a significant effect
on the properties of the concrete. The specimens containing high proportion of GGBFS produced
better compressive strength and carbonation resistance. The accelerated chloride diffusion test results
show that the resistance of concrete with high content of GGBFS to chloride diffusion is greatly improved
compared system where calcined clay is the predominant precursor. The increase in modulus activator also
improved the mechanical properties and resistance to carbonation and chloride of geopolymer mortar with
various binders.
Keywords: Granulated blast furnace slag, geopolymer, resistance to carbonation, chloride.

O5-99 Life cycle assessment modelling in Octave/Matlab: hydrated lime

manufacturing case study
L. Sambataro , A. Laveglia , N. Ukrainczyk and E. Koenders
TU Darmstadt, Institute of Construction and Building Materials, Darmstadt, Germany
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has proven to be a world-wide accepted scientific methodology, as defined in
ISO 14040/44, for evaluating the potential environmental impact of products systems and services
throughout a defined lifespan. Particularly in the construction industry, it is use to assess the overall
building environmental footprint from a holistic point of view, when considering all the life stages as stated
in the European Standard EN15804. Nevertheless, each assessment is time consuming and the results are
normally disclosed as single time point estimates. Furthermore, in early stages of a building design,
uncertainty in the input variables is high, making comparisons between different solutions challenging.
Different commercial software are currently available with interesting features, such as parametric
process definition or sensitivity analysis by means of Monte Carlo simulation. However, they usually lack
simulation flexibility, e.g. when considering different types of probability density functions and reliability
methods, non-linear behavior between parameters, multiple scenario analysis or time dependent variables.
The current work presents an LCA-LCC-algorithm tool that allows solving the inventory problem and the
impact assessment calculation of the system under study, following the standard structure defined in ISO
14040/44. Gaining access to the LCA computational level helps on the one hand to better understand
how environmental impacts are determined in relation with every elementary flow of each process, while
on the other it allows to easily simulate different scenarios and boundary conditions. In this paper, LCA
implementation strategy in Octave (freeware) and Matlab (proprietary) programming language is
presented, following the Mathematical structure of the LCA algorithm. Special focus is given on the
implementation of the Inventory data manipulation and the LCA impact analysis. In order to demonstrate
the benefits and potentiality of this methodology, a theoretical case study for the hydrated lime
manufacturing industry in Europe is presented, developed under the European SUBLime network. A
comparison with open source software OpenLCA is carried out to validate the results. Both methods
delivered results with relative errors under 1E-17 in all evaluated impact categories. After the validation, a
parametrized study of the fuel and electricity composition and consumption of the theoretical plant and
the influence of the transport distances was carried out. Results show the incidence of this parameters
on different environmental impact categories and the benefits of this approach when looking for
strategies to improve sustainability indicators. Recommendations on future research lines are finally
included.
Keywords :Life Cycle Assessment, algorithm, environmental impact
O5-101 Evaluation of sustainability of mortar paving stones: emission of fine

particle aerosols by abrasion
F. Husanua , A. Alonsob , A. Gutiereza , M. Castellotea and R. Nevshupaa
a Spanish National Research Council (IETCC-CSIC), C/Serrano Galvache 4, Madrid, Spain
b University of Burgos, C/Villadiego, Burgos, Spain
Contamination of air by fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) has become the third main factor of
death, which is responsible for 10.1% of the attributable deaths worldwide. Among various emission
processes, weathering, wearing and abrasion of materials including pavements, construction and
building materials, is the second most important source after exhaust emissions from road transport.
Despite the significant negative impact the PM air contamination has on health and the environment there
is only a very limited number of studies centered on material aspects of aerosol emission and
quantification of its rate under normalized conditions. Such information is crucial for comparing
various materials, selecting the most sustainable of them and developing a knowledge-grounded feed of the

kinetic data to the environment and exposure models. Efforts have been made recently to improve the
accuracy of measuring the emission and deposition kinetics. As a result, various experimental setups for
quantification of the emission kinetic parameters on a laboratory scale and under simulated pavement
abrasion by a tire were developed. These techniques were successfully applied for measuring the aerosol
emission rates in hardened cement paste with and without nanoadditives as well as for asphalt pavement
materials. The present work is centered on the study of aerosol emission from mortar pavement stones
fabricated with the addition of valorized polyurethane waste in substitution of part or all of the aggregate.
This residue is crushed for better integration into the sample. To preserve the mechanical properties and
reduce the possible effects of the use of the residue, a superplasticizing additive is employed to improve the
properties of the mortar mix and reduce the amount of water required in each dosage. The samples were
cured for 28 days under the conditions stipulated in the corresponding applicable regulations, for
sample processing. Then they were subjected to abrasion using a modified Tabor abrader. The abrasion
was done in an environment chamber with filtered air using a stationary alumina sphere, 10 mm in
diameter, which was pressed against the rotating sample using a dead weight of 1.3 kg. The sliding speed
was 1 m s-1. The deposition velocity of emitted aerosol particles and the emission rates were determined
from the transient decays of concentration time series following a method developed previously. The
aerosol particles had a bimodal lognormal size distribution that is consistent with the literature. The modes
were centered at around 35 nm and 150 nm. The deposition velocity varied with the concentration of
polyurethane waste non-linearly. At 20% of polyurethane waste the deposition velocity increased and
then decreased again at higher concentrations of the additive. However, the emission rates gradually
decreased with the increasing concentration of the additive. These results showed that depending on the
specific conditions the additive concentration can have different impacts: on the one hand, the high
deposition velocity favors decreasing the aerosol concentration in the air, but, on the other hand, the high
emission rate can have an opposite effect and lead to increase the aerosol concentration and exposure
locally.
Keywords :Contamination of air, mortar pavement, polyurethane waste
O5-120 Study of the mechanisms of the external sulfate attack in

supplementary cementitious materials
Bugra Aydina , François El-Inatya , Othman Omikrine-Metalssia , Mario Marchettia and
Marc Quiertantb
a UMR MCD, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Cerema, Marne-la-Vallée, France
b EMGCU, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Marne-la-Vallée, France
Concrete structures are often exposed from an early age to aggressive environmental conditions and this
affects their durability. In the case of contact with underground water or seawater, the concrete structures
interact with sulfate ions. External sulfate attack (ESA) mainly deteriorates the cement paste through
complex and coupled physiochemical mechanisms leading to mechanical failure, often linked to expansion
through the formation of products such as ettringite and gypsum. The attack is caused by the combination
of two processes: the first one is physical, where sulfate ions are allowed to ingress into the structure by the
influence of the transfer parameters like permeability and porosity. The second one is chemical and varies
upon the chemical composition of the material. Both attacks occur simultaneously in a concrete structure.
This work investigates ESA mechanisms on cement paste samples with different mix designs (pristine paste,
binary, ternary and quaternary), in order to appreciate the effect of additives (fly ash, slag and
metakaolin) on its expansion in addition to the monitoring the of microstructural changes due to the attack.
The characterization techniques that were used are: Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, Fourier
transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and water accessibility
porosity test and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Results resulting from the coupling of all used
methods confirmed the chemical mechanism that begins by the sulfate ions attacking portlandite and
enhancing the calcium leaching in the first layer in contact with sulfate solution, as well as the formation of

ettringite abundantly crystalized in the first layers. The mineral additions used in this study impact the
resistance of materials with respect to ESA. Slags and fly ash significantly delay the appearance of damage
in the materials. However, the incorporation of two or even more additives in the same formulation can
have negative effects on these materials.
Keywords :Aggressive environment, concrete structures, leaching.
O5-121 Analysis of chloride penetration for condition assessment of concrete in

the marine environment
Dora Kolmana , Petra Štefaneca , Ivan Gabrijela and Šime Pulićb
a Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
b TPA Quality Assurance and Innovation Ltd., Dugopolje, Croatia
During its service life, concrete can be found in various types of environments, and one of the most
aggressive and complex is the marine environment. Degradation mechanisms in such an environment are
numerous, and their intensity and interaction depend on the local specificities of a particular region.
Corrosion of reinforcement caused by the action of chlorides is undoubtedly one of the most common factors
that adversely affect the service life of reinforced concrete structures in the marine environment. The
project entitled "Concrete development for sustainable construction in the marine environment" includes
tests on reinforced concrete structures of seaports along the Adriatic coast in the territory of the Republic of
Croatia. The choice of reinforced concrete structures included in the research is limited to those for which
there is extensive data on the period, conditions and technology of construction, concrete composition,
control test results and data on the origin of concrete components in order to establish a relationship with
the existing condition and properties. To characterize the concrete, sampling was carried out by drilling
rollers from three characteristic zones of exposure of reinforced concrete structures to the marine
environment: the submerged zone, the tidal zone, the zone exposed to the atmosphere (air). An analysis of
the chloride profiles by depth of the concrete was performed on the samples. Additionally, a rapid chloride
migration test was carried out, which determined the chloride migration coefficient as a measure of the
tested material's resistance to chloride penetration. This work presents the results of the chloride
penetration depths and chloride migration coefficients, and a comparison of the chloride profiles obtained
by measurement and calculated by the model for chloride transport through concrete was made. The
results show the consequences of long-term exposure of reinforced concrete structures to the marine
environment and provide an assessment of their condition.
Keywords: Carbonation depth, curing techniques, permeability.
O5-132 Understanding mineralogy of incineration ashes via Raman imaging

Hamza Samouh, Vikram Kumar and Nishant Garg
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign, Newmark 2129, 205 N. Mathews, Urbana, United States of America
The concrete industry is responsible for ~8% of the global CO2 emissions. Different actions can be taken to
reduce these emissions ranging from the substitution of clinker to the development of new types of cements.
Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) has been highly successful in the partial replacement of
cement clinker. However, several traditional SCMs (specifically coal-based fly ashes) are becoming
increasingly scarce due to declining coal production in many parts of the world. One potential solution to
this ongoing scarcity of fly ashes is to consider Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) ashes which are
produced post-combustion of solid waste in a waste-to-energy facility. However, these MSWI ashes have

complex mineralogy and contain new chloride and sulfate-based phases whose influence on cement
hydration is far from understood. In this work, we aim to use Raman imaging as a potential tool for
understanding the complex mineralogy of these ashes so they can be used as SCMs in the future. This
research could pave the way to divert these MSWI ashes from landfills to beneficial applications.
O5-142 Durability of low carbon concretes with respect to carbonation induced

corrosion
Imane Elkhaldia,B, Emmanuel Rozièrea, Ahmed Zakarya Bendimeradb, Géraldine Villainc
And Ahmed Loukilia
a Ecole
Centrale de Nantes, Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique (GeM), UM-
CNRS, Nantes, France
b Edycem, Rue du Fléchet, Boufféré, France
c Allée des Ponts et Chaussées, Université Gustave Eiffel, Bouguenais, France
The current context of global warming requires urgent action to reduce carbon emissions from all
industries, including the concrete industry. To meet this challenge, the EN 197-5 cement standard has been
implemented to introduce CEM II/C-M low-carbon Portland cements incorporating a higher percentage of
mineral additions (up to 50%), and a new family CEM VI cements with a very low clinker dosage, ranging
from 35 to 49%. This work focuses on these new cements and in particular on ternary mixtures based on
clinker, slag and limestone filler for high clinker replacement rates. This choice is based on the exploitation
of the synergy between limestone and mineral additions containing aluminates which has been widely
studied in the literature. This study proposes to study concretes based on these new ternary clinker-slag-
limestone cements and to compare them to existing binary cements in terms of durability with respect to
corrosion induced by carbonation. Two main tests are performed: accelerated carbonation which provides
information on the corrosion initiation time, and electrical resistivity measurement which provides
information on the corrosion propagation time according to the Tuutti model. Additional microstructural
characterization is also carried out to understand the link between the macro properties and the cement
composition. Opposite trends are observed on the two properties which suggest good durability for low
carbon cements which, despite their relatively low carbonation resistance, have high electrical resistivity
and therefore a long corrosion propagation time.
Keywords: Ternary cement, carbonation, durability.
O5-180 Development of new methods and materials to characterize the

carbonation of recycled aggregates
Farah Kaddaha , Harifidy Ranaivomananab, Emmanuel Roziereaand Ouali Amirib
a Ecole centrale de Nantes, Civil engineering and Mechanics Research Institute (GeM),
Nantes, France.
b Civil engineering and Mechanics Research Institute (GeM), Université de Nantes, Nantes,
France.
While there is a critical shortage of natural aggregates for the production of new concrete, the huge
amounts of cement-based materials generated create serious ecological and environmental problems. To
solve this problem, one way is to use this concrete waste as aggregates to make new concrete. Compared to
natural aggregates (NA) used in concrete, recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) have lower density and
mechanical properties, higher water absorption and higher porosity. The RCA also contains more
microcracks caused by the crushing process, and more interfacial transition zones (ITZ). The concrete
strength thus decreases when the NA is replaced or partially replaced by the RCA. Therefore, the use of

recycled aggregates in the construction industry is limited. In recent years, adopting accelerated
carbonation to improve the quality of RCAs has been proposed. This technique aims to densify the old
cement mortar attached to the RCA and to enhance their physical and mechanical properties. Thus, the
study of the evolution of the microstructure and the properties of RCA during carbonation is critical.
However, the RCAs show significant variability and heterogeneity. This significant heterogeneity and
variability of RCAs limit the studies aiming to characterize the carbonation of RCA and question the
representativeness of the results. On this basis, work to develop model materials representative of RCAs is
in progress. The shape of these materials depends on the targeted properties to be monitored. Different sizes
of mortar spheres will be made. These spheres make it possible to follow the evolution of the microstructure
during carbonation and to evaluate the effect of the size of the RCAs on the kinetics of carbonation. Tests
such as microtomography, which is difficult to perform on GBRs, can be carried out on these spheres. These
spheres represent the mortar of the RCA and neglect the natural aggregate. In order to represent the
natural aggregate in these model materials, the inclusion of small glass balls in the center of the mortar
spheres will be carried out. The natural aggregate of GBR prevents the free shrinkage of the mortar
developed during carbonation. The inclusion of the glass ball in these model materials makes it possible to
evaluate the effect of this restrained shrinkage on the cement paste. In addition to the experimental part, the
numerical codes aiming to model the carbonation of GBRs, consider the latter as a perfect sphere. These
materials will then be perfectly used to verify experimentally the numerical results obtained.
Keywords: Recycled concrete aggregates, carbonation, shrinkage.
O5-195 Searching for the needle in the haystack - a case study on how machine
learning could help to find ideal sustainable building materials
Christoph Völkera, Sabine Kruschwitza,b, Benjami Moreno Torres a, Rafia Firdousc and
Ghezal Ahmad Zia a
a Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin, Germany
b TechnischeUniversität Berlin, Department of Civil Engineering, Non-destructive testing of
building materials, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany
c TechnischeUniversität Berlin, Department of Civil Engineering, Building Materials and
Construction Chemistry, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany
The number of constituents in concrete has increased in recent decades - especially in formulations with
reduced carbon footprint. Here, the addition of activators, cement admixtures, recycled aggregates,
powder blends and additives are an attempt not only to improve the material properties, but also to reduce
the ecological and economic impact of mankind's most widely used material, concrete. This is accompanied
by a more inconsistent quality of raw materials, which makes an experimental tuning of formulations more
and more necessary. Many material configurations are possible for complex composition materials, but
limited resources mean that only a few can be tested. The chances that ideal formulations will not be found
are eminently high. This is where global optimization (GO) and inverse design (ID) techniques could
provide a breakthrough. They offer a way to find new materials that go far beyond empirically known
materials. Here, the entire (global) material space is spanned, considering all possible variants of material
composition and processing. This space can become very large. However, ID involves intelligent screening,
where only a small portion of this space needs to be validated in the laboratory. A predictive model (e.g., a
machine learning model) iteratively guides the material design. This leads to a sequence of experiments that
ultimately identifies ideal regions of the design space. GO and ID thus enable the tailoring of complex
material systems to a given set of requirements in a short time. In the presented case study, we show that
the approach can be adopted to complex cementitious materials successfully and can thus contribute to
reducing the carbon footprint and other socio-economic factors while maintaining high material quality.
Keywords:Global optimization, inverse design, cementitious materials

O5-216 Harmless pH indicators as substitutes for phenolphthalein to delimit

carbonation in mortars and concretes
Servando Chinchón Payá
Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja (IETcc-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
This paper presents results of the application of various pH indicators to differentiate carbonated from
non-carbonated zones in mortars and concretes. Several mortars and concretes have been made with
different Portland-based cements. The solutions presented, based on different organic compounds such as
curcumin and anthocyanins, are inexpensive and innocuous, and can therefore serve as substitutes for the
carcinogenic phenolphthalein, which is widely used as an indicator. In this work, the optimal way of
preparation of these indicator solutions is described. A critical analysis of the use of these alternatives is
made, as well as an estimation of the reproducibility and accuracy of the methodology.
Keywords: Carbonation, mortar, concrete, organic compounds, indicator.
O5-273 Change of polymeric gel structure of several foamed plastic insulations

deteriorated by moisture
Yoobin Leem And Ryoma Kitagaki
Hokkaido University, Division of Human Environmental System, Sapporo, Japan
Foamed plastic insulations require long-term performance in accordance with Sustainable Development
Goals and carbon neutrality in 2050. However, in recent years, it has been reported that foamed plastic
insulations installed in high humidity environments, such as under water proof sheets on a rooftop, absorb
moisture and subsequently increase thermal conductivity. This deterioration of foamed plastic insulations
has not been sufficiently explained because they were challenging to investigate after installing them into a
building. The characteristic of moisture deterioration has not been dealt with in the analytical models, ISO
11561. The aim of this study is to estimate both moisture absorption and changes in physical properties of
foamed plastic insulations after exposure to high humidity and to discuss the moisture-induced
deterioration based on the results of several experiments. We observe what changes occur in three types of
foamed plastic insulation, phenolic foam, polyurethane foam, and extruded polystyrene foam, in a
deterioration condition with moisture. In the first step, we verify that the moisture exists in what form and
whether moisture condenses inside or blends with the material after deterioration occurs. Precisely,
comparing weight changes before and after high humidity and high-temperature deterioration with two
test results. One is changing a polymeric gel structure of the deteriorated insulation material with X-ray
CT, and another is the amount of adsorbed vapor on the surface of each insulation material with the gas
adsorption method. Results from these studies refer that the deteriorated phenolic foam and moisture are
assumingly miscible to transform polymeric gel structure. We study how moisture deterioration affects
insulation‟s thermal characteristics in the second step. Insulations are exposed to the seasonal humidity
cycle to apply typical seasonal fluctuation to insulations in East Asian countries, affecting more critical
damage than a persistent condition to samples. As a consequence, the phenolic foam‟s thermal properties
are affected by humidity swings. The results provide a part of the moisture deterioration mechanism,
miscible behavior between moisture and foamed plastic insulations to change polymeric gel structure,
which shifts thermal properties.
Keywords:Moisture absorption, moisture-induced deterioration, phenolic foam, thermal properties.

O5-278 Experimental investigation on workability and mechanical properties

of carbon fiber reinforced high-strength concrete (HSC) containing
waste Bakelite aggregate (WBA)
Robert Bušić, Ivana Miličević, Ines Rakocija and Andrea Mendeš
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of
Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
High-strength concrete (HSC) is a type of concrete that is, due to its improved mechanical and durability
properties, most often used in the construction of high demand structures such as bridges, structural
elements in aggressive environments, skyscrapers, and large-span constructions. In order to obtain high-
strength concrete, a larger amount of cement is required, which can lead to questionable ecological
acceptability of this material. To reduce the ecological footprint of this material, supplementary
cementitious materials such as silica fume or metakaolin are often used. By reducing the porosity and
increasing the density of the concrete mixture, fine particles of supplementary cementitious materials have
a positive effect on the mechanical and durability properties of high-strength concrete. Along with cement
and supplementary cementitious materials, another important component of high-strength concrete is
aggregate, which is in most cases a fine aggregate. In this research, the natural fine aggregate was
partially replaced with bakelite plastic waste, and the influence of this replacement on the fresh and
hardened properties of high-strength concrete was presented. Seven mixtures were designed, a reference
mixture and six other mixtures in which supplementary cementitious materials, waste bakelite aggregate,
and carbon fibers were combined to produce environmentally friendly high-strength concrete. 5% of the
cement mass was replaced with silica fume or metakaolin, 10% volume of natural fine aggregate was
replaced with waste bakelite aggregate (WBA) and carbon fibers were added in the amount of 0.5% of the
cement mass. In a fresh state, the workability of HSC is determined by using a flow table. To determine the
influence of waste bakelite aggregate on mechanical properties, flexural and compressive strength tests
were carried out on 7- and 28-day old samples. The test results indicate that the combined effect of waste
bakelite aggregate, supplementary cementitious material sand carbon fibers can be a promising solution
not only to improve high-strength concrete mechanical properties but to potentially save millions of tons of
natural fine aggregate and preserve natural resources and the environment.
Keywords:Natural fine aggregate, silica fume, metakaolin, waste Bakelite.
O5-297 FEM-based optimization design of a thermal energy storage (TES)

system made of cementitious materials and heat exchangers.
Irene Ramóna, Ignacio Peraltab,c,d, Sergio Sánchez-Delgadoe, Manuel Torres-Carrascoa,
Antonio Caggianof
a University
Carlos III of Madrid, Materials Sciences and Engineering Department-IAAB,
Avda. Universidad 30, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
b Institut für Werkstoffe im Bauwesen, TU Darmstadt, Germany
c Centrode Investigación de Métodos Computacionales, Universidad Nacional del
Litoral/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
d Laboratoriode Flujometría, Facultad Regional Santa Fe, Universidad Tecnológica
Nacional, Argentina
e University
Carlos III of Madrid, Thermal and Fluids Engineering Department, Avda.
Universidad 30, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
f Dipartimento DICCA, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
In recent years, ordinary concrete is proving to be a viable option as a thermal energy storage (TES)
medium in concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies. This is mainly due to current TESthat are based

on molten salt tanks which are very expensive and suffer from high corrosion problems. Moreover, concrete
presents an additional series of pro such as: simplicity, quite good sensible TES, high availability, ease
fabrication, good mechanical properties (even after the exposure to high temperature), and finally a
thermal expansion coefficient near to that of steel, minimizing problems related to the interface between the
cementitious material and the heat exchangers(commonly made of steel).The correct design of the TES
medium, composed by the cementitious material and the heat exchangers (pipes), plays a key role on both
the performance impact as well as on the overall costs of the CSP device. Therefore, it is necessary to
optimize the heat exchangers by varying their geometry, the number of tubes, their arrangement in the
block as well as the correct selection of the employed cement-based material. To achieve an optimized
configuration and design, a proper selection of the thermo-physical properties, quantities, and location of
the device components is mandatory. In this work, a finite element based design is proposed to deal with the
TES behavior of concrete. More specifically, by performing a parametric analysis, different types of
composites, together with pipes quantities and disposition in the TES medium, and the geographic location
in where the CSP is installed, are accounted for the evaluation of the optimized performance. Additionally,
different alternative mortars to ordinary Portland cement were manufactured and used as input
parameters.
Keywords: concrete, thermal energy storage, heat exchangers.
O5-303 Prestressed concrete structures with concentrated tendons - structural

damage due to hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking
Gino Ebell and Andreas Burkert
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
Hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking (HSCC) is well known, and highly sensitive prestressing steels
are normally not available on the market. But in the case of existing structures, itcould be necessary to
ensure their safety through special kinds of investigations. Those kinds ofinvestigations are often not
applicable in a non-destructive way.Therefore, a once in a lifetime project was initiated. In the course of the
deconstruction of the "Bridge of the 20th anniversary of the GDR" at theAltstädter Bahnhof in Brandenburg
a. d. Havel, new information on the initiation of hydrogeninduced stress cracks could obtained. The initial
observation to do several investigations at thisbridge are several meters long longitudinal cracks in the
concrete web of the box girder above andbelow the tension duct. The BAM was commissioned by the
Brandenburg State RoadAdministration to participate in a corresponding joint project which is financed by
the FederalMinistry for Digital and Transport. The added value of the new information gained in this
project goes beyond the specific structure. It describes unexpected new damage patterns that can
betransferred to other structures with concentrated tendons (tendon block method and Baur-
Leonhardtmethod) and were previously unknown in this form. These should be made known to
otherdevelopers to enable them to initiate any necessary actions.One of the major results is, the wire breaks
observed at this bridge can be attributed to cracking as aresult of HSCC and subsequent crack growth until
breakage, due to cyclic loading from traffic and alternating restraint stresses. The probable trigger here
was crevice corrosion processes at thecontact points of the wires to the spacer plates in superposition with
high tensile stresses due toprestressing after or with in grouting the duct. Tension wire breaks, which may
have occurredbefore grouting and during prestressing, were not detected. The unfavorable gap situation at
thespacer plates occurs over the entire cross-section of the prestressing channel and can thus affect each
individual prestressing wire. Losses in the load-bearing capacity of the prestressed concretestructure can
then be the result. A disadvantage of the prestressing block method in this respect isthat a large number of
individual wires can be affected at the same time (theoretically all wires),which can reduce the prestressing
effect of the concentrated tendon accordingly. With the usual use of only one tendon per web, the possibility
of load transfer to other tendons is thus not given (lackof redundancy).

O5-315 Comparative study on the electrolyte resistance of mortars made of low

carbon binders
Rebecca Achenbacha, Michael Raupacha, Bettina Kraftb and Horst-Michael Ludwigb
aInstitute of Building Materials Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
bFinger-Institute for Building Materials Science, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Weimar,
Germany
Against the background of the high CO2 emissions generated in the production of Portland cement (OPC),
research is being carried out worldwide into alternative binders that can be produced withlower energy
consumption. These have a lower clinker-cement factor or contain no Portland cement at all. To enable
these binders to be used on a large scale, also in reinforced concrete structures, their performance in terms
of durability must be ensured. The specific electrolyte resistance is a parameter for characterizing different
binders. At a young age, the hydration progress and the formation of the pore structure can be observed on
the basis of the electrolyte resistance. In connection with the electrical conductivity of the pore solution,
statements about the pore structure and the resistance to the penetration of corrosion-promoting
substances arepossible. Finally, the electrolyte resistance is an influencing factor for determining possible
corrosion rates after depassivation of the steel reinforcement. In this study, a wide range of mortars
produced with different alternative binders were characterized in terms of their electrolyte resistance as a
function of age and water content. From the group ofclinker substitutes (SCMs), calcined clays and a
modified steel mill slag were investigated. The other binders included in the investigation program are
produced entirely without Portland cement: In addition to a calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement and a
C-S-H binder, alkali-activated materials (AAMs) in the form of geopolymers and alkali-activated slag were
also investigated. The results show a wide range of specific electrolyte resistances in a naturally water
saturated state of the mortar specimens between 5 Ωm for an alkali-activated Metakaolin and 1078 Ωm for
the C-SH binder Celitement®. Clinker replacements with calcined clays metakaolin or metaillite result in
increased electrolyte resistance. In addition, the different binders show a very different influence on the
dependence of the resistance on the water content.
Keywords: Electrolyte resistance, clinker replacement, alkali activation.
O5-316 Influence of CO2 concentration on carbonation behavior of alternative

binders
Bettina Krafta*, Horst-Michael Ludwiga, Rebecca Achenbachb, and Michael Raupachb
a BauhausUniversität Weimar, F. A. Finger-Institut for Building Materials Science,
Weimar, Germany
b RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Building Materials Research (IBAC), Aachen,
Germany
In the course of the discussion on CO2 and energy saving, the production of ordinary Portland cement
(OPC) is increasingly attracting the attention of society. Consequently, alternative binders have been
developed, which have an improved carbon footprint compared to OPC and which can be produced with
less energy consumption. Alternative binders can be composite cements with a reduced clinker-cement
ratio, although the use of less well-known SCMs is also viable, such as the use of steel mill slag. These
binders may also contain no Portland cement at all, such as alkali-activated slags. In order to assess the
usability of these binders in reinforced concrete, their durability must be investigated. An important aspect
is the corrosion of the reinforcing steel and thus also the carbonation behaviour of the binders. The progress
of carbonation and the associated drop in the pH value have a major influence on the corrosion. Therefore,
a basic understanding of the carbonation processes of these alternative binders is essential. However,
previous research has already shown that accelerated carbonation at elevated CO 2 concentrations can lead
to untypical carbonation behaviour, especially in systems low in Ca(OH) 2. Thus, a critical examination of

the CO2 concentration in accelerated processes is important. In this study, various alternative binders, such
as novel types of composite cement with calcined clays or modified steel mill slag, alkali-activated
materials, CSA cement, and a C-S-H binder, are presented. The carbonation behaviour was investigated on
mortar samples stored in air storage, at 0.3 vol.% and 1.0 vol.% CO 2. The results were analysed with regard
to the carbonation progress and the specific carbonation behavior of the binders, showing that the type of
binder system has a great influence on how sensitive the samples react to an increased CO2 content. Thus,
an evaluation of the CO2 concentration in accelerated processes with regard to the transferability to natural
carbonation was possible.
Keywords: CO2, binders, Portland cement.
O5-378 Experimental validation of electrochemical tomography to locate and

quantify localized corrosion
Meeke Carline van Edea, Andreas Fichtnerb and Ueli Angsta
a ETH Zürich, Institute of Building Materials, Zürich, Switzerland
b ETH Zürich, Institute of Geophysics, Zürich, Switzerland
We present an important step in the development of a novel non-destructive technique,

calledelectrochemical tomography (ECT), which is able to locate and quantify localized corrosion of steelin
porous media. In this work we show the first experimental validation of ECT with a controlledlaboratory
setup.Localized corrosion in porous media, such as the corrosion of buried pipelines and
reinforcedconcrete, remains one of the largest problems in civil engineering. It often leads to the
prematuredeterioration of engineering structures. To detect corrosion in an early stage, non-destructive
testingmethods are essential. Electrochemical tomography was developed to accurately measure the
localcorrosion rate, independent on commonly encountered issues such as lack of knowledge about thearea
of the actively corroding steel and the potential drop between the sensors and the steel surface.ECT uses
electrical potential measurements, taken at the surface of the porous medium, incombination with a
numerical model, to obtain the size and location of the actively corroding steel(the anode), as well as the
corresponding corrosion rate. The technique relies heavily on theaccuracy of the numerical model, which
models the electrical potential field in the porous mediumas a function of the anode size, location, the
medium‟s electrical resistivity and externally appliedcurrents at the surface.We investigated the accuracy
of this numerical model with a controlled setup in the laboratory.Using the galvanic corrosion between
carbon and stainless steel, we generated a well-definedmacro-cell, with a known anode size and location.
With a steady solution flow along the steelsurface, we ensure a constant electrolyte environment with a
known electrical resistivity. With thissetup, we show that if the kinetics of the steel are understood, in terms
of the exchange currentdensities and Tafel slopes of the main anodic and cathodic reactions, we are able to
accuratelymodel the electrical potential field in the medium. Furthermore, we show that the model
accuratelyhandles externally applied currents in the range applicable in ECT. This gives us confidence that
assumptions made in the numerical model, related to the electrochemical reactions taking place, are
justified, and it brings us a step closer to the application of ECT on real engineering structures.
Keywords: Electrochemical reactions, corrosion, numerical model.
O5-388 Energy performance study of a passive cooling technique applied to the

roof of a test cell in Marrakech climate
Abdessamad El Hassnaoui A,B, Lahcen Boukhattem A,B, Siham Sakami C, Fatima Ait Nouh
A,D, Brahim Benhamou A,E
a EnR2E,
National Center of Studies and Research on Water and Energy, CNEREE, Cadi
Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco

b LMPEQ, National School of Applied Sciences, Safi, Cady Ayyad University, Marrakesh,
Morocco
c L3G, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
d Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sidi Bouzid, Safi, Morocco
e ProcEDE Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of inactive cooling technique on the thermal comfort of
buildings. An experimental approach based on the use of small-scale test cells (BSh type according to the
Köppen–Geiger climate classification) was carried out in the semi-arid climate of Marrakech, Morocco.
Two identical test cells were built, the first was booked as a reference cell (bare roof), while the second one
was wrapped with a layer of white gravel of 40 mm on it roof. This material was chosen according to
various criteria such as: low cost, durability, porosity, availability on the Moroccan market, as well as the
durability of its optical properties over time. Within this framework, a dynamic mono-zone model was
created in the TRNSYS 18 software „transient system simulation tool‟ This model, was validated by using
the same thermal behaviour as that achieved experimentally (internal air temperature) of the two test cells
with a real climatic condition. This later, was recorded on site by a meteorological station near the test
cells, during the period from 31 July to 05 August 2021. This model allowed us to generalize our assessment
on the summer period (June, July and August), to study the effect of white gravel on the thermal
performance. Specifically, the reduction of temperature inside the cell and on its cooling loads requirements
(set point temperature is 26°C). However, the TMY (Typical meteorological year) weather file from the city
of Marrakesh was adopted in this simulation. The analysis of the found results exhibit that the
implementation of a layer of white gravel on the roof of the cell-test has a remarkable effect on the indoor
air temperature and consequently on the air conditioning energy loads. This technique lowers indoor air
temperature by up to 8.31°C and a total gain in the energy consumed of 42,94 kWh/m² during this period
Keywords: test cell, white gravel, thermal modeling, passive cooling.
O5-449 Concrete sector on the catch of the data train

Sandra Nunesa, Irene Palomarb, Lora Amstronga, Thilo Muthc, Jörg F. Ungerc and Birgit
Mengc
a Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands
bUniversidad de Alcala, Departamento de Arquitectura, Madrid, Espana
cBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
Today, advances in concrete technology occur at a much faster pace, but the core of the scientific process
remains the same. One needs high-quality data from multiple sources to derive, validate or reject our
theories and models. The nature and amount of scientific data are expected to increase exponentially with
the rapid pace of technology, such as new embedded sensor technologies, software, and the Internet of
Things. Another important driver for change is the OpenScience movement. While the use of data analytics
in the construction industry is not new, acceptance of big and open data is still in its early stages and lags
behind its widespread adoption in other fields. Initiatives are needed to increase the amount of openly
available data, particularly in the field of concrete materials and structures, which is strongly fragmented
into individual stakeholders and where there is an unsatisfactory knowledge transfer from research to
industry and vice-versa. Open data brings new possibilities for transparency, reproducibility,
validation/verification, and for gaining new knowledge. The overall background of data sharing in the field
of concrete materials and structures is examined first in this work, looking from the perspective of
individual researchers, institutions, and industry. The current digitalization initiatives and existing
infrastructure (data repositories) are then identified, as well as the gaps in the knowledge. Finally, key
actions to boost data sharing and reuse are summarizedthat may help the digital transformation of the
concrete sector.

O5-453 Phosphoric acid based geopolymer as a new photocatalyst for the

degradation of the methylene blue dye in wastewater
H.Majdoubia, Y.Chraibia, Y.Haddajib, M.Nadib, R.E.K BILAH, O.Khayia, B.Manouna,B,
H.Hannachea,B ,Y.Tamraouia
a Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, Materials Science and Nanoengineering
Department, Benguerir, Morocco
b Laboratory of engineering and materials LIMAT, Faculty of science Ben M‟Sik, Hassan
II University, Casablanca, Morocco

c Laboratoire Rayonnement-Matière et Instrumentation(RMI), FST Settat, Université
Hassan 1er, Settat, Maroc
Geopolymers are a class of aluminosilicate materials, generally synthesized at room temperature or slightly
elevated by a chemical reaction between an amorphous aluminosilicate powder and an alkaline solution
(NaOH, KOH) or an acid phosphoric. Several research studies have shown the advantages and qualities of
geoplymers from the point of view of eliminating dyes and lord metals. geopolymers have good surface
properties, a heterogeneous microstructure, and an amorphous structure. The performance of geopolymers
in removing heavy metals and dyes is comparable to that of other materials. In the present work, we are
interested in the study of the photodegradation of the methylene blue dye (MB) of wastewater, geopolymers
based on phosphoric acid and phosphate washing sludge (GPPWS) was used for the first time as a new
photocatalysis for the degradation of the MB. The physico-chemical parameters studied, and which govern
the kinetics are the initial pH of the solution and the concentration of pollutant. The degradation efficiency
of the MB dye by GPPWS was up to 92.79% under UV irradiation due to the synergistic effect of the
adsorption and the semiconducting photocatalysis. The pseudo-first and pseudosecond order speed
equations as well as the intra-particle diffusion speed equation were used to correlate the analysis of the
adsorption kinetics of the MB dye. The experimental data were in good agreement with the equation for the
pseudo-second order rate in both cases with and without UV irradiation. The intraparticle diffusion process
is not the step of determining the velocity. The photocatalytic degradation of the MB dye in solution obeys
reaction kinetics of the third order.
Keywords: Acid based geopolymer, phosphate washing sludge, Photocatalysis, Degradation kinetics,
Degradation efficiency.
O5-488 Galvanic Corrosion and Service Life Extension of

Grouted Post-tensioned Concrete Systems
Karthikeyan Manickam and Radhakrishna G. Pillai
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Grouted, post-tensioned (PTd) concrete systems are widely used to construct bridges with an anticipated
corrosion-free service life of 100+ years.However, the usage of inadequate grout materials and grouting
practices have resulted in the formation of unwanted air voids at the anchorage regions, which in-turn
have led to premature (say, within about 10 to 20 years) strand corrosion/failure of PTd concrete
systems.Also, re-grouting of voids has led to localized and accelerated corrosion of strands at the interface
between the base grout and repair grout with different chemistry.This had raised concern and led to a
reluctance in re-grouting of voids in tendons.This study aims to quantify the galvanic corrosion at the void
region in a PTd system re-grouted with a dissimilar grout, and to propose suitable chemical and
electrochemical repair methods to increase the service of inadequately grouted PTd concrete systems.
Specimens simulating the regrouted strand-grout-air (SGA) interface comprising carbonated base grout

and uncarbonated repair grout were made with prestressing steel wires and site-batched-grout.The macro-
cell current (galvanic current) was determined between the prestressing steels in base grout and repair
grout at various humidity conditions.Based on this study, a model relating the galvanic current density and
relative humidity was developed.Theresultsemphasize the severity of the possible galvanic corrosion at the
interface of base grout and repair grout and recommend the prohibition of re-grouting of voids in PTd
systems without chemically treating the surface of the carbonated base grout. To reduce the galvanic
corrosion at the re-grouted SGA interface, a method to re-alkalize the carbonated base grout from outside
the anchorage was proposed. The performance of two alkaline solutions (1 M Na 2CO3 and 1 M Ca(OH)2) in
re-alkalizing the carbonated depth (~10 mm) of site-batched-groutwas assessed. The immersion studies
indicated that 1 M Ca(OH)2solution can diffuse and restore the pH of the carbonated grout within about 1
week.It is sometimes challenging to achieve complete re-alkalization of base grout and re-grouting of voids.
Hence, an electrochemical repair system which would work without the complete filling of voids and
implementable from outside the tendon anchorage was found necessary. A proof-of-concept study was
conducted to validate that a thin layer of grout around the strand will be sufficient for a galvanic anode
(connected to the strand-end outside the tendon anchorage) to protect the strand portions inside the
duct/anchorage, and hence extend the service life of PTd concrete systems.
Keywords : Galvanic Corrosion, Grouted Post-tensioned Concrete, corrosion-free
O5-568 The effect of flow inlet temperature on pressure drop and fouling
deposit in the tube bundle of the tubular heat exchanger
Pichitra Uangpairoj, Pasada Yisunzam, Aphinya Boonchan, Yasiri Boonchan, Kornwit
Srinarong,Peerapat Wadrab, Pannawit Teewsophawong,Phongsak Teppanti andWitthaya
Butsopha
School of Mechanical Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchsima, Thailand
This paper investigated the influence of an inlet temperature on the pressure drop, heat transfer
performance, and fouling deposit in the tubular heat exchanger. In this study, the tube bundle contained
three columns and six rows of copper tubes with 0.015 m diameter. The transverse distance between the
tubes was 0.0225 m, and the longitudinal distance between the tubes was 0.03 m. The hot air was a
working fluid that flew through the tube bundle with a constant velocity of 2 m/s. Three levels of air inlet
temperature: 20, 60, and 90 degree Celsius were varied to investigate the effect of inlet temperature based
on numerical and experimental methods. For the numerical study, the computational fluid dynamics using
Ansys Fluent 2021 R1 was used to observe the temperature distribution in the tube bundle and the pressure
drop in the tube bundle at different inlet temperatures. At the same time, the airflow experiment in the heat
exchanger was conducted to monitor the pressure drop and fouling deposit at different inlet temperatures
of the airflow. The ash particle supplied by the automatic screw feeder at a rate of 0.0016 kg/s was used to
simulate the fouling on the tube surface. As the results of the temperature distributions, the temperature in
the tube bundle increased with the inlet temperature, and the space between each transverse tube had a
lower temperature than other areas, resulting in a reduction in heat transfer performance. The increase in
the inlet temperature also reduced the fouling deposit and pressure drop. However, there is a difference
between the pressure drop obtained from the numerical and experimental studies.
Keywords: Fouling deposit, tubular heat exchanger, inlet temperature, pressure drop.

O5-569 The influence of Reynolds number on flow characteristics, fouling

deposit, and heat transfer performance in the tubular heat exchanger of
a steam generator
Pasada Yisunzam, Sasiyada Promsuban, Watcharapong Butakam, Trithanwa Sriwasut,
Pongphiphat Prasongset, Supisara Sinpoon, Tawatchai Malakan and Jakkawat Joomna
School of Mechanical Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchsima, Thailand
This paper aims to study the flow characteristics and heat transfer performance in a tubular heat
exchanger prototype used in the heat recovery section of the steam generator. In this study, the shear stress
around the tube surface, flow pattern, fouling deposit, the variation of heat resistance, pressure drop, and
heat transfer performance were considered as the main variables and were investigated based on
computational fluid dynamics and experimental methods at various levels of hot air flow velocity. The inlet
air velocity varied in four levels: 1.99, 2.4, 2.9, and 4.27 m/s, respectively; consequently, the Reynolds
number of the hot air flow varied in the range of 2000 - 30000. The heat exchanger contains three columns
and six rows of copper tubes with 0.015 m diameter. The transverse distance between the tubes was 0.0225
m, and the longitudinal distance between the tubes was 0.03 m. The particle feed rate supplied by the
automatic screw feeder was 0.0016 kg/s. This study was divided into two sections: 1) computational
modeling of a flow pattern using Ansys Fluent 2021 R1 to study the influence of flow velocity and Reynolds
number on the main variables, and 2) the flow simulation in a prototype heat exchanger to investigate the
flow characteristics and the heat performance at various level of flow velocity and Reynolds number
experimentally. According to the study's results, the increase in air velocity inlet induced a higher Reynolds
number, resulting in a higher heat transfer coefficient, higher wall shear stress, higher pressure drop, and
lower fouling deposits. Moreover, there is a good agreement between computational results and
experimental results. Therefore, the heat transfer performance can be increased by increasing the level of
the Reynolds number.
Keywords: fouling deposit, tubular heat exchanger, Reynolds number, heat transfer performance.
O6-27 Integrating domain knowledge into machine learning for concrete

strength prediction
Zhanzhao Li and Aleksandra Radlińska
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University Park, The Pennsylvania
State University, PA, USA
Empirical analysis and physical modeling are often used to study the performance evolution of concrete
materials and assist in the design and proportioning of concrete mixtures. However, they have several
limitations due to simplified representations of physical processes (e.g., cement hydration and
microstructure development) and challenges in selecting appropriate parameters (often needed to be
calibrated by experiments). Recent advances in applications of data-driven approaches in concrete science
provide novel solutions for accounting for the inherent complexity of concrete and accelerating innovations
in materials development, but their wider adoption has been hindered by the lack of extensive datasets and
physical consistency of results. This work proposes a physics-guided machine learning framework that
combines empirical formulas (Abrams‟ law) and physics-based models (thermodynamic and multi-scale
based physical models) with machine learning techniques to leverage their complementary strengths and
improve the modeling performance of concrete compressive strength. Specifically, prior domain knowledge
was integrated as constraints into machine learning models by data augmentation, feature enhancement,
and model pre-training. Such integration improves the effectiveness of concrete strength prediction by
enabling faster convergence, ensuring better generalizability (extrapolation capacity to other datasets and
robustness to data outliers), and requiring smaller sample sizes. While developed for strength prediction,
this transformative framework is applicable to a wide range of research topics in the concrete science

domain.
Keywords: Concrete, machine learning, empirical formulas, physics-based models.
O6-53 Improving building construction sector in Palestine by implementing

society 5.0 technologies
Ahmed Abu Hanieh
Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, Birzeit University, Birzeit,
Palestine
Building construction is one of the biggest income sources in Palestine. The sector suffers from using
traditional technological and industrial techniques. It can be improved and developed by implementing
modern technologies based on Society 5.0 system. Internet of things, artificial intelligence, big data and
mechatronic systems are widely used worldwide in several industrial and technological sectors. Involving
Society 5.0 technologies must be accompanied by implementing the 17 sustainability development goals in
order to maintain the sustainability requirements represented by keeping enough sources for future
generations while obtaining life requirements of the current generation, this is the international definition
of sustainable development used to maintain human sources on earth. Implementing internet of things
widens knowledge about existing international technologies while using artificial intelligence in
construction work saves cost and time. These techniques require collecting big data and using modern
mechatronics sensors and controllers in the different instruments and processes of building construction
work and management. The paper presents a deep study of the construction sector in Palestine showing
benefits, drawbacks and challenges facing this sector from the economic, social and environmental points of
view. An integrated model of the sector related to the sustainability development goals is depicted in this
article. The indicators of construction sector and society 5.0 are presented as well. Finally, the study
suggests a model that can be used as a solution for the modern improvement of the sector towards
implementing modern society 5.0 technologies aiming at increasing the national income for Palestinians.
Keywords :Modern technologies, mechatronics, big data, consrruction.
O6-68 Significance of pore structure characterisation of older mortars for the

repair of historic masonry
Divya Rani Sreekumar and Manu Santhanam
For the design of repair mortars for historic masonry, characterisation of the existing older mortar is
necessary. The available schemes of characterisation are extensive and do not exclusively focus on the
parameters required to design a repair mortar. The current study aims in identifying the critical
parameters in historic mortar characterisation with a view to their repair. The results from the
characterisation study of six historic mortars from three different monuments in the southern state of Tamil
Nadu, India are discussed. In addition to joining the building units, these mortars have been used as
renders for protective and aesthetic purposes and have served in all kinds of environmental exposures,
coastal and inland structures, for approximately about 1000 years. The analysis was performed by X-ray
diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results indicate that the
mortars are composed of non-hydraulic lime binder and siliceous aggregates. Even though the
mineralogical composition and total porosity is similar, they are significantly different in their pore size
distribution. The results highlight the importance of pore structure characterisation of older mortars, which

determines the breathability characteristics and moisture equilibrium of the masonry, for developing
compatible repair mortar formulations.
Keywords :Historic masonry, mortar, pore structure, moisture equilibrium.
O6-76 Dynamic response of masonry structure with the application of

horizontal seismic band: shake table tests
Santosh Yadava, Yannick Siefferta, Florent Vieux-Champagnea, Philippe Garnierb, Majid
Hajmirbabab and Luis Arleob
a Grenoble INP, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
bLaboratoire CRAterre, Unité de recherche AE&CC, École Nationale Supérieure
d‟Architecture de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
House is a basic requirement for a human being that provides shelter, and peoples' life safety becomes an
essential factor to consider for such a structure. Various factors damage these structures, but the
earthquake event is a crucial natural disaster that has taken thousands of people in past decades. The
earthquake does not take life directly; it is the structure, which fails to withstand the seismic loading action
and collapse down. Several approaches are available for improving systems' behaviour, but only a few
works have been done on the masonry structures, which provide shelter for approximately 43% of the
world population. In this study, the dynamic behaviour of masonry structure with the horizontal seismic
band application is experimentally determined. Three reduced scale models- one with the reinforced
concrete band, one with timber band, and the last one without band-were constructed. The extruded adobe
brick and mud mortar were used as a construction material for all the model houses, and such practice is
common in most developing nations. All the models were tested on the shake table using the same loading
signal to compare their response behaviour. A high-speed camera was also used to capture an image;
accelerometers and displacement sensors were installed at different locations on the structures to record
the information. Digital Image Correlation (DIC), which provides non-contact optical measurement, has
been essential in obtaining full-field measurement. The results show significant improvement in the
structure's seismic response by the use of horizontal seismic band and their behaviour influenced by the
material used in respect to natural frequency, damping, crack propagation control, and energy dissipation.
Keywords: Masonry structure, shake table, Digital Image Correlation.
O6-80 Experimental evaluation of the compressive and shear behavior of

unstabilized rammed earth
Fernando Ávilaa, Mario Fagoneb, Rafael Gallegoa and Giovanna Ranocchiaib
aDept. of Structural Mechanics and Hydraulic Engineering, University of Granada,
Granada, Spain
b Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Sustainability is becoming an increasingly important concern for the construction sector, encouraging
builders and researchers to investigate environmentally-friendly construction techniques, such as rammed
earth. This traditional building technique consists in compacting layers of natural soil between temporary
formworks, which are removed once the desired height of the wall is re ached. The use of a natural, locally-
available and reusable material significantly reduces the resource consumption and waste generation
associated with the building process. However, in contrast to this growing interest, there is still a lack of
knowledge about the mechanical behavior of rammed earth materials and specific standardized testing
methods to assess their properties are yet to be developed. These uncertainties also affect the ability to
predict and control material properties in new constructions. Considering this situation, the present study

analyzes two of the main mechanical characteristics of rammed earth, compressive and shear behavior,
proposing a manufacturing and testing procedure which can be easily controlled and replicated. With this
aim, uniaxial compression tests were performed on four rammed earth cylindrical specimens,
manufactured using the mold and following the compaction process defined in standard ASTM D698
(Proctor compaction test with standard effort, method A), widely used in civil and geotechnical
engineering. In addition, three large panels ―50 cm × 50 cm × 10 cm― were also manufactured to be
subjected to diagonal compression test, according to the test method for diagonal tension in masonry
assemblages proposed by ASTM E519. These specimens, made of six layers of soil, were compacted in a
wooden formwork applying the same Proctor compaction energy used for the smaller cylindrical
specimens. For all the samples, the soil was mixed with the optimum moisture content +1%, according to the
recommendations of most authors and standards about rammed earth construction. The samples were
cured under constant temperature and humidity conditions for 28 days before testing. The average
unconfined compressive strength obtained was equal to 1.4 MPa. From the diagonal tests results it is also
possible to calculate the shear strength, obtaining a value of 0.15 MPa, which represents approximately 10
% of the compressive strength. Particular attention has been devoted to the interpretation of stiffness: the
equivalent elastic modulus shows significant discrepancies depending on the tests and instruments used
and deserves further considerations. These results provide useful information about the mechanical
behavior of unstabilized rammed earth. The assessment of the compressive and shear properties is the base
for the development, in future research, of numerical models of structures made with this technique. The
manufacturing and testing procedure proposed in this study, including the use of a standardized mold and
the control of the compaction energy, made it possible to significantly reduce the dispersion in the results,
which is frequently quite high in the mechanical characterization of rammed earth elements.
Keywords :Rammed earth, uniaxial compression tests, elastic modulus.
O6-82 Non-destructive tests to evaluate the self-healing capacity for a 3D

printing ECC material
F. Fernándeza,b, R. Jarabob, E. Asensioa and A. Guerreroa
aI nstituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja. IETcc-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
b A3D Additive Printer SL, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
The conventional construction sector is the one that generates CO 2 emissions, as well as waste generation.
Faced with this problem, 3D printing has positioned itself as an alternative. Therefore, in recent years,
interest in cement-based material for 3D printing has increased in the construction sector as a partial or
total replacement for conventional construction methods. However, 3D printing, despite being a novel
technique, has some drawbacks, one of the biggest threats being the generation of cracks or microcracks
that appear by the transport or the design of the 3D printed figures. These cracks can cause major
structural and durability problems in the final application. Numerous materials have been developed to
meet the requirements of 3D printing. Nevertheless, there are few publications on materials that are able to
be printed in 3D and have an autogenous self-healing capacity. Therefore, in this study, we are working on
the development of an Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) material, also known as Strain
Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) that has the characteristics to achieve structural integrity,
durability, reliability, and robustness of 3D printing. The main goal is to design and develop an autogenous
self-healing and efficient ECC that incorporates in its formulation industrial by-products that can be used in
additive manufacturing. This paper describes the experimental procedure of an ECC material in two
different environments (at room temperature, 34 ± 2% RH and 20 ± 2ºC, and curing chamber 98 ± 2% RH
and 20 ± 2ºC). The characterization of the ECC material is studied by fresh properties, consistency, open
time, extrudability and buildability and hardened properties, compressive and flexural strength up to 90
days. Results show the development of a material with the appropriate rheology to be 3D printed, as well as
the extrusion and buildability of the material and a good performance from mechanical point of view. The
self-healing behavior of ECC is evaluated by three non-destructive methods: absorption and sorptivity tests,

and micro-computed tomography, confirming a reasonably autogenous healing of ECC.

Keywords :Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC), autogenous self-healing capacity, 3D printing.
O6-90 A numerical model of 3D concrete printing including thixotropic effects

Giacomo Rizzieri, Massimiliano Cremonesi and Liberato Ferrara
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques are increasingly drawing interest in the construction sector, since
they can offer new architectural possibilities, while improving the accuracy and the sustainability of the
construction process. Among these techniques, 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) is probably the more
established and its future role in lowering the environmental impact of the building industry is currently
under investigation. 3DCP main advantages, which are linked to the capacity of building optimized
structural shape, without the need of a formwork and in very short times, are however still limited by the
lack of knowledge and regulation. It is therefore necessary to provide designers with more advanced design
tools to fully unlock the potentials of 3DCP and AM techniques in general. This work presents a numerical
model of 3DCP, which aims at simulating the extrusion and layer deposition phases in an accurate way.
The model assumes that fresh concrete can be treated as a homogenous viscous fluid. The problem is then
governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, which are solved in a mixed Lagrangian-Eulerian framework
with the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM). A Bingham law, modified to include flocculation and de-
flocculation effects, is employed to realistically reproduce the rheological behaviour at the early ages. The
model is applied to simulate different printing scenarios with the aim to assess the role of thixotropy in the
printing process. The standard material and thixotropy parameters of the simulated ink have been
evaluated experimentally through a series of slump tests, carried out at different ages. The results show
how thixotropy can have a positive effect in limiting deformations and avoiding the early compression
failure of the bottom layers. Therefore, accurately reproducing structuration phenomena in 3DCP could
help in the development of new and improved mixes. Moreover, accounting for thixotropy effects is
fundamental to calibrate the optimal printing times and printing paths in all those cases in which the
hydration reaction does not play a relevant role from the beginning.
Keywords: Rheology, 3D Concrete Printing, thixotropy, structuration.
O6-92 Operational modal analysis and finite element updating of prototype

stone structure
Mina Derife, Abderrahman Atmani, El Hassan Ait Laasri, Jama Balil and Driss Agliz
GMES Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir,
Morocco
In this work, the analysis of the dynamic behavior of a prototype stone structure has been presented in two
ways: (1) the first way is to instrument the structure with two three-component velocity sensors to measure
the structure's response to ambient solicitations. An acquisition and processing chain has been developed in
our laboratory to record the acquired vibratory signals. The data processing is obtained using different
methods of operational modal analysis (OMA) such as Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD), Random
Decrement Technique (RDT), and Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI). The results obtained by these
methods allowed us to extract the modal parameters (damping and natural frequency) of the structure. (2)
The second way consists of characterizing the structure's dynamic behavior in a numerical way using Finite
Element Modeling (FEM). However, it has often been noted that the experimental dynamic characteristics
obtained do not agree with those of the numerical model. The present study aims to extract the dynamic
parameters experimentally and numerically and to update the finite element model for stone construction.

A good agreement was found between the two approaches.

Keywords: Operational modal analysis, finite element modeling, stone structure.
O6-102 An experimental study on the influence of manufacturing parameters

on the hydro-mechanical strength of earth specimen.
Ansaa-Asare Rhoda Juliaa, Erwan Hamardb, Andry Razakamanantsoa a, Myriam Ducc,
Bogdan Cazacliub and Loris Verronb
a GERS-GIE, Université Gustave Eiffel, Bouguenais , France
b MAST-GPEM, Université Gustave Eiffel, Bouguenais, France
c GERS-SRO, Université Gustave Eiffel, Marne-la-Vallée, France
The wise use of natural resources and reduction in the use of non-renewable resources are pillars of
sustainable development. The construction sector is recognized as one of the main contributors to climate
change. The sector's environmental impacts are mainly generated during the service life of the building by
heating and by the extraction and production of common building materials such as cement. Among the
waste produced by human activities, excavated soil represents the main mass. Waste valorization in the
building industry could be a step toward greater sustainability. Earth construction may be an interesting
outlet for re-using excavated soils while meeting the challenges of a circular economy. Based on the
constraints and ways of implementation associated with the different techniques in earth construction, the
experimental results presented here are for cob, adobe, and rammed earth techniques. This paper is based
on a thorough experimental study on how varying the mixing time, manufacturing water content, and
production energy affects the earth specimen's hydro-mechanical parameters. The mechanical parameters
like dry bulk density, unconfined compressive strength, and young's modulus specimen produced for the
three techniques were studied. The suction and volume of pores in the specimen for the three techniques at
the time of UCS test were also determined. The influence of manufacturing parameters on the hydro-
mechanical strength of specimen are stated. The effects of varying the manufacturing water content,
mixing time, and energy of compaction on the mechanical parameters are presented for the experimental
study with support from literature.
Keywords: Earth construction, hydro-mechanical parameters, pores.
O6-107 Influence of petrographical properties on the physico-mechanical

behaviour of limestones at high temperatures
Ayoub Daoudia, Javad Eslamia, Anne-Lise Beaucoura, Francesca Sciarrettaa, Albert
Noumowéa, Jean-Didier Mertzb,c and Jeremy Heninb,c
a CY Laboratoire de Mécanique et Matériaux du Génie Civil , Cergy Paris Université, Cergy-
Pontoise, France
b Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, Champs-sur-Marne, France
c Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation, Sorbonne université Paris, France
Natural stone masonry is the historic building technique par excellence. Despite their good mechanical
strength at room temperature, historical masonry monuments can suffer from significant deterioration
after a fire. In fact, limestones subjected to elevated temperatures, are vulnerable to petrophysical and
microstructural changes that affect their mechanical properties. In order to identify the relation between
the thermal damage of limestones exposed to fire and their microstructure evolution, this study aims to
investigate the experimental evolution of the physical-mechanical properties at high temperatures of a
large variety of French limestones commonly used in the restoration of historic buildings. The thermal
damage of 13 selected limestones, with different petrophysical and mechanical properties, was studied. The

calcite (CaCO3) content ranges from 44 % to 100 %, the total porosity ranges from 11 % to 40 % and the
uniaxial compressive strength varies between 4 MPa and 78 MPa. The assessment of thermal damage was
performed on cylindrical samples (8 * Φ4 cm) heated in an electric furnace to temperatures of 200, 400,
600 and 800 °C at a rate defined based on the sample dimensions: 4 °C/min. The thermal damage
produced was then evaluated from measurements of compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile
strength, porosity and P-wave velocity. The thermo-mechanical characterisation was mainly based on the
thermal linear deformation measurements. Moreover, the microstructural changes at elevated
temperatures were investigated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The results show a
dependence of the high-temperature behaviour of limestones on their petrographic properties;
mineralogical composition, grain size and degree of cementation. At 800 °C, very important thermal
damage occurred on the majority of stones due to decarbonation of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) from 750
°C. These experimental results will allow, within the framework of the ANR POSTFIRE project, to elaborate
recommendations on the use of stones and the post-fire evaluation of built heritage.
Keywords: Limestone, thermo-mechanical characterisation, microstructure.
O6-119 Effect of the thixotropy on the dimensional stability and mechanical

performance of 3D printed mortars
Ilhame Harbouza,b, Emmanuel Rozièrea, Ahmed Loukilia and Ammar Yahiab
a Ecole Centrale Nantes, CNRS, GeM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
b Department of Building and Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke,
Canada
Digital concrete fabrication is a novel construction technique in which structural elements are built layer by
layer without the use of formwork. Various benefits may arise from this, such as reduced labor, greater
architectural freedom, and time and cost savings, which could revolutionize the construction industry.
Meanwhile, this technology has introduced new challenges for materials engineering, since the formwork's
requirements are now imposed on the material itself. More emphasis lies on the thixotropic behavior of
cement-based materials, as these newly developed processes require concrete to have adapted workability
to flow during the pumping phase, retain its shape after extrusion and sustain its own weight, and
subsequently, the weight of the successive layers placed on top. A high degree of thixotropy is recommended
to ensure good print quality. However, this may adversely affect the performance of the multi-layer
printing process. In the present study, an experimental program was undertaken to evaluate the impact of
thixotropy on the dimensional stability of the printed element at an early age and its mechanical
performance in the long term. Four different mix designs with various thixotropic behaviors were printed.
At the fresh state, the variations of the layer height and its width were recorded to evaluate the dimensional
stability of the printed structure. On the other hand, several specimens were cut out from the freshly printed
elements for the mechanical tests. The compression and flexural tests were conducted after 7 and 28 days of
moist-curing. The obtained results showed that there exists an optimum degree of structuration above
which the quality of the bonding interface is compromised generating losses in mechanical properties, and
below which the anisotropic behavior is dominated, leading to low dimensional stability.
Keywords : Digital concrete, thixotropy, structuration, fresh state.
O6-126 Evaluation of constitutive soil models for the prediction of movements

caused by a deep excavation, a case study
Ghizlane Boulaida, Latifa Ouadifa, Lahcen Bahia, Mohamed Ben Ouakkassa and Houssine
Ejjaaouanib
a Laboratory of Applied Geophysics, Geotechnics, Engineering Geology and Environment

(L3GIE), Mohammadia School of Engineers, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat,

Morocco
b Public Testing and Research Laboratory, LPEE, Casablanca, Morocco
The densification of urban cities implies the realization of underground works, tunnels, metro stations, and
deep excavations. A certain number of these works are carried out by means of various retaining screens,
which can lead to disorders in the structure and in the works located in the influence zone of the works. It is
therefore necessary to anticipate and control the displacement of the ground. Nevertheless, the estimation
of these displacements remains a difficult problem. This study presents a 2D finite element analysis (FEA)
of the impact of deep excavation on adjacent structures using three elastoplastic behavior models, namely
the Mohr-Coulomb model (MC), the Hardening Soil model (HSM) and the Hardening Soil Small model
(HSS). The obtained measurements of horizontal displacement control of the nailed wall during the
excavation stages and the results of numerical modeling of the deformations allow us to determine the law
that reflects the real behavior of the soil and to understand the contribution of each mechanism on the
settlement and deflection of the retaining wall. The application of 2D finite element modeling with a
suitable behavior model gives the best predictions of retaining wall deflections and ground surface
settlements and allows us to perform a stress-strain analysis to take into account realistic material
behavior.
Keywords: Finite element modeling, deep excavation, adjacent buildings, behavior law, 2D Plaxis.
O6-166 Rediscovering raw earth heritage of Champagne area (France):

cartography and typology of a specific adobe vernacular architecture
Adrien Aras-Gaudrya,b, Gilles Fronteaua and Erwan Hamardb
a GEGENAA, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
b GPEM, MAST, University Gustave Eiffel, Campus of Nantes, cedex, France
The building sector has a strong impact on the environment in terms of pollution, through its carbon
footprint and waste generation. In this context, raw earth construction is experiencing a revival of interest
in its ability to use a local, reusable, and low environmental impact material. Vernacular architecture
reflects the evolution of particular know-how, which has been able to adapt to specific factors linked to a
nearby environment. Former builders knew how to adapt their habitat by optimizing the use of locally
available resources in response to their needs and considering local economic, social, and climatic
constraints. Champagne region is one of the last uninvestigated earth heritage territory of France, whereas
it presents an original and rich rural, urban, and industrial earth architecture. Moreover, the soils of
Champagne area derive from chalk and have high carbonate contents, which present another originality of
this territory. To cartography the raw earth heritage in the studied area and its borders, the various
buildings and practice observed on the field were geolocated on a digital tablet and using Qgis software.
The first objective is to define the boundaries of this territory through various transects. This work updates
the inventory that had never been done on the entire territory of Champagne and reveals local variations
and others uses of raw earth never described in the national survey maps of earthen construction
techniques. The presence of the adobe heritage corresponds quite well to the area of the chalky Champagne.
We notice two different types of boundaries. A first type where adobes architectures are directly replaced
by other building materials and a second type where adobes are used together with and then replaced by
other earth construction techniques (cob, wattle and daub). This reveals a dialogue between different
constructive cultures. In those ones the ends of adobe in earth buildings do not correspond to the end of
earth heritage. The survey seems to show certain coherence as to the presence of adobes in the construction
regarding the geology. Our work will allow characterizing the earth used, to valorize the excavated earth of
this territory, as well as to raise awareness and valorize the local raw earth architecture. In addition, the
discovery of the use of the cob in the Seine valley is a revelation on the richness of this heritage in this
geographical sector.
Keywords: Raw earth construction, heritage, cob, Qgis software.

O6-174 Seismic behavior of polymeric fiber reinforced cementitious composite

in exterior reinforced concrete beam-column joints loaded cyclically
under hysteresis loops.
Shwan H. Said
Department of Environment and Pollution, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk, Iraq.
This paper presents a comparative study to investigate the seismic behavior of RC exterior beam-column
joints subjected to cyclic loading. Two specimens of full-scale RC beam- column joint were cast and
prepared for testing. The first specimen was cast with conventional concrete (CC) and seismically designed
according to ACI 352R-02 structural connection Type 2. For second specimen, the CC and the transverse
reinforcement in the joint region were substituted by engineered cementitious composite (ECC) using
synthetic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. The specimens subjected to a reversed cyclic loading at the end of
the beam under controlled deformation until failure.
Keywords: Normal concrete (CC), engineered cementitious composite (ECC), polyethylene fibers (PE).
O6-181 Investigation of the possible valorization of Arcachon bay dredged

sediments in earth constructions
Sarah Nassar, Jacqueline Saliba And Nadia Saiyouri
Institut de Mécanique et d‟Ingénierie (I2M), CNRS, Esplanade des Arts et Métiers,
Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5295, Talence, France
The construction sector is currently facing an environmental challenge and is subject to increasingly
demanding regulations. Reducing everyday energy consumption is not sufficient therefore alternative
construction materials with low CO₂ emissions are needed. In view of this ecological transition, earth
constructions are an interesting solution given their low environmental impact and their hygrothermal
properties which allow the regulation of humidity. On the other hand, the ports must be regularly
maintained by dredging operations in order to provide the necessary depth of water for the navigation.
This induces huge quantities of sediments that should be valorized as they cannot be discharged into the sea
with the evolution of laws regarding dredging practices. This study investigates the sediments dredged
from “Arcachon Bay” in the South-west of France in an attempt to use them for the first time in compressed
earth blocks (CEB). Several sediment samples were collected from eight different locations along the bay.
The characterization of the sediments has been conducted in a cross way by laboratory and field tests in
order to test the potential of their use in CEB. The correlation and the complimentarily between
geotechnical and field tests have been conducted. The field tests allow the characterization of sediments
through sensory and cohesion tests such as appearance, smell, plasticity by touch, clay content, cigar,
pellet, shine, hand washing, adhesion, and ball. The conducted laboratory tests were wet sieving
granulometry, Atterberg limits, organic matter content, methylene blue test in order to determine the GTR
classification and verify the respect of the recommendations of the XP P13-901 standard relative to CEB.
The variability of the sediments has been also assessed. The results show that most of the sediments are silty
clay soils of class A2. The variability of the sediments has been also used to adapt the soil mix and several
mix optimization techniques have been proposed to improve the mechanical properties.
Keywords: Dredged sediments, earth blocks, Atterberg limits.
O6-187 New insights on conservation of marble artworks from computational

chemistry
Antonia E. Papasergioa, Greta Ugolottib , Martina Lessioa and Enrico Sassonib
a School of Chemistry, Sydney, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia

bDepartment of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of

Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Architectural elements made of marble, having decorative and/or structural function, are subject to
deterioration when exposed outdoors due to the combined action of rain (causing dissolution of calcite, the
mineral constituting marble) and solar radiation (causing temperature changes responsible for marble
cracking). A promising route to prevent marble deterioration is treating the stone with aqueous solutions of
diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) to form hydroxyapatite (HAP). Thanks to HAP formation,
dissolution of marble can be prevented (as the solubility of HAP is orders of magnitude lower than that of
calcite) and cracks can be sealed (as HAP creates new bridges among the calcite grains). To improve
treatment performance, the addition of alcohol to the DAP solution has recently been investigated with
encouraging results. Here we present a study combining computational chemistry and experimental tests,
with the aim of identifying alternative organic solvents which can further increase treatment efficacy. First,
we used quantum mechanics and molecular dynamics to screen among alternative solvents (including
water, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone) and to compare the binding affinity and competitive adsorption
behaviour onto the calcite surface. Then, we treated marble specimens with DAP solutions containing the
various solvents and characterized the resulting protective and consolidating efficacy. The results of the
study indicate that acetone binds to the calcite surface less strongly than the other solvents and does not
completely displace water from the surface, which is expected to be beneficial for treatment effectiveness.
The coating formed using acetone proved to have similar composition, thickness, and protective ability as
the coatings formed with the other solvents. In terms of consolidative ability, all solvents proved to be
effective in improving the surface hardness and abrasion resistance of marble. Overall, the extent of
interaction with the surface does not seem to be a critical factor for determining the treatment outcome.
This can be explained by considering that, in addition to the different binding affinity to the calcite surface,
the solvents also have the effect of weakening the hydration shell of the phosphate ions in the DAP solution.
Based on experimental results, this latter aspect seems to be predominant over the interaction with the
calcitic surface. Additional computational studies are currently in progress to further elucidate the effect of
the solvents on the phosphate ions in the DAP solution.
Keywords: Marble, diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP), hydroxyapatite, abrasion resistance, surface
hardness.
O6-193 Development of new intelligent earthen construction materials

Rouba Kassab, Laurent Ibos And Hamza Allam
CERTES, University of Paris Est Créteil, OSU Efluve, 61 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94010
Créteil Cedex, France
As a building material, Raw Earth is a local natural resource with a very low carbon footprint.
Nonetheless, the compressive strength of earth construction is considered weak compared to other
construction materials. This reduction in compressive strength influences the image of this material. This
study explores a possible way to valorize earthen structures: make them structural and self-sensing
simultaneously. This objective could be attained by enhancing the piezoresistive behavior of the material.
Piezoresistivity could be developed by adding conductive fibers. These fibers have two main consequences:
they reduce the electrical impedance of the new composite and create a relation between electrical and
mechanical properties. This study aims to provide a better comprehension of the efficiency of carbon fibers
in reducing the electrical impedance of earthen materials and to illustrate the secondary effects of this
presence on the physical properties of the earth. This is an important first step to proving the feasibility of
this new multifunctional material. Two mixed design parameters are studied: earth percentage and carbon
fiber presence. Earth percentages tested are 35, 50, 65, 80, and 100%. The effect of the presence of carbon
fiber was tested function of the three theoretical percolation phases: 0 % (nonfibrous earth), 0.02 %
(insulative zone), 0.1 % (around percolation threshold), 0.3 % (percolation transition zone) and 0.6 %
(saturation zone). The results show the positive effect of sand presence on density, shrinkage, and
mechanical properties. Concerning fibers‟ presence, they were efficient in reducing the electrical impedance

by several orders of magnitudes, which is a promising result to move forward and test the piezoresistive
behavior of the material. Nonetheless, the presence of carbon fibers impacts other properties: thermal,
mechanical, and acoustic. It notably enhances shrinkage.
Keywords :Earth, carbon fibers, electric, percolation, real impedance, imaginary impedance, absorption
coefficient.
O6-194 Prediction of the printability of concrete through Artificial Neural

Networks (ANN)
Andrea Marcucci and Liberato Ferrara
Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil Engineering, Milan, Italy
Digital Fabrication with Concrete (DFC) is acquiring potential since the need of a technological
advancement in the construction industry. The rheology of concrete finds evident meaning, because of the
necessity of working concrete in its early ages, when still fluid. To make the material suitable for the
printing process, concrete must comply with the printability requirements that are governed by parameters
such as yield, tensile and shear strength. Nowadays, the study behind the mix of a concrete material that
fits all the printing requirements is still something that passes through several trials, due to the difficulty
and the novelty that 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) represents. For this reason, it can be helpful to develop a
model, based on experience and the literature, that is able to predict if, for a given concrete mix design and
printing process, all the requirements tied to 3DCP are satisfied. The employment of Artificial Intelligence
(AI) can represent a solution to it. Due to its ability of solving complex problems, AI is enormously
increasing in the recent years. The applications are very wide, being able to cover different fields, from the
economic to military, passing through the construction sector. In particular, referring to this last one, AI
can be applied in concrete science for developing many topics as the mix proportion, the workability, and
the strength, giving the prediction of the effect of some parameters employed in the issue. AI tries to mimic
the human brain, which is made up of many nerve cells driven by neurons which are in control of the
external stimuli. Many AI techniques already exist, namely Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy
Logic (FL), which find terrific prospective in the studying of Civil Engineering concerns. The purpose of the
paper is to analyse the printability through the implementation of AI techniques, designing a neural
network between the parameters that control the printing process such as the printing speed, the interlayer
interval time, the nozzle geometry, and the composition, rheological properties and mechanical properties
of printable concrete mixes in the printability window.
Keywords: Concrete, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), printability, workability.
O6-202 Multi-disciplinary approach to deterioration analysis of architectural

stone in San Marco Basilica in Venice. A case study
Mila Cvetković and Salvatore Russo
IUAV University, Venice, Italy
From all the building materials present in cultural heritage all around the world, natural stone remains the
most complex one, regarding the protection, conservation, and deterioration-diagnostic challenges. This
scene is created by the profusion of factors which are affecting its mechanical and chemical state and
threatening its wellness and durability. The complexity comes from the diverse nature of the stone as
material, and it is heightened by its employment within architectural tradition. It is well known that
natural stone is widely present in Venetian cultural heritage. All the more, this material is challenged daily
by climate of the environment, through extensive temperature variations, high humidity, and sea-spray.
Degradation of stone, especially in application of structural elements, can lead to serious damage to the
cultural monument, and in some cases failure of the construction. This paper attempts to identify, analyze
and qualify the deterioration phenomena affecting the selected exterior columns of San Marco Basilica in
Venice, Italy. Multidisciplinary approach is applied to assess the structural properties of these elements and

to understand the potential, ongoing mechanical deterioration. Analyses include series of non-destructive
testing (ND), such as the visual inspection, deterioration mapping, direct and indirect sonic tests for
velocity calculations and sonic tomography mapping. The obtained results help us define the state of stone
components and, perhaps, provide guidelines for conservation and reinforcement in the future. Stone
cultural heritage represents a complex issue at large, and its challenges remain an open academic
discussion.
Keywords :Non-destructive testing, natural stone, cultural heritage.
O6-222 Robotic Spray Earth Printing: A novel additive manufacturing process

for earthen materials
Joschua Gosslara, Gerardo Arcangelo Pacillob, Noor Khadera, Norman Hacka, Harald Klofta
aTechnische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Structural Design, Braunschweig,
Germany
b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Florence,
Italy
Earth-based materials play an increasing role in the field of additive manufacturing in the construction
industry. The link between digitally driven construction processes and natural material solutions promises
to open up advantages at different levels of sustainability in the construction sector. Despite disagreements
over the exact impact of CO2 emissions caused by the construction sector, it is clear that this industry
accounts for a significant proportion of global emissions. In addition, 5 - 8% of global CO2 emissions are
attributable to cement production. The use of digital planning and production techniques will lead to
increased efficiency of construction methods and thus, the use of materials. Material-process combinations
based on the use of fully recyclable and cement-free options such as earthen materials are able to
significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the construction industry. In this context, the number of
research projects addressing the potential of digital earth building has been steadily increasing. Thus, novel
digital manufacturing methods with a focus on earthen construction are experimentally developed. This
paper aims to contribute to the exploration of novel fabrication concepts and to demonstrate the potentials
and challenges associated with a new construction technique called Robotic Spray Earth Printing (RSEP).
This technique originated from a manual process called "Pneumatically Impacted Stabilized Earth" (PISE),
in which earth-based aggregates are mixed with water and sprayed into a pre-installed reinforcement
cage. Afterwards the surface is manually finished using a plastering darby. In order to demonstrate the
advantages and feasibility of the RSEP technology, an extensive research campaign was established at the
Digital Building Fabrication Laboratory at the Institute of Structural Design at TU Braunschweig and
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICEA) of University of Florence in order to
investigate on the reciprocal influence of material properties and process parameters of RSEP. Preliminary
material tests on the raw material properties were carried out at University of Florence, and subsequently
evaluated in an automated robotic process at TU Braunschweig. By analyzing the mixability, pumpability,
and buildability of the raw materials, the reciprocal influences of the RSEP process and the material
properties were evaluated. Following the preliminary tests, three different manufacturing approaches were
used to fabricate components on a large scale to confirm the results. Finally, the results obtained are
presented, along with their implications for scaling up operational and feasible implementations in the
future.
O6-242 Automated concrete curing and assessment of concrete strength and

durability using IoT system
Woubishet Zewdu Taffesea and Ethiopia Nigussieb
a School
of Research and Graduate Studies, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Jan-
Magnus Janssonin aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland
b Department ofComputing, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, Turku, Finland

Manual water curing is still a popular method, especially in countries with hot climates. However, usingthis
method, it is extremely difficult to achieve effective curing to prevent plastic cracking and ensure longterm
strength and durability. It also has an adverse impact on the aesthetics of the concretesurface and isboth
uneconomical and labor intensive. To address this, automatic curing method that estimates the
waterevaporated from the concrete based on the surrounding climatic conditions and a theory-
basedcalculationfor replenishing has recently been proposed by some researchers. Although these methods
give better resultsthan traditional manual water curing method, it is suboptimal as the estimated water
loss may differ from the actual loss because it is influenced by several factors such as the waterto-cement
ratio (w/c), the typeof cement, and the size of the concrete element. In this work, we propose a conceptual
Internet of Things(IoT)-based automated water curing system that relies on real-time monitoring rather
than calculatedestimates. The system consists of multiple distributed wireless sensors that monitor
temperature and relativehumidity, a smart water valve, and water sprinklers at the cyber-physical layer.
The sensors could be placed according to the ASTM F2170 recommendation. Sensor data will be stored,
analyzed, and processed in realtime at the edge layer, closer to the data source, for faster response and
lower transmission costs. Thegateway sends information to the smart water valve based on the processed
data to automatically spraywater when the moisture content of the concrete falls below the set threshold
and to stop spraying when theconcrete is sufficiently hydrated. This process is repeated until the concrete
has reached a certain level ofstrength, which can be estimated using internal concrete temperature data
and the Maturity method.Furthermore, the data can be continuously transferred to cloud storage for
monitoring the durability of theconcrete and predicting its service life. The proposed automated concrete
curing system has severaladvantages. i) eliminates the risk of concrete failure caused by improper curing,
ii) resource and timeefficient, iv) not impacted by the w/c, cement types and the size of the concrete element,
iii) tracks realtime strength development, and iv) monitor the long-term durability. All of theseadvantages
have practicalconsequences for stakeholders and society
Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), concrete curing, sensors.
O6-284 Evaluation of mechanical anisotropy induced by 3D printing process of

earth-based materials
S. Rahal, A. Kaci And A. Skoudarli
CY Cergy Paris Université, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Matériaux du Génie Civil
(L2MGC), France
Due to the high energy consumption of cement-based materials, debates are increasing to develop new
composites using natural resources. As a result, there are more investigations on biobased and earth-based
materials in the literature thanks to their capability to reduce carbon dioxide gas emissions (CO 2).
Accordingly, earth has a strong potential since it hardens by drying rather than by hydraulic setting, it is
also infinitely repairable and recyclable, without generating greenhouse gas. This work investigates the
manufacturing of earth-based material using innovative construction technique: 3D printing process. To
ensure the printability, the first step involved a rheological analysis of the studied cob material. This phase
was accomplished by adjusting the rheological properties to the machine's extrusion parameters. The water
content was found according to the rheological criteria target allowing the material to be extruded at a
continuous and regular flow rate. This dosage ensures a sufficient yield stress allowing the deposit of the
printed layers without collapsing and the possibility to support the upper layers. Finally, the imposed
parameters during printing are gathered in G-code instructions including trajectories, velocities, extruder
revolving speed, etc. In the second step, prismatic specimens of 4×4×40cm were printed, cut, and sanded to
extract normalized samples. The works included three-point flexural, compression and shear tests. The
hardened printed material properties were investigated at various periods (7, 14 and 21 days) and
compared with the results obtained on casted specimens. As printed specimens are made layer after layer,
the manufacturing method had an impact on the behavior, the quality of the material and exhibited an
apparent anisotropy. Consequently, for each test, the loading was applied in the longitudinal, transversal,
and normal directions regarding the printed layers. It has been found that the yield stresses of the printed
specimens were of the same order of magnitude as those measured on casted ones, especially when the
loading was perpendicular to the printed layers. On the other hand, the resistances were significantly
reduced when the loading was applied in the longitudinal and transversal directions. In this case, the

behavior law exhibited a saw tooth form in compression and the yield stresses were reduced by more than
50% when compared to casted specimens. As the cracks occurred in the interface zone of the layers, these
results could be explained by the weakness introduced by the interlayer bond.
Keywords: Earth-based materials, 3D printing, compression.
O6-286 Towards the use of artificial intelligence for the quality control of
printed materials
A. Kacia, R. Chelouahb, S. Hamacic and I. Darcherifc
a Laboratoire de Mécanique et Matériaux du Génie Civil (L2MGC), CY Cergy Paris
Université, Paris, France
b ETIS, Neuville-sur-Oise, CY Cergy Paris Université, France
c ECAM-EPMI, Quartz, Cergy, France
The development of the additive manufacturing technique in the field of civil engineering construction
continues to grow. Equipment becomes less expansive, accessible and different materials can be used
actually like concrete, earth-based materials, bio-based materials. Optimization of mix design of these
products is important taking an account the relationship between rheological behavior requirements in
relation with 3D printing processing. Along the process, the material undergoes different shear rates
depending on the concerned step: mixing, pumping, extrusion and deposition. Consequently, the rheological
properties are in perpetual evolution which obliges the mix designer to integrate all these constraints to
ensure a strong robustness of the mixture in spite of the presence of several constituents of different natures
(organic and mineral) and of the externs‟ conditions (temperature, humidity,…). The existing models are
difficult to exploit because the requirements of the subsystems are sometimes characterized by
contradictory expectations. In this work, we have limited our investigation to two key points of the process
where we equipped our home-made printer with a video acquisition system and developed specific
calculation codes for evaluation of the outflow of the mortar through the nozzle as a function of time (which
must be continuous). Once the flow rate is set, we print the object according to target geometric
parameters. Then we estimate deformations by considering the distances between layers of printed object
detected by software. Developed tools will serve to build a data base to more understand relationship
between materials properties and process. For this aim Machine learning technique will be also used in next
step.
Keywords: Printed materials, developed tools, nozzle, deformation.
O6-295 In-plane experimental analysis and effectiveness of a compatible TRM-

strengthening solution for rammed earth buildings
Romanazzi A., Oliveira D.V., Silva R.A., Barontini A., Mendes N.
University of Minho, ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
The extensive use of different building techniques based on earthen materials can be attributed to the local
availability of the raw material, sustainability of the building process, and low cost. Among these building
techniques, rammed earth is one of the most found in new constructions and also as architectural heritage,
representing a cultural identity that must be preserved. Rammed earthen buildings are also known for
their seismic vulnerability, due to the low strength of the material, high mass and lack of engineering
approaches in design and building process. Despite rammed earth buildings are widespread, their
structural behaviour is still not well known, in particular with regard to the in-plane response under cyclic
loads, which represents a key factor to design an effective strengthening solution. In addition, as reported
in other systematic research on earthen heritage, vernacular strengthening solutions for rammed earth

buildings are observed; yet, the former lack of scientific and technological knowledge is evident. In this
sense, the investigation of the in-plane structural capacity of rammed earth walls allows to define the
performance of new buildings, and to propose an effective strengthening solution for the existing ones.
Given this framework, an experimental program was undertaken on the in-plane cyclic performance of a
rammed earth structural sub-assembly built with an I-shape geometry in plan. The testing protocol
considered loading-unloading cycles with increasing target displacements in both negative and positive in-
plane directions and two repetitions for each step. After the mock-up being damaged, a compatible TRM-
based strengthening solution was applied on both sides of the wall, which was afterwards tested following
the previous protocol. The experimental results are reported and discussed in terms of cracking pattern and
peak base shear force attained in each cycle. Finally, a comparison between the un-strengthened and TRM-
strengthened mock-up is presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strengthening solution. In
conclusion, the un-strengthened rammed earth wall responded as a non-homogeneous material and
attained considerable in-plane forces, while the TRM-strengthening solution resulted effective in terms of
recovering the previous shear strength.
Keywords : TRM-strengthening solution, un-strengthened rammed earth wall, earthen materials
O6-300 Seismic analysis of wall-to-horizontal diaphragm connections in

historical constructions: modelling and application
Fabio Solarinoa, Daniel V. Oliveiraa, Linda Giresinib
a University of Minho, ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
b SapienzaUniversity of Rome, Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,
Rome, Italy
The modeling and analysis of structural connections are complex and uncertain, but fundamental for
understanding their influence on the global and local seismic performance of historical earthquake-prone
buildings, often vulnerable to out-of-plane mechanisms. This is frequently due to weak wall-to-wall and
wall-to-horizontal diaphragm connections, primarily designed for gravitational loads only and frequently
neglected within the local and global analysis of unreinforced masonry buildings. The influence of wall-to-
horizontal diaphragm connection on global and local analysis is here studied by developing simplified and
advanced connection models calibrated upon cyclic experimental curves. Nonlinear static and nonlinear
dynamic analyses, as well as local analysis based on virtual work principle, but also advanced dynamic
stability of rigid block highlight the beneficial effects of the strengthened solution under study if compared
to the unstrengthened connection, often present in existing historical buildings. Hysteretic numerical
models, accounting for strength degradation and energy dissipation capacity, are developed based on
available experimental results seeking to simulate the nonlinear behavior of the wall-to-horizontal
diaphragm connections.
Keywords: seismic performance, historical constructions,modeling.
O6-326 Influence of modified stereotomy in reliability-based assessment of

masonry bridges
Mohamed Taha Fadel, Mustapha Rguig, Mohamed El Aroussi, Rachid Saadane
Hassania School of Public Works, ERIC, Casablanca, Morocco
The structural safety of old masonry bridges has always been an issue of great importance to the managers
of these unique heritage structures. However, the lack of knowledge of the mechanical and geometrical
characteristics of these structures with sufficient accuracy makes it difficult to assess their safety. The

theory of structural reliability helps to overcome the uncertainties which affect masonry arches and makes
it possible, via probabilistic methods, to take into account various hazards, and then guide managers as for
the actions to be made in order to sustain this heritage. The failure of a masonry arch is dependent on the
formation of a mechanism caused by hinges. These hinges are generally the points of the cracks caused by
the traffic on the bridge that develop to give rise to a local failure leading, by loss of redundancy, to an
overall failure of the arch. Cracks initiated in a masonry arch are generally oriented along the mortar
joints existing in the original construction configuration. However, weaknesses in the strength of the old
masonry block scan produce cracks not necessarily oriented with the joints, giving rise to a modification of
the basicstereotomy, usually of radial direction. In this work, this modified stereotomy is presented as a
parameter on which the structural stability of the arch studied depends under the effect of the moving loads
on the bridge. Then, based onoptimization techniques, a live load factor that can cause the failure of the
arch is found, with theobjective of calculating the bearing capacity of the masonry arch studied.The
probabilisation method of the stereotomy is then performed around a classical radial configuration in
order to allow a reliability study. This reliability analysis is presented for two limit states that can
represent the safety of the masonry arch. FORM and SORM methods are used to give reliability index and
probability of failure for the case of a single span masonry bridge, a comparison with international
standards in terms of structural reliability completes the structural safety assessment.
Keywords: Modified stereotomy, masonry bridges, structural safety.
O6-330 Treatment of liquefiable soils by the ballasted column technique: case

of Martil river bridge in the North of Morocco
Youness Tlidia, Lahcen Bahia, Latifa Ouadifa, Anas Bahia and Mustapha Amranib
a L3GIELaboratory, Mohammadia Engineering School, Mohammed V University,
Rabat, Morocco
b L3G Laboratory, Univ. Cadi Ayyad (UCA). Marrakech, Morocco
The seismic activity in northern Morocco is largely due to an intense tectonic activity Plio-Quaternary and
current generated by the approach of the two lithospheric plates Africa-Eurasia. Certainly, the liquefaction
of soils is a phenomenon that presents a potential risk and a major challenge for the construction of
foundations of engineering structures. The objective of this work is the realization of test plates to decide on
adequate treatment in a soil liquefiable. For our case during the construction of a double bridge on a
liquefiable soil and in a seismic zone, we were confronted with two technical problems, on the one hand the
choice of the method of treatment of the soil in place and on the other hand the verification of this
improvement by the results of the CPT tests (Cone Penetration Test) carried out before and after the
densification of the soil. Many types of liquefaction remediation methods have been developed. However,
for our case, the results indicate the effectiveness of the vibrocompaction method in improving the in-place
soil compared to the dry method in eliminating the risk of soil liquefaction. It should be noted that the wet
columns were lowered to 22m/TN, and the dry columns were stopped at varying depths between 2 and
14m/TN, and the results ofthe CPT (Cone Penetration Test) confirm the effectiveness of vibrocompaction
and that the bridge foundations are protected against the phenomenon of soil liquefaction. We proceeded
with the application of the finite element method using the PLAXIS software, to determine the safety
spacing to be respected between ballasted column and piles in order to avoid any damage to the deep
foundations of the bridge structures. The verification of this spacing was validated by the sonic coring
method, which allows verifying the continuity of the deep foundations and the piles by detecting the
presence of cracks or anomalies along the shaft and at the tip. The homogeneity and the quality of the
concrete are assessed and the defects are precisely located, including at the pile tip.
Keywords: Soil, Cone Penetration Test, liquefaction remediation, PLAXIS software.

O6-331 Treatment by ballasted column against the phenomenon of liquefaction

soil: Case of the Mohamed VI tower in Morocco
Youness Tlidia, Lahcen Bahia, Latifa Ouadifa, Anas Bahia and Mustapha Amranib
a L3GIELaboratory, Mohammadia Engineering School, Mohammed V University, Rabat,
Morocco
bL3G Laboratory, Univ. Cadi Ayyad (UCA). Marrakech, Morocco
At a height of 250 meters, the Mohammed VI Tower located in Africa in the city of Rabat was thought to be
visible from 50 kilometers. With a total area of 102,800 m², this tower is the largest tower in Africa. The
ground is composed of compressible marl and sand with a risk of liquefaction, so it had to be reinforced
with ballasted columns. The reinforced concrete foundation bars were oversized to take into account the
negative friction induced by liquefaction. The proposed experiment allows a comprehensive analysis of the
risk of liquefaction of the soil underlying the tower built on liquefiable soil. The seismicity maps of Morocco
show that the Rabat region is in a seismically active zone, highlighting that Morocco is located in a collision
zone, near the boundary between the two African-Eurasian plates. This paper aims to expose all the steps
taken to analyze the risk of soil liquefaction on the site by SPT tests on the one hand and to consider the risk
of vibration due to the ballasted column works on the railroad. After having eliminated the risk of soil
liquefaction by the technique of the ballasted column with the wet track, at a depth of 10 meters, we proceed
to the analysis of the risks of vibration. After eliminating the risk of soil liquefaction by the ballasted column
technique, we proceeded with a vibration suitability test to protect the track against the vibrations emitted
by the vibrator of the ballasted column machine. The test was carried out with the installation of geophone
sensors, with different distances between the sources of vibrations induced by the vibrator to make the
ballasted columns. Given the lithology of the land, by this adequacy we concluded that the distance of 10
meters between the source of vibration and the railroad is safe.
Keywords: Ballasted columns, soil liquefaction, vibration, tower.
O6-339 Comparative study of liquefaction potential assessment methods from

in situ SPT and CPT tests applied to the Al Hoceima area in northern
Morocco
Mohamed Bziaza, Lahcen Bahia, Latifa Ouadifa, Tlidi Younessa, Anas Bahia, Hamou
Mansourib
a 3GIE
Laboratory, Mohammadia Engineering School, B.P 765, Agdal Rabat 10090
Mohammed V University in Rabat, Moroccoo
b LPEE Public Laboratory for tests and studies, Casablanca, Morocco
soils made up of fine grains (sands, silts) being in a loose initial state and reaching a water table, when they
are subjected to seismic stress, what is called the liquefaction phenomenon appears. This phenomenon is
linked to the generation of high pore pressures, which leads to a very significant reduction in the levels of
effective stresses existing in the rock mass, and subsequently a significant drop in shear strengths that can
be mobilized in the material. this process can cause irreparable damage to buildings and development
projects. the importance of the phenomenon is linked to the characteristics of the soil in place and to the
seismic excitation. Predicting the risk of soil liquefaction in seismic zones is an important economic and
human issue, its objective is to avoid possible irreparable damage. Several methods have been developed for
the estimation of soil liquefaction potential, the most widely used is that based on the results of in-situ tests
initially proposed by Seed and Idriss (1971) and later developed by several authors at the basis of other in
situ and laboratory tests. In January 1996, a workshop on liquefaction issues was organized by NCEER
(National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research); the recommendations of this workshop are
analyzed by Youd et al. (2001). The object of this article is to make initially a comparative study of the
various analytical methods of evaluation of the potential of liquefaction by using the results of the tests in
situ CPT and SP, then we will proceed to the prediction of the risk of liquefaction of Souani area in the city
of Al hoceima in northern Morocco where development projects are underway. the exploitation of the

results of the existing in situ CPT and SPT tests in the study area allowed us to conclude that the soil of the
Souani area is liquefiable, and therefore an anti-liquefaction treatment is necessary. the grain size of the
materials in place favors an anti-liquefaction treatment by stone columns.
Keywords: Earthquake, Liquefaction, SPT, CPT, potential, stress, Pore pressures
O6-347 Study of the effectiveness of vibro compaction using in situ SPT and
CPT tests to reduce the risk of liquefaction.
Mohamed Bziaza, Lahcen Bahia, Latifa Ouadifa, Anas Bahia, Abdehak Sabihib
a 3GIE
Laboratory, Mohammadia Engineering School, B.P 765, Agdal Rabat 10090
Mohammed V University in Rabat, Moroccoo
Morocco is currently experiencing significant development in the implementation of development and

infrastructure projects; this country is in a seismically active zone. Therefore, thinking about soil
liquefaction issues when designing projects is paramount. The most common methods used to quantify the
susceptibility of a soil to liquefy are based on in situ SPT and CPT tests. Several processes allow the
treatment of liquefiable soils (vibrocompaction, stone columns, static horizontal compaction, etc.), drainage
(gravel drains, stone columns) or formwork by jet-grouting or Deep Soil Mixing, which reduces the risk of
liquefaction potential and therefore the possibility of building on this type of soil if space restriction reasons
require it. Vibro-compaction is a soil improvement technique in the mass is closely linked to the grain size of
the soil to be treated, its percentage of fines less than 10% (going to 0.08 mm <10%), it is the the most
suitable and the most effective method of treatment of liquefiable soils hosting maritime projects, this is
why this process was used to improve the poor geo mechanical properties of the loose sand of the port of
Nador located in the North-East of Morocco in order to bring sufficient cohesion to avoid large increases in
pore pressure during an earthquake. This article aims, through the exploitation of the results of the CPT
(Cone Penetration Test) and SPT (standard Penetration Test) tests to evaluate the liquefaction potential of
the soil of the port of Nador and to compare the results of the two methods. The foundation soils of this
project, which are liquefiable, were treated by vibro-compaction. the in situ CPT tests carried out after
treatment of the soil in place by this process made it possible to conclude that this method of densification of
the soil in place generates an effect of improvement of the densified material by increasing the modulus of
elasticity, reducing compaction, eliminating the risk of liquefaction and improving the relative density. This
study can serve as a basis for other analyzes carried out under the same conditions.
Keywords:susceptibility, Liquefaction, SPT, CPT, Vibro compaction, relative density
O6-366 Developing clay-based tile adhesives with good resistance against

water
Kassem Nejmeha, Emmanuel Keitaa, Ann Bourgesb, Joumana YAMMINE-Malesysc,
Domitille Benoite, Yannick Sallierc, Aline Magniend, Nicolas Roussela
a Université Gustave Eiffel, Champs-sur-Marne, France
b Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France, Paris, France
c Saint-Gobain Weber, Courbevoie, France
d Laboratoire Recherche Monuments Historiques, Champs-sur-Marne, France
e Saint Gobain Recherche Paris, Aubervilliers, France
In order to study the possibility of replacing the cement with a sustainable and eco-friendly material such
as clays. The research objective envisaged in this thesis is to understand and modify the cohesion of clays in
the presence of water. This understanding will allow the development of specifications for suitable
biopolymers and will provide a basis for the formulation of water-resistant clay binders. The European
standards mandate criteria for mortars just as they do for any other building material. The pull-off test
procedure, which is advised by the standards, is cumbersome and time-consuming. Simplifying the testing
method is a solution to have a wide screening of several additives. Shear test for the mortar gives a good

correlation with the pull-off test, and then we are trying to screen some additives using the shear test. Some
additives show an improvement in their mechanical properties at drying and wet conditions. We studied
both imbibitions of water in the tiles and in the mortar in presence of different additives studied, to see the
possibility of preventing water to enter the mortar system. Results show that the water enters the system at
different rates with each additive, but eventually water enters in less than 24 hours. We obtained a good
correlation between the shear strength exerted by the additive in the mortar system and the shear strength
of the additive with lime and cellulose ether alone (simple system). This correlation allows a simple
screening for additives that might be candidates to improve the adhesion strength in the mortar system.
Shear test of the additive with lime and cellulose ether reflects the pull-off test recommended by European
standards. This simple and fast test allows a better understanding of the effect of an additive on the
adhesion properties of a mortar at dry and wet conditions.
Keywords: Clays, water, shear, adhesion properties, mortar.
O6-427 Onsite assessment of thermal and hygrothermal performances of earth

masonry construction
Noha Al Haffara, Simon Thebaulta, Nicolas Placea, Mohamd El Kadrib, Fadi Lahloub,
Géraldine Garniera
aCentre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), 24 rue Joseph Fourie, 38400 Saint
Martin d‟Hères, France
bCentre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), 84 avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447
Marne-la-Vallée cedex 2, France
The interest in traditional earth constructions has grown in Europe since a few years. This growing interest
can be attributed to the fact that earth has among other qualities a good capacity for the hygrothermal
regulation inside a building, thanks to their high thermal mass and hygroscopicity. This well-established
ability of earth to store and manage heat and moisture has been extensively studied in the past at the
material scale. However, the evaluation of the building envelop performance is rarely achieved in practice.
This study presents an evaluation of the thermal and hygrothermal performances of earth masonry
construction based on onsite measurements under real conditions of exposure. The construction is a test cell
located in Canohès in the Southern France, built with earth masonry blocks following the patented process
of the company “Pesages et Volumétrie”. The walls of the cell are composed of two blocks layers separated
by a 60mm air gap. The cell is a single room with habitable surface area of 12.9m2 and was tested without
occupants. Firstly, the air tightness of the envelop was quantified with the blower door test. The air
permeability results indicated a very good level of air tightness. The thermal insulation of the envelop was
measured according to the ISABELE method (In Situ Assessment of the Building EnveLope pErformances)
developed by the CSTB to deduce the transmission heat transfer coefficient of the building with its
uncertainty in few days. The results of the different ISABELE tests demonstrated that the total thermal
insulation level of the tested envelop could be classified as good to average according to the scale of the
building heat loss coefficient (Ubat) of the French Energy Performance Diagnosis (commonly called “DPE”).
The results of the ISABELE tests were confirmed by the outcomes of a CoHeating test conducted during a
long period of 3 months. Secondly, the analysis of the measured variations of the indoor air temperature
and relative humidity in the tested cell demonstrated that the cell ensure thermal comfort during the
summer period according to the adaptative model of thermal comfort adopted by the EN NF 16798. Finally,
a WUFI model simulations were conducted considering the block properties measured in the laboratory
and the interior and exterior climate conditions measured onsite. These calculations of coupled heat-
moisture transfers through the masonry wall did not show any risks related to humidity according to the
guidelines of the French technical guide SimHuBat.

O6-441 A Numerical Study of the Flexion of a Simple Rectangular Reinforced

Concrete Beam.
M. Kajjaa, H. Bitab, N. Taifia, A. Malaouia
a Researchin Physics and Engineering Sciences Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty,
Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
b Metrology and Information Processing Laboratory, Laayoune Technology School, Ibn
Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
This work presents a numerical study by robot analysis structure software in order to determine the effect
of loads on a reinforced concrete beam. The beam is a structural element used in buildings because of their
important roles in the field of construction, which include the transformation of loads to vertical elements
such as columns, walls, and floors. as well as the connection of the frames between them. There are several
types of beams, and they vary according to their shape and material. But the study is concentrated on
rectangular reinforced concrete beams with length L=6 m, height h=0,6 m, and width b=0,3 m, between
two rotulas supports under the influence of uniformly distributed loads applied along their entire length.
The objectives of this study are to determine how a live load and a combination of both loads affect the
maximum bending moment, maximum shear force, number, and maximum crack width with a constant
permanent load, using Eurocode 2 standards. The results show that increasing the live load and
combination load increases the maximum bending moment, maximum shear force, deflection of the beam,
and crack width. When the deflection increases, the load increases, but this increase is different depending
on the type of the load and it is always higher for combination loads because of the factor combination
values. The effect of combination loads on the number of cracks and their maximum width are also
increasing as the combination loads increases. The numerical results are compared with the theoretical
results in the middle of the span; it is found that the maximum bending moment and the maximum shear
force have the same values in the case of a live load, but in the case of the combination load; there is a
difference of 2, 5.10-3 KN.m and a difference of 5.10-3 KN for maximum shear force.
Keywords: Numerical study, robot analysis, reinforced concrete beam.
O6-447 Reusing of concrete building elements-assessment and quality

assurance for service-life
Jan Suchorzewskia, Fabio Santandreab, Katarina Malagaa
aRISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Department Infrastructure and Concrete Technology,
Brinellgatan 4, 50115 Borås, Sweden
bRISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Department Chemistry and Applied Mechanics,
Brinellgatan 4, 50115 Borås, Sweden

Strategic reuse of demounted concrete elements in new buildings may be one of the solutions that will
support the transition to circular construction. To ensure wider application of concrete reuse, RISE
developed a methodology for the assessment of the structural condition of existing buildings, and the
selection of elements suitable for reuse, including guidelines for their disassembly, storage, and installation.
However, one of the main obstacles for wide application of concrete reuse is the uncertainty concerning the
remaining service-life of concrete elements and evaluation of quality over the future service-life in a new
building. This paper describes a methodology for material and structuralassessments which combine non-
destructive, on-site testing with traditional laboratory tests of samples extracted from the structures. The
results are intendedto support the decision-making process on reuse and give a technical basis for the
design of new buildings.Great consideration is put on various deterioration mechanisms for concrete and
steel corrosion affecting structural condition of housing and office buildings. To assess the impact of
degradation processes, theoretical models are considered, while the remaining service lifeis estimated by
means of a simplified approach that provides the basis for evaluation of likelihood and severity of
consequences entailed by material degradation on the structural performance. The proposed approach was
validated on the results from three pilot projects, where real buildings in Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden,
were reused or prepared for reuse to different extent. The analysed buildings had different functions
(housing, office, parking) and structures (prefabricated elements and in-situ casted concrete), being
representative for Swedish building stock. One of the buildings has been already dissembled and the
prefabricated, where prestressed hollow-core slabs have been successfully reused for a new office building
construction. Based on these experiences, a simple classification system for quality of concrete elements for
reuse was proposed with three main parameters, namely calculation of remaining service-life, extent of
cracking and the target exposure class. The proposed system is not complete and must be further validated
for various types of elements and structures by wider group of market actors.
O6-457 Geotechnical investigation into the causes of cracks in educational

building and maintenance culture : A case study
Jebli Taoufik, Aalil Issam And Radouani Mohammed
National Higher School of Engineering (ENSAM), Moulay Ismail University, Meknes,
Morocco
Public buildings, such as schools, should be founded on good ground. However, this is not always possible;
public planning specifies the location of educational institutions based on the size of the population and the
travel distance from residence to the school. This boils down to dealing with the available soil at the expense
of both the construction budget and maintenance. To make sure that government educational building
assets are safe, last longer, and look better, a maintenance management optimization strategy and a
systematic maintenance scheme should be implemented, based on an analysis of failure modes and their
effects, among other factors. The promotion of maintenance as a culture is also necessary. This paper aims
to identify the factors that cause damage to educational buildings, especially those related to soil nature,
and to propose practical solutions to avoid these problems. The study was conducted on a school with
structural defects. It covered a reconnaissance survey, a structural inspection, and geotechnical
investigations of the study area. Results of concrete quality testing revealed that the resistance of concrete
in building members (beams, columns, and footings) is acceptable. Geotechnical laboratory tests of the soil,
such as particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, and consolidation tests, reflect expansive potential due to
the presence of clay minerals. It is found that the expansive nature of the soil in the selected area is
responsible for causing distress in the form of cracks in the buildings due to the foundations' differential
settlement. The phenomenon was attributed to changes in soil moisture due to seasonal changes in rainfall,
poor drainage, the presence of gardens near buildings, damaged water pipes, and an unbalanced
distribution of forces between supports. Some of the defects caused by expansive soils are preventable if
there is regular and timely maintenance, as well as the awareness of the users, who have insufficient
knowledge about the features and behaviour of expansive soils.
Keywords: Educational Buildings, cracks, expansive soil, maintenance, differential settlement.

O6-465 Finite element modeling of early-age temperature development of in-

situ concrete under variable ambient temperatures
Yaowen Tan, Kangkang Tang
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge,
UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
The early-age temperature rise in in-situ concrete caused by the exothermic hydration of cement poses a
risk of thermal cracking of concrete structures. Accurate prediction of the concrete hydration temperature
development is of critical importance to predict and mitigate concrete early thermal cracking. One of the
main challenges in predicting in-situ concrete temperatures is that variable ambient temperature can
significantly affect cement hydration rates and concrete heat dissipation. This paper presents a finite
element modeling (FEM) approach to investigate the early-age temperature development of in-situ concrete
by adequately considering the effect of variable ambient temperatures. The model considers the heat of
hydration of the cement, the effect of ambient temperature variations, and the heat transfer through the
concrete and insulation mould. The isothermal calorimetry curves were adjusted mathematically via the
Arrhenius-based method to simulate the cement hydration rate under real-life ambient temperatures. The
FEM model was verified through comparison with concrete semi-adiabatic test and was found to provide
accurate predictions of the temperature development of in-situ concrete. This indicates the adjusted
isothermal calorimetry curves successfully express the ambient temperature effect on the cement hydration
rate.
O6-501 Review of alkali silica reaction produced by fine glassaggregates in

concrete
Ibtissam Abalouch a, Siham Sakami b, Fatima-Ezzahra Elabbassi b and Lahcen Boukhattem
a,c
a LMPEQ, National School of Applied Sciences, Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech,
Morocco
b L3G, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
c EnR2E Laboratory, National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy,
CNEREE, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
Alkali silica reaction (ASR) in cement-based materials is a strong deleterious reaction when considering the
damage caused over times. This reaction concernssome aggregates that contain reactive amorphous silica.
In last years, the use of recycled glass wastesin concrete tooka large interest due to the mechanical and
thermal improvements that they brought to the concrete. However, the production ofASR that occurs
between the hydroxyl ions (OH–) accompanied by the soluble alkaline ions (Na +, K+) in theconcrete and
recycled waste glass aggregates (WGA)has limited their use. The aim of this paper is to review the ASR
produced especially by replacing sand by recycled waste glassin concrete.We focused on the reaction
mechanism and the factors affecting this reaction. This paperprovide also different techniques commonly
used to determineexpansion due of ASR in French and American standardization. In addition, the effect of
size, color and percentage used of recycled glass waste on ASR are discussed bravely. As results of this
review, microscopic observation of many studies had shown that ASR gel occurs in the micro-cracks
already existing in the glass particles. Since 1940, different tests are developed to identify the reactivity of
aggregate against ASR. The main object of all tests is to measure the length changes of specimen after
exposing them to certain condition of alkalinity, temperature and humidity. Concerning the identification of
WGA in concrete against ASR, the accelerated test had mentioned heavy usage compared to the long-term
test. On the other hand, several researchhave mentioned that the lower is the size of glass, the lower is the
expansion ASR in the concrete.Finally, the effect of waste glass color on ASR is related to the micro-
cracking pre-existing in the particles and the existence of additives such as Chromium oxide Cr 2O3 in waste
glass.
Keywords :Alkali silica reaction, cement-based materials, concrete

O6-583 Numerical simulation of a dry joint masonry arch in the Volubilis site
(Morocco)
Mohamed Sekkaki , Ali Chaaba, Issam Aalil
Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Higher School of Engineering (ENSAM), Moulay Ismail
University, Meknès, Morocco
The archaeological site of Volubilis is one of the world heritages recognized by UNESCO. It is located in
Morocco, 30 km from Meknes and 60 km from Fez. It contains several historical monuments such as the
triumphal arch, the basilica, the gate of Tangier, etc... Most of these monuments are composed of masonry
arches that give them a particular aesthetic, which attracts the attention of tourists and researchers. This
makes their conservation and protection essential to ensure and guarantee their durability. These masonry
arches are composed of dry-jointed stone blocks with an irregular geometry that makes understanding
their mechanical behavior a complex task. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a numerical tool to
analyze the mechanical behavior of these arches in the face of the stresses that affect their structures. To do
this, the present study focuses on understanding the mechanical behavior of these structures, mainly their
modes of failure, the distribution of stresses, and their areas of weakness as well as their bearing capacity.
In this regard, a masonry arch is numerically simulated using the finite element software ANSYS and
integrating two models implemented in this software. A " Concrete " model based on the
William-Warnke criterion is used to simulate the failure modes by cracking in the three spatial directions.
The interfaces between the stone blocks were modeled using the Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) to predict the
failure and damage modes at these interfaces and, more precisely, their separations in the normal and
tangential directions. The physical and mechanical properties of the stone block were determined from the
experimental tests, while the other properties were estimated from a literature review. The results obtained
in this study show the stress distribution and the mode of failure of this arch. The failure is presented as
three hinges that develop as the load is applied. These results obtained numerically in this study show good
agreement with those obtained experimentally, which are presented in the literature.

Poster Communications

P1-25 Comparative study on the effect of different supplementary

cementitious materials on alkali-silica reaction of self-compacting
concrete
Ahmed Abdalqadera, Tahreer Fayyada, Mohammed Sonebib
a Tracey Concrete Ltd, Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, UK
b Civil Engineering Department, Belfast, Queen‟s University Belfast, Northern Ireland,
UK
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) has been increasingly used in construction industry especially in
prefabricated concrete applications. Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a deleterious reaction between
reactive aggregate and alkalis in cement. This reaction can lead to serious expansion and cracking in
concrete, causing major structural problems. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can be
used to mitigate the effect of ASR. Therefore, it is important to understand the role SCMs can play to
eliminate the effect of ASR in SCC. In this study, the effect of ground granulated blast-furnace slag
(GGBS), fly ash (FA) and limestone powder (LSP) on the potential of ASR in SCC was assessed. Two
methods, namely, RILEM AAR-4 and ASTM C1260, were used to test ASR. Additionally, fresh and
hardened properties as well as transport properties such as permeability and capillarity absorption
were also tested. It was found that the properties of fresh and hardened concrete are greatly affected
by the type of SCMs used. The main findings of the study showed that SSC-GGBS outperformed other
SCMs against ASR.
Keywords : Alkali-silica reaction, self-compacting concrete, GGBS.
P1-40 Synthesis, structural and vibrationnal study of Rb3Ln(PO4)2

phosphates with Ln=rare earth
L. Rghioui, A. El Hajji, L. Guennoun, R. Khaoulaf, M. Serghini Idrissi
Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and
Environment, (LS3MN2E-CERNE2D), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
Inorganic compounds with general formula (A, A‟)3Ln(XO4)2 (A, A‟=K, Rb, Cs ; Ln=rare earth element
and X=P,V) have attracted much attention due to their applications as phosphors, laser materials or
solid state lighting. Such properties are probably due to the simultaneous presence of rare earth ions and
XO4 groups. In this work we are interested to the synthesis and the study by X-ray diffraction and
vibrational spectroscopy of Rb3Ln(PO4)2 phosphates (Ln= rare earth). The crystalline powder of these
compounds was synthesized by solid state reaction at 900°C and the crystals of these phosphates were
prepared by the reactive flux method at 1000°C. The used flux is RbCl and RbF mixture. The analysis of
the X-ray diagrams allowed us to separate these phosphates into two series: the serie of compounds of
monoclinic structure for Ln=La,...,Tb (isotypic with K 3Nd(PO4)2 structure, space group P21/m) and the
serie of rhombohedral compounds for Ln=Dy,..., Lu (isotypic with glaserite structure, space groupe P-
3m1). The cell parameters were calculated for all these compounds. Raman and infrared spectra were
recorded at room temperature and at high temperature. Based on previous work carried out for isotype
compounds, the interpretation of these spectra was made in molecular group, site group and factor
group.
Keywords : Rare earth, phosphates, cell parameters.

P1-43 Alkali-activated foam composites made of recycled glass precursor
Ayesha Siddikaa, Ailar Hajimohammadia, Veena Sahajwallab

a School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW
Sydney), Sydney, Australia
b Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology, University of New South
Wales (UNSW Sydney), SMaRT@UNSW, School of Materials Science and Engineering,

Sydney, Australia
The combined mechanical and chemical foaming techniques have been successfully applied in developing
porous and lightweight foam concrete and geopolymers. The combined foaming technique has effectively
reduced the pore size and homogenous size distribution of the pores in foamed composites. However, one
of the parameters that control foaming behaviour is the rheological property (viscosity) of the activator
and suspension. Additionally, the viscosity and foaming behaviour of the suspension influence pore
formation, stability, and size distribution. For alkali-activated foam composite, the viscosity of the
activated suspension significantly depends on the mix design of precursor, viscosity and silica modulus
of activator. The silica modulus of the activator is an important parameter in designing the alkali-
activated foam composite. The viscosity of the activator varies with its silica modulus. However, the
impact of the viscosity of the activator on the foaming behaviour and pore structure of foam composite is
not investigated previously. This study aims to investigate the viscosity of activator and activated
precursor mix with different silica modulus of alkali-activator and their impact on the pore structure
and properties of alkali-activated glass-precursor-based foam composite (AGF). Three industrial wastes
are used as precursors and activated by a hybrid activator with a modified silica modulus. The main
precursor of the system is glass powder derived from recycling the waste window/windshield glass of
automotive vehicles. These glasses are amorphous and contain SiO 2 and CaO. To provide the required
elements for developing a stable network by the dissolution of precursors, fly ash and slag are added as
additional source materials. After activation, foaming is done using combined mechanical and chemical
foaming techniques. The mechanical foaming is designed with a surfactant stirring at low speed to
reduce the stress on suspension, which helps reduce pore collapse during foaming. Additionally, the
chemical foaming is done using hydrogen peroxide, which helps to create closed pores. Due to the
combined foaming, uniformly distributed and close pores are formed in foam composite. The foam
composites were cast in moulds and kept in close condition to be cured at room temperature for up to test
days. After the specified curing time, the density, porosity, pore distribution, and strength of the foam
composite were measured. In this study, the viscosity of the alkali-activated suspension was measured
before foaming and correlated with the expansion of the suspension after introducing foaming. The pore
distribution in cured AGF was determined and correlated with the fresh rheological properties.
However, the properties and pore structure of AGF were different depending on the silica modulus of the
activator. Given the specific precursor, the activator viscosity significantly affected the viscosity of the
foaming suspension, which alters the foaming behaviour. The viscosity of the activator increases with its
silica modulus because of the more silicate in the activator. The more viscous activator provides more
resistance to stress developed during foaming and provides more stability to the entrapped pores in the
fresh foam. Additionally, pore expansion is limited by the more viscous suspension thus, pore size
reduces. Also, silica dissolution from the silicate activator positively impacts the stability of reaction
products. On the contrary, reducing the silica modulus of the activator results in more alkali ions
available in suspension, thus causing a harsh foaming reaction during chemical foaming and causing
pore coalescing. Therefore, there is a complex impact of the silica modulus and viscosity of the activator
and the viscosity of the activated suspension on the pore structure of AGF. The spherical morphology of
the fly ash particles helps to provide the flowability of suspension by reducing the viscosity of the paste.
On the contrary, the angular-shaped particles of glass powder and slags effectively increase the viscosity
of the suspension due to the friction between particles. Consequently, the required viscosity is achieved to
resist pore collapse. As the viscosity of the suspension increases because of the shear rate and stress, the
foaming speed was kept low to help maintain the viscosity and reduce pore collapse. Additionally, the

blend of precursors is partially dissolved in the hybrid activator and provides the required elements for
developing stable reaction products (C-S-H, C-(N)-A-S-H). Consequently, the stability and homogeneity
of the pores are enhanced. As a result of desirable pore distribution and stable reaction products formed
within the blend of precursors, stable and lightweight (<800 Kg/m 3) AGF is developed using a high
volume of recycled glass precursor cured at room temperature. Considering all the results obtained, this
study explains the impact of the rheological properties and silica modulus of activator and activated
paste on the pore distribution and properties of alkali-activated glass-precursor-based foam composite.
Keywords : Foaming, alkali-activated materials, glass powder, viscosity, reduce pore collapse.
P1-49 Utilization of seawater and sea sand in concrete for the sustainability
of natural resources
Vidyakrishna P Vidhyadharan, Alice Johny
Department Of Civil Engineering, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kottayam, Kerala,
India
River sand is available naturally and are tremendously utilized in construction industry. It is
comparatively clean, coarse, chemically inert and needs very less or no treatment before being put into
use. Extraction of river sand as fine aggregate has damaging effects on river ecosystem and utilization of
fresh water creates key challenge in many parts of the world due to drought. To find an alternative for
river sand and fresh water is an absolute necessity. Majority of studies have found seawater and sea
sand concrete (SWSSC) to have equivalent properties as conventional concrete. This thesis performs an
experimental study on the 28 and 90 days strength and durability parameters of conventional and
seawater sea sand concrete(SWSSC). Also different percentages of Ground granulated blast furnace slag
(GGBS) are added for the seawater and sea sand concrete (SWSSC) for finding the variation of strength
and durability parameters. An optimum percentage of GGBS added to seawater sea sand concrete is
obtained.
Keywords :Compressive strength, Durability, Seawater and Sea sand Concrete (SWSSC), RCPT, Water
permeability, Freeze- Thaw, Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Conventional concrete
P1-72 Development of eco-friendly bricks based on phosphogypsum and

phosphate mining by-products
S. Oubahaa,b, R. Hakkoua,c, Y. Tahac, M. O. Mghazlib,d and M. Benzaazouab,c
a IMED-Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University (UCA),
Marrakech, Morocco
b Research Institute for Solar Energy and New Energies (IRESEN), Green Energy Park,
Benguerir, Morocco
c Mining Environment & Circular Economy (EMEC) program, Mohammed VI
Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
d ENTPE, LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Lyon University, Vaulx-en-Velin Cedex, France
The present work aims to propose new recycling solutions to maximize the use of phosphogypsum (PG)
in construction applications. The performance of several different formulations for the manufacture of
bricks made of raw PG with some other phosphate mining by-products (Calcareous material (CM) and
red clay (RC)) was investigated. This research work started at a laboratory scale in order to optimize
and find the best formulation that will satisfy national and international standards, and then scaled up
for optimized mixtures at the pilot scale using two brick shapes (solid and hollowed). The impact of the
brick shape elaborated in the pilot scale was also examined. Compressed earth bricks (CEBs) were
elaborated using the maximum of PG and minimum cement (C) amount, while ensuring the
neutralization of the acidity generated by the PG after adding different proportions of RC, CM and C.

The mineralogical, environmental and geotechnical characteristics of the raw materials were also
studied. The toxicity characteristic leaching test (TCLP) was performed on the raw PG and also on the
ground bricks to investigate the risk of contamination. The most successful mixture that was found after
the laboratory scale optimization involved 40% PG and 8% cement only, this mixture has an unconfined
compressive strength reached after 28 days was satisfying; around 8.1 and 7.7 MPa at laboratory and
pilot scale respectively. The thermal conductivity of the developed CEBs was interesting; between 0.484
and 0.506 W.m-1.K-1 . The values of bulk density and water absorption coefficient by capillary are in
accordance with the requirements indicated by the standards. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) analyses highlighted the formation of tobermorite (5CaO.6SiO 2,2H2O) and
ettringite (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12,26H2O). The TCLP test of PG used and optimized bricks in this study
showed no contaminant release. The results obtained are very encouraging; they showed that the
elaborated CEBs can be adapted to compressed earth blocks applications. In the light of this study, it is
recommended to initiate an economic and commercial investigation in this case.
Keywords : Phosphogypsum, by-products valorization, thermal conductivity, red clay.
Corresponding Author :[email protected]
P1-73 Assessing the influence of nano-silica on the characteristics of high-

strength geopolymer fiber reinforced concrete
Fadi Althoey
Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Because of the recent progress in materials properties, specifically high-strength concrete, further
research is needed to evaluate its suitability and understanding in the modern-day world. This research
aims to enhance the understanding of high-strength geopolymer concrete (HS-GPC) by evaluating its
fresh and strength characteristics. The present study assesses the impact of nano-silica (NS) and
polypropylene fibers (PPFs) on the strength properties of HS-GPC. Three 1%, 2% 3% distinct amount of
PPFs and three NS 5%, 10%, 15% were utilized in the samples. The fresh properties, compressive
strength, modulus of elasticity, and splitting tensile strength were evaluated at the curing of 28 days. The
test outcomes showed that by raising the percentage of PPFs and NS, the strength properties of HS-GPC
can be improved significantly even at the same percentage of PPFs. The highest strength was obtained at
2% polypropylene fibers and 10% nano-silica, as the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and
splitting tensile strength were 134 MPa, 32 GPa, and 16 MPa, respectively. The present study showed the
suitability of PPFs and NS to develop high-strength geopolymer concrete, which can be used as a possible
alternate material for Portland cement-based concrete.
Keywords: Nano-silica, polypropylene fibers, high-strength geopolymer concrete.
P1-81 Mechanical properties of Portland cement blended with high fly ash
fraction activated by alkali sulphates
Nisrine El Fami, Hassan EZ-Zaki, Ali Boukhari and Abdeljebbar Diouri
Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Materials, Center for Materials Science, Faculty of
Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
The production of traditional cement consumes massive mineral resources and intensive energy.
Considering these problems, the use of industrial by-products is essential to reduce disposal costs,
mitigate environmental risks and ensure sustainable development. One of the best ways to reduce the
environmental impact of the cement and concrete industry is to use supplementary cementitious
materials, such as fly ash (FA), in binder mixtures. The materials containing FA exhibit a wide range of
properties compared to ordinary Portland cement. When high FA contents are used as a cement
replacement, the compressive strength of mortars is reduced. Therefore, such admixtures necessitate
activation. This study reports the results of an experimental investigation to find out the effect of

chemical activation of Portland cement blended with 40% by weight of class F FA. Two chemical
activators were used in this study; Na2SO4 and K2SO4. The activation with Na2SO4 leads to an increase in
the reactivity of the blended cement. Activation with Na 2SO4 contributes to a significant increase in
strength at both early and later ages.
Keywords: Cement, fly ash, alkali activation, mechanical strength.
P1-83 Stabilization of loam – Interaction of water vapour adsorption,

porosity and strength
Tanja Manninger and Katrin Rübner
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department 7, Berlin, Germany
Loam is an eco-friendly building material with a low CO 2 footprint compared to cementitious materials.
The material is used worldwide. Usually, it is available locally, making long ways of transport
redundant. Therefore, it is a material for a sustainable future. Because of more frequent weathering
events and increase of precipitation quantity through single rainfalls due to climate change, loam
buildings have to withstand bigger challenges than in the past. A possibility to stabilize loam, avoiding
the use of cement, was studied. The use of an alkali activated material for stabilization is an
environmentally friendly way to accomplish this task. Five samples were prepared for this study. Loam
stabilized by activating three different kinds of calcined clay by the addition of KOH, loam stabilized
with cement as a reference and pure loam were compared. The loam was successfully stabilized with the
activated calcined clay to withstand complete immersion in water for over a week. A disadvantage
presented itself as that the liquid volume necessary to ensure workability of the stabilized mixture is
higher than that for pure loam. Except in the reference stabilized with cement, the water is not part of
any hydration process. It enables only ion transport and ensures mixture workability. Thus, any amount
of water that was added will evaporate over time as the mixture dries. Tests on the water vapour
adsorption capabilities of the different samples showed that the loam and the stabilized materials had
very similar behavior while the cement stabilized material showed different properties. Strength tests of
the stabilized materials showed very low values compared to pure loam and the cement stabilized
sample. Interactions between water vapor adsorption ability, porosity and strength have been studied.
Options to reduce the necessary water volume to ensure workability of the mixture have been discussed.
The enhancement of compressive and flexural strength is also subject of discussion.
Keywords:Loam, adsorption, porosity, workability.
P1-112 Alkali activation of calcium silicate clinker: hydration and

microstructure properties
Nisrine El Famia, Hassan Ez-zakia, Omar Sassib, Ali Boukharia and Abdeljebbar Diouria
aLCAM-Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat,
Morocco
b Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Materials, ENS of Rabat, Morocco
Synthesized CSC (Calcium Silicate Clinker: C3S 70% and C2S 30%) was hydrated in water as a control,
and alkaline solutions: NaOH or KOH (5M). The hydration kinetics was characterized by isothermal
calorimetry. Hydrated samples after 28 days of curing were characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM. The
results showed that the contact of synthesized phases with the liquid phase during hydration is strongly
influenced by the presence of alkalis. The hydration of CSC in presence of alkalis leads to the acceleration
of hydration and penetration of Na+ and K+ into the C-S-H structure, leading to the stimulation and
generation of C-(N)-S-H and C-(K)-S-H. SEM observations revealed a significant difference in the
morphology and composition of C-S-H in the presence of NaOH or KOH. The chemical activation of
calcium silicate phases can be a promising solution to increase the hydraulic and mechanical properties

of the resulting cementitious products.

Keywords: Calcium silicate clinker, alkali-activation, hydration
P1-113 A physico-chemical studies of lime-based mortars from different eras

F. Santoro De Vicoa , A. Zagarolib , Carlos Rodriguez-Navarroa, J. Kubicab , M. Gorskib
and E. Ruiz Agudoa
a DepartamentoMineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
b Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, The Silesian
University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Strengthening interventions and protective treatments on heritage masonry structures require

compatibility of the new material in order to properly work and avoid future damages. In this regard,
the knowledge of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of the mortars represents an
invaluable tool for deepening this aspect. This study focuses on three types of samples taken from three
types of lime-based mortars. The samples come from different historical periods: medieval lime mortar
(14th century), lime mortar from the turn of the18th/19th century, and, for comparison, the modern
cement-lime mortar of M7 class. Samples of historical mortars have been collected from historic
buildings situated in southern Poland. These materials have been investigated experimentally using
destructive and non-destructive techniques, such as: X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform
infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, and Scanning electron microscope to obtain the fine
scale internal structure and chemical characterization like the amount of water absorption. These
analyses also have an impact on the physical properties in the reference periods analysed. They
evidenced a similar composition of quartz and calcite, from the oldest to the newest material.
Furthermore, an evaluation of internal damages using micro-CT performing investigation and after
compressive tests on small non-standardized samples of the materials has been performed, highlighting
the influences of these micro-scale properties on the mechanical ones (compressive strength).
Keywords: Lime-based mortars, historical periods, micro-CT, physico-chemical properties.
P1-115 Comparison of the efficiency of particle packing models for reducing

the amount of Portland cement in concrete
Petra Štefaneca, Dora Kolmana, Ivan Gabrijela and Šime Pulićb
a Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
b TPA Quality Assurance and Innovation Ltd., Dugopolje, Croatia
The influence of aggregates on the properties of concrete was already mentioned in the 19th century, and
after that, numerous models were developed with which scientists tried to estimate and show the packing
of particles as accurately as possible. Three different methods have been established to determine the
distribution of mixture particles: ideal curve models, particle packing models, and discrete element
modeling. Today, the interest in using the model is based on the packing of filler particles in concrete
mixes, in order to reduce the amount of Portland cement as much as possible. Particle packing models
are analytical models whose purpose is to calculate the theoretical packing density of particles in a
concrete mixture, and this calculation is based on the distribution of particle sizes and the packing
density of different groups of particles that are present in the mixture. This paper presents a critical
comparison of different models for achieving optimal particle size distribution. The first analyzed model
is the CPM (Compressible Packing Model), which was an extension of the linear packing density model
because the compaction index K was introduced into the calculation. This model is still considered one of
the most accurate models, and since the beginning of its application it has proven to be a good
"foundation" for further research and modifications. CIPM (Compaction-Interaction Packing Model)

was then analyzed. This model is a modification of CPM with the help of discrete element modeling and is
used to investigate the influence of interparticle forces and structural effects on particle packing density.
One of the latest proposed models "Mi-S-S" (Mixing-shear-resistance, Spread flow, Strength test) is
based on optimization of particle packing, reduction of the need for water in the mix, and partial
replacement of cement clinker with filler. The main goal of this work is to point out the advantages and
disadvantages of these models of particle packing so that, based on these findings, a suitable model can
be selected for designing the composition of a concrete mix with a reduced proportion of Portland
cement, replacing its proportion with locally available fillers.
Keywords: Packing density, particle packing models, portland cement, filler.
P1-117 Evaluation of water vapor permeability in mortars produced with

crystallizing additive
Carina M. Stolza, Andrea da R. Rysdykb, MayaraAmarioa, Mohammad K. Najjara, Elaine
G. Vazqueza and Assed N. Haddada
a Department of Civil Construction, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil
b Civil Engineer, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
The durability of mortar coatings is directly linked to the permeability of this material. Additives can
modify the structure and connectivity of the pores inside the mortar, and contribute to improve its
permeability such as crystallization additives. Additives have the function of hindering the entry of
water and at the same time allowing the material to be permeable to water vapor. Such behavior is of
great relevance when dealing with mortars, to promote the elimination of moisture. The objective of this
work is to analyze the use of the crystallization additive in mortars, and verify how it will fulfill the
function of making it permeable to water vapor. For this evaluation, specimens are made with
proportions of 1:1 and 1:3 (cement: sand, dry materials, by volume, produced by weight) and adding 0%,
1%, and 3% of crystallizer concerning the mass of the cement. These proportions are analyzed in the
fresh state and the hardened state, over time, adopting the international standard NP EN 1015-19:
Determination of water vapor permeability of hardened plastering mortars since there is no national
standardization on the subject. Additionally, images are taken by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
In the fresh state, it is observed that the content of 3% of crystallizer affected the workability of the
mortars. Through the statistical analysis, it is demonstrated that the use of the crystallizing additive in
the mortar by not significantly influencing its permeability to steam, prevents water from filling the
pores of the material. The SEM images showed the formation of possible crystals in the 1:3 mix mortar
with a 3% of additive that underwent wet curing for 97 days. In addition, it is possible to self-heal a
crack resulting from the crystallization caused by the additive, with a predominance of calcium
hydroxide particles (Ca(OH)₂) in energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. This behavior shows the
feasibility of using this type of additive in coating mortars, as a novelty in these construction systems.
Keywords : Permeability, crystallizing additive, microstructure.
P1-118 Fresh and hardened state performance of eco-efficient concrete

mixtures incorporating soil waste
Ana Claudia Bergmann, Sergio R. A. Dantas and Leandro Sanchez
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
Most contaminated soils are destined for landfills without treatment before burial, exposing the
surrounding environment to secondary contamination. Air quality, groundwater quality, and land
availability for economic and social development are adversely affected by the disposal of hazardous
waste on local and regional levels. Meanwhile, concrete producers are striving to reduce their
environmental footprint, which can be achieved by reusing and repurposing soils that would have been

disposed of in landfills before. Particle parking models (PPMs) are advanced mix-design techniques
designed to optimize PSD in granular systems, improving the mechanical properties of cement-based
materials. Therefore, it is proposed that advanced mix-design techniques such as particle packing
models (PPMs) be used to produce eco-efficient concrete mixtures (mixtures with low carbon footprints
containing little Portland cement) incorporating recycled and treated soils as full replacements for
natural sands (i.e., 150-5000 μm) and natural filler material (i.e., less than 150μm). Six concrete
mixtures displaying three water-to-fines ratios (0.40, 0.50, and 0.60), the same packing condition (q=
0.28), and cement content (250 kg/m3) were studied. Evaluations were conducted in the fresh (i.e.,
consistency) and short-term hardened (i.e., compressive strength, surface electrical resistivity, bulk
resistivity, and ultrasound pulse velocity) states. Preliminary results suggest that despite enhancing
mechanical performance (i.e., compressive strength), low water contents adversely affect consistency.
There was a similar reduction in CS among the soil waste mixtures compared with the control mixtures;
on average, replacing natural sand with soil reduced mechanical performance by 43%. Despite this, one
mixture containing waste material (CCS, w/c 0.4) met the CSA requirements for use in C-4 and F-2
exposure classes (compressive strength > 25 MPa, maximum w/c 0.55). While preliminary and short-
term results were promising, it is recommended that the best performing eco-efficient mixture presented
in this paper be investigated on the long-term stability and durability aspects to validate the use of
recycled and treated soils containing organic and inorganic pollutants (i.e., heavy metals and organic
molecules).
Keywords: soil waste,particle parking models, concrete, mix-design.
P1-124 A study of fly ash based geopolymer containing marble waste

Oumaima Bourzik, Khadija Baba, Nacer Akkouri, Sana Simou, Abderrahman Nounah
Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory (LGCE), Mohammadia Engineering
School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
In recent years, the construction industry has been addressing the issue of integrating sustainability into
production processes, whether through solid waste used as aggregate in concrete or through the search
for more eco-friendly raw materials. In addition, the global trends group has focused on developing an
alternative to cement, which contributes significantly to environmental pollution due to its greenhouse
gas emissions. The challenge of sustainable development is now forcing scientists and policy makers to
consider alternative materials and processes that require low energy consumption and low emissions
while prioritizing local materials and recycling of industrial waste. This study aims to evaluate the
mechanical and physical properties of a geopolymer binder based on fly ash partially replaced by
marble. The workability, density, porosity, compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of samples
were evaluated. An increase in compressive strength, density and ultrasonic pulse velocity was observed,
while a decrease in porosity and workability was noted. This study concludes that the substitution of fly
ash with marble improves mechanical properties and is a means of reducing the problems associated
with natural resource depletion and environmental degradation.
Keywords: Fly ash, geopolymer, marble waste, eco-friendly materials, compressive strength.
P1-127 Analysis of the scale effect on the compressive strength of unstabilized

rammed earth
Eluckkiya Angalakurichi Nallasamya, Florent Vieux-Champagnea,
Yannick Siefferta, Yann Malécota and Martin Pointetb
a Grenoble INP, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
b BE Terre, Grenoble, France

Rammed earth (RE) is one of the traditional earth construction techniques. It is considered as a
sustainable construction method as it leaves very less carbon footprint. The construct ion process
involves compressing the earth material with optimum moisture content in a formwork. The formwork is
removed once after the wall achieves its desired height. The compressive strength of RE is one of the main
mechanical characters considered while designing load bearing structures. It is determined by testing
representative cylindrical samples of size 16/32 in laboratory conditions for compression. The
representativeness of such cylindrical samples compared to the walls on the site is influenced not only by
the heterogeneity of the material but also by the nature of its fabrication. This study intends to assess the
relationship between the compressive strength of the RE samples of different sizes and thereby to analyse
the representativeness of the laboratory test samples i.e., cylinders of size 16/32. Establishing this
relationship is essential as fabricating huge size samples is time consuming and expensive to determine
the compressive strength of the provided earth forsmall construction projects. The RE samples of 5
different sizes were manufactured to undergo a uniaxial compression test up to failure. Apart from the
typical cylinders (C) of size 16/32 cm, RE prisms of 20/20/40 cm (P20), 30/30/60 cm (P30), 50/50/100
cm (P50) and 80/50/160 cm (P80) were manufactured in the laboratory. All the samples of P80, P50,
P30 were fabricated with the same protocol for the grain size distribution of the earth, shuttering,
compacting and the manufacturing water content. Whereas P20 and the C follows the different protocol
for the grain size in order to respect the grain size vs sample size proportion. All the samples were
weighed periodically to monitor the mass loss. The samples are to be tested for compression by
September 2022. The idea is to compare the compression strength of each sample size with that to the
other sizes to derive the scale effect. The second phase of the study is to produce a series of cylinders and
test them in the moisture content in which the huge blocks are tested.
Keywords: Rammed earth, compressive strength, size distribution, blocks.
P1-130 Application of the Taguchi method for the optimization of cementitious

mixtures' printability using appropriate chemical admixtures
I. Tsilikis, D. Kioupis, A. Skaropoulou, K. Aspiotis and S. Tsivilis
School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
3D concrete printing (3DCP) technology has gained a lot of interest during the latest years. Its
application in the building sector has many advantages including time and cost effectiveness, errors
reduction and architectural and construction customizability. However, its major drawback is the lack of
official regulations or guidelines, or even some well-defined criteria for the evaluation of materials
printability. This study examines the development of an initial framework for laboratory testing and
evaluation of fresh printable mixtures performance. Firstly, twelve different printable mixtures were
prepared consisting of cement, silica fume and three different chemical admixtures: accelerator, retarder
and superplasticizer. The rheological properties of the fresh mixtures, such as workability and
flowability, were evaluated through flow table testing and a lab-scale additive manufacturing process
was held to check their extrudability and buildability properties. To determine mixes initial setting time a
penetration device was used (Vicat, ΕΝ 196-3). Compressive strength measurement (EN 196-1) was
conducted on the harden state of the cementitious materials to estimate their mechanical properties.
Secondly, the optimum combination of the aforementioned chemical admixtures was investigated
through the application of Taguchi method (a multifactorial design of experiments method), which
reduces efficiently the number of required experiments. In general, preliminary results indicated that the
addition of any type of chemical admixture improved paste‟s printing properties and performance.
Moreover, there is a high probability of deriving an indirect correlation between the following printable
mixtures properties: buildability and workability as well as extrudability and the determination of the
initial setting time of each composition. Additionally, the ideal initial flowability range of the
cementitious mixtures is from 0.20 to 0.25, regardless the admixture type. Upper than this range, the
printing material is less buildable, meaning that the structure‟s capability to keep its shape is limited, and
lower than this range the material is not extrudable, meaning that it is not workable enough to achieve a
constant extrusion. Some experiments (Taguchi method) are in progress.

Keywords: 3D concrete, chemical admixtures,multifactorial design of experiments method, mixture

properties.
P1-138 Experimental studies on the effect of steel shots as fine aggregates on

the rheology of SCC in thin precast sections
T.A.Rajha Rajeswaran, A. Ravichandran, S. Kothandaraman
Department of Civil Engineering , Velammal Engineering College, Chennai, India
The paper describes the experiments to assess the effects of steel shots used as partial replacement for
natural fine aggregates towards the flowability and workability of SCC – Self Compacting Concrete. For
thin precast RCC sections, maximum size of aggregate particle – be it Fine or Coarse Aggregate, is an
important factor affecting the Workability. Aggregate size and shape also influence other characteristics
such as Bleeding, Segregation, etc. For Coarse Aggregates, angular shape is optimum from the
perspective of Bonding and Interlocking for the maximum strength of concrete. But for Fine Aggregates,
Spherical shape is the best option. For SCC, though the homogeneity and flowability can be realized by
increasing the Powder Content through mineral admixtures and by using appropriate chemical
admixtures, still it is found that use of spherical shaped aggregates, especially for fine aggregates will
improvise the rheological properties. The influence of steel shots / balls towards, flowability, passability
and filling ability and other such workability characteristics of SCC are explained through various
experiments. In Precast Reinforced Concrete Construction, for elements with thinner dimensions, the
thickness and quality of concrete cover around the steel reinforcements greatly depend on the free
flowing nature and consistency of concrete. Defects like Honeycombing, absence of coarse aggregates in
the cover, high porosity of cover concrete, easy cracking of cover during de-shuttering and even before
service loading, etc. are commonly observed in both the cast –in- situ and precast concrete. Even if SCC is
used instead of CVC – Conventional Vibrated Concrete, all these defects cannot be eliminated. Use of Steel
Shots as a part of Fine Aggregates proves to improve the quality of cover for concrete member. The
paper describes the improvements realized due to steel shots in SCC, through experiments such as L Box,
U Box, J Ring Tests. While these tests quantify the benefits for fresh concrete, additional tests have been
conducted to assess the properties in hardened stage through Rebound Hammer, Permeability tests. All
the tests portray significant improvements which are directly attributable to the use of steel shots. The
only drawback due to steel shots is the increase in self weight of the RC members. However considering
the smaller dimensions of the RC members and the smaller percentage of steel shots, this additional self-
weight is negligible and has no effect further on any other parameter of the structure.
Keywords: Self Compacting Concrete, steel shots, workability, L Box, U Box, J Ring Tests.
Corresponding Author: [email protected]; [email protected]
P1-157 Alkali-aggregate reactions in tropical aggregates: Effects on the

chemical stability of high-performance concretes
Paul Venyitea,b, Elie Kamseub,c, Uphie Chinje Meloa, Cristina Leonellic
aLaboratory of Applied Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
b Local Materials Promotion Authority, MINRESI/MIPROMALO, Yaoundé, Cameroon
cDepartment of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,
Modena, Italy
One of the most deleterious chemical reactions that occurs within ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
concrete is alkali-aggregate reactions (AAR), also known as the concrete “cancer”. These reactions
include the alkali-silica reactions (ASR), involving silicious aggregates and minerals such as; quartz,
opal, tridymite, cristobalite, chert and volcanic glass, and the alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR), involving

dolomite in certain calcitic dolomites and dolomitic limestones. In the tropical world, rocks
petrochemistry show high concentrations of iron, which has been predicted to contribute to AAR. Even
though extensive research works have been carried out on the ASR, information partnering to the alkali
reactivity of iron-bearing minerals in aggregates is lacking in the literature. Additionally, the
construction of concrete structures such as roads, bridges, embalmment, dams and decks of buildings,
etc. is very expensive and premature failures may require serious financial costs for repairs and
reconstruction. That is why this study is aimed to elucidate the alkali-aggregate reactions in granites and
basalts of the tropics and, expose the role of iron-bearing minerals like pyrite and biotite in AAR. In the
first part of this research, the role of pyrite and biotite in AAR is discussed. Aggregate samples were
collected from three different deposits in tropical Africa. Mineralogical and microstructural
characteristics by XRD, optical microscopy and ESEM-EDX, indicated micaceous, felspathic, garnet and
sulphide mineral groups. XRF shows quite significant levels of FeO + Fe 2O3, ranging from 6.38 wt.% to
9.86 wt.%. Optical microscopy and ESEM analysis of NaOH-leached residues showed quite elevated
fractions of Fe. Sulphur was quantified in the leached residues of most corroded aggregate samples from
deposit III, pointing to the dissociation of pyrite. The absence of S and the presence of ample amounts of
Fe in the less degraded aggregates leached residues of deposits I and II points to the release of Fe by
other iron containing minerals, including biotite. Findings of this study is a reference point for the
development of control and mitigation of AAR involving pyrite and biotite – rich aggregates.
Keywords: Alkali-aggregate reactions (AAR), alkali-silica reactions (ASR), granite, petrochemistry,
microstructure.
P1-161 Study of the amorphization state of thermally activated clays

Khalid Azizi, Jabrane Maissara, Youssef Naimi
Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Materials LCPM, Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
Cement is made by mixing limestone, clay and sand in a rotary kiln at a temperature of 1450°C. Under
the effect of heat, the flour from this mixture is transformed into clinker. The operation of kilns and
clinker cooling devices produces combustion gases containing carbon monoxide and dioxide,
hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, sulfur oxides and nitrogen), are sources of air pollution, as well as the
use of high temperatures lead to waste energy. In this context, we have focused our research work on the
improvement of building materials, by modifying clays, in order to obtain a reactive pozzolan (hard
material). The firing of these nanoparticles allows the creation of materials that can be used in the
cement industry, for example: Metakaolin resulting from thermal activation; it becomes a synthetic
pozzolan used as a mineral addition in hydraulic binders. So, our objective is to characterize this thermal
transformation (Dehydroxylation), by different spectroscopic methods, thermal and calorimetry of the
dissolution in hydrofluoric acid, to reduce the temperature of the kiln used during the cement
manufacturing. According to the physical-chemical study, by chemical analysis methods, X-ray
diffraction was performed for four clayey soils from the regions of Morocco in the temperature range
450-950°C, were measured by calorimetry. Their dehydroxylation is minimal at 720-800°C. The optimal
parameters of calcination, for which the dehydroxylation of the material is complete, are a temperature
of 650°C and a heating time of 6h. The conversion of kaolinite to metakaolinite was confirmed by IR
analyses of the starting and heat-treated kaolin samples.
Keywords: Clays, calorimetry, dehydroxylation, metakaolinite.

P1-164 Use of biomolecules to enhance durability of alkali-activated slag

systems
Sadegh Tale, Elvis Baffoe, Ali Ghahremaninezhad
Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami,
Coral Gables, United States
Concerns over the environmental impact and unavailability of virgin materials have provided an
impetus for finding green materials to be used in the construction industry. Alkali-activated slag concrete
has the potential to yield improved characteristics compared to Portland cement concrete. Despite its
advantages, a widespread utilization of alkali-activated slag concrete in the industry has been hampered
by concerns over its durability particularly their autogenous shrinkage induced cracking. In this
presentation, the interaction between certain biomolecules and alkali-activated slag paste, and the
influence of biomolecules on the chemical composition, microstructural characteristics, and properties of
alkali-activated slag pastes are evaluated. The molecular structure of biomolecules consists of a wide
range of different functional groups including charged, hydrogen bond forming, and hydrophobic
groups; thus, they are endowed with a multitude of interaction pathways to impart influence on alkali-
activated slag paste. Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray
Diffraction, X-ray Microcomputed Tomography were employed to investigate the effect of biomolecules
on alkali activated slag paste.
Keywords: Alkali-activated slag paste, biomolecules, functional groups, interactions.

P1-165 The influence of manganese oxide on the structure, physicochemical

properties, and dissolution behaviors of phosphate glasses
Tariq Labbiltaa, Imane Anassera,Mohamed Amine Harecha, Sofiane El Barkaouia,b,
Abdelaziz El Abiada, Hakima Aouada, and Mohamed Mesnaouia,c
aLaboratory of Materials Sciences and Processes Optimization, Chemistry Department,
Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
bLaboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate change, Biology Department, Faculty of
Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
cCenter of Excellence in Soil and Fertilizer Research in Africa (CESFRA), AgroBioSciences,
Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
In this work, manganese was suggested to improve the durability of 50P 2O5-33.33K2O-(11.11-x/2) CaO-
(5.56-x/2) MgO-xMnO glasses with 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 mol%. Indeed, its effects on the glass structure, thermal
properties, physicochemical properties, and in particular, dissolution behaviors have been studied. The
conventional melt-quenching technique was used to elaborate glasses at 1000°C, and they were
characterized by Differential Thermal Analysis, density and molar volume measurements, X-Ray
Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy. Dissolution behaviors
were tracked by measuring weight loss and pH. Molar volume measurements showed that phosphate
glasses become more compact by incorporating MnO. Structural characterization using Raman and
Infrared spectra classified Q2 groups as the main structural unit, accompanied by a minor number of Q 1
groups and the absence of Q3 groups, proving that the glass network is composed mainly of
metaphosphate chains. The dissolution results showed that incorporating manganese was an effective
method to change the phosphate glasses' chemical durability due to their ionic cross linking between the
non-bridging oxygen atoms of the phosphate chains, corresponding to the change in thermal properties
(Tg, Tc, and Tf).
Keywords: Glass, phosphate, controlled-release, manganese, metaphosphate.

P1-173 Cured alkali-activated heated clay-cellulose composites:

Microstructure, effect of glass addition and performances
Abdellah Mourak, Mohamed Hajjaji, Abdelhakim Alagui
Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences
Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
Co-presenting geopolymers and cellulose in clay-based materials has the potential to improve their
performance. Thus, composites composed of heated clay-cellulose with hardened NaOH (up to 10% by
mass) were prepared, and their microstructural characteristics were examined.In addition, the effect of
the addition of glass waste on composite properties was evaluated.The results indicated that zeolite
(chabazite) and sodium carbonate were formed from metakaolin and carbonated respectively., and the
zeroing process slowed down after five days of hardening due to the immobilization of the ions. The
coating of metakaolin particles by the amorphous cellulose II-Na formed considerably reduced the
formation of zeolite.The presence of cellulose II-Na resulted in the porosity decrease, and consequently
the mechanical strength and density enhanced. The results also showed that the kinetics of water
absorption by the composites followed the pseudo-first order equation, and the rate constant was found
to be 4.3 × 10−3 s −1. Moreover, the reinforcement effect of the cellulose fibreswas eliminated by the
formation of glass derivatives.
Keywords: Geopolymer, heated clay, cellulose, alkaline activation, microstructure.
P1-189 Electrical and mechanical properties of tungsten-based phosphate

glasses
Leila Ouachouo and Lahcen Bih
Laboratoire des Sciences et Métiers de l‟Ingénieur (LSMI), Département Matériaux et
Procédés, ENSAM Meknès, Université Moulay Ismail, Meknès, Morocco
Novel Lithium Phosphotungstate glasses were prepared using the melt quenching route. The synthesis
resulted in colorless and transparent glasses. To extract some physical and structural aspects of these
glassy materials, parameters such as density, molar volume, electrical conductivity, and glass transition
temperature are determined. Density measurements showed that density, oxygen packing, and oxygen
volume are more dependent on the chlorine content. From the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
curves, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of each glass is evaluated and correlated to the rigidity of
the glasses. Raman spectroscopy has allowed the identification of the different co-existing structural
units in the glassy-network. Moreover, the chlorine addition in the composition highlights the formation
of tungsten polyhedral with mixed oxygen and chlorine WO nCly anions. Mechanical properties of the
glasses in terms of Vickers Test are carried out and the H v values are almost independent on their
chemical composition. Electrical conductivity measurements of the glasses are investigated at different
temperatures over a large frequency range using the impedance spectroscopy technique. It is found that
the electric conductivity increases with increasing lithium chloride content. The dc conductivity reaches
almost 10-6 (-1.cm-1) at room temperature (RT). The frequency dependence of the conductivity of the
glasses is investigated and the conduction is governed by the correlated barrier hopping (CBH)
mechanism.
Keywords: Phosphate; glasses,structure, ionic conductivity, solid electrolyte.

P1-192 Influence of different fillers in extruded geopolymeric matrix for 3D

printing
Andrea Saccani, Giulia Masi, Maria Chiara Bignozzi
Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of
Bologna, Bologna, Italy
One of the key challenges for the development of 3D printing in construction is the optimization of proper
mix design in the fresh and hardened state. It is well known that the incorporation of nano- or micro-
sized fillers generally improves thixotropic properties of the mixtures, having a great influence on the
performance of extruded geopolymers by 3D printing. This work analyzes the effect of different fillers on
fresh and hardened properties of extruded geopolymers. Geopolymers and alkali activated materials are
innovative binders with comparable and sometimes superior properties compared to traditional
cementitious materials. The setting time of these materials is generally quite fast and usually occurs at
room or at low (< 100°C) temperature. In addition, they exhibit satisfying mechanical properties,
hydraulicity and mesoporous microstructure. In this study, micro-sized fillers, sourced from different
industrial byproducts, such as silica fume, fly ash and ceramic waste from porcelain tile grinding, were
tested. For comparison purpose, calcium carbonate was also tested as reference filler. Extruded
geopolymers were prepared by mixing metakaolin with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions,
considering the following molar ratios: SiO 2/Al2O3 = 2.24, Na2O/Al2O3 = 0.64, Na2O/SiO2 = 0.28. All the
samples were cured at room temperature. Firstly, the microstructure of the investigated fillers was
analyzed by particle size distribution and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate their particle shapes.
The optimized concentration of the investigated fillers was selected by obtaining a comparable
workability of the mixes at the fresh state. Moreover, the setting time was evaluated by Vicat test, while
physical properties and microstructure of hardened samples were analyzed by water absorption
measurement, mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Preliminary attempts
of printing process were manually carried out using a 5 mm-conical nozzle in air at room temperature. It
was found that the particle size and shape of the fillers strongly influence the viscosity of the mix and thus
the suitability of the selected mixes for extrusion in 3D printing application.
Keywords: 3D printing, extruded geopolymer, thixotropic properties, physical properties,
microstructure.
P1-204 Elaboration and characterization of alkali-activated composite clays

based on coal waste - olive pomace
M. Harrami, N. El Fami, N. Khachani, A. Diouri
Laboratoire de Chimie Applique
́e des Mate
́riaux, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V
In Morocco, the mining and oil industries produce a large amount of wastes, posing an environmental
problem directly affecting the ecosystems. More than 20 million tons of coal waste were generated
between 1963 and 2001 in the abandoned mine of Jerada. Meanwhile, the production of olive oil
generates 30% of a solid by-product called olive pomace. The damage caused by these wastes has led to
look for alternative ways to reduce their dangerousness by valorizing them as by-products in different
fields, such as cement, ceramic, fired bricks and other applications. The aim of this study is to investigate
the effect of the alkaline activator on the elaboration of activated composite clays based on ''coal waste -
olive pomace''. The raw materials used in this study are coal waste (CW) and olive pomace (OP) (5% 10%
15%). We used sodium hydroxide (4M) and sodium carbonate (4M) in the mixture as alkaline activator.
Calcined coal waste and olive pomace was prepared by heating at 950 °C in a muffle furnace for 6 h and
subsequently grinded and sieved to collect fraction less than 100 μm. We added the alkali-activator while
agitating at 60°C to allow the full permeation of water and increase the plasticity. The samples were
dried at room temperature and in an oven at a temperature of 80 °C, then pressed in a cube molds. We
characterized the obtained samples using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD). We used
the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the textural, structural and morphological

characteristics. Compressive strength test performed on the specimens in order to determine their
mechanical strength. The results indicate that the prepared composite consists mainly of amorphous geo-
polymer gel based on silica-alumina. In addition, it also showed that increasing the percentage of olive
pomace gives the surface a less uniformed aspect with a predominance of pores of different sizes, and
therefore causes a loss off compressive strength.
Keywords: Wastes, alkali-activation, olive pomace, coal waste.
P1-212 Physico-mechanical and durability performances of compressed earth

blocks stabilized with calcined clay-based geopolymer
Kader Banaou Djiboa, Seick Omar Sorea, b, Habibou Ouedraogoa, Philbert Nshimiyimanaa,
Adamah Messana and Gilles Escadeillasc
aLaboratoire Eco-Matériaux et Habitats Durables (LEMHaD), Institut International
d‟Inge
́nierie de l‟Eau et de l‟Environnement (Institut 2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
b Laboratoire
de Chimie et Energies Renouvelables (LaCER), Unité de Recherche en
Physico-Chimie et Technologie des Mate
́riaux, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo, Burkina Faso
c LaboratoireMate
́riaux et Durabilite
́ des Constructions (LMDC), Université de Toulouse
(UPS, INSA), Toulouse Cedex 4, France
The earthen material is getting a renewed interest as a leverage point for sustainable development in
contemporary construction due to its high local availability and low ecological footprint. However, the
use of this earthen material in the production of compressed earth bricks (CEB) requires chemical
stabilization, among others, via the addition of a geopolymer binder that has lower CO 2 emissions rates
compared to Portland cement. The chemical stabilisation improves the usability of CEB. Although, the
durability of CEB stabilized with this innovative binder has not been investigated. Therefore, the present
study focuses on the assessment of the durability indicator of CEB stabilized with calcined-clay
geopolymer. The geopolymer binder was synthesized from local kaolin-rich clay calcined at 700 ̊C to
transform it into amorphous and reactive metakaolin (MK). The principal matrix of CEB is a lateritic
earthen material, with a grain size distribution of 0/5 mm, stabilized with 0, 5, 10, 15% MK geopolymer
binder and 8% Portland cement for control, with respect to the mass dry earthen material. The alkali
solution of sodium hydroxide (12 M) was added to the dry mixtures for the activation of the MK and
production of wet mixtures, which were manually compressed (static compression of ~ 35 bars) in mould
(295x140x95 mm3) of Terstaram machine. The CEB stabilized with geopolymer were cured for a period
of 14 days (7 days at room temperature 30±5 ̊C and 7 days in oven at 60 ̊C); while none stabilized CEB
and those stabilized with cement were cured at room temperature 30±5 ̊C, for 14 and 28 days,
respectively. The CEB were dried and characterized for their physico-mechanical properties (porosity,
dry and wet compressive strength) and durability indicators (absorption, resistance to wetting-drying
cycles and abrasion, water erodability). The results showed a clear improvement in the performance of
CEB stabilized with up 15% geopolymer. The water accessible porosity was 27.4 % for CEBs stabilized
with 15% geopolymer; against 26% for CEBs stabilized with 8% cement. The coefficient of capillarity
absorption in 10 minutes (Cb10min) was 10.7 g/cm2.min1/2 for CEB stabilized 15% geopolymer
compared to 13.3 g/cm2.min1/2 for CEB stabilized with 8 % cement. The total waterabsorption was
14.8% for CEB stabilized with 15% geopolymer after 24h in water; against 14% for CEB stabilized with
8% cement. The geopolymer binder also drastically improved the coefficient of abrasion of CEB with76.7
cm2/g for CEB stabilized with 15% geopolymer; against 23.4 cm 2/g with 8% cement. However, the CEB
were sensitive to water. The water resistance coefficient, ratio of wet compressive strength and dry
compressive strength, was 0.49 for CEB stabilized with 15% geopolymer against 0.76 for CEB stabilized
with 8% cement. The CEB stabilized with 15% geopolymer were also sensitive to the wetting-drying
cycles which decreased the dry compressive strength from 9.8 MPa to 6.1 MPa before and after 12 cycles;
against an increase from 6.1 MPa to 9.6 MPa for the CEB stabilized with 8% cement. The stabilized CEB

were resistant to water erodability, with the depth of erosion less than 5 mm/h.
Keywords : Calcined clay, geopolymer stabilization, compressed earth blocks, physico-mechanical
properties, durability.
P1-217 Impacts of activators variability on service life time and life cycle
impacts of alkali activated concretes
Anastasija Komkovaa, Tamara Janey Chidiacb, John Provisb, Guillaume Haberta
a Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
b Departmentof Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield,
United Kingdom
Portland cement (PC) is the most widely used construction material because of its cost-performance
efficiency. However, production of PC contributes nearly 8% to global anthropogenic greenhouse gas
emissions. With increasing global population and higher degree of urbanization, the demand for
sustainable construction materials as an alternative to cement concrete will continue to increase.
Moreover, in Europe the design for infrastructures is set for a minimum target life of 100 years.
Therefore, the design of alternative cement should be optimized to achieve similar service performance as
PC. Alkali activated materials (AAMs) are alternative low carbon binders with similar durability aspects
as PC. The AAMs made of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) has shown to have higher
corrosion resistance than the case of PC. In addition, the life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of AAMs
show that these materials can have lower CO2 eq. emissions compared to PC concrete. However, the
activators are often regarded as main contributors towards environmental impacts of AAMs. Therefore,
it is important to examine the variability in activators and their impacts on the service life-time of alkali-
activated concretes. In this study a reactive transport service life model (SLM) combined with LCA will be
used to analyze and compare AAMs made of GGBS and activated with the following activators: sodium
silicates, sodium sulfates and sodium carbonates. This method will be used to predict the reliability and
sustainability of AAMs for use in infrastructures. However, results from the SLM have shown that the
extent in variation of durability values can cause a wide scattered range in the predicted values of service
life. Therefore, the uncertainty of service life time estimates is included in the total uncertainty of LCA.
Key Words:alkali activated materials, sodium silicate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, service life time
model, life cycle assessment
P1-223 Mineralogical study of a binder based on alkali-activated coal gangue

Azzedine Moussadik, Fatima Ouzoun, Hassan Ez-zaki, Mohamed Saadi and Abdeljebbar
Diouri
aLaboratory of Applied Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V
The activation of materials in general and that of materials from mining waste is gaining more and
more interest from researchers and industrialists in the production of ecological binders. Activation can
be done by several methods, the most used of which are mechanical activation by grinding and chemical
activation by alkaline such as NaOH. In this paper, we explore the complementary techniques of
scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods for the mineralogical
determination of the formed phases after the mechanical and chemical activation of coal gangue (CG) as
raw material incorporated by a certain percentage of lime (L). Lime is known as a cementation agent
that effectively improves the activity of raw coal gangue. The Alkali-Activated Coal Gangue-Lime
(AACG-L) synthesis method was carried out at room temperature in two consecutive stages, the first
consists of grinding and reduction of the grain size with the incorporation of lime at percentages of 5 %,
and the second consists of activation by NaOH (5M) followed by a 28-day cure. The AACG-L thus
produced was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained results
by XRD and SEM-EDS are concordant and complementary and indicate that the prepared product

(AACG-L) consists mainly of phases of hydrated calcium aluminate silicate (C-A-S-H), hydrated alkaline
aluminate silicate (N-A-S-H) and additional portlandite Ca(OH)2
Keywords: Coal gangue, lime, alkali activation, C-A-S-H, N-A-S-H.
P1-226 Chloride permeability of alkali-activated binder based on electric arc

furnace slag and fly ash
F. Ouzoun, A. Moussadik, H. Ez-zaki, M. Saadi, A. Diouri
Laboratory of Applied Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University
in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
Most countries in the world are making efforts to reduce the consumption of cement to mitigate the
negative impact on the environment by its manufacturing industry. As a result, researchers have been
working on the development of a new economical, ecological, and sustainable alternative binder, that
incorporates various types of waste as a partial replacement for cement. Alkali-activated binders as
alternative binder systems can have exceptional technical properties, such as compressive strength, high
acid resistance, and/or high-temperature resistance. This research was to study the chloride penetration
resistance of three different lightweight alkali-activated binder mortars cured at room temperature. The
specimens were prepared from two Moroccan local waste materials – electric arc furnace slag (EAFS)
and class F fly ash (FA) – as a partial replacement for cement and sand. Sodium hydroxide solution (4M)
was used as an alkali activator in the mixture. Mortar specimens were cured in water at 20 ± 2C for 28
days and then were exposed to chloride solution for 10 and 30 days. The characterizations are deduced
from the techniques of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Resistance to chloride ingress was evaluated and compared with those of
ordinary mortar.
Keywords: Alkali-activated slag, fly ash mortar, chloride diffusion resistance.
P1-227 Microstructural and mineralogical stabilization of calcium silicate

from Marble and glass powders incorporated with
MgO/ZnO/ZrO2/NiO for bioceramics application
Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
Bioceramics have been used for the replacement and repair of damaged hard tissues, in which the
mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the materials are critical factors to be considered for their
clinical applications. Recently, With an increasing aging population, the restoration of bones and dental
defaults requires a material which is capable to be integrated and incorporated with its biological
environment. Moreover calcium silicate cement has received great consideration in dental and
orthopedic surgery since they have the important property to be set in a biological medium such as blood,
simulated body fluids (SBF) and Saliva, therefore they can be used for dental and orthopedic surgery.
The aim of this study was to incorporate Zn, Zr, Ni, Mg into dicalcium silicate (C 2S) to produce bio-
ceramics and hydroxyapatite phases with enhanced antibacterial and mechanical properties. These
phases were synthesized by solid state reaction. Samples were prepared by the addition of proportion of
5% of the oxide of Zn, Zr, Ni, Mg to the reactants elaborated by solid state reaction from a mixture of
marble waste consisting essentially of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) and glass powders as source of Silicon
dioxide ( SiO2) of ratio Ca/Si = 2, the synthesis was carried out by heating the finely ground mixtures at
temperatures ranging from 500 to 1000°C. The in vitro test was performed by immersing phase powder
in artificial saliva and in simulated body fluid (SBF) for different times ranging from 1 hour to 5 hours.

The variations of pH, Ca and P ions concentrations in the SBF solution after soaking were determined.
The antibacterial activity was tested by the Agar well diffusion method against two different strains.
Staphylococcus aureus, Microbacterium resistant, Bacillus subtilis belong to the Gram-positive bacteria
studied, and Escherchoa coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas chloritidismutans belong to the
Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the structure was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with
energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). results showed The Zn-C2S , Zr-C2S, Ni-C2S, Mg-C2S bone cements
possessed good in vitro bioactivity by inducing apatite formation in simulated body fluid (SBF) and in
artificial saliva within 5 hours . Zn, Zr, Ni, Mg or Cu substitution in C 2S is considered promising for
applications in infectious bone repair and might therefore be a bioactive self-setting material with
enhanced biological performance and holds the prospect for application in the bone regeneration area.
Keywords: Dicalcium silicate, antibacterial, bioactivity, artificial saliva, simulated body fluid.
P1-230 Optimization of the granular fraction of ordinary concrete used for

housing in Casablanca, Morocco
Fadoua Hattania, Bouchaib Manouna,b, Mustapha Mouflihc, Hassan Hannacheb,d, Ayoub
Belkaceme
a Laboratory of Radiation-Matter and Instrumentation, FST Settat, University Hassan 1 st,
Settat, Morocco
b Materials Science and Nano-engineering Department, University Mohammed VI
Polytechnic, Ben Guerir, Morocco

c Laboratory of Geosciences and application, Ben M'sik Faculty of Sciences, University
Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco

d Laboratory of Engineering and Materials, Ben M'sik Faculty of Sciences, University
Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco

e Public Laboratory of Tests and Studies, LPEE-CTR, Casablanca, Morocco
In Morocco, the totality of housing works are made of concrete. It includes the production of structural
elements such as slab, beams, columns, foundations. Housing sector is dominated by the small
contractors in self-promotion framework. These building sites uses any available aggregates regardless
their suitability for concrete usage. In most of these sites coarse aggregates with a maximum size of
16mm are utilized. Dune or marine sand are used as fine aggregates, it usually have a maximum size of
1mm, and modulus of fineness of 1. The combination of the two materials create o gap-graded concrete.
This concrete may not achieve the targeted properties whether mechanical behavior or the specify life
service. The aim of this study is to optimize the granular skeleton to create a well graded and denser
concrete. For this purpose, coarser aggregates with a maximum size of 20 mm were used. For the fine
aggregates, crushed sand with a fineness modulus of 3,9 extracted from Oued Cherrat region was
selected to correct the lack of coarse grains in dune and marine sand. Two sets of samples were made.
One using the coarse aggregates of 16mm, the second with aggregates of 20 mm, both made of sand with
a fineness modulus of 1,5; 2; 2,5. The cement content of 350 kg/m3 was used throughout this work. The
mechanical strength test obtained showed that the mixes made with aggregates of 20 mm reached the
highest compressive strength compared to those with 16 mm aggregates. The porosity was also reduced
in concrete with 20mm aggregates compared to the other ones. However, concrete with the fineness
modulus of 2 yielded higher strength and more reduced porosities.
Keywords: concrete, aggregates, fineness modulus, concrete compressive strength, porosity.
Corresponding Author:[email protected] ; [email protected]

P1-237 Mechanical characterization and durability of adobe bricks

Jacqueline Salibaa, Klaus Pistolb
aUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR 5295, Institut de Mécanique et d‟Ingénierie (I2M), CNRS,
Esplanade des Arts et Métiers, Talence, France
b University of Applied Sciences Potsdam, FB 3 Civil Engineering, Potsdam, Germany
With the growing awareness of environmental issues, raw earth construction in its various forms is
experiencing renewed interest. In fact, earth is a natural material that limits energy consumption and
plays an important role in terms of humidity and temperature regulation. The demand for bio-based
building materials and the addition of plant aggregates on earth building bricks is also increasing. This
study focuses on the characterization of three unfired commercialized earth adobe bricks with different
percentage of plant aggregates. The characterization of the constituents of the different adobe bricks has
been first realized by conducting wet sieving tests (XP P 94-041), sedimentation ((NF P94-057), Atterberg
limit (EN ISO 17892-12) and density tests (ISO 17892-2). The performances of adobe bricks were then
investigated and compared in terms of mechanical properties and durability considering freezing-
thawing cycles and dry abrasion. The compressive strength is an important property but presents
significant variations due to several influencing factors like source, proportion of constituent materials,
curing condition, workmanship, in addition to testing procedure. Several specimens have been tested to
quantify the variability of the compressive strength. In addition, as no consensus on the procedure for
measuring the compressive strength and limited data exists on the influence of the geometry of specimens
and correlation between the testing procedures and the mechanical properties, a campaign of unconfined
compressive tests has been conducted where several parameters have been varied such as specimen
orientation and use of mortar or not. The tensile strength has been also measured with the indirect
tensile test method. For freezing-thawing cycles, adobe bricks were kept inside a climate chamber at a
temperature of 23°C for 24 h and then frozen at a temperature of 23°C for 24 h as indicated by the norm
ASTM D560. The bricks were then subjected to unconfined compression tests to measure the changes of
strength after 3, 9, 12 and 15 freezing-thawing cycles. Dry abrasion has been also evaluated according to
the French standard XP P13-901. The results show an important effect of the testing procedure on the
compressive strength. In addition, a decrease in the mechanical properties has been observed for adobe
bricks exposed to freezing-thawing cycles.
Keywords : Adobe bricks, plant aggregates, freezing-thawing cycles.
P1-262 Synthesis, physico-chemical characterization of new glasses in the

system Li2–2xK2xPbP2O7
F. Faqyra,b, A. ElBoukilia, L.Boudada, M. Taibia and T. Guedirab
a LPCMIO, Ecole normalesupe
́rieur Rabat, University Mohammed V, Morroco
b LCOCE, Faculty of Science, University IbnTofail, Kenitra, Morroco
Phosphate glasses have been the subject of much research because of their easy preparation at low
temperatures and their high thermal expansion. Their specific physicochemical properties make them
potential candidates for various applications such as nuclear waste immobilization matrices, protection
environment, civil engineering and biomaterials. The high hygroscopicity, the poor chemical durability,
and the problem of crystallization prevented them from replacing the conventional glasses in a wide
range of applications. In this work, the Li2-2xK2xPbP2O7 (0≤x≤1) system was prepared, by the usual
melting method. The vitreous system was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The
thermal parameters (Tg, Tc and the thermal stability factor) were determined and discussed. We could
notice a decrease of the glass transition temperature when the potassium content increases. The structure
of the different phosphate groups in the synthesized glasses was determined by IR and Raman
spectroscopies. PO4and P2O7 groups were identified as preponderant. We then determined the different

phases resulting from the crystallization of the glasses studied. The nature of the diphosphate phases,
which are in the majority, varies according to the potassium content in the glasses.
Keywords : Phosphate glass, melting method,thermal parameters, transition temperature.
P1-267 Spectroscopic study of zinc phosphate glass experimental and

theoretical aspect
A. El Addalia, A. El Boukilib, M. Taibib and T. Guedira
a Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Department of
Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kenitra, University Ibn Tofail, Morocco
b LPCMIO, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
Phosphate glasses are attracting growing interest among materials science researchers for their specific
physico-chemical properties. Mention may be made of their applications in the optical, electronic and
biomaterials fields. One of the major challenges to solve for glasses in general is the optimization of the
structural aspect even at short distance. In this context we have developed the Zn 2P2O7 diphosphate glass
by the tempering method. We were able to characterize the material obtained by several methods,
namely X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and IR and Raman spectroscopy. The
different phosphate groups, present in the structure of the glass, have been identified and their vibration
frequencies have been assigned. In order to determine the stable chains of PO4 groups in the structure of
Zn2P2O7 glass, a theoretical study by the DFT method was undertaken. Different glass structure models
were tested to determine the most stable structure. The comparison of the theoretical and experimental
results allowed noting that the optimal structure of the Zn2P2O7 glass consists of short chains composed of
Q1 units joined by bridging oxygens, where the Zn2+ ions are located in tetrahedral sites.
Keywords: Phosphate glass, DRX, IR, RAMAN, DFT.
P1-277 Strength and flow characteristics of blended brick waste-cement

mortar
Kolawole Adisa Olonadea,b, Oluwatobi Ojoa, Owobamirin Michaela and Ugbor Perpetuala
a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria
b Department of Civil Engineering, Kampala International University, Ishaka, Uganda
Burnt Brick Wastes (BBW) are generated in substantial quantity, disposing of which is a challenge.
Since, production of cement is responsible for large quantity of CO2 emission and not environmentally
friendly, this study therefore attempt to utilize BBW as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in
mortar production. BBW was obtained from dumpsite of a Brick making Industry and milled to
nanoscale. Water demand of different proportion of cement and BBW were determined to know optimum
mixture that gives denser paste using Puntke test method. Thereafter, mortar of mix ratio of 1:3 (binder:
sand) with water-binder ratio (w/b) of 0.5 containing different dosages of superplasticizer. Material
characterization was equally performed, while strength properties (flexural and compressive) were
determined at curing ages 3, 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. The results showed higher water requirement was
observed as the BBW replaced cement, but optimum density was achieved at 15% replacement level. BBW
was found to contain high content of CaO which could contribute to strength development. It was also
observed that the mortar was stiff without superplasticizer but the flow increased with increase in
superplasticizer content. Similar trend was observed for the strength until the content of superplasticizer
was about 2 times what was recommended when the strength was highest at all the ages compared to
higher dosages of the superplasticizer. Furthermore, the colour of the mortar was brownish as against
greyish colour of normal, which gave the mortar good aesthetic. The study concluded that that up to 15%

of cement can be replaced with BBW to achieve higher strength.

Keywords : Burnt brick wastes, superplasticizer, flow.
P1-281 Exploration of SrLaFeTiO6 mixed double perovskite: structural,

spectroscopic, morphological, dielectric, and electric studies.
M. Oudigh, L. Boudad, A. El Boukili, M. Taibi
Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of Inorganic and Organic Materials (LPCMIO),
Materials Science Research Center (CSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Mohammed V
University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
SrLaFeTiO6double perovskite has been synthesized by a solid-state reaction method. A single-phase

tetragonal double perovskite structure with space group I/4m has been confirmed using Rietveld
refinement. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum indicated the appearance of absorption bands
confirming the octahedral vibration modes of iron and titanium ions. The microstructural features of the
as-prepared sample were studied using Debye-Scherrer‟s and Williamson-Hall‟s methods, as well as
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The
elemental composition analysis has been also performed via X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy
(EDX). The evolution of the dielectric constant, loss tangent and AC conductivity as a function of
frequency has been investigated over a frequency range of 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The thermal variation of
dielectric constant and loss tangent has also been explored at fixed frequencies. The effect of grain and
grain boundaries on electrical behavior has been analyzed through impedance spectroscopy.
Keywords : Perovskite, structure, FTIR, TEM, dielectric constant.
P1-304 Drying characteristics of OPC-mortar subjected to free convection

Mohammad Kamran and Kaustav Sarkar
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi,
Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, India
Evaporation of capillary moisture from porous building materials in enclosed areas takes place by free
convection characterized by low air velocity (< 1 m/s). The slow drying results in the persistence of an
unsaturated state, especially in cementitious materials, rendering built elements susceptible to
deterioration in many ways, such as, drying shrinkage, corrosion and other aesthetical problems.
Therefore, it is important for durability engineers to understand the dependence of drying
characteristics, such as, the transient mass loss flux, the change in degree of saturation with time and the
critical and equilibrium degrees of saturation on the pertinent process variables. Although, the
assessments of these parameters are widely reported for non-cementitious materials, studies related to
cementitious materials are hard to find in the literature. This study addresses the gap by undertaking an
empirical investigation on the drying characteristics of OPC-based normal mortar for varying levels of
water-to-cement ratio, curing age and characteristic length of mortar specimens besides the dry-bulb
temperature and relative humidity of air. To achieve this goal, long term steady-state drying
experiments have been conducted and ANOVA has been implemented on the stated characteristics
quantified using gravimetric mass loss data. Existing models for some of the drying characteristics have
also been tested to determine their suitability in describing the dependence of statistically significant
process variables. The findings reveal that, besides temperature and relative humidity, water-to-cement
ratio affects the constant rate mass flux thereby revealing the dependence of the convective transfer
coefficients on surface characteristics. Water-to-cement ratio along with the characteristic length is also
found to influence the critical degree of saturation. The degree of saturation at equilibrium is, however,
noted to depend on the former only. The Anomalous diffusion model is found to provide a satisfactory
description of the change in degree of saturation of a specimen with drying time. The fitted model enables
a reliable estimation of the critical degree of saturation based on the input of drying time required to
reach the transition between the constant and falling rate drying periods. The estimated values of the
parameter, when plotted as a critical point curve, have been noted to exhibit a non-uniform increase,
similar to a wide variety of other porous materials. The modified Oswin model provides a suitable
description of the degree of saturation at equilibrium attained under steady-state temperature and

relative humidity conditions.

Keywords: OPC-mortar, diffusion model, Oswin model.
P1-308 Optimization of compressive strength of phosphate mine waste-based

geopolymer
Ghizlane Moutaoukila,b,c, Yasine Tahab, Isabel Sobradosc, Saliha Alehyena, Mostafa
Benzaazouab, M‟hamed Taibia
a Laboratoire
de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO),
Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S), Mohammed V University (UM5), Rabat, Morocco
b Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), EMEC Program, Benguerir, Morocco
c Institutode Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
This work aims to investigate the utilization of marls exported from the phosphate mine wastes as a
source of aluminosilicate to elaborate the geopolymer. The activation has been made by an alkaline
solution which is a combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. The three main factors that
affected the compressive strengths of the samples were selected: the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium
hydroxide (two levels 0.5 and 1.5), the ratio of solid to liquid (three levels of 1.5, 2 and 2.5) and the curing
conditions. (ambient temperature and 60°C). The marls were calcinated before being used for the
development of geopolymer as well as the calcination temperature was optimized. Xray fluorescence, X-
ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle
size distribution were performed to characterize the raw materials. The developed geopolymers were
characterized by using different analytical methods such as XRD, FTIR, MAS NMR and SEM-EDX
analysis. The compressive strength was measured for the developed samples after 7; 28 and 90 days of
curing time. The developed geopolymers were characterized by using different analytical methods such
as XRD, FTIR, MAS NMR and SEM/EDX analysis
Keywords: Phosphate mine, marls, geopolymer.
P1-325 Thorough investigation of the thermal stability of calcium phosphate

biomaterial CaHPO4 using heterogeneous kinetics
Mouatamid El Hazzat, Aicha Sifou, Mohammed Halim and Adnane El Hamidi
Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Faculty of Sciences,
Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
Calcium phosphate ceramics constitute an attractive class of materials in many fields of science and
technology. They have been around for a while and used in many application fields such as food,
medicine, and dentistry. Since their high temperature processing is essential, a good understanding of
calcium phosphates thermal stability and their transformations after heating are of prime importance
for their scaling up. In this work, we have investigated the thermal degradation kinetics of calcium
phosphate biomaterial CaHPO4 using a novel approach based on peak deconvolution, followed by the
application of the Model-Free isoconversional method. The material was characterized by conventional
X-ray diffraction (XRD), in situ high-temperature XRD (HT-XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IRTF-ATR),
and simultaneous thermal gravimetry / differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The physicochemical
analysesrevealed the thermal transformation of CaHPO 4 into amorphous calcium pyrophosphate
Ca2P2O7 between 300°C and 600 °C. Furthermore, the thermal profile of calcium phosphate biomaterial

showed a complex overall processwith overlapping contributions that were separated into two particular
ones using a mathematical deconvolution of the Fraser Suzuki function. For each step, the activation
energy Eα was evaluated using model-free isoconversional methods of Friedman (Fr), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall
(OFW), and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS). The calculated Eαvalues were close for the integral
methods (OFW and KAS), comparedto the results of the differential Fr. The best fit of experimental kinetic
data was achieved by considering the mean KAS activation energy approximation, evaluated at 227.3
and 240.9 kJ for the first and second step respectively, and the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA(n)) model
with (n = 1)attributed to the nucleation-growth mechanism. Both decomposition steps of
CaHPO4biomaterial were attributed to its microstructure heterogeneity that includes two kinds of
particle size and shape, as was confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis and SEM
microscopy.The thermodynamic parameters calculations have shown that the degradation process of
calcium phosphate CaHPO4 is a non-spontaneous process (G < 0) that requires heat and accompanied
by an endothermic effect (H > 0), which in agreement with the thermal analysis results.
Keywords: Calcium phosphate, DCPA biomaterial, multi-step kinetics, deconvolution procedure, thermal
analysis.
P1-333 Structural, optical and electrochemical properties of the Cd3(PO4)2

orthophosphate as a supercapacitor
F-Z Cherifa , M. Taibib , A. Boukharia , J. Arideb , A. Assania , L. El Ammaria And M. Saadi a
a Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V
University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
bLaboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO),
Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S), Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
Orthophosphate based cadmium Cd3(PO4)2 powder was synthesized using modified co-precipitation
route, and the single crystal using hydrothermal method. Crystal structure, morphology, optic and
electrochemical properties were investigated using X-ray powder and single crystal, scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and UV-visible respectively. The crystal structure of the cadmium orthophosphate
crystalizes in the monoclinic system, with the P21/c space group, and the lattice parameters are
a=9.1895(7)Å, b=10.3507(8)Å, c=21.689(2)Å and β =99.644(3)° . The crystal structure of the Cd3(PO4)2 is
features a 3D framework made up from free PO 4 tetrahedrons, and two different polyhedrons of
cadmium, five and six coordinated one, those polyhedrons are combined together to form a well-
organized 3d framework. The Fourier transformed infrared analysis confirms the free (PO4)3- presence,
and the absence of any other form of phosphates, the UV-Visible analysis shows an absorbance pic at
289nm, giving a band gap energy of 4.28eV calculated by the Kubelka-Munk analysis. The scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) gives the morphology and confirms the composition with the EDS analysis.
The electrochemical analysis shows that the hybrid supercapattery showed a cyclic stability of 77.9%
after 1000 cycles.
Keywords: orthophosphate, cadmium, modified co-precipitation, optic and electrochemical properties.
P1-334 Synthesis and crystal structure of a lead strontium oxo-phosphate

Sr2Pb8(PO4)6O: Apatite-like structure
F-Z Cherifa , M. Taibib , A. Boukharia , J. Arideb , A. Assania , L. El Ammari a And M. Saadi a
a Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V
bLaboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO),

Oxo-orthophosphate-based lead and strontium Sr2Pb8(PO4)6O, was synthesized using a combined

Pecchini hydrothermal route. Crystal structure, morphology, infrared and optic properties were
investigated using X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compound
crystallizes in a P63/m hexagonal space group, with cell parameters of a=9.799(5)Å and c=7.389(3)Å. Of
the two Wyckoff space group positions, the 6h site is occupied by a lead atom, and the 4f site is equally
occupied by a lead and a strontium atom. The 3D framework is made up of PbO 7 polyhedrons with Pb-O
distances ranging between 2.230A and 2.665A and O-Pb-O angles from 73.14° to 103.42°, the second site
in this structure is a mixed site between a lead and a strontium atom, with 50% sharing occupations, the
site when occupied with lead, the atom form a six coordinated polyhedron with Pb-O distances in the
range 2.547A and 2.845A, and angles between 73.16° and 151.95°, in the other hand, when occupied by
the strontium atom, this final form a nine coordinated polyhedron with Sr-O distance between 2.546A
and 2.920A and angles between 75.7° to 157.18°, and regular PO4 tetrahedrons with P-O distances
between 1.517A and 1.5446A and angles between 107.6° and 111.46°, the structure is perfectly isotopic to
the oxo-apatite family; Infrared studies confirm the PO 43-groupement spectroscopic behavior with bands
in the range of 430Cm-1 to 600cm-1 along with the oxo groupement in the range of 600 to 650cm-1.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations show a perfect powder crystallinity with a
hexagonal shape, and the EDX analysis confirms the composition of the new compound.
Keywords: Oxo-orthophosphate, lead, strontium, Pecchini hydrothermal route, optic and electrochemical
properties
P1-338 Synthesis of geopolymeric materials by hydrothermal process:

Application in zeolites
H. El Harouachia, M. Elgettafia, M. Mansorib, M. Loutoua,b
a LCM2E, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Environment Laboratory, Multidisciplinary
Faculty of Nador (FPN), Mohammed Premier University, Nador, Morocco
b IMED-Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University (UCA),
Marrakech, Morocco
Geopolymers are a green alternative to Portland Cement (PC) due to the potential for a lower carbon
footprint. Geopolymers possess many of the same properties as OPC concrete, but differences in their
unique chemistry could allow for use in specialized applications. They can be synthesized by alkaline
activation using industrial wastes such as fly ash, clay minerals, or other aluminosilicate materials. In
this study, a class F fly ash, pyrophyllite and glass waste as an additive in different percentages were
used to elaborate geopolymers by hydrothermal synthesis. The main goal of this study was to adopt a
comparative analysis of fly ash based geopolymers and pyrophyllite based geopolymers, as well as
monitoring the development and the formation of their crystalline zeolite phase. Both materials were
activated by an alkaline solution with different concentrations of NaOH (8M-10M-12M-14M).
Microstructural characterization studies included Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray
Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and
Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The physical and mechanical properties were also evaluated
during this study. The composition of fly ash showed richness in Al 2O3 and SiO2 and a good reactivity in
the alkaline solution were well detected, more than pyrophyllite. The fly ash based geopolymer showed
also better resistance to compression compared to the pyrophyllite geopolymer. The results were
crowned by the formation of the zeolitic phase of both geopolymers marking a satisfactory
morphological aspect. The research has delivered a number of key conclusions that can lead to further
studies.
Keywords: Geopolymer, hydrothermal process, pyrophyllite, zeolite.

P1-343 Study of the hydraulic reactivity of an artificial Portland cement

(CPA)
Kawtar En-Niji, Majda Ben Ali, Rachid Misbah, Adnane El Hamidi, Mohammed Dahhou
Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Materials
Science, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
Portland clinker is produced at a temperature above 1450°C and requires considerable thermal energy
(3100 MJ/ton of clinker) for the formation of the C3S alite phase, which results in the production of huge
amounts of carbon dioxide, thus contributing to the warming of the atmosphere by the greenhouse effect.
In the present study, we will evaluate the performance of artificial Portland cements, consisting mainly
of 97% clinker and 3% gypsum, from the point of view of mechanical strength and durability. This study
will allow the selection of the right percentage of raw material to be added to the raw meal to improve
the performance of Portland cement. The clinker and portland cement (CPA) samples used were first
characterized by free lime content, loss on ignition, refusal, specific surface by the blaine method, X-ray
fluorescence (FX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical tests.
The results obtained show that these cements are constituted of an assembly of several phases, which are
alite (C3S-Tricalcium silicate), belite (C2S-Dicalcium silicate), tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and
tetracalcium alumino-ferrite (C4AF). C3S is the main component that comes out of the clinker reaction
and is an important component in giving the ideal strength to the cement. The free lime has an important
effect on the reactivity of the clinker and must be preserved in a specific area to give the cement an
excellent strength.
Keywords: Portland cement, Portland clinker, physico-chemical characterization.
P1-351 Mechanosynthesis and characterization of fly-Ash based geopolymer

materials
Y. El Maataoui, S. Alehyen, M. Fadil, L. Boudad and M. Taibi
The geopolymers are considered as environmentally friendly materials that can represent a potential
alternative to Portland cement in the field of construction. Indeed, the production of Portland cement
causes environmental pollution through CO 2 emissions, which has a dramatic environmental impact
estimated at one tonne of CO2 per ton of cement. To remedy the pollution problem, geopolymers present a
better alternative. In this context we present in this work the elaboration of of eco-friendly geopolymer
based on fly ash as a source of aluminosilicate precursor and (NaOH / KOH, Na 2SiO3) as activators by
mechanosynthesis method. Although the geopolymerization process is usually conducted with
aluminosilicate raw materials along with alkaline liquids, we propose in this paper a mechanosynthetic
process using alkaline activators powders to elaborate a geopolymer material that can be easily used
through the addition of water. The aluminosilicate raw material is the fly-ash originated from thermal
power plant of Jorf Lasfar. The mechanosynthesis process consists in mixing the fly ash with the
activators by automatic mechanical grinding to elaborate a final geopolymer product. Different
parameters are optimized (time and rate of grinding) to obtain geopolymers with the desired properties.
Various techniques have been performed to explore both raw materials and elaborated geopolymer
samples: X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray
Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), as well as Energy Dispersive X-ray
Spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Compressive strength and bulk density studies have also been analyzed.
The obtained XRD patterns allowed to identify the different phases in the elaborated geopolymers. The
FTIR spectroscopy provided the analysis of the vibrational modes related to aluminum (Al 3+) and silicon
(Si4+) ions. The chemical compositions before and after polymerization were also investigated through X-
ray Fluorescence spectroscopy results. The microstructural and the composition of the geopolymers were
performed using SEM and EDX techniques.

Keywords: Geopolymer, fly ash, alkaline activation, FTIR.

P1-376 Study of the influence of Na2CO3 and H3PO4 activators on the

mechanical and mineralogical properties of geopolymer based on coal
waste-fly ash
Hassan Ez-zakia, Saida Ennajia, Ayoub Azizb, Nacer Khachania, Abdeljebbar Diouria
a Laboratoirede Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux (LCAM), Centre des Sciences des
Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
b Geo-Biodiversityand natural patrimony laboratory, Scientific Institute, “Geophysics,
Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry” Research Center (GEOPAC), Mohammed V
Coal waste from Moroccan mine is collected with fly ash to compose an aluminosilicate precursor for the
geopolymer elaboration at the laboratory scale. This work aims to compare the mechanical and
mineralogical properties of coal waste and fly ash based geopolymers obtained in the same conditions
using sodium carbonate and phosphoric acid solutions as diverse activators. Na 2CO3 solutions with 3.5%
and 5% mass ratios were prepared by dissolving Na 2CO3 powder (99.9%) in deionized water. On the
other hand, three phosphoric acid solutions with molar concentrations of 4, 6, and 8 M were prepared by
dilution of the commercial phosphoric acid (85%) in distilled water. Both types of alkaline and acidic
solutions were used to produce geopolymers from the coal waste which is systematically replaced by fly
ash (0, 15, 25 and 35 wt.%). The geopolymers were obtained by adding each of the prepared solutions to
the blend with a liquid/solid ratio of 0.5 and 0.6 for the alkaline and acid solutions, respectively. The
mechanical tests of cubic samples after 28 days of curing showed that the compressive strength of
phosphate-based geopolymers is 5.33 MPa while that of alkali-based geopolymers is 5.14 MPa. The
strength increases with the increase of the activator concentration. The mineralogical analysis of cured
samples after 28 days showed the formation of berlinite (AlPO4) in the structure of the phosphate-based
geopolymer which is dispersed in the matrix and contributes to the strength. For alkaline geopolymers,
X-ray diffraction results showed the existence of Portlandite crystalline phase and the N-A-S-H gel type.
This preliminary study can help to better improve the mix design and the valorization of coal waste and
fly ash as precursor for producing geopolymers.
Keywords: Coal waste, sodium carbonate, phosphoric acid, geopolymer.
P1-377 Seawater cured moderate-to-low grade calcined clay and portlandite

system for marine-concrete applications
Ishrat Baki Borno, Muhammad Intesarul Haque, and Warda Ashraf
Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, USA
Inspired by ancient Roman seawater-cured concrete, the primary goal of this study is to utilize calcined
clay (moderate to low-grade kaolin clay), portlandite, and seawater in different proportions to produce
mortar and paste samples for marine applications. These samples were prepared and cured in seawater
under ambient temperature. The microstructural characterization techniques used in this study are
isothermal calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For mechanical performance evaluation, the compressive strengths
of the paste batches after 7 and 28 days of curing in seawater were also measured. The calcined clay-
portlandite mortar samples achieved 25 to 30 MPa after 28 days of curing in seawater. The alkalinity of
seawater promoted the dissolution of Al and Si, which reacted with portlandite and other ions to form the
reaction products. The primary reaction products of this calcined clay-portlandite system were found to
be calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H), geopolymer gel, hydrocalumite, ettringite, and zeolites

that are different from what previously was found in the Portland cement system. The presence of
reactive Al helped sequester chloride and sulfate in the matrix at an early age and reduced the possibility
of forming delayed ettringite. The mortar bar expansion as per ASTM C1567 was below 0.2%, ensuring
the long-term durability of this system. Additionally, the results showed higher chloride and sulfate
binding capacity of the calcined clay samples compared to that of the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
samples, which ensures improved durability as well. In addition, it was determined that calcined clay-
portlandite binders can lower the global warming potential (GWP) by 60% compared to the OPC.
KeyWords:Calcined clay, seawater curing, dissolution, microstructures, durability.
P1-379 Strength and durability characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete

blended with hydrated lime and brick powder
Mohd Abu Bakr and Birendra Kumar Singha
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra,
Ranchi, India
Concrete is an essential construction material. However, natural resources have been depleted by using
natural coarse or fine aggregates for the production of concrete. An excellent approach to preserving
natural resources and managing construction waste efficiently is replacing natural aggregates with
recycled aggregates. In the present study, 50% and 100% natural coarse aggregates were replaced with
recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) for the preparation of recycled aggregate concrete. Additionally, 10%
and 20% cement were substituted in the preparation of RAC mixes by blended hydrated lime and brick
powder (HBr). Mechanical and durability tests were performed in terms of compressive strength, water
permeability, and Rapid chloride penetration to investigate the strength and durability properties of
RAC mixes. The outcomes indicate that the RAC mixes had less compressive strength than NAC, however,
the compressive strength of RCA has been enhanced by the utilization of blended HBr. The RCPT and
water permeability of the RAC mixes were positively affected by blended HBr in which RCPT and water
permeability were reduced. Further, the outcomes of RCPT show that the addition of blended HBr
reduces the chance of corrosion in RAC mixes. Additionally, FESEM and EDS analysis showed that the
pores and voids have been reduced and densified the concrete matrix by pozzolanic material.
Consequently, for practical application M40-grade concrete can be prepared using 100% RCA with
blended hydrated lime and brick powder.
Keywords: Recycled coarse aggregate, brick powder, hydrated lime.
Corresponding Author: [email protected], [email protected]
P1-387 Dual use of pumice in lime mortars

Martin Vyšvařil, Martin Krebs and Patrik Bayer
Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic
The use of natural pumice as pozzolanic materials in lime mortars has been known since ancient times.
Current professional works are more concerned with the effects of coarse natural pumice used as
aggregate in cement mortars or self-compacting concrete, than with the replacement of the binder with
ground pumice. The use of a combination of finely ground natural pumice as a binder substitute and at
the same time the lightening of lime or cement mortars with coarse natural pumice has not yet been the
subject of any research. For this reason, the paper aims to describe the effects of partial lime replacement
with finely ground natural pumice on the mechanical, microstructural and durability properties of air-
lime mortars lightened with coarse natural pumice that meet the functional and technical criteria
imposed on repair mortars. Pumice is lightweight amorphous volcanic material with porous structure
created by entrapment of gasses during the rapid cooling of lava. It shows similar pozzolanic activity to
trass or natural zeolite predicting an improvement in mechanical properties and durability of lime-

pumice mortars. The fine pumice addition to lime mortars led to decrease in amount of kneading water
required for the preparation of the mortars with the same workability. The use of lightweight pumice
aggregate in the composition of mortars led to their higher porosity, lower density, improved capillary
transmission capability and water absorption, and increased salt accumulation, while the replacement of
lime with fine pumice resulted in an increase in the strengths and frost resistance of the prepared
mortars. The salt crystallization resistance of mortars using Na 2SO4, NaCl, and NH4NO3 solutions was
improved, although the mortars had relatively little resistance to the reacting of Na 2SO4, where cesanite
and calcium sulfoaluminates were formed breaking the structure of the mortars. Considering the
compatibility, functional, and technical criteria, lime-pumice lightweight mortars could be classified as
repair mortars.
Keywords: Pumice, volcanic material, lime-pumice lightweight mortars.
P1-407 Phase equilibria in ternary ZrO2-HfO2-Ln2O3 (Ln = Nd, Sm) systems at

1500 °C
Sholom A.a, Spasonova L.M.a, Yurchenko Yu.V.b, Olifan O.I.b, Kornienko O.A.b
aNational Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” ,
Kiev, Ukraine
b Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
One of the main priority industry guidelines for the development of modern materials science is the
development of novel ceramic materials with special properties that will work at high temperatures. In
this desirable sense, oxides of zirconium, hafnium, and lanthanides have useful functional parameters –
they are characterized by high melting point (above 2200 °C), high corrosion resistance in various
aggressive environments, high strength, fracture resistance, etc. Obviously, ceramic materials based on
these oxides are extremely interesting and promising for the production of refractories and nodal
components of high-temperature technology, in particular – for thermal barrier coatings (TBC),
materials for immobilization of radioactive waste, as well as phosphors, catalysts, etc. For the effective
and optimal use of these materials, as well as to improve the process of their production, there is a need
to study the diagrams describing the phase equilibria in the systems ZrO2–HfO2–Ln2O3 (Ln = Nd, Sm).
In the presented work, the interaction of zirconium, hafnium, and neodymium (or samarium) oxides at a
temperature of 1500 °C in the whole concentration range were studied and the corresponding isothermal
cross-sections were constructed. The study was performed by X-ray diffraction and microstructural
analyses. The formation of any new phases was not observed in the studied ternary ZrO2–HfO2–Ln2O3
(Ln = Nd, Sm) systems at T = 1500 °C. It is established that at the investigated temperature in these
systems the regions of homogeneity of solid solutions are formed: monoclinic (B) modification of Sm2O3,
hexagonal (A) modification of Nd2O3, tetragonal (T) and cubic (F) modifications of ZrO2, monoclinic
(M) modification of HfO2, and ordered pyrochlore-type (Py) structure of Ln2Zr2O7 (or Ln2Hf2O7). The
structure of the isothermal section of the ternary diagram of the ZrO2–HfO2–Nd2O3 system at 1500 °C
is characterized by the formation of three-phase (A+F+Py, F+Py+T, M+T+Py) regions. The isothermal
section of ZrO2–HfO2–Sm2O3 at 1500 °C is characterized by the presence of one three-phase (Py+M+T)
region.
Keywords: Solid solutions, isothermal cross-sections, high temperature.
P1-409 Effect of pretreatment procedure on properties of cementitious

materials with limestone by early CO2 curing
Congcong Ma and Linwen Yu
Chongqing University , College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing, China
The prominent problem of early CO2 cured cementitious material lies in the insufficient carbon
sequestration efficiency and effective carbonation depth. In the early stage of hydration, CO 2 reacts with

cement clinker particles mainly in the presence of water. A pretreatment procedure was designed for the
first time to promote the reaction process between CO2 and clinker particles and to improve carbon
sequestration efficiency and carbonation depth. The pretreatment procedure is a method of treating the
cement before molding the sample by spraying a small amount of water evenly into the cement powder
and mixing it well, followed by a period of CO 2 curing. In this study, the carbonation depth, CO2 uptake
amount, compressive strength, reaction heat, XRD and SEM/BSE of cementitious materials with and
without pretreatment procedure were investigated. Results showed that the samples with pretreatment
procedure contributed significantly to the carbonation depth. The pretreatment procedure promoted the
reaction between CO2 and clinker particles, and the CO2 uptake amount in the pretreated group was
greater than that in the untreated group for the paste samples. CO 2 curing improved the early
compressive strength of the cementitious materials, which reached its maximum when limestone powder
content was 10%. The reaction heat results showed that the dense nano-sized CaCO3 produced in the
pretreatment procedure hindered the subsequent hydration of unreacted clinker particles to some extent,
which led to a sharp decrease in the compressive strength of the pretreated group. Cement clinker
particles had a dense nano- CaCO3 layer (which proved to be calcite) attached to the surface during the
pretreatment procedure. After subsequent CO 2 curing, the smaller CaCO3 nanoparticles produced during
pretreatment procedure partially recrystallized by Ostwald ripening after a long-term equilibrium in
pore solution, the dense CaCO3 layer was broken in weak area and some clinker particles had the
opportunity to further hydrate. Furthermore, an interesting phenomenon that there was a rim of crack
around the clinker particle between the high-density CaCO3 layer and the lowdensity hydration product
appeared after subsequent 27 days of water curing.
Keywords: Carbonation depth, limestine, clinker, porosity.
P1-419 Complex thermal kinetic study of calcium phosphate biomaterial

CaHPO4 using the asymmetric deconvolution approach
Mouatamid El Hazzat, Aicha Sifou, Said Arsalane, Adnane El Hamidi
Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Faculty of Sciences,
The complex dehydroxylation kinetic of calcium phosphate biomaterialCaHPO4 was investigated using
non-isothermal thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis and multi-peak fitting method, under
air flow at different heating rates. The overlapped kinetic curves were separated into two independent
steps by the asymmetric Fraser-Suzuki function and the thermal characteristics with kinetic parameters
were determined. For each step, the activation energy Eα was evaluated using model-free
isoconversional methods of differential Friedman (Fr) and, integral Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) and
Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS). The Eα calculations showed close values for integral methods by
comparison with results of the differential Fr. The best fit of experimental kinetic curves was achieved by
considering the KAS activation energy and Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA(n)) as the adequate function
model with a nucleation-growth mechanism. Both dehydroxylation steps of biomaterial were attributed
to the microstructure heterogeneity including two kinds of particle size and shape as was confirmed by
dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis and SEM microscopy.
Keywords: Calcium phosphate, DCPA biomaterial, multi-step kinetics, thermal analysis, dehydroxylation
reaction.

P1-422 Mechanical Performance and Characterization of a Sawdust-raw

earth Material
Ryad Bouzouidja, Frobel Kenkem-Nguevou, Tingting Vogt Wu, Mehdi Sbartaï
University of Bordeaux, I2M, Bordeaux, France
The building industry is currently responsible of a part of the world's greenhouse gas emissions and also
almost 36% of global energy consumption. The most common material used in construction is concrete
(mostly made by Portland cement). It represents more than 25 billion tons. Concrete is widely used in
various industries (e.g. construction of bridges, dams, buildings, tunnels and many physical
infrastructures). The use of concrete is today confronted with strong contradictions. The need in terms of
cost and reduced carbon impact. However, identifying the carbon footprint of concrete remains complex.
Different ways are suggested to minimize the use and the environmental impacts of concrete, namely,
reduce, reuse, and recycle. Among these strategies, biosourced concrete is the most widely adopted
strategy worldwide. The use of raw earth as a construction material can significantly reduce the
environmental impact of current building practice. The aim of this study is to use local resources, namely
raw earth and sawdust wood to be used in building materials, in order to contribute to solving the
housing problem and to reduce the energy consumption, through the use of raw earth constructions. To
achieve this objective, the mechanical and physical properties (Young‟s modulus, maximum compression
stress, and ultrasonic velocity) of raw earth bricks physically stabilized with cement and incorporating
sawdust wood (3%; 5% and 10%) were studied. The results show that the sawdust-raw earth has
interesting behaviour with a maximum compressive strength of about 4 MPa. In addition, the results
show that sawdust reduces the mechanical properties of earthen blocks but increases their ductility. The
incorporation of 10% of sawdust decreases the Young's modulus of raw earth of 30% comparing to 3% of
sawdust.
Corresponding Author: [email protected].
P1-438 Assessing the effect of mineral admixtures on the durability of

concrete by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method
Khadija Annaba a*, Bennaceur Ouakia, Mouha Cherkaouib.
a Mechanics,Materials and Thermal Laboratory (LMMT), National High School of Mines
of Rabat, Morocco.
b RenewableEnergy and Energy Efficiency Laboratory, National High School of Mines of
Rabat, Morocco.
Concrete durability is a key aspect to consider in structures (buildings, tunnels, bridges, etc.), since it
highly affects their service life costs. The durability of concrete heavily depends on the interactions of
concrete itself with the surrounding environment, which is rich in contaminants [1]. Indeed, among the
several causes of concrete degradation, the following three are considered as the most common ones:
-Water penetration, which represents the main carrier of aggressive agents.
-CO2 penetration, which, in the presence of moist air, determines cement matrix carbonation,
responsible for reinforcements corrosion.
-Chloride penetration, both through water and marine aerosol, which initiates reinforcements corrosion;
From „„The law of fives” by De Sitter, it is well known that costs for repairing a concrete structure
exponentially grow with the time elapsed from the first sign of degradation to the intervention [2].
Consequently, it becomes clear that monitoring the penetration of aggressive agents in concrete to speed
up interventions is important to reduce maintenance costs and avoid premature failure of concrete
structures [3]. To measuring the electric impedance, the material under test should be excited (by means
of an electric current/potential), and the corresponding response (in terms of potential difference/electric
current, respectively) should be measured. The ratio between electric potential and current provides an
electric impedance value. The objective of this study is, therefore, to enhance the durability of substituted
concrete exposed to an aggressive environment by improving the resistance of the new concrete to
chemical attacks. To this end, the effect of incorporating 10,20,30,40,50% of FA and Pz into concrete on
the compressive, flexural strength, and resistance to corrosion was investigated. A reinforced concrete
made with 0% substitution) was used as a control. The reinforced concrete specimens were stored either
in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) technique was used to
characterize the corrosion process and also to describe the effect of FA and Pz on the durability of the

concrete under chloride penetration conditions. The EIS technique is a useful technique for characterizing
various phenomena in cement-based composites [4].
P1-446 Electrical and dielectric behaviour of CaO-B2O3-V2O5 borovanadate

glasses
Ayoub Kaaouassa, Abdelkader Ben Alia, Hassan Ait Ahsainea, Abdellah Benzaouakb,
Mohamed Saadia

b Environmental Materials Team, École Nationale Supérieure d‟Arts et Métiers (ENSAM),
In the present work, four homogeneous glass samples of CaO-V2O5-B2O3 system containing different
concentrations of V2O5 labelled as V1 to V4 were synthesized by melting quenching technique. The main
objective of this work is to study the electrical conductivity and dielectric properties, which include
dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss (tanδ) and ionic conductivity (𝜎) as a function of temperature and
at different frequencies for the prepared glasses, thus providing the role of V 2O5. The absence of clear
peaks on the XRD diagrams affirmed the amorphous nature of all investigated glasses. Electrical and
dielectric data were obtained in the temperature range 300-720 K, and at the frequencies 10, 20, 25 and
30 KHz. It was found that the dielectric parameters (dielectric constant and dielectric losses) enhance at
high temperature for V3 and V4 glass samples, and that V4 glass is a classical ferroelectric which is
displays a dielectric anomaly Tc exhibiting a phase transition from ferroelectric to paraelectric phase. It
was also observed from the results obtained that the ac conductivity values show an increase with the
increase in concentration of vanadium oxide and with the applied frequency. The ionic conductivity 𝜎 of
V3 and V4 glasses increases with temperature following the Arrhenius law and therefore is thermally
activated. The activation energy Ea reduces with increasing vanadium oxide concentration. The
enhancement of the electrical and dielectric parameters, with the increase in the amount of V 2O5, is
explained in terms of srtuctural changes.
Keywords: Glass, electrical conductivity, dielectric properties, phase transition.
Corresponding Author: [email protected] ; [email protected]
P1-460. Thermal performance optimization of hollow clay bricks subjected to

unsteady conditions
Yassine Chihaba,b , Najma Laaroussia , Rachid Bouferrab, Mohammed Garouma ,
Mohamed Benjellounb , Abdeltif Bouchehmac
a Materials,
Energy and Acoustics TEAM, EST Salé, Mohammed V University in Rabat,
Rabat, Morocco.
b Georessources,Geoenvironement and Civil Engineering Laboratory (L3G). Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco.
c Team of Applied Physics and New Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Béni
Mellal, Morocco.
The Moroccan construction industry accounts for almost 33% of overall energy consumption, showing
that it is one of the most energy-intensive sectors. When it comes to the design of buildings in Morocco,
the time lag and decrement factor of the walls are generally not taken into consideration, although they
are among the aspects that impact energy consumption. For this purpose, this study analyzes the
possible benefits of placing insulating materials into the holes of hollow clay bricks, frequently used in
Moroccan construction, to increase their thermal inertia. The incompressible Navier-Stokes and energy
equations were discretized by employing the finite element method. When all cavities are insulated, the

temperature peak is prolonged by nearly 5.5 hours, and the decrement factor is decreased by around 50
% to a value smaller than 0.1. Moreover, according to the study, closing holes with insulating material
reduces the overall thermal load by approximately 53.77 %.
P1-471 Theoretical study of the structural stability of different clay-polymer

hybrids by the DFT-D3 method
Sanam Bashir, Peter Škorňa and Eva Scholtzová
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
Clay-polymer hybrids have gained noticeable attention in the last decade due to the surprising
improvement of their properties compared to the individual components. The intercalation of only a
meager amount of clay minerals into the polymer matrix results in better thermal, mechanical and gas
barrier properties. The intercalation of clay minerals also overcomes certain problems associated with
polymers such as, low mechanical strength, low heat resistance and high solvent sensitivity. Due to
limitations of experimental techniques, molecular simulation can give reliable deep insight into the
interaction of clay minerals and polymers. The smectite clay minerals such as montmorillonite (Mt) and
beidellite (Bd) consist of tetrahedral (T) and octahedral sheets (O). A negative charge is generated in the
layer due to isomeric substitution by trivalent ions (e.g., Al 3+/Si4+) in the tetrahedral sheet and divalent
ions (e.g., Fe2+, Mg2+/Al3+) in the octahedral sheets. This negative charge is compensated by the
exchangeability of the interlayer cations, e.g., Ca 2+, Na+, Li. The intrinsic properties of clay minerals,
such as their layered structure and ion exchange ability, make them suitable nanofillers for the polymers.
In this presented work, a detailed theoretical study of the interaction between different clay minerals and
polymers was performed using the DFT-D3 computational method. The exchange-correlation energy
was described by the Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) functional, which is based on the generalized
gradient approximation (GGA) theory. The structural models of the hybrid structure of montmorillonite
and pentaethylenimine (Mt-PEI). Mt with poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (Mt-PMeOx), and beidellite with
poly (2-methyl-2-oxazoline (Bd-PMeox) were studied. The structural stability of the clay-polymer
hybrids was examined via intercalation energies and hydrogen bond analysis.
Keywords: Clay-polymer, isomeric substitution, electrical charge.
P1-482 Beneficial effects of utilizing seawater and sea sand in concrete

Asad Hanif a,b
a Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
b Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd
University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
The concrete Industry is responsible for the large consumption of raw materials, such as limestone,
potable water, steel, and sand, knowing that consuming these materials comes with large economical
and environmental costs. Millions of tons of concrete are produced annually, requiring a significant
quantity of water. Given the scarcity of fresh water (only 3% of the total water on earth), using seawater
as an alternative can greatly conserve potable water. Similarly, replacing natural sand with sea sand
can also help conserve natural resources. Consequently, using seawater and sea sand in concrete gained
significant attention worldwide, particularly in countries with limited freshwater supply. Much research
has been conducted on concrete produced with seawater and sea sand. Whereas seawater is beneficial in
some aspects, it can enhance the free chloride content in concrete increasing the corrosion vulnerability.
In this paper, the beneficial effects of using seawater and sea sand in concrete have been reviewed. The
resulting mechanical, hydration, and durability properties have been assessed and compared with
ordinary concrete. The focus has been not only on the material properties but also on the structural
attributes. Prospects, challenges, and limitations have also been discussed. The study serves as a basis for

efficiently using seawater and sea sand in concrete for sustainable development.
Keywords: Seawater, sea sand, concrete, material properties.
P1-486 Dynamic thermal characteristics of compacted bentonite material

Mohamed Essaleh 1*, Rachid Bouferra 1, Soufiane Belhouideg 2, Yassine Chihab 1,
Mohammed Mansori 3, Abdeltif Bouchehma 2, Mohamed Oubani 3
1Georessources, Geoenvironment and Civil Engineering Laboratory (L3G), Faculty of
Sciences and Technology, B.P.549, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
2Research Laboratory of Physics and Engineers Sciences, Team of Applied Physics and
New Technologies, Polydisciplinary Faculty (FP-BM), Sultan Moulay Slimane University,
Béni Mellal, Morocco
3IMED-Lab, Cadi-Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, B.P.549, 40000,
Marrakech, Morocco
Bentonite designates a mineral powder clay consisting essentially of montmorillonite. In their natural
state, most bentonite deposits are heterogeneous, consisting of smectites interbedded with illite and/or
kaolinite and other impurities. The objective of this work is to measure the thermal conductivity and heat
capacity for compacted bentonite in order to study the corresponding dynamic thermal characteristics.
The needed data for such calculations are the thickness of the material, bulk density, thermal
conductivity, massic heat capacity, and the period of thermal variations. The period is one day (86400 s),
corresponding to the daily climatic variations. The calculations were made using a flow chart, and
taking into account the exterior and interior superficial thermal resistances.To improuve the thermal and
mechanical strength of bentonite, three compositions of sand, cement and lime based on bentonite are
used.
KeyWords: Compacted bentonite; Compressive strength; Thermal conductivity; Heat capacity.
P1-491 Thermal performance of a new geopolymer composite based on

metakaolin and ceramic industry washing sludge
D.Allaouia*,M.Nadib, H.Majdoubic, Y.Haddajib, A. Raisd, Y.Tamraouic, H.Hannachec,
M.Oumamb, B.Manouna
a Laboratoryof Radiation-Matter and Instrumentation, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of Hassan 1er,26000 Settat, Morocco
b Laboratory of Engineering and Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M‟Sik, Hassan II
University, Casablanca, Morocco
c MaterialsScience and Nanoengineering Department, Mohamed VI Polytechnic
University, Benguerir.
d Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M‟Sick,
Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
Geopolymers, also called inorganic polymers, eco-materials or eco-polymers, have attracted a lot of
attention in the last few years because of their good chemical and thermal behavior as well as good
compressive strength. Geopolymers are generally obtained by activating an aluminosilicate source,
mainly kaolinite and metakaolinite with an alkali metal hydroxide (Na+, K+), the obtained mixture is
consolidated at generally room temperature. In addition, the sanitary ceramics industry regenerates
different types of liquid and solid waste such as washing sludge. This waste presents several ecological
problems in Morocco; which implies the need to reuse them in a more profitable and environmentally
friendly way. The aim of the current study is to assess the high temperature performance of a novel
geopolymer composite made of metakaolin and ceramic industry washing sludge. The experimental
procedure intends to replace metakaolin, a source of aluminosilicate, with raw and calcined sludge at

various percentages in order to subject the geopolymer composite to a range of temperatures while going
up to 1000C°. The preliminary results showed that the addition of a percentage of raw and calcined
washing sludge between 10% and 50% could resist to 1000C° while keeping a compressive strength
around 20MPa. Also, the future of this work consists in studying the resistance to aggressive
environments of the developed composites such as acidic, basic and marine environments. In the light of
these results, we can deduce that geopolymer composites based on washing sludge can be used as
refractory material by replacing conventional ceramics while recycling the waste of a large part of the
ceramic industries, and reducing their impact on the environment. In the light of these results, we can
deduce that geopolymer composites based on washing sludge can valorize the waste of a large part of the
ceramic industries, and reduce their impact on the environment.
KeyWords:Geopolymer, ceramic industry washing sludge, thermal performance, composite, waste.
P1-492 Carbonation and Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Geopolymer-Zeolite

Cementitious Composites
Hammad R. Kahlida,b
aCiviland Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
bInterdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd
University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Geopolymers, low-calcium alkali-activated binders, consist of nanosized zeolite-like aluminosilicate

structures, and often referred as pseudo-zeolitic binders. Formation of different crystalline zeolites in
geopolymers has been reported in a number of studies. This opened a new area of research related to
geopolymer-based zeolite composites. These can be used as functional materials such as self-supported
cementitious adsorbents or self-cleaning composite panels. Since cementitious binders are prone to
carbonation (which can alter their physicochemical characteristics) and freeze-thaw attack, this study
assessed the carbonation and freeze-thaw resistance of geopolymer-zeolite cementitious composites
(GZCC). GZCC samples with different activator-to-binder ratios (0.8–1), activator composition (sodium
silicate-to NaOH ratio of 0.17–0.5 and NaOH molarity of 5–8 M), and hydrothermal duration (24–48 h),
were prepared. Samples were exposed to accelerated carbonation environment after 3 and 14 days of
curing. The physical and chemical characteristics of samples before and after carbonation were assessed
by means of compressive strength, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP).
Free-thaw exposure was started after 14 days of initial curing. Samples were put at -20 °C during
freezing and immersed in water during thawing. The test results revealed that the carbonation resistance
of samples was dependent on the mix proportion. A higher activator and lower silicate content resulted
in lower residual strength which can be related to the higher porosity and lower compressive strength
values of reference uncarbonated samples. However, zeolitic phases were still present which directs that
the functionality of GZCC will not be affected much.All the samples broke after freeze-thaw exposure
between 2 to 20 cycles. The formation of zeolitic crystals enhanced the open porosity of GZCC samples
which caused their poor freeze-thaw resistance owing to easy penetration of water.
P1-494 Saturation effect on the sand mechanical behavior mixed with rubber
aggregates
Mohamed Benjellouna, Rachid Bouferraa, Hassan Ibouha, Frederic Jaminb, Yassine
Chihaba, Mohamed Essaleha, Mohamed Oubania, Abdeltif Bouchehmac, Soufiane
Belhouidegc
aGeoressources, Geoenvironement and Civil Engineering Laboratory (L3G). Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco.
b LMGC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France;

cTeam of Applied Physics and New Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Béni
Mellal, Morocco
This work consists in highlighting the influence of aggregates rubber on the shear strength of sand. It
deals with the study of sand-rubber mixtures and in particular saturation and mechanical properties. In
order to study the influence of aggregate rubber content on the mechanical properties of sand, direct
shear tests were performed. The shear results show that the strength of the sand in the dry or saturated
state increases with increasing rubber content. A rubber aggregate content of 20% is the optimum value
for improving the mechanical behavior of sand in dry and saturated conditions. This work also compares
the shear results obtained for a dry and saturated sample under various normal stresses (100, 200, and
400 kPa). Increasing the normal stress improves the shear strength of pure sand in both dry and
saturated states. A reduction in the maximum shear strength is observed in the saturated condition
compared to the dry condition for the same relative density (Dr = 55%).
KeyWords:Direct shear test, Mechanical behavior, Sand-granulated rubber mixtures, saturated
P1-511 Evaluating the effectiveness of curing compounds for concrete

Khadija El Cheikh And Julie Piérard
Buildwise, Concrete technology laboratory, Limelette, Belgium
The curing of concrete, after hours and days of its placement, is essential to guarantee the quality of this
material in terms of mechanical performance and durability. To ensure a good curing of concrete,
evaporation of water from fresh concrete must be limited which leads to a good cement hydration
process and limited shrinkage. One of the simplest ways to protect large areas of fresh concrete exposed
to drying (mainly floors) is to spray uniformly a curing compound on its surface. These products form a
sort of a protection layer on the top surface of wet concrete and limit or prevent the evaporation of water
from the concrete. It is a simple, practical and labor-saving method used on site. In Belgium, to
determine the effectiveness of these products, the regional specifications most often refer to the European
technical specification “CEN/TS 14754-1” or to the Belgian Technical Prescriptions “PTV 501”. However,
none of the available curing compounds on the Belgian market have yet been certified according to these
prescriptions for two main reasons. First, the existing method for effectiveness evaluating shows
problems of repeatability. The effectiveness of a curing compound is obtained from the difference
between the mass loss of reference specimens and the mass loss of specimens treated by a curing
compound after 3 days of curing . Secondly, the established performance criterion based on a relative
compressive strength loss of max. 25% seems too severe . This criterion was defined on the basis of a
correlation between the effectiveness of the curing compounds at 3 days and the relative compressive
strength at 28 days of specimens treated by a curing compound compared to ideally cured concrete
specimens (100% protection against water evaporation). In the absence of a normative framework,
manufacturers cannot demonstrate the performance of their curing products on the market. The
contractor is therefore facing a difficulty to choose the most appropriate curing compound for his work.
The main objective of this study is to develop a robust and reliable method to measure the effectiveness of
a curing compound and to establish a criterion based on durability rather than mechanical performance
for evaluating the measured effectiveness. Different curing compounds of different chemical composition
have been tested. The results showed that chloride migration coefficient and capillary water absorption
tests could be used as a criterion.
P1-516 The pozzolanic potential of Portuguese calcined clays as clinker

substitute
Karyne Santosa, Raquel Lopesa, Manuel Vieirab, Antônio Santos Silvab, Arlindo Gonçalvesb
a c5lab – Sustainable Construction Material Association, Lisbon, Portugal
b Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Materials Department,
Lisbon, Portugal
The challenges of the cement sector in the context of a future low-carbon economy are massive, mainly

from Portugal's ratification of the Paris Agreement and the ongoing review of the European Union
Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) with the establishment of highly demanding reduction targets in
CO2 emissions. In that regard, developing and ensuring in-depth knowledge was crucial, promoting
scientific research in specific areas of interest to the sector. The Collaborative Laboratory c5lab -
Sustainable Construction Materials was created on topics of critical interest for the Portuguese national
cement industry. The main objective of c5lab is to develop research focused on the search for carbon
neutrality of the infrastructure built in concrete, from the production of cement to the end of the useful
life of concrete structures. This work is part of the c5lab investigation on the potential use of some
Portuguese clays calcined as partial substitutes for clinker. This work presents the overall evaluation of
the pozzolanic characteristics of clays available in Portugal extracted in strategic locations of the cement
factories. While locating the correct raw materials and identifying the right processing conditions were
the objectives of this study. More than 60 calcined clays were evaluated in chemical and mineralogical
tests using the Chapelle test, Frattini test, strength activity index (SAI), DRX, FRX and TGA techniques.
An index of the strength results is presented, showing promising results, where the Portuguese calcined
clays showed significant pozzolanic activity with a high potential for clinker substitution.
Keywords: Calcined clays, clinker, pozzolanic characteristics, substitution.
P1-539 Coal fly ash as a moisture buffering optimizer for gypsum plaster
composites
Mouatassim Charaia,b,c, Aboubakr El hammoutib,c, Salaheddine Channoufb, Mohamed
Oualid Mghazlia,d and Ahmed Mezrhabb
a Green Energy Park (IRESEN, UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
b Mechanics and Energy Laboratory, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
c Univ Paris Est Creteil, CERTES, Creteil, France
d ENTPE, LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Univ Lyon, Vaulx-en-Velin Cedex, France
With the growing need for better humidity control in buildings, the moisture buffering capacity of
interior finishing materials is becoming a key feature to improve the occupant satisfaction and ensure
healthier built environments. Gypsum is the most popular choice for indoor construction and
refurbishment projects due to its ease of use and low energy footprint. However, its capacity to regulate
humidity is limited as its moisture buffering value MBV is found be ~0.6 g/(m2.%RH). To address this
issue, herein the investigation of using coal fly ash as a hygrothermal optimizer to enhance both thermal
insulation and moisture buffering capacity of gypsum composites is conducted. For laboratory
experiments, different gypsum composites made from CFA in various proportions by dry weight of
gypsum between 0-80%wt were prepared and characterized for their thermal conductivity and MBV
after 28 days of curing using hot disk method and NORDTEST measurement protocol, respectively.
Results indicated that an increase in CFA content led to a higher MBV and lower thermal conductivity in
gypsum composites. Beyond the addition of 30wt% CFA, the results showed an increase in the MBV of the
gypsum, which allowed the prepared composites to shift from a "LIMITED" to a "GOOD" moisture
regulator, while improving their thermal insulating by 30%. Therefore, CFA is a promising waste-based
additive to gypsum for the production of thermal insulating gypsum composites with improved moisture
buffering capacity for hygrothermal regulation in buildings.
Keyword: Gypsum, gypsum composites, coal fly ash, moisture buffering, MBV, thermal conductivity.

P1-565 Recent advancements in the synthesis and processing of alkali-activated

materials
Adeyemi Adesinaa,b, Jieying Zhanga and Miroslava Kavgickc
a Construction Research Unit, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
b Department of Civil Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
c Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) have gained attention in recent years as a sustainable alternative to
conventional Portland cement-based materials. This is due to their lower carbon footprint and ability to
utilize various waste materials as raw materials to produce AAMs for various construction applications.
The synthesis and processing of AAMs have been actively researched in recent years, leading to various
advancements in the field, especially in the terms of use of alternative precursors, activators and
optimization of performance. Hence, this review paper summarizes some of these recent advancements
in the synthesis and processing of AAMs, including novel activators, optimization of activator
concentration and curing conditions, and the development of advanced processing techniques. The paper
also provides a brief discussion of the impact of these advancements on the properties of AAMs, such as
strength, durability, and sustainability. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art
in the synthesis and processing of AAMs and highlights areas for future research.
Keywords: Alkali-activated materials, synthesis and processing, materials.
P1-570 Synthesis and study of titanium inclusion into sulfoaluminate phase

Amal Zahroura, Hassan Ez-zakia, Nacer Khachania, Mohamed Youssef Messousb,
Abdeljebbar Diouria
b Unité Sciences de la Matiere (USM/DERS), Centre National de l‟Energie, des Sciences et
des Techniques Nucleaires-CNESTEN, Rabat, Morocco
Portland cement emits a massive amount of harmful gases, the most important of which is carbon
dioxide, which is responsible for global warming. In order to develop commercially usable cements
whose manufacture is accompanied by low industrial emissions of CO 2, researchers have proposed to
produce a new type of environmentally friendly cements or green cements such as calcium
sulfoaluminate cements (Yeelimite) as an alternative to Portland cement. These cements are hydraulic
binders made from clinker; their name covers a wide range of compositions whose common point is the
presence of calcium sulfoaluminate phase. In this work, the inclusion of titanium oxide in the structure of
ye'elimite (general formula: Ca4Al(6-x)TixO16S) was described. The synthesis is carried out using raw
materials: calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), alumina (Al2O3) and titanium oxide
(TiO2). Different mixtures were treated at different temperatures from 500°C to 1300°C, interspersed
with grinding in order to increase the degree of homogeneity until the required phase was obtained. The
aim of this work is to study the behavior of sulfo-aluminous cement in the presence of varying amounts of
titanium oxide.
Keywords: Calcium sulfoaluminate phase, Yeelimite, physicochemical properties.

P1-591 Effect of CO2-rich atmosphere on the thermal decomposition of natural

limestone destined to cement production
Yassine El Khessaimi a, Youssef El Hafiane a, Agnès Smith a, Xavier Guillot b, Rémi
Barbarulo c
a Institute of Research in Ceramics (IRCER), UMR CNRS 7315, Université de Limoges,
Centre Européen de la Céramique, 12 avenue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges cedex, France.

b Holcim, 14/16 Boulevard Garibaldi, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
c Holcim Innovation Center, 95 rue du Montmurier, 38291 Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France
Cement production is a major contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions, accounting for
approximately 7% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions worldwide. The vast majority of these emissions arise
from the calcination of limestone, a key component of the cement production process. During calcination,
limestone is heated to high temperatures, causing it to decompose into calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon
dioxide (CO2). Roughly two-thirds of the CO2 emissions during cement production arise from this
process, which releases large amounts of CO 2 into the atmosphere.One way to mitigate the CO 2 footprint
of cement production is through the capture and utilization of CO 2 emissions during the calcination of
limestone. By capturing CO2 during the decomposition of limestone, cement producers can reduce their
overall emissions and contribute to global efforts to combat climate change. However, the effectiveness
of this approach depends on a number of factors, including the partial pressure of CO 2 during the
calcination process.In recent years, a new technology has emerged for the separate calcination of
limestone, which involves calcining limestone in a CO 2-rich atmosphere. This approach helps to avoid the
dilution of CO2 by combustion flue gas, enabling more efficient capture and utilization of CO 2 emissions.
However, the use of a CO2-rich atmosphere may also have an impact on the thermal decomposition of
limestone, affecting the energy balance of the process.The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence
of CO2 partial pressure on the thermal decomposition of natural limestone used in cement production. A
series of experiments were conducted to measure the thermal decomposition of limestone at different CO 2
partial pressures, and thermodynamic calculations were used to model the behavior of the system. The
results showed that CO2 shifts the onset decomposition temperature of limestone to higher values, which
can have a significant impact on the energy balance of the separate calcination technology.
Keywords: cement; limestone; calcination; CO2 capture; thermodynamic
P1-592 The effectiveness of data augmentation in compressive strength

prediction of calcined clay cements using linear regression learning
Yassine El Khessaimi a, Youssef El Hafiane a, Agnès Smith a, Claire Peyratout a, Karim
Tamine b, Samir Adly b, Moulay Barkatou b
a Institute of Research in Ceramics, IRCER, UMR CNRS 7315, University of Limoges, 12
rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges, France.

b MathIS, XLIM Laboratory, UMR CNRS 7252, University of Limoges, 123 Av. Albert
Thomas, 87000 Limoges, France
Cement production is a vital industry that plays a crucial role in the development of modern
infrastructure. However, it is also a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, with cement
production accounting for around 7% of global CO 2 emissions. As a result, there is a pressing need to
develop sustainable cement production processes that minimize environmental impact while maintaining
the required mechanical properties of cement. The study presented in this paper focuses on the use of
data-driven models based on artificial intelligence (AI) for optimizing the mechanical properties of
cement materials, with a particular emphasis on limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). The potential of
data augmentation techniques was explored, specifically the Copulas method, in improving the
performance of linear regression models for linking the compressive strength of LC3 with its mix design.
Data augmentation using copulas can be a useful technique to augment tabular data, but its effectiveness
in improving the performance of linear regression may depend on the statistical characteristics of the

original data. While the method was successful in generating additional data that preserved the original
statistical properties of the data, the results indicate that it may not always lead to significant
improvements in linear regression performance. Moreover, it was found that the augmentation process
did not significantly alter the statistical properties of the original data, suggesting that the resulting
augmented data is representative of the underlying data distribution. This research contributes to the
growing body of knowledge on the application of data-driven models for optimizing cement materials
properties. The study highlights the potential of data augmentation techniques for improving the
performance of linear regression models and emphasizes the importance of considering the statistical
characteristics of the original data when applying these methods. By improving our understanding of the
properties and behavior of cement materials, this research has the potential to support the development
of more sustainable cement production processes and contribute to global efforts to combat climate
change.
Keywords: LC3 cement; compressive strength; artificial intelligence; data augmentation;
P2-103 The dependence of linear viscoelasticity limits of cold recycled

mixtures on time of curing and compaction method
Mariusz Jaczewski, Cezary Szydłowski and Bohdan Dołżycki
Department of Highway and Transportation Engineering, Gdańsk University of
Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
Cold recycled mixtures are currently on of the most used and investigated method of recycling of old
pavement structures in environmental friendly manner. Old pavement structure is milled; its gradation
can be improved with small addition of virgin aggregate and further is mixed and compacted at ambient
temperature. The mainly used binding agents are bituminous emulsion (or foamed bitumen) and cement.
Due to its dual binding behavior the correct testing of the cold recycled mixtures presents various
problems and challenges. One of such challenges is testing of stiffness modulus of cold recycled mixtures.
Apart of dependence of modulus on test temperature and time of curing recent research proved its highly
nonlinear behavior, much wider in comparison to classical asphalt mixtures. Paper presents the results
of research of linear viscoelasticity limits on the basis of Simple Performance Tester (SPT) test for two
similar cold recycled mixtures prepared and compacted in different manner. Both mixtures consists of
around 70% of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and around 25% of virgin aggregate. As binding
agents cement (3%) and bituminous emulsion (3% for laboratory specimen and 4% for field specimen)
were chosen. One of the mixtures was prepared in laboratory in fully laboratory conditions (material
preparation, mixing, compacting). The second was prepared on the basis of field originated materials
(material preparation and mixing made on field, compacted in laboratory). Both mixtures were tested in
temperature of 20C for 7, 14, 28, 42, 90 and 180 days after compaction. The test mode was chosen as
controlled strain mode with strain range from 20 up to 200 µstrain. Both dynamic values and phase
angles were measured. The test showed that the linear viscoelasticity limits for dynamic modulus testing
changed with times after compaction for both specimen – after initially low value (of 45-55µstrain), it
increased with time and reached constant value (of 75-95µstrain), with different level depending on the
specimen preparation method.
Keywords : Bituminous emulsion, cement, viscoelasticity, compaction.

P2-125 Characterization and valorization of the Zellidja slag in building

materials
Raja Moussaouia, Souad El Moudni El Alamia, Hassan Aouraghea and Wim Van Den
Berghb
aLaboratory of Applied Geosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University,
Oujda, Morocco
bEnergy and Materials in Infrastructure and Buildings (EMIB) Research Group, Faculty
of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Due to mining exploitations, the Moroccan mining sector has contributed up to 10% of the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). Lead production has been one of the main pillars of national economic
development due to the activity of the Zellidja lead smelter, which has allowed the processing of up to
160,000 tons of lead concentrate per year. During these years of production, the smelter generated three
millions of tons of slag stored between the back of the foundry and the watercourse of Oued El Heimer. In
the absence of a way to manage these mine waste, which could negatively affect the environment. The
reason why, we decided to make a study of characterization and valorization of these residues. The study
consists of an identification and characterization of geometric, geotechnical and physico-chemical
properties, followed by an evaluation of the mechanical properties of the samples taken. The obtained
results approved that the Zellidja slag are characterized by a granulometry assimilable to that of a sandy
material marked by a strong resistance to the fragmentation, a high density, a low capacity of water
absorption, a high cleanliness favoring their use as a building material.
Keywords: Zellidja, lead waste, slag, cleanliness.
P2-133 Development of hybrid biopolymers fromresidual biomass

Afaf Moufaddela,b, Hakima Elhajjia, Latifa Elfarissib, Khalid Bougrina,c, Kamal Gaarab,
Nacer Akkourib
aEquipe de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, Département de
Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat- Maroc
bCentre Technique de Plasturgie et de Caoutchouc, Complexe des Centres Techniques
Industriels Marocains, Casablanca, Maroc
c Chemical & Biochemical Sciences Green-Process Engineering (CBS-GPE) Mohammed VI
Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
The growing demand in recent years for synthetic plastics has had a major impact on the environment
and contributed to the global plastic waste problem. With growing environmental awareness, major
plastics industries have started researching and developing biodegradable plastics using renewable
resources as substitutes for petroleum products or non-degradable plastics. These new bioplastics made
from synthetic and natural biopolymers such as PLA (Ploylactic Acid), PHA (Polyhydroxyalcanoates),
PHB (Polyhydroxy butyrate), and mixtures of starch, gelatin, chitosan, and keratin, have been prepared
and transformed into intermediate compounds in the same way as conventional plastics. These
alternative biopolymers play various roles in nature and exhibit excellent mechanical, thermal, and
chemical properties for the development of future applications. Our study aims to develop natural hybrid
biopolymers from waste biomass and explains how to replace traditional resources with more
environmentally friendly clean materials and put action on the different methods of extracting
biopolymers and their methods of conversion into plastic biofilms for their use in various pharmaceutical
or food applications. The samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR) and using thermal and mechanical tests. The different properties of these biopolymers were
studied with a vision of producing bioplastic films that can be applicated as an alternative to petroleum
products in the future.

Keywords: Bio based, biodegradable, biofilm, biopolymer, hybrid, plastic.

Corresponding Author:: [email protected], [email protected]
P2-205 Comprehensive evaluation of effect of molecular structure and

concentration of SBS polymer on modified binder in different field
conditions
Yogesh Kumara , Praveen Kumarb and Sham S Ravindranatha
aDepartment of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Roorkee, India
b Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
Asphalt binders are subjected to a wide temperature range (0-170 °C) during pavement construction
(aggregates mixing, rolling, lying, and compaction) and field conditions (rutting: 40-60 °C, fatigue
cracking: 0-40 °C). Performance properties of asphalt binder can be improved by utilizing SBS polymer.
This work highlights the critical role of molecular structure and concentrations (1-8 wt.%) of four
commercial-grade SBS polymers (linear triblock, branched triblock, linear high vinyl triblock, and linear
diblock) on the performance properties of modified binder. SBS-MBs were prepared using high shear and
low shear mixer at specified temperature and rpm conditions. FTIR, GPC, DSC, FM, softening point,
phase stability, penetration, Brookfield, capillary, and rheology (PP25, PP15, PP50, CC24) techniques
were used for the characterization of pristine SBS polymer and SBS-MBs. The results demonstrate that
the generation of interconnected network structure in the modified binder occurs at SBS content > 2.5-3
wt.%, evident by FM. A minor increase in SBS content (3 to 4 wt.%) and linear to branch SBS structure
results in a 10-20% rise in softening point, 5-10% in elastic recovery, |G*| and |η*| while δ decreases by
20-25° implying highest rutting resistance and improved service life of flexible pavements. The elevated
temperatures (120-170 °C) analysis shows that a stronger interconnected network structure remains
intact for branched SBS due to its chemical composition (combination of radial branches and higher
molecular weight). The viscosity of the branched SBS-MBs binders was 2-5 times higher, while the values
of phase angle were lower compared to the other three SBS structures. Furthermore, an intermediate
temperature (0-40 °C) analysis with PP15 DSR geometry indicates that asphalt binders play a crucial
role in intermediate temperature conditions, and performance properties improve with the increase in
the SB polymer concentration. The contribution of four SBS molecular structures becomes less effective at
lower temperatures (< 15 °C). This study suggests that the branched SBS polymer will produce PMBs that
perform better at upper pavement temperature due to higher network density. Fundamentally this
research work broadly evaluates the efficacy of four different molecular structures of SBS polymers used
to modify asphalt binder. This study provides significant findings for the pavement engineers to use
appropriate grades and concentrations of SBS polymer according to different field and construction
conditions.
Keywords : Polymer, rheology, molecular structures, asphalt binder.
P2-211 Significance of frequency in rheological analysis of crumb rubber

modified bitumen.
Aut Alok Sharma and Sham S. Ravindranath
Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
Roorkee, India
Crumb rubber derived from end-of-life tires (ELTs) of automobiles is utilized worldwide as a modifier in
the construction of flexible pavements. However, the use of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) possesses
challenges due to the inert nature of rubber particles. The rubber particles composed of crosslinked
polymeric chains make its rheological behavior complex and different from polymer modified bitumen.

The importance of lower angular frequencies (≤ 0.1 rad/s) in analyzing the rheological properties of
crumb rubber modified bitumens (CRMBs) has been studied. CRMBs were prepared with varying CRM
dosages (4-12 wt%) & CRM mesh sizes (30,80 mesh). Frequency sweep measurements were performed in
the linear visco-elastic region with 10% strain and varying the frequency from 100 to 0.01 rad/s at 60 °C.
The results show that the dominant role of lower frequencies in characterizing the rheological behavior of
the CRMB is not as apparent as in case of SBS modified bitumen (SBS-MB). The significant influence of
lower frequencies can be observed on the rheological parameters of SBS-MB. In case of CRMB, complex
viscosity increases throughout the frequency range with increase in CRM concentration. Two phenomena
are responsible for the aforementioned behavior of CRMB. CRM absorbs low molecular weight fractions
from the binder & simultaneously binder gets devoid of low molecular weight maltene fractions.
Morphology evaluation by SEM clearly depicts swelling of CRM in CRMB. Moreover, the rheological
response and the relaxation phenomena of polymeric chains are insignificant compared to the dynamics
of crumb rubber particles. Hence, the difference among CRMBs as a function of CRM concentration,
CRM Mesh size, and short-term aging increases throughout the frequency range. This study present that
the frequency of oscillation plays a significant role in analyzing the rheological response of CRMB. Along
with that, for effective grading, quality control suitable rheological parameters should be employed for
accurate quantification of modified bitumens.
Keywords :Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM), Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB), Angular
frequency, rheology, short term aging.
P2-213 Four fundamental limitations of performance grading

Akanksha Pandey and Sham S. Ravindranath
Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
Roorkee, India
Implementation of performance grading (PG) of asphalt binders marked a major shift in binder grading
process compared to conventional methods. Strategic Highway Research Program' (SHRP) proposed the
PG methodology based on rheological measurements. The grading consists of criteria known as rutting
(|G*|/sinδ) and fatigue cracking (|G*|.sinδ) criteria to grade the binder according to the upper and
intermediate service temperatures, respectively. Through rheological analysis, this study presents the
fundamental limitations of PG methodology. At upper limiting temperature of unmodified binders, the δ
values are above 85°. Thus, the seeming complicated rutting criteria of |G*|/sinδ ≥ 1000/2200 Pa
(unaged/RTFO aged) simplifies to viscosity ɳ≥ 100/220Pa.s and is valid over a wide range of angular
frequency. The PG fatigue cracking criterion is based on the energy dissipating capacity (loss modulus Gʺ
= |G*|.sinδ ≤ 5000 kPa) of the 'RTFO + PAV' aged binders. At true PG intermediate temperature (TI), the
loss modulus and storage modulus values of 'RTFO+PAV' aged binders were similar as the δ values were
close to 45°. Therefore, Gʺ as the fatigue criterion will not provide any particular benefit in predicting the
fatigue performance of aged binders. Furthermore, using δ to forecast fatigue performance may lead to
inaccuracies, as fatigue cracking and δ show opposite trends after aging in asphalt binders. In the PG
grading, 10 rad/s oscillatory frequency was selected to analyze the rheological behavior of the binder. In
case of polymer modified binders (PMB), the rheological parameters (|ɳ*|, |G*|, δ etc.) strongly vary as a
function of applied ω, and difference is more vital as frequency lowers. The SBS molecules primarily
respond at longer time scales of measurement due to their sluggish dynamics. Hence, the rheological
signature of the SBS polymer in the binder is primarily observed at lower frequencies (≤ 0.1 rad/s).
MSCR measurement has been considered more reliable method to analyze the PMB however; trends
followed by Jnr and rut depth are quite different. Case studies performed using reactive terpolymer,
polyethylene, and wax demonstrates the limitations of MSCR analysis. PMBs can have equivalent MSCR
parameters but notably different rut depth in mixes and vice-versa. Therefore, depending only on MSCR
parameters may not be sufficient to predict pavements'performance accurately. The fundamental
rheological parameters not only provide a good understanding of the viscoelastic properties of the PMBs

but also lead to more accurate prediction of pavement performance.

Keywords :Performance Grading (PG), rheology, polymer modified binders (PMB), MSCR
P2-214 An alternative approach towards property mitigation of linear SBS

modified binder during storage
Sumit K. Singha, Akanksha Pandeyb and Sham S. Ravindranathc
a Characterization Division, Rheology, Anton Paar India Pvt. ltd., Gurgaon, India
b Department of Polymer and Process Engineering,
c Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Addition of linear SBS polymer demonstrates to be the most successful in commercial market for
pavement application for bitumen modification. Property deterioration is one of the main concerns with
SBS modified bitumen during storage due to its poor thermal properties at elevated temperatures. Many
literature studies clearly stated that linear SBS is more vulnerable towards property loss at storage
temperature of 180 ºC or more. Due to its higher stiffness and good flexibility it caters the required
performance necessity at higher and lower temperature. Studies highlighted that nearly 50-60%
property loss occurred during storage at 180 ºC within 1 week period of time using linear SBS. In the
current study, we have tried an alternative approach towards mitigation or minimization of property
losses by addition of different SBS microstructures/blending the Linear SBS polymer with 50% High
vinyl, di-block, branched SBS and Elvaloy polymer to understand whether addition of these polymer with
Linear SBS can helpful in reducing the extent/rate of property deterioration during storage. It has been
observed that losses have been significantly reduced and properties reduction has been improved by
almost 30-40 % by addition of 50 % high vinyl and 50 % Di-block with SBS linear polymer. The results
were evaluated by conventional and rheological properties such as softening point, PG grading, Multi-
stress creep testing and frequency sweep. As per the existing literature and with our past exhaustive
work carried on SBS degradation, 4.5 % SBS content was used for the entire studies upto 14 days of
storage time at 180 ºC. The present studies signify that addition/blending of 50:50 ratio of high vinyl
and di-block SBS is very helpful in mitigation of property losses and in such scenarios where high
temperature storage conditions are required. These strategies can be adopted by users and suppliers of
SBS modified bitumen in scenarios where prolong storage at elevated temperatures is required. Our
results have important implications for storage and handling guidelines.
Keywords :SBS polymer, bitumen, rheological properties, whether addition.
P2-224 Evaluation and modeling of flexible pavement behavior in Morocco:

crack initiation model
Rabab Eddeqaqi, Choukri Cherradi, Khadija Baba, Abderrahman Nounah
Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory (LGCE), Mohammadia Engineering
Knowing the typical behavior of Moroccan pavements and their evolution over time, according to their
structures, traffic, climate, and soil type is a fundamental requirement for the rational and objective
management of the road network. Indeed, the planning of the maintenance operations of this network
and their investment needs resulting from the Technico-economic evolution of several maintenance
scenarios and the choice of the best intervention strategy, requires the mastery of the laws governing the
evolution of damage to Moroccan roadways. The natural approach to define these behavior laws is to
choose a representative sample of new road sections and to follow the real evolution of the deteriorations
year by year until the final stage. In this optic, we have established a sample of 80 control sections of 1km
length each and an average width of 6m approximately, to follow the real evolution of the deteriorations

according to their ages on the whole road network which constitutes a linear of 45 354 km. The most
commonly encountered deteriorations on the Moroccan network are : Cracking, rutting, longitudinal
evenness, and raveling. Of these four degradations, the last three tend to develop progressively over time.
For cracking, the situation is quite different. The first occurrence of this deterioration can only appear
when the pavement has been in service for a number of years. In this initiation phase of deterioration,
cracking first occurs at the bottom of the lower layers. Over time, fatigue cracks initiated below the
bound layers propagate upward, and eventually become apparent on the pavement surface. Only from
above can they be observed during inspections. The purpose of this study is to propose a crack initiation
model, in order to detect structural problems much earlier, and to prevent the crack from reaching the
pavement surface.
Keywords : Pavements, cracking, deterioration, structure.
Corresponding Author: Rabab.eddeqaqi@gmail
P2-247 Development of a photovoltaic-based module for harvesting solar

energy from pavement: Lab and field assessment
Musfira Rahmana, Gamal Mabrouk b and Samer Dessoukyc
a Texas A&M university, College Station, Texas, USA,
b Texas Department of Transportation - Houston District, Texas, USA
cUniversity of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
The concurrent worldwide energy crisis has become a strong incentive for researchers, governments,
and industry professionals to focus on sustainable energy solutions. Consequently, pavement
photovoltaic energy harvesting technologies, as one of the most common sustainable energy solutions,
have recently seen a significant improvement, especially in the new innovative designs of pavement solar
panels. In this study, an innovative design, for a prototype energy harvesting system, was proposed
based on thin-film photovoltaic solar panels. In addition, the feasibility of utilizing the generated power
of the proposed system to illuminate a pedestrian crosswalk for enhancing the safety of an at-grade
intersection was also analyzed. The designed prototype consists of a thin-film solar panel, a transparent
cover to protect the solar panel, and a wooden frame to support the panel. Different materials for the
transparent covering plates were investigated, including polycarbonate with varying thicknesses,
textured glass grit, and textured float glass with corundum skid-resistant coating on the surface.
Experimental results of the study showed that for a typical sunny summer day, the proposed system
could be capable of generating an average of 2.2 watts of electricity out of 304.8 mm (12 inches)304.8
mm (12 inches) pavement solar panel.
Keywords :Energy, photovoltaic, pavement, solar panels.
P2-341 A Review of wood-based bio-oil applications in asphalt pavement

construction
Sharareh Shirzad
Appalachian State University, Department of Sustainable Technology and the Built
Environment, Boone, NC, USA
One of the major sources of biomass is wood and forestry waste. This includes multiple wood residues
generated from the manufacturing of lumber and other wood products. In addition, each year a huge
number of trees are removed from private and public lands for reasons such as disease, storm damage,
and street development. As a result, a massive amount of wood and forestry waste is landfilled each
year. In a sustainable approach and to decrease the carbon footprint of asphalt pavement construction,
wood-based bio-oil (WBBO) obtained through the pyrolysis process, was introduced into the asphalt

pavement industry. WBBO is utilized in asphalt pavement through two different techniques; partial
replacement of petroleum-based asphalt binder or bio-asphalt and recovery of aged asphalt materials or
bio-rejuvenator. WBBO has a low viscosity and chemical structure similar to petroleum-based asphalt
binder. Therefore, it is used to partially replace asphalt binders. However, bio modification of asphalt
binder results in high aging susceptibility and diminished high-temperature performance. Therefore, the
percentage of bio-oil is limited to low numbers. In order to increase the percentage of bio-oil and to
address issues related to aging resistance and high-temperature performance, additives such as styrene-
butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer, crumb rubber, rejuvenators, organic nano calcium carbonate (CaCO 3),
methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) are added to bio-asphalt. Since bio-oil contains large quantities
of light compounds, it is also suitable for the rejuvenation of aged asphalt materials. WBBO is used as a
bio-rejuvenator in mixtures containing recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) and reclaimed asphalt pavement
(RAP). Results showed a decrease in the viscosity and an improvement in rutting resistance, fatigue
resistance, and thermal cracking resistance. The optimum percentage for wood-based bio-rejuvenator is
between 5% to 20%.
Keywords: Bio-asphalt, wood-based bio-oil (WBBO), viscosity.
P2-345 Numerical simulation of hygrothermomechanical deformations of

bituminous pavements under extreme weather conditions in the city
of Ouagadougou
Sidpouita Mathilde Koudougoua,B, David Yemboini Kader TOGUYENI A,B And Anne
Pantetc
a EcolePolytechnique de Ouagadougou, Institut du Génie des Systèmes Industriels et
Textiles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
b Laboratoire de Physique, de Chimie et de l‟Environnement, Ouagadougou , Burkina
Faso
c Laboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes, UMR 6294, Le Havre, France
The early appearance of pavement deterioration is a recurring phenomenon in the city of Ouagadougou.
Maintenance campaigns for road infrastructures follow one another after each rainy season to fill the
potholes observed on the pavements. Several hypotheses can be put forward as to the origin of the action
of water on the structure of a pavement such as pressure of runoff water, infiltration, thermal expansion
during a rainy episode. However, are these pathologies directly related to the tropical rains or would
they be the consequence of aggregation to the pre-existing deformations of the heat wave period?
Therefore, a two-dimensional numerical simulation using a software based on the finite element method
(FE) was undertaken to analyze the hygro-thermomechanical response of a bituminous pavement to the
hot and rainy weather conditions of the hot and dry tropical climate of the city of Ouagadougou. The
studied pavement is a trunk of the national road 4, composed of two surface layers of asphalt formulated
with pure bitumen 35/50 and two other layers of crushed granite and clayey lateritic gravel. The
numerical model built, solves the heat equation and provides the temperatures and deformations at each
second and any arbitrary point of the pavement. It takes into account the geotechnical and
thermophysical properties (Young's modulus, thermal conductivity) of the different layers and the
meteorological conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, rain intensity etc.) of the
pavement. Most of the geotechnical and thermophysical parameters were obtained after laboratory
reconstruction of the pavement layers. However, a statistical analysis of the rainfall data was necessary
to obtain the intensity profiles of the showers that fall on the city of Ouagadougou. The simulated
maximum longitudinal strains vary between 4.94 10 -8 and 2.21 10-8 m/m during hot weather. and those
according to the depth of the roadway between 1.35 10 -5 and 1.15 10-5 m/m in periods of high heat. The
latter are at the limit of linear viscoelastic behaviour and of the admissibility threshold for a T2 type of
traffic (151 to 300 heavy vehicles per day). Under rainy weather conditions, the maximum deformations
obtained in both directions are very acceptable and of the order of 8.2 10 -6 m/m. Thus, the deformations

recorded during the warm period would be due in particular to the traffic, at the origin of the observable
permanent deformations and their amplification during the rainy season.
Keywords: Pavement deterioration, numerical simulation, finite element method.
Corresponding Author:: [email protected], [email protected]
P2-383 Thermal, mechanical, morphological, and structural proprieties of

nanocomposites based on polypropylene and biocharge produced
from snail shells (PP/SSP)
Mostapha Karaoui, Mohammed Alami, Mohammed Assouag
Team of Innovative Materials and Mechanical Manufacturing Processes, ENSAM,
University Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Morocco
Polypropylene (PP) and its composites have excellent fluidity, mechanical properties, weather resistance,
chemical strength and are economical. Additionally, they are very popular and widely used in various
applications such as automotive, construction, and consumer goods. This study show the snail shell effect
produced by mechanochemical process, in the polypropylene matrix in term of mechanical, thermal,
structural, and morphological analysis using Traction teste, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC),
Fourier transformation Infrared (FT-IR), and Optical microscopy (OM). As a result, the thermal analysis
indicates that by increases of SSP, the melting temperature decreased and the crystallization
temperature increased of nanocomposites PP/SSP-5 compared to pure polypropylene. Thus, the degree
of crystallinity decreased. In addition, the mechanical proprieties were improved by increases of young
modulus with 11% and decreases of strain and elongation at break with 81% and 54% respectively. While
the tensile strength fluctuates by the loaded SSP. Also, toughness of the nanocomposites PP/SSP-10
showed a decrease of 81% compared to the pure PP. Furthermore, structural analysis confirms the
combination of SSP into the PP. Optical microscopy shows a good distribution of SSP into the PP matrix
and confirm the obtained results. We can confirm that the SSP enhance the proprieties of the PP and can
be used as friendly and renewable fillers.
Keywords: Polypropylene (PP), snail shell, thermal analysis, melting.
P2-391 Preparation and investigation of mechanical properties of PPR

nanocomposites reinforced with silicon dioxide nanoparticles
Nikolaos D. Bikiarisa, Evangelia Dellib, Eleftheria Xanthopouloua, Kostantinos Chrissafisb
and George Z. Papageorgiouc
a Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Chemistry Department, Thessaloniki, Greece
b Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece
c University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Ioannina, Greece
Polypropylene random copolymer (PPR) is a modified polyolefin produced by the random

copolymerization of propylene with a small amount of ethylene or α-olefin molecules. The small amount
of ethylene on PP-R retains the tensile strengthand the stiffness of polyproylene (PP) but also enhances its
mechanical properties at low temperatures, which are very important for its domestic application. Its
numerous advantages such as high thermal stability, strong chemical resistance and easy processability
enable its application in building and construction sectors as aggressive chemicals transport systems,
water plumbing distribution and compressed air piping. Tailoring of the PPR properties is made possible
by the addition of a suitable reinforcing agent such as fibres, platelets and spherical particles. The
adjustment of the filler size and volume fraction of the reinforcement in the polymer matrix provides
remarkable engineering flexibility. In the past, numerous filler materials like clays, glass fibers,
nanotubes may be facilitated for the improvement of its mechanical, structural and thermal properties

while maintaining the same main polymeric material (PP-R). PP-R has also been subjected to many
modifications, such as PP-RCT (polypropylene-random copolymer/enhanced crystalline
structure/improved temperature resistance). In the currect work, silicon dioxide (SiO 2) nanoparticles
were incorporated into the PPR matrix. Their characteristic high surface area per volume and aspect
ratio constitutes them also candidates for polymer reinforcing resulting to nanocomposites with
enhanced heat resistance, mechanical properties and easier processability compared to other
commercial materials such as glass fibre reinforced thermoplastics. The current research provides a
report on the fabrication and study of the mechanical properties of amorphous PPR composites
reinforced with SiO2 nanoparticles. Specifically, five PPR/ SiO 2 nanocomposites were synthesized using a
rheomixer and different filler contents, namely 1 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt% and 15 wt%. Low additive
weight ratios were selected to maintain the production cost of the composites as low as possible. Results
obtained from the investigation of the mechanical properties of the prepared nanocomposites showed
that an increase in the percentage of SiO 2 within the PPR matrix resulted in a significant increase in the
Young modulus and the impact strength of the materials.
Keywords: Polypropylene random copolymer (PPR), , silicon dioxide, nanocomposites, mechanical
properties.
P2-399 3D finite element and micromechanical modeling of the tensile

behaviour of bamboo fibers composites
Mouad Chakkour1,*, Mohamed Ould Moussa1, Ismail Khay1, Mohamed Balli1, Najma
Laaroussi2, Tarak Ben Zineb3
1 Laboratoryof Renewable Energies and Advanced Materials LERMA, College of
Engineering and Architecture, International University of Rabat, Morocco
2 Materials
Energy and Acoustics Team (MEAT), EST Sale, Mohammed V University in
Rabat, Morocco
3 LEM3, CNRS, Arts et Métiers, Université de Lorraine, ParisTech, F-54000, Nancy,
France
Nowadays, many efforts have been made to produce lightweight, renewable and biodegradable
composites in order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, research activities are
recently oriented towards natural fibers that seem to be the best candidate to replace non-renewable and
expensive synthetic fibers such as: carbon, glass and kevlar. In particular, bamboo fibers offer
outstanding specifictensile properties due to the alignment of the cellulosic fibrils through the
longitudinal direction. Most importantly, their wide availability, low cost and density make them a
promising candidate inseveral industries. However, a limited attention is devotedto the evaluation of the
contribution of these fibers on the mechanical properties of polymer composites. Herein, the current
paper highlights the experimental evaluation of the mechanical properties of bamboo fibers polymer
composites as well as finite element and micromechanical modeling of their behavior. First, bamboo
fibers are extracted from stems using combined mechanical and manual techniques. The extracted fibers
are afterwards used to manufacture epoxy composites using hand layup and cold compression methods
for mechanical and morphological evaluation. The findings show that the incorporation of fibers
drastically enhances the tensile strength of the composite. SEM observation of the fractured surface of the
specimens showsan adequate fiber-matrix interface which indicates that the stress is effectively
transferred from the matrix to fibers. In addition, the anisotropic predicted finite element model is
performed and found to correctly predict the tensile strength. Similarly, rule of mixture based
micromechanical model validates the experimental data due to the low voids content in the considered
composites.
KeyWords:Biocomposite – Mechanical properties – Finite element modeling – Micromechanics

P2-436 Design of sustainable concrete pavement with RAP aggregates

M. Selvam, Vadthya Poornachandar and Surender Singh
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) aggregates are being dumped in an open area after the demolition of
asphalt pavements. The utilization of RAP aggregates in cement concrete pavements may provide several
socio-economic-environmental benefits and could embrace the circular economy. The cross recycling of
RAP aggregates in the concrete pavement could reduce the consumption of virgin aggregates and saves
fertile land. However, the structural, as well as functional properties of RAP-concrete could be
significantly lower than the conventional Pavement Quality Control (PQC) pavements. This warrants
judicious selection of RAP fraction (coarse and fine aggregates) along with the accurate proportion of the
same for PQC highways. Also, the selection of the RAP fraction and its proportion shall not be solely
based on the mechanical properties of RAP-concrete specimens but also governed by the structural and
functional behaviour of the pavement system. In this study, an effort has been made to predict the
optimum RAP fraction and its corresponding proportion for cement concrete pavements by considering
the low-volume and high-volume roads. Initially, the effect of the inclusion of RAP aggregates on the
fresh and mechanical properties of concrete pavement mixes is mapped through an extensive literature
survey. Further, the most widely used pavement design method in India, like the Indian Roads Congress
(IRC 58) pavement design method is followed for the design of concrete pavements. Subsequently, fatigue
damage and cost analysis are performed to evaluate the required safe thickness and economy of the
pavement slab for different fractions of RAP (coarse RAP). After that, the performance of RAP-concrete is
predicted by employing the AASHTO-1993 empirical model for the different distress conditions such as
faulting, cracking, and smoothness. The performance prediction and total cost analysis of RAP
aggregates depict that the optimum proportions of coarse RAP aggregates in the PQC mix are 35% and
50% for high-volume and low-volume roads, respectively.
Keywords :Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), Pavement Quality Control (PQC), fatigue damage, cost
analysis.
P2-445 Polymer composites with the effect of EMI absorption shielding

Ján Kruţeláka, Andrea Kvasničákováa, Michaela Dţuganováa, Rastislav Dosoudilb, Ivan
Hudeca
a Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Slovak University of Technology,
Bratislava, Slovakia
b Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava,
Slovakia
The increasing demand for informatization and industrialization in today`s modern society is connected
with implementation of new and modern electronic concepts. However, this is also strongly connected
with higher accumulation of electromagnetic radiation in the surrounding. This electromagnetic
radiation is often termed as electromagnetic interference (EMI). Negative influences of EMI on
functionality of electronic devices as well on human beings‟ health have been reported. Thus, there has
raised a serious concern about the issue and new progressive materials have been developed to shield
harmful electromagnetic radiation. The two fundamental mechanisms contribute to overall effectiveness
of EMI shielding, namely reflection and absorption. Reflection shielding refers to simple reflection of
electromagnetic plane wave from the surface of the shield and is pronounced mostly for conductive
materials. On the other hand, the efficiency of shielding by absorption increases with the presence of
electric and/or magnetic dipoles in the shield. Shielding by reflection may cause a secondary EMI effect
as electromagnetic radiation reflects from the shield and can interfere with other electronic appliances.
Therefore, the shielding by absorption seems to be much more desirable as electromagnetic radiation can
be efficiently absorbed by the shield and is not emitted back to the surrounding. Polymer matrices, with
exclusion of intrinsically conductive polymers, are electrical insulators and thus they are not able to
shield electromagnetic radiation. However, when filled with suitable fillers, such composites can take a

significant position among materials demonstrating EMI shielding effectiveness. Polymer composites
with excellent electromagnetic characteristics can be used as an alternative to conventional metal based
EMI shields because of their flexibility, low specific weight, corrosion resistance, good process-ability,
tunable properties or low cost. The results of our previous experiments revealed that for absorption
shielding at low frequencies, magnetic soft ferrites are suitable fillers for polymer composites. In the
current study, manganese-zinc ferrite, nickel-zinc ferrite and the combinations of both fillers were used
for fabrication of polymer composites. Then, carbon fibres were applied in combination with ferrites in
the second type of materials. The results revealed that by proper combinations of the fillers it is possible
to fabricate polymer composites with tunable EMI absorption shielding performance as well as physical-
mechanical characteristics.
Keywords: Electromagnetic interference (EMI), shielding, polymer composites.
P2-461 Polycaprolactone grafted from hydrohydroxymethylated sunflower

oil as biodegradable coating material of water-soluble fertilizers
Abdelghani El Mouata,b, Taha El Assimia, Mustapha Raihanea, Jérémy Ternelb, Hervé
Bricoutb, Eric Monflierb, Sébastien Tilloyb, Mohammed Lahcinia,c
a IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University (UCA),
Marrakech, Morocco
b Univ. Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie
du Solide (UCCS), Lens, France

c Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
In the present study, hyperbranched poly(e-caprolactones) were prepared and used as coating materials
to prepare slow release diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer. Firstly, the sunflower oil was
hydrohydroxymethylated by one-pot two-step process using Rh(acac)(CO)2 as catalyst, and
triethylamine as ligand. Next, the bio-based hyperbranched poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (SFO-O-g-PCLs) were
prepared in open air by in-situ ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone using
hydrohydroxymethylated sunflower oil as macro-initiator and tetra(phenylethynyl)tin (Sn(C≡CPh)4) as
catalyst. The structures of the prepared polymers (SFO-O-g-PCL) were confirmed by nuclear magnetic
resonance (1H NMR) and the infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, molecular weight values
around 20.000 g.mol-1 of PCL grafted in SFO-O-g-PCL were determined by size exclusion
chromatography (SEC), the thermal stability and morphology of the coated film were also evaluated
respectively using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The
hydrophobic character of the films prepared from SFO-O-g-PCL was confirmed by measuring the contact
angle of water droplet. In the second part, granular DAP fertilizers were coated uniformly by the
prepared material (SFO-O-g-PCL) using a laboratory rotary drum as revealed from SEM images (cross-
section). Then the slow release performance in water from coated and uncoated DAP fertilizer granules
was evaluated by tracking the cumulative concentration of P 2O5 released. Thus, it was found that 15%
only of P2O5 was released after 2 hours of essay from the coated DAP instead of total release of P 2O5 from
uncoated DAP (conventional fertilizer) in same period. This finding opens a wide perspective for
combining the advantages of hydrophobic polyesters and bio-based oil to produce biodegradable coating
agents.
Keywords: Hyperbranched poly(e-caprolactones), sunflower oil, thermal stability.

P2-493 Environmentally friendly epoxy resins from biobased adipic acid

Zoi Terzopouloua, Antonios Blachopoulosa, Christina Kyriakou-Tziamtzib, S.
Tsompanidisc, N. Athanasopoulosc, Electra Papadopouloud, Konstantinos Chrissafisb and
Dimitrios N. Bikiarisa
aLaboratory of Polymers and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of
Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
bLaboratory of Advanced Materials & Devices,Department of Physics, Aristotle
University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
c Phee, 17 Kolokotroni Str., Rio, Patras,Greece
d CHIMAR HELLAS SA, Thessaloniki, Greece
As their name implies, epoxy resins are a class of polymeric materials that contain reactive epoxide
groups. The resin is a low molecular pre-polymer that is further crosslinked in the presence of a curing
agent, usually a multifunctional amine, anhydride or alcohol, resulting in a thermoset material. Epoxy
resins are widely used as adhesives, coatings, sealants, in paints and electronic systems. They are a
versatile class of resins, moisture-resistant and with a good resistance to wear and corrosion. A global
energy crisis has hit the world in 2022, with very high oil and natural gas prices. But the fluctuating oil
prices and the progressive depletion of fossil resources are issues that have been worrying the industrial
sector for many years. One of the suggested solutions is to turn to monomers that are produced from
biomass, that is a renewable in contrast to crude oil. Thus, biobased polymers have a lower environment
footprint compared to their fossil-based analogues. Poly(lactic acid) and poly(ethylene furanoate) are
biobased polymers that have gained a lot of interest in this context. Adipic acid is one of the most
important dicarboxylic acids industrially wise, notably used in nylon 66 production. It can be produced
by fermentation from sugars (cellulosic biomass) and can thus be further used for the production of
biobased polymers. In the present research work, a biobased epoxy resin was prepared in a simple two-
step process from adipic acid. Structural characterizations confirmed the successful synthesis of the
resin. The conditions to cure this adipic-based resin with several aliphatic diamines were investigated.
Encouraging results were obtained and the epoxy resins will be further considered as a bio-based
adhesive for three-layered sustainable panels, with panels from dead Posidonia oceanica leaves, aiming
to replace wood-based products.
Keywords: Biobased epoxy resin, structural characterization, adhesive, wood.
P2-514 The effect of glycerol on selected properties of lignosulfonate-filled

rubber compounds based on SBR and NBR
Andrea Kvasničáková, Ján Kruţelák, Klaudia Jeszeová, Michaela Dţuganová and Ivan
Hudec
Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology,
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
In this work, calcium lignosulfonate was incorporated into compounds based on styrene–butadiene
rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR). Glycerol was used as a cheap and eco-friendly
plasticizer to improve the dispersion of lignosulfonate within the rubber matrices and to improve the
adhesion and homogeneity between the rubber and the filler in the filler–rubber interface. The calcium
lignosulfonate was incorporated into rubber compounds at a constant amount of 30 phr. Glycerol was
applied to the rubber formulations in a concentration scale ranging from 5 to 20 phr. A sulfur based
curing system was used for the curing and cross-linking of the rubber compounds. The goal of the work
was to investigate the influence of glycerol on the curing characteristics, cross-link density, physical–
mechanical properties and dynamic properties of tested vulcanizates. The obtained results showed that

the presence of glycerol influenced the shape and inclination of the curing isotherms, which was
subsequently reflected in changes in curing characteristics. This points to the strong plasticizing effect of
glycerine on rubber compounds, which was also confirmed from rheological measurements.
Morphological analysis revealed that the addition of glycerol resulted in the better dispersion and
distribution of the biopolymer filler within the rubber matrices and also contributed to the improvements
of adhesion and compatibility between the rubber and the filler in the filler–rubber interface. Higher
levels of homogeneity and compatibility between the rubber and lignosulfonate were observed in the
surface structure of the vulcanizates based on NBR, very likely due to the compatibility of the polarity of
the rubber, the filler, and the plasticizer. This was subsequently reflected in the larger improvement of the
tensile strength of the vulcanizates based on NBR compared with those based on SBR. The results of the
experiments demonstrated a very good correlation among the rheological and morphological
measurements, cross-link density, and physical–mechanical properties of the vulcanizates. On the other
hand, almost no changes in the dynamic mechanical characteristics of the vulcanizates were recorded
regarding the dependence on plasticizer content.
Keywords: Calcium lignosulfonate, styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber
(NBR), plasticizing effect, rheology.
P2-515 Preliminary evaluation of the morphological and thermal

characteristic of PVC nanocomposites for piping applications
Eleftheria Xanthopouloua, Dimitra Kourtidoub, Dimitrios N. Bikiarisa and Konstantinos
Chrissafisb
a Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of
b Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Devices, School of Physics, Aristotle University
of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Polyvinyl Chloride is a versatile, durable, and lightweight material that is widely used in various
applications, especially in water service piping applications. However, when produced or burned, PVC
releases hazardous gases like CO and HCl. Researchers have been working to improve PVC's flame-
retardancy and smoke-suppression properties by incorporating various additives as fillers. Thus, a fixed
amount of various nanofillers have been added in PVC matrix, in this work. Additionally, varying
loadings of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles were incorporated in the matrix in order to improve its smoke-
suppression properties. Ferrites such as CuFe2O4 have been reported to be effective flame retardants and
smoke suppressants for PVC. Therefore, an initial investigation regarding the thermal and
morphological characteristics of the prepared nanocomposites was conducted in this work. Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were
employed to confirm the successful incorporation of the fillers. The thermal stability and glass transition
of the materials were evaluated using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the nanofillers were well-dispersed in the PVC matrix and
the addition of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles caused partial immobilization of the polymer chains during the
glass transition.
Keywords: Polyvinyl Chloride, PVC, CuFe2O4 nanoparticles, thermal stability.

P2-517 Sustainable composites from recycled HDPE and waste from olive oil
industry
Alexandra Zamboulisa, Nikos Pardalisa, Eleftheria Xanthopouloua, Lamprini
Malletzidoub, Electra Papadopoulouc, Konstantinos Chrissafisb, Dimitrios N. Bikiarisa
bLaboratory of Advanced Materials & Devices, Department of Physics, Aristotle
c CHIMAR HELLAS SA, Thessaloniki, Greece
Environmental pollution is one of the major problems faced by our societies in the 21 st century and
combining growth with more sustainable practices at a reasonable cost is one of the challenges academia
and industry are asked to tackle. Synthetic polymers are considered partly responsible for the
environmental crisis as they do not biodegrade and accumulate instead. Nevertheless, synthetic polymers
are an integral part of our life, with undeniable advantages over more traditional materials such as
wood or glass. Circular economy has emerged as an answer to this quest for greener practices. As a
concept, circular economy aims to transition from a linear economic system, to a more sustainable one,
by re-using resources in alternate circles. High-density poly(ethylene) (HDPE) is one of the most widely
used commodity plastics and in this context HDPE recycling without deterioration is intensively
investigated. In parallel, the valorization of wastes is another strategy to decrease the use of new
resources. Olive trees have been cultivated in the Mediterranean basin since antiquity and it is no
surprise that over 90% of olive oil is produced by Mediterranean countries. The cultivation of olive trees
and the production of olive oil generate important volumes of wastes which are generally dumped
without further processing. In the present communication, the preparation and characterization of novel
composites from recycled HDPE and olive core wood will be presented.
Keywords: High-density poly(ethylene) (HDPE), olive core wood, waste.
P2-537 Understanding the effect of the compaction mechanism on roller

compacted concrete pavement properties through mesostructure
characterization
M. Selvam and Surender Singh
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Roller-compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) derives its strength primarily through friction between the
aggregates, which is rendered by static, pneumatic, and vibratory roller compaction. In the laboratory,
to simulate a similar compaction effort for molding RCCP specimens, various compaction methods,
namely, modified proctor (MP), gyratory compactor (GY), vibratory hammer (VH), and vibrating table
(VT) are widely employed. However, previous studies affirmed that laboratory and field-produced
specimens' properties are considerably distinct due to the difference in the compaction mechanism.
Hence, to understand this differential behavior, efforts have been made in the current study through
mesostructure assessment by virtue of image analysis. Initially, cylindrical specimens are molded with
widely employed compaction methods such as VT, VH, MP, and GY. Further, thresholding, segmentation,
filtering, boundary identification, and other geometrical techniques are carried out to separate the
coarse aggregate phase from the concrete matrix. Based on the aggregate phase, spatial distribution,
transverse as well as longitudinal segregation, and orientation of aggregates are quantified. In addition,
the influence of compaction methods on aggregate morphology is measured with an advanced aggregate
image measurement system (AIMS-II). The mesostructural features are correlated well with packing
density, compressive strength, and porosity properties. The results from different compaction techniques
on the aggregate arrangement suggest that the probability of achieving higher packing of aggregates

and maximum strength is greatest for the VH, followed by MP, VT, and GY. Also, segregation potential in
both longitudinal and transverse directions depicts that the VH method manifested a homogenous
distribution whilst other compaction methods exhibited localized segregation. Concurrently, the
mesostructure of laboratory-produced specimens is compared with field cores and observed that none of
the considered compaction methods could simulate the field properties. The findings from the study will
provide a systematic quantification of the skeletal arrangement of each compaction technique and how
the laboratory techniques failed to replicate the field compaction is elucidated.
Keywords: Roller-compacted concrete pavement (RCCP), image analysis, packing.
P2-575 Durability of microcapsules applied in asphalt pavement: A review

Meryem Boutgoullaa,b, Youssra Zghoundib,c, Nacer Akkourib,
Zineb Edfoufb,c, Abdelfettah Lallaouib, Yassine Tahad, khalid Azdie,
Yahya Agzenai Ben Salemb, Rachid Hakkoua,d
a Chemistry department, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Cadi Ayyad University,
Marrakech, Morocco
b Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science Innovation and Research (MAScIR),
Benguerir, Morocco
c Materials and Nanomaterials for Photovoltaic Conversion and Electrochemical Storage,
Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

d Geology & Sustainable Mining Institute (GSMI) program program, Mohammed VI
Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco

e Public laboratory for trials and studies (LPEE), Center of Studies and Researches of the
Infrastructures of Transport (CERIT), Casablanca, Morocco
Ageing and cracking are the main failure forms of the distresses in asphalt pavements. These issues occur
due to the impact of factors such as heavy traffic and weather. Asphalt pavement is a self- healing
material that can fix itself because it has the ability to restore its properties by closing microcracks. To
make asphalt roads better at fixing themselves, numerous successful technologies are investigated. One
of these techniques is called microencapsulation which represents nowadays a promising approach that
could help make asphalt pavement last longer. In general, self-healing microcapsules will be
incorporated into asphalt pavements before they are activated to release the rejuvenator, requiring them
to be stable for years. Thereby, excessive thermal and mechanical properties in terms of asphalt
pavements are necessary, because of how they are mixed and compacted. This paper aims to present an
overview of new researches on the microencapsulation technologies, focusing on the durability of
microcapsules embedded in asphalt pavement. Furthermore, some recommendations of future solutions
to improve the mechanical stability of microcapsules will be proposed.
Keywords: Microencapsulation, asphalt pavements, self-healing, durability.
P2-576 Self-healing microencapsulation technology for asphalt pavements: A

review
Yousra Zghoundia,b, Meryem Boutgoullab,c, Nacer Akkourib, Yassine Tahaa, Rachid
Hakkoua,c, Khalid Azdie, Abdelfettah Lallaouib, Yahya Agzenai Ben Salemb, Zineb
Edfoufb,d
a Geology & Sustainable Mining Institute (GSMI), University Mohamed 6 polytechnic
(UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
b Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science Innovation and Research (MAScIR),
Batteries & smart materials center, Rabat Morocco

c Laboratory of Innovative Materials, Energy and Sustainable Development (IMED-Lab),
Faculty of sciences and techniques Marrakech (FST-UCA), Marrakech, Morocco

d Materials and nanomaterials for photovoltaic conversion and electrochemical storage

(MANAPSE), Faculty of Sciences in Rabat, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
e Public laboratory for trials and studies (LPEE), Center of Studies and Researches of the
Infrastructures of Transport (CERIT), Casablanca, Morocco
Self-healing bituminous materials is at the cutting edge of asphalt pavements technologies. Different
techniques that allow the pavement to repair itself without the need for human intervention, have been
designed: extrinsic self-healing i.e., externally triggered heating using induction heating or microwave
radiation, and, more recently, the use of embedded microcapsules. These technologies typically involve
adding rejuvenators, special materials or additives, to the asphalt mix that can react and repair
microcracks at the beginning of cracking process. Microencapsulation healing technology has been
applied to aged bituminous materials by encapsulating rejuvenating agents, being currently considered
as a revolutionary technology for the autonomic healing of asphalt materials. There are many
technologies used to encapsulate materials, such as in situ or interfacial polymerizations and
coacervation. Microencapsulation techniques can be classified into three categories depending on the
capsule manufacturing process such as: (i) physico-mechanical methods which are produced as a result
of mechanical actions or physical processes, (ii) chemical methods that are generated as the result of
chemical interactions between the used materials. And finally, (iii) physico-chemical methods that are
based on the formation of the capsule wall from either natural or synthetic preformed polymers. The
purpose of this paper aims to give an overview about the microencapsulation technologies, to promote
asphalt self-healing, from a more sustainable point of view.
Keywords: Self-healing, microencapsulation, asphalt pavement, microwave absorbents, rejuvenator.
P2-577 An assessment of the thermal properties of expanded polystyrene

(EPS) based concrete panels
Azzeddine Elghomaria, Amine Tiliouab, Mohammed Touzania
aMechanics, Energy, Automatic Systems and Sustainable Development Team
(MESADD), .), Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia,
Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknès, Errachidia, Morocco
bResearch team in thermodynamics and applied thermodynamics (2.T.A.), Laboratory of
Mechanics, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energies (L.M.3. E.R.), Department of
Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia,
Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknès, Errachidia, Morocco
The increasing demand for housing due to population growth and improved living standards is putting
pressure on the natural resources traditionally used as building materials. This has led researchers to
propose the use of non-biodegradable waste materials in construction as a way to solve this problem.
One such material that has attracted attention is mechanically recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS),
which has been shown to have potential as a component in composite foam concrete panels. The use of
EPS concrete in construction has several advantages. On the one hand, it facilitates faster construction
by reducing the overall weight of building structures. This is because EPS has a lower density than
traditional building materials such as concrete and brick. Another advantage of using EPS concrete in
construction is that it solves the problem of thermal efficiency in buildings. Heat transfer through wall
slabs causes a significant increase in energy consumption, and the use of insulation is necessary to
improve it. EPS concrete has a low thermal conductivity, providing better thermal insulation than
traditional building materials. In addition, by incorporating cement into the polystyrene, it is possible to
increase the thermal mass and thermal resistance, which can contribute to even better thermal
performance. The manufacturing process of EPS concrete is environmentally friendly because it reduces
the amount of EPS waste that does not decompose naturally. The research methodology used in this
study includes field experiments to test the thermal performance of EPS concrete walls. The study also
varied the mass percentage of polystyrene waste in the test samples, ranging from 0.5% to 2.5% with a
length of 0.5 cm to 1 cm. This was used to determine the optimal EPS concrete composition for thermal

efficiency. The results of the study show that the use of EPS concrete in wall insulation can improve
thermal efficiency while reducing the environmental impact of construction. This is because EPS concrete
is a lightweight, strong material made from waste materials that would otherwise be discarded.
Therefore, the use of EPS concrete in construction can not only help meet the increased demand for
housing, but also reduce the environmental impact of construction.
Keywords : Polystyrene EPS, concrete panels, thermal conductivity, building materials.
P3-61 The efficacy on strength of steel fiber and polypropylene fiber on high
performance concrete
S. R. Bhagata, ManaPatila, Mihir Chavanb, Antara Kulkarnib, Simali Kadamb, Omkar
Potpallewar, Omkar Chavan, Akshay Warpade, and Hanmant Topaji
a DBATU, Head of Department of Civil engineering, Lonere, India
b DBATU, Department of Civil Engineering, Lonere, India
In this paper, the investigation regarding the effect of reinforcing steel fiber as well as polypropylene
fibers over the normal high-performance concrete is done. The effect is examined over the slump,
compressive strength as well as flexural strength. The combination of M40 (OPC 53 Vasavadatta) along
with steel fiber and polypropylene fiber separately is used for study. Workability of fiber mixed concrete
is tested at the time interval of initial stage, 60 min, 120 min and 180 min. Total 36 Cubes of size
(150*150*150 mm) and 9 beams of size (700*150*150 mm) are casted to inspect. Cubes are tested at the
age of 3 days, 7 days and 28 days. Flexural strength is determined on the 28th day. Based on
experimental studies, the paper identifies the fibers combination indicates maximum compressive
strength and flexural strength of concrete. Specimens were tested over the different age levels for
mechanical properties of concrete. A detailed study was carried out of curing conditions over the
compressive strength. The behavior of flexural load-deformation, compressive strength of conventional
concrete is briefly compared with fiber reinforced cementitious composites. Eventually the result derives
that the addition of fibers to concrete resulted in increase in compressive strength as well as flexural
strength compared to mixture of plain concrete.
Keywords: Reinforcing steel fiber, polypropylene fibers, high-performance concrete, strength.
P3-111 Laboratory studies on the properties of two expansive soils

reinforced with plant fibers of different lengths
Ahlam El Majid, Choukri Cherradi, Khadija Baba And Abderrahman Nounah
Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory - High School of Technology, Sale,
Morocco
Mohammadia School of Engineering, Civil Engineering and Environment, Rabat,
Morocco
Mohammed V University Rabat, Morocco
Any structure built on a soil with poor mechanical and physical properties, such as a swelling soil, needs
to be reinforced. Previous research has focused on the effects of additives such as lime, cement and sand
on these properties. On the other hand, current technological developments in soil reinforcement are
leading to more cost-effective and environmentally friendly engineering solutions. In this context, the use
of plant fibers in civil engineering and especially in geotechnical engineering is considered as a new
technique to solve soil problems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of discrete,
randomly distributed fibers on the heave of an expansive soil. Odometer free swelling tests were

performed on two types of reworked expansive soils without and with fibers, varying the length and
percentage of addition. This paper presents the results of an experimental program on the ability of
fibers to inhibit the behavior of an expansive soil. Three types of natural fibers (Alfa fibers, jute fibers,
and sisal fibers) were used as reinforcement materials. These fibers were used in different percentages,
namely 1%, 3%, 9% and 18%, with two lengths (L1=2.5 mm and L2=5 mm) respectively. For a specific
type of fibers. It was found that the improvement in swelling potential/pressure was a direct function of
length or percentage of fiber addition. For a specific type of fiber. It was found that the improvement in
swelling potential/pressure was a direct function of length or percentage of fiber addition. To achieve an
optimal stabilization scenario, the longer fiber is the most effective in terms of reducing the swelling rate.
A content of 18% was suggested as optimal for all three fiber types. However, if compression set is not a
major concern, higher inclusions may be an acceptable option. The study provides a solution for dealing
with expansive soils before construction begins and is a step toward mitigating the disasters associated
with infrastructure on expansive soils.
Keywords: Expansive soil , plant fibers , free swelling tests, odometer,fiber length.
P3-141 Innovative wood design: a technological approach for post-disaster

shelter architecture
Marco Bellomo
Department of Architecture, University of Palermo, Italy
This paper provides a comparative overview of different types of post-emergency timber frame shelters
that have recently been used in various locations. In particular, possible useful strategies are explored
here to increase the sustainability of the humanitarian response, while ensuring the adequacy and
suitability of the wooden shelters themselves. To reduce the negative impact of a disaster, especially in
vulnerable communities, the possibility of exploiting alternative and natural materials such as wood is
extremely important. The wooden emergency shelters are described in terms of technological and
architectural characteristics; among these, the cases of United Nations shelters and organizations
dealing with international aid are analyzed. The large number of disasters that have occurred in recent
years have profoundly demonstrated that, despite the best of intentions, temporary first aid shelters have
very low resistance to time and bad weather, thus creating a state of discomfort for the affected
communities. The executive reality is often quite chaotic and full of conflicting interests that hinder relief.
Providing shelter, in fact, implies temporary settlements which, instead, gradually become almost
permanent. Therefore, the need for socially sustainable solutions that strategies and technologies in
wood or natural materials must become a prerequisite. The paper reports the intervention strategies
applied in the context of post-emergency planning, which use natural materials such as wood, from
which good practices and both technological and energy and monitoring methodologies can be drawn.
So, as to create an archive on materials‟ solution that can be useful for the next design choices for
vulnerable communities. The achievement of the following results is expected: cataloging of the main
contemporary international and national solutions that can constitute examples of successful
intervention, identification of innovative and sustainable materials and technologies for the
improvement of the quality of confined living environments, basing on materials performance, and
foresee the experimentation of innovative high-performing materials.
Keywords: Wood, sustainable materials, living environments, performances.

P3-147 Thermal properties of cement based composite mortars partially

replaced by plastic fibers, natural pozzolan and marble waste
Khaoula Doughmi, Khadija Baba, Oumaima Bourzik, Abderrahman Nounah
Mohammadia Engineering School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
Recently, the thermal insulation of buildings has attracted a lot of interest as it has become evident that
the greatest energy savings can be achieved by using proper thermal insulation for the building. This
research presents an experimental study to determine the thermal properties of mortar based on natural
Morrocan pozzolan and marble waste plastic fiber reinforced. Natural pozzolan is an abundant volcanic
area, not energy intensively extracted like cement and marble waste is an industrial by product of
sawing, shaping, and polishing marble. Both have been used as a powder to substitute cement hence
reducing clinker consumption as cement production generates a large CO 2 amount. Improper disposal of
plastic is a major environmental concern. The issue of environmental pollution caused by Polyethylene
Terephthalates (PET) has received a lot of attention, and the best solution proposed is recycling. No
literature study have investigated the thermal properties of motar based natural pozzolan and marble
waste together. Natural pozzolan decreases thermal conductivity, likewise, according to some previous
studies 5% and 10% marble waste mixtures reduced thermal conductivity, on the contrary other studies
showed an increase in the thermal conductivity of mortars. In this sense , twenty-one mixes were
synthesized and evaluated to learn more about the thermal properties of the fiber-reinforced mortars
based on natural pozzolan and marble waste added at different weight percentages (5-5/10-5/5-10/15-
0/0-15/7.5-7.5) as a partial replacement for cement and 1% and 2% plastic fibers, based on the mortar
volume. The cured mortar mixtures were tested for thermal conductivity, capacity and diffusivity, which
were determined after 7 and 28 days. As those parameters are influenced by material density, moisture
content and ambient temperature, all samples were steamed at 105 C for 24 h to remove the moisture
prior to testing to provide similar moist and ambient conditions. The tests were made with a TPS1500 hot
disc Analyser. The Transient Plane Source (TPS) method is recently the most accurate and practical
technique to study thermal transport properties. The test results showed the possibility of using PET
fibers for thermal insulation. Samples with 5% of marble waste and 5% of natural pozzolan had the lower
value of thermal conductivity and high specific heat capacity which is preferred in building. Natural
pozzolan, marble waste and plastic fibers are widely available, their use as cement substitutes for
sustainable cement production in thermal isolation is the best solution from an economic and
environmental point of view.
Keywords:Morrocan pozzolan, fiber-reinforced mortars, TPS method.
P3-199 A review on the use of date palm fibers to reinforce earth-based

construction materials
A. El Bourkia, A. Koutousb And E. Hilalia
a Ibn Zohr University, National School of Applied Sciences (ENSA), MMGC, Agadir,
Morocco
b Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (IAV HASSAN II), Rabat,
Morocco
The use of natural fibers to reinforce earth as a building material is an old concept. Indeed, for some
earth building methods, such as cob and adobe, the use of plant fibers is a common practice. This fiber
reinforcement is mainly aimed to improve the thermomechanical performances of earthen materials and
reducing the shrinkage cracks. The research studies that can be found in the literature on this subject
classify natural fibers, according to their origin, into three categories: mineral fibers such as asbestos,
animal fibers such as wool and plant fibers such as straw. In the case of earthen construction, the fibers
used are almost exclusively of plant origin, extracted from several types of trees and plants. Among these
fibers, there are those from palm trees including the three most common varieties: oil palm (Elaeis
guineensis), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). In this paper, the focus
is on fibers extracted from date palm, which is the most common type of palm in the North African and
Middle Eastern region. It is a review on the use of these fibers in reinforcing earthen building materials.
Thus, this paper presents and discusses the following axes: the origin of these fibers, their properties, the
main treatment techniques applied to them before their use, the earth construction techniques concerned

by this type of reinforcement, and the impact of date palm fibers on the mechanical behavior and other
characteristics of earth-based materials. The results of the research papers reviewed in this article can be
summarized as follows: the reinforcement of earth-based materials with date palm fibers affects the
physical properties of the produced materials by decreasing their dry density and thermal conductivity.
This decrease in density is more significant when the fiber content is high. Tensile strength and ductility
are enhanced when date palm fiber content is increased. Compressive strength can also increase, but also
decrease when a certain fiber content is reached. The latter is considered to be the optimum fiber content.
The durability of earth-based materials does not seem to be affected by date palm fibers reinforcement.
On the basis of these results, and in order to enrich and deepen the knowledge on this subject, some
research perspectives are proposed, at the end of this article, to be considered in the future.
Keywords: Earth construction, plant fibers, date palm fibers, fiber-reinforced earth.
P3-221 Potential application of flax fibers in 3D printed cementitious

materials
Mengya Li, Said Rahal, Abdelhak Kaci And Abdel-Okash Seibou
Due to their low environmental impact and capacity to reduce carbon gas emissions, the incorporation of
vegetable fibers in cementitious materials has been increasing. Besides, the building and construction
industry shows an upward trend in 3D printing technology due to their fast implementation,
affordability, and ability to realize more sophisticated shapes at low cost. When these composites are
associated with new construction techniques such as 3D printing, the stability of the rheological criteria
regarding to the machine extrusion parameters is of great importance. This call to the understanding of
the interaction in term of absorption capacity between the cement and vegetable fibers. In this work,
different methods of mixture preparation were evaluated by the rheological behavior. Both workability
and setting time were measured. Firstly, the mixture was prepared with a water/cement ratio at 0.36
and the Portland cement/sand ratio at 1:1. 3% dry flax fibers was firstly added in the mixture with extra
pre-wetting water. However, the rheological behavior was strongly affected by the high absorption
capacity of flax fibers, leading to the decrease of the workability over time. Secondly, flax fibers were
prewetted with a water quantity close to their saturation point, 24 hours before experiment allowing the
rheological behavior to be maintained for an hour. The morphology of composite was analyzed by SEM.
The specimens of cementitious composite prepared with dry and pre-wetting flax fibers were lyophilized
before observation. The density and porosity of composite were determined. In addition, the mechanical
properties were assessed in the hardened state by compressive test and three-point bending test.
Compressive and flexural strengths at different ages were carried out on printed specimens; the results
were compared to those measured on casted samples. The delay of strength gain was observed on
printed specimens at early age. The flexural strength of printed specimens was 9% higher than the
measured on casted ones. On the contrary, the compressive strength of printed specimens was reduced
by 56%.
Keywords:Flax fibers, 3D printing technology, rheology, strength.
P3-261 Fastening in bio-based materials: assessment of pullout strength in

hemp concrete
R. Rocaa, F. Delhommea, Y. Salaünb, E. Prud‟hommec, J. Laforeta
a Univ. Lyon, INSA-Lyon, GEOMAS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
b Hilti France, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
c Univ. Lyon, INSA Lyon, MATEIS, UMR 5510, Villeurbanne, France
Hempcrete masonry blocks are made of a bio-based material in order to reduce the carbon footprint and
to have good thermal and acoustic properties. The objective of this research project is to assess the
efficiency of post-installed anchors used for usual concrete blocks. Pullout tests were led to obtaining the

mechanical resistances and failure modes. The characteristic resistances were obtained by in situ and
standard methods, respectively, given by CISMA and ETAG. Screwed plastic fixation appears to be the
most efficient and cheap solution but non-homologated. To validate these first results and develop a
specific process, a large-scale experimental campaign has to be conducted. The moisture sensitivity of
hempcrete also has to be addressed in mechanical performances and durability aspects to guarantee the
safe use of post-installed anchors in bio-based materials.
Keywords: Anchorage, Bio-based material, Hempcrete, Pullout test.
P3-274 Thermal characterization of clay reinforced by three ecological

materials date palm fibers, hemp fibers and straw
Mohamed Lamrania, Ahmed Lkouenb and Najma Laaroussic
a GCE Laboratory, EST-Salé, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Salé, Morocco
b LM2I-ENSEM, Hassan II University in Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
c EST de Salé, MEAT Team, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Salé, Morocco
Estimating the thermophysical parameters of building materials plays a key role in the building sector,
one of the most energy-intensive and least environmentally friendly sectors. We present in this paper the
results of an experimental and theoretical study about the thermophysical properties of the clay stabilized
with three ecological materials, date palm fibers (DPF), hemp fibers (HF) and straw. These latter
constitute a natural waste, abundant and renewable. The objective of this work is to study and to
compare the influence of these additives on the thermal behavior of clay. The properties are commonly
measured by the techniques of the modern thermal metrology in permanent and transient regimes using
the steady-state asymmetric hotplate method, the asymmetrical transient hot plate method and the flash
method. The experimental study that we have conducted, enabled us to determine the conductivity, the
effusively, and the thermal diffusivity of the materials. The composite samples were prepared with
different volume fractions of the additive materials in the mixture. The thermal conductivity and
diffusivity decrease from 0.65 W.m-1.K-1 and 4.21 x 10-7m2.s-1 to 0.19 W.m-1.K-1 and 2.01 x 10-7m2.s-1,
respectively, according to the variation of the volume fraction of additive materials varying from 0 to 5%
showing that the use of hemp fibers and fibers of date palms in the rammed earth and clay bricks should
act positively on thermal insulation in buildings and represent an alternative to traditionally used
construction materials.
Keywords : Hemp fibers, date palms, thermal conductivity, diffusivity.
P3-290 Experimental study of the properties of stevensite/natural fibers-

based hybrids
Mohammed El Khalfaouy, El-Kaber Hachem And Mohammed Belghazdis
Research Team "Innovative Research & Applied Physics", Faculty of Sciences, Moulay
Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
The gravity of the climate change that the world is experiencing imposes the search for more
environmentally friendly and recyclable natural resources, in order to improve their performance and
expand their areas of use. Some of these natural resources, despite their excellent characteristics, are no
longer able to meet the needs of the market for materials with particular standards and to keep up with
rapid technological developments. For example, clay and clay minerals, despite their remarkable
properties, still requires the study of the possibility of improving some of these characteristics required in
different areas. The objective of our work is studied a natural clayey rock of the Missour region. In order
to measure the capacity of this rock in the elaboration of hybrids of high quality, for possible uses in the
industry, we were interested in the determination of its various physicochemical, mineralogical and
thermal properties. The obtained results will allow us, certainly, to have a precise idea on the minerals
present in the clay fraction as well as the adsorption capacity of this material. The combination of the

standard procedures which allow the calculation of the physico-chemical properties and the usual
characterization techniques such as XRF, XRD, FTIR and TGA provided us with sufficient information.
Thus, the results showed that the raw clay is rich in smectite or vermiculite, dolomite and quartz with a
small amount of calcite. While after processing, the peaks attributed to the clay minerals of smectite and
quartz are more intense as shown in the XRD spectrum. The SEM images confirm the presence of
smectite and quartz in perfect agreement with the XRD results. Moreover, the comparison of the
percentages in oxides between the purified ghassoul and Na-ghassoul shows on the one hand the
dominance of silica, aluminium and magnesium oxides and on the other hand an increase of the
percentage of sodium (Na), suggesting the substitution of exchangeable cations by the monovalent cation
Na+. Finally, the encouraging results of the physico-chemical properties and the traditional use of
mixtures of natural ghassoul and natural extracts of local plants in the field of cosmetics (hydration of
the skin or hair) favor the valorization of these hybrids in the field of cosmetics based on the mixture of a
percentage of natural fibers with ghassoul, we have combined XRD, SEM and FTIR techniques to observe
and detect changes in the structure and properties of ghassoul.
Keywords:Fibers, natural ghassoul, natural clay, physico-chemical properties.
P3-381 Preparation and study of poly(lactic acid)/poly(3,3-ethylene

dithiodipropionate) blends as self-healing materials
Eleni Barmpa, Maria Lazaridou and Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Polymer
Chemistry and Technology, Thessaloniki, Greece
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer with unique properties, that has been explored as
biomaterial in the field of drug delivery systems. Poly(L-lactic acid) is the best candidate of polymer for
the production of nanofibrous structures with improved physical and mechanical characteristics for
several applications including tissue engineering, food packaging, construction, agriculture, etc.
Electrospinning is an electrostatic technique producing homogeneous fibers in the nanometer range from
polymer solutions under strong electric field. This method is widely used for biomedical and other
applications, because of its controllable diameter of nanofiber, easy handling and cost effectiveness.
However, in some applications high stability during time of the used material is needed. Especially, when
stress is applied for long time. Generally, materials like polymers can degrade over time due to applied
mechanical forces and environmental conditions, or damage incurred during operation. Self-healing
materials is the solution to this problem since they have the built-in ability to automatically repair
created damages. The self-healing materials designed by combining reversible valence bonds have
attracted much attention, due to their ability to recover themselves after mechanical or thermal damage
due to the existence of appropriate bonds or formed interactions. The aim of this work was to synthesize
biocompatible PLA/poly(3,3-ethylene dithiodipropionate) (PEDPA) mixtures and study the impact of
PLA on the physical and mechanical properties of PEDPA. 3,3-Dithiodipropionic acid contains disulfide
bonds, which make it suitable as self-healing agent. In this study, poly(3,3-ethylene dithiodipropionate)
(PEDPA) was synthesized through two step melt polycondensation, starting from 3,3-dithiodipropionic
acid and ethylene glycol. Five blends of PLA/PEDPA in different mass ratios were produced and solved in
chloroform and DMF. All the prepared materials were fully characterized by a combination of methods
such as spectroscopy, diffractometry, tensile strength, etc. The mixture PLA/PEDPA 80:20 had the best
mechanical properties and was used to produce nanofiber through eletrospinning approach. The
morphological characteristics of the nanofibrous mats and fiber diameter were determined by Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM), in order to choose the optimum parameters of electrospinnig process.
Keywords:Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), nanofiber, polymers.

P3-448 Mineralogical, geotechnical and mechanical characterization of

clay/alfa short fiber composites for sustainable building
Abdeltif Bouchehmaa, Ismail Ezzaraab, Mohamed abouelmajda, Mohamed Essalehc,
Yassine Chihabc, Mohamed Benjellounc, Rachid Bouferrac, Ahmed Bahlaouia, Ismail
Arrouba, Soufiane Belhouidega
a Research
Laboratory in Physics and Sciences for Engineers, Team of Applied Physics
and New Technologies, Department of physics, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay
Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
bIndustrial Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sultan Moulay
Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
c Georesources,
Geoenvironment and Civil Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences
and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
The present work aims to investigate experimentally and analytically the mechanical behavior of new
and ecological material based on clay reinforced with different mass percentages of short Alfa fiber (0%,
1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%). The characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and
infrared spectroscopy, as well as by microscopic observations using scanning electron microscopy. The
results indicated that the clay consists of a significant proportion of kaolinite, quartz, and muscovite.
Moreover, the addition of Alfa fibers to the clay involved a decrease in compression strength
Keywords: Alfa fiber, clay, mechanical characterization.
P3-463 The effect of periodate oxidation on physicochemical, structural, and

thermal properties of cellulosic fibers extracted from date palm
wastes
Hicham Aitbellaa,B, Larbi Belhachemia, Nicolas Merleb, Philippe Zinckb, Hamid Kaddamia
a IMED-Lab, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cadi
Ayyad University Marrakech, Morocco
b Catalysis and Solid-State Chemistry Unit, UMR 8181, University of Lille, CNRS,
Centrale Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
Dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) are versatile materials that can be used as an antibacterial agent, support for
the immobilization of enzymes or drug delivery, and adsorbent for heavy metals. In this study, DACs are
prepared by periodate oxidation of the secondary hydroxyl groups of the extracted palm date cellulosic
fibers. The effects of the concentration of sodium periodate (NaIO 4) on the physicochemical,
morphological, and thermal stability of date palm fibers were investigated. Oxidation was confirmed by
observing the formation of hemiacetal bonds and carbonyl bonds in FTIR. A progressive change in the
morphological surface and the size of the fibers during oxidation compared to native cellulose were
observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). However, a decrease in the crystallinity of the
cellulose as a result of oxidation was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal degradation
studied by Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) showed that the oxidation of cellulosic fibers decreased
the thermal stability of these materials. The introduction of carbonyl functional groups at positions C2–
C3 of cellulose fibers opens a vast array of applications in which cellulose can be chemically
functionalized or crosslinked to produce high-value-added materials/composites.
Keywords:Dialdehyde cellulose (DAC), palm date cellulosic fibers, oxidation.

P3-469 Novel composite geopolymer based on wastewater textile sludge for

building application
M. Nadia, H. Majdoubib, Y. Haddajia, D. Allaouic, A. Raisd, Y. Tamraouib, B. Manounc, H.
Hannacheb, M. Oumama
a Laboratory of Engineering and Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M‟Sik, Hassan II
University, Casablanca, Morocco
b Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department, Mohamed VI Polytechnic
University, Benguerir, Morocco

c Laboratory of Material Sciences, Mathematics and Modelling, Faculty of Science and
Technology LS3M, University of Hassan 1, Settat, Morocco

d Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M‟Sick,
Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
In Morocco, and with the new government strategy, which encourages local production, the number of
industries and especially those of textile has increased, leading to huge amounts of water treatment
sludge generated by these industries. Therefore, it is necessary to start thinking quickly but certainly
about the sludge's future and its treatment, disposal and recovery options. Geopolymers, also known as
inorganic polymers, eco-materials, or eco-polymers, have garnered a lot of attention in recent years due
to their excellent chemical and thermal performance as well as excellent compressive strength.In general,
geopolymers are made by reacting an aluminosilicate source, mostly kaolinite and metakaolinite, with
an alkali metal hydroxide (Na +, K+). The resulting combination is then typically hardened at room
temperature. For this reason, our objective is to valorize these raw and calcined sludges, while
incorporating them in geopolymer cement as a replacement, to make it lighter and maintain its
mechanical performance. The initial results have shown a slight decrease in the density, flow,
compressive strength, an increase in the porosity and permeability. A favorable outcome for the
production of concrete or building structures was achieved by substituting 20% of the MK by raw and
calcined sludge, which led to a compressive strength of 33 MPa at 28 days. This innovation will lead to
an important advance in the field of building sector in terms of economy, ecology and quality of the final
part and to get lighter, more durable and less energy consuming.
Keywords: Geopolymer, wastewater textile sludge, mechanical properties, building application, eco-
materials.
P3-496 Microstructure and flexural performances of glass fibers reinforced

phosphate sludge based geopolymers at elevated temperatures
Younesse Haddajia, Hicham Majdoubib, Said Mansourib, Thamer Salman Alomayric,
Driss Allaouid, Bouchaib Manounb,d, Mina Oumama, Hassan Hannachea,b
a Laboratory of Engineering and Materials LIMAT, Faculty of Science Ben M‟Sik, Hassan
II University, Casablanca, Morocco
bMaterials Science and Nanoengineering Department, Mohamed VI Polytechnic
University, Benguerir, Morocco
cDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah,
Saudi Arabia
dLaboratory of Material Sciences, Mathematics, and Modelling, Faculty of Science and
Technology LS3M, University of Hassan 1, Settat, Morocco
The focus of this study is the development of innovative and sustainable geopolymer composites with
improved elevated temperatures performances. To minimize production related costs and support a
circular economy model, phosphate sludge and MK are chosen as precursors for alkaline activation, and
glass fibers as reinforcement material. The geopolymer composites were prepared by incorporating
glass fibers in a geopolymer matrix based on a mixture of metakaolin and PS in a ratio of 50% and with
amounts ranging from 0.25% to 1% of fibers. The developed composites were assessed in terms of

physical characteristics, microstructural properties and flexural strength prior to and after introduction
to higher temperatures. The findings demonstrated that PS based geopolymer matrix flexural strength
decreased in the region of temperature between 25 and 600 ◦C, but increased progressively at higher
temperatures, achieving a gain of 3.2% at 1000 ◦C. The same trend was followed after glass fiber
incorporation, leading to a more significant gain of about 16.5% with a 1% fiber content up to 1000 ◦C.
This behavior was assigned to the decom position of carbonate content of PS at 600 ◦C as well as to the
crystallization of the geopolymer matrix at higher temperatures.
Keywords: Geopolymers, phosphate sludge, glass fibers, thermal stability, mechanical strength.
P3-527 Green biobased composites reinforced with hemp fibers

Lazaros Papadopoulosa, Eleftheria Xanthopouloua, Iouliana Chrysafib, Electra
Papadopoulouc, Dimitrios N. Bikiarisa
bLaboratory of Advanced Materials & Devices, Department of Physics, Aristotle
Polymers are an integral part of our societies and synthetic polymers have significantly contributed to
the quality of life we enjoy. Nevertheless, on one hand conventional polymers are fossil-based and
progressive petrol depletion is raising concerns regarding the future of synthetic plastics. On the other
hand, environmental pollution and global warming are steadily worsening and a growing number of
consumers demand more sustainable products. Biobased polymers are intensively investigated as a
response to these challenges. Biobased polymers are synthesized from at least one biobased monomer, i.e.
a monomer that originates from biomass, which is a renewable resource, and thus exhibit an improved
environmental footprint. Succinic acid is an industrially relevant biobased 4-carbon monomer that can
be produced from biomass via fermentation and poly(ethylene succinate) (PeSu) is an interesting fully
biobased aliphatic polymer. Aliphatic polymers tend to have lower mechanical properties compared to
alipharomatic ones. A well-known strategy to reinforce polymers is to prepare composites with fibrous
additives. In the current research work, hemp fibers, isolated from agricultural wastes, were used to
reinforce PeSu and improve its mechanical properties. PeSu was synthesized by melt polycondensation
and a series of PeSu/hemp fibers were further prepared via extrusion. All regular characterizations were
performed, demonstrating the successful synthesis of PeSu and the homogeneous incorporation of the
hemp fibers in the polymer matrix. Tensile testing showed that in small amounts, the presence of the
hemp fibers successfully improved the mechanical properties of the composites. Besides regular
characterizations, soil degradation was studied to verify the biodegradability of the composites, which is
a crucial characteristic, as the use of biodegradable polymers for single use items can contribute to
alleviate environmental pollution by slowly-degrading plastics.
Keywords: Biobased polymers, hemp fibers, tensile, soil degradation.
Corresponding Authors: [email protected],[email protected]
P3-532 Chemical and physical properties of blended cements and pastes with
wood biomass ash
Ivana Carevića, Nina Štirmera, Ivana Banjad Pečura, Renata Bunjevac-Turalijab, Zvonko
Kekezb
aDepartment of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,
Croatia
b Nexe d.d., Našice, Croatia

Cements on the market today contain more than 20% cement substitutes such as finely ground limestone,
granulated blast furnace slag, and coal fly ash. The use of these wastes as secondary materials in cement
production results in a reduction of CO2 emissions by 400 million tons per year. While fly ash from coal-
fired power plants and slag from the iron industry are the most commonly used replacement cements,
other waste materials with hydraulic and pozzolanic properties are increasingly being investigated. One
of the European Union's goals is to make secondary raw materials available for use in the construction
sector to reduce dependence on the import of raw materials. The new European project AshCycle –
Integration of undeutilizilized ashes into material cycles by industry-Urban symbiosis focuses on waste
streams, various incineration ashes (ashes from municipal solid waste incineration, ashes from sewage
sludge incineration, and wood biomass ashes), that are still landfilled but have a potentially wider use in
the construction sector. In this study, wood biomass ash (WBA) was used to develop two blended cements
where different chemical (loss of ignition, particle size distribution, oxide content and, minerology) and
physical properties of the cement composites (workability, setting time and soundness) were determined
and compared with commercially available CEM II cement. The commercially available cement CEM II
contains 80% Portland cement clinker and up to 20% mixed admixture (combination of blast furnace
slag (S) and silicon fly ash (V), up to 5% of additional ingredient and setting regulator (natural gypsum).
Preliminary results of the chemical properties of the new blended cements and the physical properties of
the cement composites showed that all tested blended cements and pastes meet the criteria of the EN 197-
1 standard.
Keywords: Cements, wood biomass ash (WBA), admixture, standards.
P3-535 Hemp fibers to reinforce recycled HDPE for environmentally friendly

composites
Nina Maria Ainalia, Eleftheria Xanthopouloua, Iouliana Chrysafib, Electra
Papadopoulouc, Alexandra Zamboulisa, Dimitrios N. Bikiarisa
a Laboratory of Polymers and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of
b Laboratory of Advanced Materials & Devices, Department of Physics, Aristotle

Polymers are an integral part of our societies and synthetic polymers have significantly contributed to
improve our quality of life. Nevertheless, polymers are also considered partly responsible for the ever
growing environmental pollution, due to improper waste management. It has been estimated that if
nothing changes, the oceans will contain more plastics than fish by 2050. Not to mention the formation of
microplastics and the dangers they pose. Recycling and reusing resources in alternate circles (concept of
circular economy) can balance our use of natural resources and contribute the decrease of wastes, that
sooner or later end up in the environment. Additionally, the valorization of wastes is another strategy to
decrease the use of new resources and increase the sustainability of our modern societies. High-density
polyethylene (HDPE) is one of the most widely used commodity plastics. HDPE is non-biodegradable and
HDPE recycling without deterioration is intensively investigated. Wood/plastic composites (WPC) are
composite materials made from wood fibers and thermoplastic polymers. WPC are typically used for the
fabrication of outdoor deck floors, indoor furniture, fences, etc. In the present research work we have
prepared a series of innovative composite materials from recycled high-density polyethylene and hemp
fibers, isolated from agricultural wastes. These environmentally friendly composites, with a low
environmental footprint, were designed to replace conventional wood/plastic composites. Furthermore,
hemp fibers are expected to improve the mechanical properties of recycled HDPE. The materials were
prepared via extrusion and fully characterized. Soil degradation was studied to verify the impact of
hemp fibers on the degradation of the composites. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the composites was
measured, demonstrating that the hemp fibers endowed the composites with interesting antioxidant
properties.
Keywords:High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Wood/plastic composites (WPC), hemp fibers, antioxidant
properties.
Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected]

P4-91 Low-cycle fatigue behavior of P91 Steel

Halina Egnera, Władysław Egnera and Stanisław Mrozińskib
a Faculty of Mechanics, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
bFaculty of Mechanics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz,
Poland
P91 steel, which is one of the 9-12%Cr steel family members, is well suited for thick-walled pipes or
forgings for the construction of boilers with extremely high operating requirements and steam
generators, nuclear reactors, and other responsible devices operating at temperatures up to 6500C.
High-temperature components of power plants are subjected to alternating cyclic changes in
temperature and mechanical load, i.e. to thermomechanical fatigue. The commonly used fatigue life
prediction models, such as the Coffin–Manson model or S–N curve-related models are based on the
assumption that the response of a material experiencing low cycle fatigue loading is stabilized during
some period. However, for many materials, P91 steel among them, such a stabilized state is hardly
observed. In the case of such non-stabilizing steels, the common challenges are selecting and performing
a suitable set of experimental tests to recognize various aspects of the material behavior under low-cycle
thermomechanical fatigue, and adjusting proper constitutive modeling reflecting the real physical
phenomena taking place in the material microstructure. Additionally, during the reparation of the power
plant units, the variable load is often stopped, while the constant load is maintained, causing creep,
which changes the nature of the load and the durability of the objects. In such a case, predicting the
fatigue life based on the commonly used fatigue characteristics may lead to divergence between the
experimental and predicted results. For the tests described in the present work, the load programs
include: monotonic tensile/compressive tests, creep tests, low-cycle fatigue tests, tests in which the
samples were subjected to alternating fatigue and creep loads in various order, and tests in which the
samples were subjected to fatigue with a dwell time in each cycle. It was observed that the creep periods
alternating with the fatigue load, as well as dwell time, reduce the fatigue life. Moreover, the sequence of
events in the load program influences the durability of samples. It can be concluded that the creep failure
and the fatigue failure are not independent, therefore the commonly used linear damage summation
concept, which is insensitive to the sequence of load events, may lead to significant differences between
the results of simulations and experimental tests. Disregarding the damage caused by creep in durability
calculations may lead to significantly erroneous predictions.
Keywords: P91 steel, thermomechanical fatigue, creep failure.
P4-100 Fenoprofen as a copper corrosion inhibitor in sulfuric acid solution

Said El Harrari, Mohammed Oubahou, Salim Ayoub, Said Belaaouad, Youssef Naimi
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of sciences Ben M‟sik, Hassan II
University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
Unused, defective and outdated medicines are disposed of properly according to local or international
requirements, they can pollute in different sectors especially the environment. For this reason, most
researchers in the field of electrochemistry and corrosion are still trying to find a more effective
corrosion inhibitor that is environmentally friendly. Therefore, there is a possibility to use the award-
winning pharmaceutical compounds or in the manufacturing defect phase as corrosion inhibitors. In the
local market, anti-inflammatory drugs such as Fenoprofen C15H14O3, has been evaluated as a potential
copper corrosion inhibitor in a commercial H2SO4 sulfuric acid solution. The investigation was carried
out in this area by applying electrochemical and weight loss measurements for copper. The results
obtained by the electrochemical techniques revealed the ability of Fenoprofen to protect the copper from
corrosion with a high efficiency compared to pharmaceutical products used by other researchers in the
field. It is observed that the inhibition efficiency of Fenoprofen increases with increasing concentration.
Keywords: Fenoprofen, sulfuric acid, electrochemical measurements, inhibitor, corrosion.

P4-155 Stress corrosion of aluminum alloy AA2024T3

Fatima Ezzohra El Garchani and Moulay Rachid Kabiri
Laboratory of Materials, Metallurgy and Process Engineering, National School of Arts
and Crafts Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
Aluminum is one of the most abundant metals on earth's crust that is usually used to reduce the weight of
industrial products, particularly in the aerospace industry, automotive industry and construction
industry. It has many unique properties such as its light weight, high strength and good corrosion
resistance. Al-Cu-Mg, or 2000 series, alloys are among the heat-treatable aluminum alloys systems that
are used in structural applications, particularly in aircraft fittings, computer parts, missile parts,
pistons, nuts, fastening devices, bolts, orthopedic equipment, gears and shafts.The corrosion sensitivity of
aluminum alloys AA2024-T4 was studied using three specimens with varying dimensions: 50 mm, 60
mm and 70 mm. These samples were loaded in simple bending and exposed to a saline solution in 5 %
NaCl solution according to the standards AMS-QQ-A-250/5. The microstructure and corrosion behavior
of aluminium alloy study took over duration of 2160 hours of testing. The aluminum alloy AA2024T3
was the subject of the “stress corrosion behavior study”. The 2024T3 microstructures were observed
under an optical microscope. This analysis was carried out on segments that were taken at the center of
the specimens (highest point of bending). All observations were made only on the L-T surface. The
loading was obtained by bending these segments in a two-point loaded-bent-beam, inspired by the ASTM
G 39 standard. The stress to which the specimens were subjected is estimated at 0.5 for each test. The
relative weight loss was studied for duration of 103.5 hours of immersion in the saline solution. The
metallographic analysis under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the propagation of
cracks is essentially intergranular, in the cross-long direction.
Keywords: Aluminum alloy, loading, surface, corrosion resistance.
P4-160 Fatigue analysis of cable-stayed bridges under wind loads combined

to traffic effects
Taoufik Chafiki, Mustapha Rguig, Rachid Saadane, Mohamed Elaroussi
Laboratory of Civil, Climate, Water, Environment and Transport Engineering, Hassania
School of Public Works, Casablanca, Morroco
Cable-stayed bridges are solutions of bridges that are generally chosen for their long spans and reduced
slenderness. Their principal advantages are to limit the number of supports and to free up important
surfaces and important heights, in addition to their architectural and environmental advantages. The
stay cables, being the main elements of these structures, are subject to degradation mainly due to
corrosion and fatigue. Fatigue effects, which are localized preferentially in the anchorages or local
bending zones, are due to repeated deformations induced mainly by traffic and wind actions. The
European codes “Eurocodes” recommend that fatigue due to the effects of wind actions should be
considered for susceptible structures ; this is the particular case of flexible structures such as cable-stayed
bridges. The research works taking into account this coupling between wind and traffic in the fatigue
study are limited. Thus, the purpose of this work is to analyze the impact of wind actions in the fatigue
study of the anchorages of the cable-stayed bridge of Sidi Maarouf bridge located in Casablanca in
Morocco through a finite element model. The procedure of this analysis is summarized in four steps: The
first step is the modeling of the bridge structure on ANSYS MECANICAL software and validation of the
finite element model. The second step is the fatigue study of the stay cables anchorages under only traffic
loads. In the third step, the wind action is introduced in this fatigue study simultaneously with the action
of the traffic loads. Finally, the results of the two studies are compared to conclude on the impact of wind
in the fatigue study of the stay cables anchorages. Results comparison proves that the total damage
caused by the two actions is greater than the damage caused by traffic. Thus the wind actions cannot be
neglected in fatigue analysis of stayed-cable bridges.
Keywords: Fatigue, wind, cable-stayed bridges, damage, traffic.

P4-162 Electrochemical synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic

activity of M-doped TiO2 nanotubes (M=Ag or Cu)
O. Zakira,b, A. Ait Karraa, R. Idouhlia, M. Elyaagoubib, M. Khadiria,b, A. Aityouba, Burak
Dikicic, A. Abouelfidaa, A. Outzourhitb
aLaboratory of Applied Chemistry and Biomass, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco

bLaboratory of Nanomaterials for Energy and Environment, Department of Physics,
Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
cDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
In this study, copper and silver doped TiO 2 nanotubes were fabricated by in situ anodization method to
improve their photocatalytic performance. The resulting nanotubes (NTs) were characterized by
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Mott-Schottky analysis. The
SEM study shows the formation of NTs structure and reveals that the doping does not affect the surface
morphology. The XPS analysis proves that a mixture of Ag 0/Ag+ and Cu+ / Cu2+ exist simultaneously on
the surface of the Ag and Cu doped TiO2 NTs, respectively. XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis shows
that the doping shifted the anatase and rutile phase transformation and has a stabilization effect on the
anatase phase. The Mott-Schottky analysis demonstrates that the potential of the flat band shifted to
negative values by doping. The prepared NTs were evaluated in the photodegradation of methylene blue
(MB) under UV. The results reveal that the doped TiO 2 NTs were found to be more efficient than pure
TiO2 NTs in degradation of MB. The Cu-doped TiO2 NTs exhibited excellent degradation efficiency.
Keywords: Nanotubes, titanium oxide, photocatalytic performance, characterization
P4-163 Magnetic properties and large magnetocaloric effect in the perovskite

Mn3GeC compound: Ab initio and Monte Carlo calculations
Y. Charif Alaoui a, N. Tahiri a, O. El Bounagui b, H. Ez-Zahraouy a
a Laboratory
of Condensed Matter and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences,
b LPHE-MS, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
We report first-principles calculations on the electronic, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of the
perovskite metal compound Mn3GeC. We have studied this compound using a combination of density
functional theory calculations (DFT) and Monte Carlo methods. The metallic perovskite Mn3GeC
materials have a secondary ferromagnetic paramagnetic transition around Tc = 330 K. Our calculations
show that this compound is more stable in the equilibrium state of the ferromagnetic network, estimated
in agreement with the experimental parameter. The results of the simulation reveal that the Mn3GeC
structure behaving of metallic nature; using calculations of first principles, the magnetic and
magnetocaloric properties have been calculated. Additionally, the magnetization and the susceptibility
have been determined and the obtained critical temperature TC is in good agreement with the
experimental results. The magnetic entropy and the relative cooling power for different external
magnetic fields are obtained around TC.
Keywords: Perovskite, magnetocaloric properties, DFT, magnetization.

P4-170 Preparation of CuS thin film by pulse electrodeposition technique

A. Ait-karraa, O. Zakira.b, A. Ait bahaa, M. Laasria, R. Idouhlia, M. Elyaagoubib, A.
Abouelfidaa, M. Khadiria, J. Benzakoura
a Laboratory of applied chemistry and biomass, Department of chemistry, Faculty of
sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
b Laboratory of Nanomaterials for Energy and Environment, Department of physics,
Faculty of sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
Copper sulfide (CuS) is considered as one of the most important metal chalcogenides, because it exhibits a
great physical and chemical proprieties. CuS is an important p-type semiconductor, and it was employed
in several fields such as solar cells, supercapacitors, catalysis and so on. In this work, CuS thin film was
prepared onto stainless-steel (316 L) substrate under pulse-potential control, from an aqueous acidic
solution containing copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO 4, 5H2O) and thiourea (SC(NH2)2). The pH of
deposition solution was adjusted to 2.2 ± 0.1. The electrodeposited thin film was grown at 30 °C, by
applying a forward potential (VF) and a reverse potential (VR) during tF and tR, respectively. The overall
application time of VF was 1 hour, while VR was applied for 2 hours. Cyclic voltammetry was developed
to understand the growth mechanism and to determine V F and VR. X-ray diffraction revealed that the
obtained thin film by applying of V F = – 850 mV vs Ag/AgCl and VR = 0 mV vs Ag/AgCl is found to be
hexagonal Covellite CuS. Raman spectroscopy showed two peaks located at 268 and 473 cm -1, which are
a characteristic feature of CuS. Film composition and surface morphology were determined by energy
dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) set up attached with scanning electron microscope (SEM),
respectively. The semiconductor nature and the charge concentration of the CuS-obtained film was
determined via Mott Schottky analysis. The thin film-electrolyte interface was studied using
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Keywords: Copper sulfide, electrodeposition, thin film, surface.
P4-172 Thermodynamic properties and magnetocaloric effect of mixed spins

(3/2, 1) square lattice
M. Choubia, S. Harira,b, M. Sougratia, A. Lahbibia, A. Elidrysya and Y. Boughaleba
a Bio-Geosciences
and Materials Engineering Laboratory, Ecole Normale Superior,
HASSAN II University - Casablanca, Morocco
bDepartment of Physics-Chemistry, Regional Center for Education and Training
Professions, Casablanca - Settat, Morocco
Magnetic refrigeration is the subject of the work presented, is a cold production technology based on a
physical phenomenon called the magnetocaloric effect. Generally, all magnetic materials exhibit MCE,
although the intensity of this effect depends on the properties of each material. To better understand the
underlying physical origin of these behaviors, we performed numerical Monte Carlo simulations on a
square lattice using an Ising model. Despite its simplicity, the extended Ising model generates very rich
phase diagrams. The present work aims to investigate the thermodynamic properties and
magnetocaloric effect of mixed spin-1 and spin- 3/2 Ising ferrimagnetic system on a square lattice using
Monte Carlo simulation. This lattice is divided in two interpenetrating sub-lattices with spins S=1 in the
sub-lattice shell and ζ= 3/2 in the sub-lattice core. The considered Ising model is parameterized by the
couplings Js, Jζ and Jζ-s, where Js is the exchange interaction between two nearest neighbor magnetic
atoms at the surface shell, Jζ is the exchange interaction between two nearest neighbors in the core and
Jζ-s is the exchange interaction between the spins S in the shell and the spins ζ in the core. Monte Carlo
simulation under Metropolis algorithm allows us to analyze the phase diagrams in the presence of
external magnetic and crystal fields. We show the existence of the compensation temperature and its
dependence on the ζ–S, S–S and ζ–ζ couplings. The obtained results show that the critical temperature,

compensation temperatures and the Magnetocaloric Effect are strongly correlated to the parameters Js,
Jζ and Jζ-s.
Keywords: Magnetic refrigeration, thermodynamic properties, Ising model.
P4-176 Full factorial design for adsorption process of heavy metal Ni2+ using
Moroccan oil shale as bio sorbent
Youssef Khalloukia, Sanaâ Saoiabia, Soumia Berrahoua, Omar Boukraa, Anas Krimea,
Souhayla Latifia,b , Ali Boukraa, Larbi El Hammari a,Ahmed Saoiabia
aLaboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
Casablanca, Morocco
Adsorption is attracting attention as promising technology for water treatment, since it has several
advantages over other techniques such as, efficiency, availability of different adsorbents and high
profitability. In the context, we are interested to the elaboration of materials based on oil shale capable
of retaining polluting compounds. The process of adsorption of nickel ions by Moroccan oil shales has
been studied experimentally. The oil shales, were prepared and thoroughly characterized using various
physicochemical methods (ATG, ATD, MEB, DRX, FT-IR and UV-spectrophotometry) showed that the
shales consisted of SiO2 which is very interesting for adsorption.In the present study, important variables
affecting the adsorption method (initial Ni 2+ concentrations, contact time, and adsorbent mass) were
investigated. The main objective of this study is to obtain the optimal conditions for the sorption of Ni 2+
on Moroccan oil shales by the application of full factorial design using Desing Expert 11 software.
Keywords: Waste water, oil shales, adsorption, full factorial design, design Expert.
P4-206 Boosting the performance of inorganic phosphite compound as

anode material for lithium-ion batteries
Hassna Belhaj, Zineb Edfouf, M‟hamed Oubla and Fouzia Cherkaoui El Moursli
Materials and Nanomaterials for Photovoltaics and Electrochemical Storage
(MANAPSE), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the power sources of choice in the battery market, surpassing all
competing candidates due to their high energy density, long cycle life and low self-discharge rate. They
have been used mainly in mobile consumer electronics and are starting to conquer electric mobility.
Research efforts into new suitable electrode materials have intensified significantly in order to develop
powerful batteries with advanced electrochemical performances. In light of this, poly anion-type
materials have attracted great technologic attention as electrode materials for LIBs owing to their ability
to form a wide variety of 3-dimensional frameworks with transition metals, which are stable and favor
Li+ ion diffusion. One of the most representative poly anionic insertion hosts are phosphate-based
materials such as NASICON structured compounds. Poly anion-type materials show superior
electrochemical performances namely, good lithium-ion intercalation properties as electrode materials.
One important class of poly anions that has remained largely unexplored is the phosphite-type poly
anion. Inorganic phosphite materials have been discovered and tested for the first time as negative
electrodes for use in lithium-ion batteries by MANAPSE team. Among these phosphites, LiTi(HPO3)2
compound demonstrated great electrochemical stability and interesting cyclability. However, its
electrochemical specific capacity is limited. In order to improve storage capacities for LiTi(HPO3)2, this
study has employed an approach of elemental doping and substitution at crystallographic titanium sites.

A series of materials have been synthesized via the simple and low-cost hydrothermal route tested as
anode for LIBs. The samples are analyzed by several characterization techniques such as X-Ray
diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to study
the crystal structural and morphological properties. In addition, the doped LiTi(HPO 3)2 electrodes were
subjected to electrochemical tests as anode for LIBs. Galvanostatic cycling and cyclic voltammetry
measurements were carried out to examine their electrochemical performances, in terms of capacity,
cyclability, structural and thermal stabilities, as well as to establish a correlation between the structural
properties and electrochemical behavior of the compounds.
Keywords: Lithium-ion batteries, electrochemical stability, cyclability.
P4-208 Regenerating LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from spent lithium-ion batteries

using a facile and cost-effective recycling process
Youssef Salhia,b, Abdelfettah Lallaouia, M'hamed Oublab, Yahya Agzenaia, Fouzia
Cherkaoui El Mourslib, Zineb Edfoufa,b
aMorrocan Foundation for Advanced Science Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Rabat
Morocco
bMaterials and Nanomaterials for Photovoltaïcs and Electrochemical Storage
Waste management and recycling is an essential part for the sustainability of any industry. The rising
demand of lithium-ion batteries will generate enormous amount of dangerous waste at their end of life.
Therefore, we need to develop an effective and lucrative process to solve this issue. Furthermore, these
batteries include expensive metals such as cobalt, nickel, manganese and lithium, which could be
reclaimed and reused to make new batteries to insure the circular economy. The current recycling
processes are very intricate and expensive. They consist on the separation of the aforementioned element,
and reclaim them as metal salts. However, this approach consumes a lot of expensive organic solvents,
and uses complex equipment which justify the high recycling cost. One of the promising breakthrough to
lower the recycling cost is the cathode to cathode approach, which means the re-generation of the
cathode active material directly from the black mass without need for metal separation. In this work, we
synthesized successfully LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2with coprecipitation reaction. The process starts with
discharging the batteries to remove the fire risks. pursuit with a manual dismantling to open and
separate the cathode stripes. Then, the cathode material is delaminated from the aluminum foil by heat
treatment. The recovered cathode was dissolved in acidic media with a reducing agent. The molar
composition of Ni:Co:Mn was adjusted to 1:1:1 by adding metal salts. Afterwards,
Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2was coprecipiated using sodium hydroxide as precipitant, and ammonia as
chelating agent. The hydroxide precipitate was then mixed with lithium hydroxide for the lithiation. The
mixture is heat treated to synthesis LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2. The electrochemical performances of the
reclaimed cathode materials were tested and compared to commercial one.
Keywords: Lithium-ion batteries, cathode to cathode approach, coprecipitation.
P4-209 Electrochemical properties of nanostructured Ni3.4Sn4 intermetallic

anodes for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries with Li6PS5Cl
argyrodite electrolyte
Wissal Touta,b, Mickaël Mateosb, Junxian Zhangb, M‟Hamed Oublaa,
Fouzia Cherkaoui El Mourslia, Zineb Edfoufa and Fermin Cuevasb
a Materials
and Nanomaterial for Photovoltaics and Electrochemical Storage
(MANAPSE), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

bCNRS, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris Est, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Thiais,
France
All solid-state Li ion batteries (ASSLBs) attract considerable attention owing to their potential high
energy density and safe operation. The development of solid electrolytes plays an essential role in the
practical application of ASSLBs. They must ensure high ionic conductivity (> 10-4 S.cm-1 at room
temperature) while being chemically compatible with electrode materials. This PhD thesis aims at
developing high-performance ASSLBs using high-capacity negative electrodes, easy-deformable
argyrodites as solid electrolyte and a suitable positive electrode such as LiFePO4. Our first work focalizes
on the compatibility between nanostructured Ni3,4Sn4 anodes and Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte.
Nanostructured intermetallic Ni3,4Sn4 with crystallite size of 6 nm was obtained by mechanical milling. It
exhibited a reversible capacity of 240 mA.hg -1 with an average potential of 0.4 V vs. Li +/Li, in a
conventional Li-ion battery using liquid solvent. As for the solid electrolyte, Li 6PS5Cl was also prepared
by mechanical milling from Li2S, P2S5 and LiCl. Its ionic conductivity is 2.4 × 10 -4 S.cm-1 at room
temperature. Based on the previous findings, a half-cell Ni3,4Sn4 | Li6PS5Cl | Li was assembled. The
negative electrode was a mixture of nanostructured Ni3,4Sn4, carboxymethyl cellulose and carbon black
in mass ratio 55:20:25 wt.%, respectively. A stable reversible capacity of 80 mA.hg -1 at C/80 after 40
cycles with a coulombic efficiency above 95 % was obtained. Though this is a promising result, the
reversible capacity remains low as compared to that using liquid solvent. Solid–solid contact between the
active material Ni3,4Sn4 and the solid electrolyte should be improved. To this aim, next research is
focusing on intimate mixing between electrode and electrolyte constituents and using phosphites as
interface materials to ensure good electrochemical stability.
Keywords: Lithium batteries, energy, Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte, argyrodite.
P4-210 One-step hydrothermal synthesis of rGO coated LiTi2(PO4)3

microcubes as anode for lithium-ion batteries
Otmane Zoubira,b, Abdelfettah Lallaouib, M‟hamed Oublab,Yahya Agzenai Ben Salema,
Fouzia Cherkaoui El Mourslib and Zineb Edfoufa,b
aMoroccan Foundation for Advanced Science Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Rabat
Morocco
bMaterials and Nanomaterial for Photovoltaics and Electrochemical Storage
NASICON structured LiTi2(PO4)3 (LTP) material has attracted considerable scientific and technological
attention, mainly in energy storage technology, owing to its high structural stability and fast Li + ion
diffusion. However, LTP NASICON materials present several challenges, due to its rapid capacity fading
as anode, caused by its low electronic conductivity. This issue has hampered its practical application for
lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Many approaches were investigated to address the aforementioned
problems such as reducing the particle size, cationic doping, and adding conductive carbons to get
composite materials. In this context, various synthesis methods have widely been used to obtain
LTP/carbon composites (LTP@C) including, melt quenching, coprecipitation, and sol-gel. However,
almost all of these methods tend to produce agglomerated particles with irregular morphologies, which
limits their electrochemical performances. Recently, the hydrothermal method has become an important
technique for the production of various electrode nanomaterials due to its low preparation temperature,
high purity and crystallinity of the obtained powders. Herein, we report a simple one-step hydrothermal
synthesis of LTP@rGO microcubes that involves the in-situ reduction of GO to rGO material while
simultaneously growing the LTP microcube crystals. The results reveal that the LTP@rGO (2%)
outperform the pristine LTP in terms of specific capacity and cycling stability. The pristine LTP delivers a
discharge capacity of 171 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 94.93% after 10 cycles at 0.1 C rate, while
the LTP@rGO (2%) delivers a discharge capacity of 227 mAh g −1 with a capacity retention of 98.67%

after 10 cycles at 0.1 C rate. The good electrochemical performance of LTP@rGO (2%) is ascribed to the
effective rGO coating procedure, which leads to a significant improvement in electrical conductivity.
Keywords: NASICON, lithium, energy storage, electrical conductivity.
P4-231 The corrosion inhibition of phosphate-based xPbO–yB2O3–zP2O5 glass

for C35 steel in acidic media
Oumaima Barzali, Abdelkader Ben Ali, Mohamed Saadi
Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Department of chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
The thermal, structural, and anticorrosive characteristics of glasses made of the xP 2O5-yPbO-zB2O3
system are reported in this work. Different methods, including X-ray diffraction (DRX), Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC), were used to characterize the produced materials. According to DSC study, the
amount of PbO and P2O5 oxides increases thermal stability. Measurements of density and molar volume
supported these findings. Additionally, FTIR vibrational spectroscopy was used to track the structural
development of the examined glasses, and the results demonstrated that the addition of PbO caused the
glass network to cross-link. The study of the xP2O5-yPbO-zB2O3 system glasses ability to inhibit corrosion
in C35 steel also revealed that at concentrations of 70 and 700 ppm, the corrosion potential increases to
approximately - 437 mV versus SCE, indicating that the glasses‟ ability to inhibit corrosion alters the
stability of the metal/solution system to a different stable state. The inhibitor begins to affect the anode
current between 70 and 700 ppm, but it has a weaker influence than the cathode current. The findings
demonstrate that in a 1 M HCl atmosphere, borophosphate glasses are efficient corrosion inhibitors for
C35 steel. The inhibitory efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentrations, peaking at 86 % at
a concentration of 700 ppm at 30 °C. At this temperature, the inhibitory efficiency is approximately 68 %
at a concentration of 70 ppm.
Keywords: Phosphate glasses, XRD, Corrosion inhibition, Anticorrosive, Glass transition temperature,
C35 steel
P4-251 Elaboration and dielectric characterization of aurivillius based on

rare earths
Imane Anasser, Mohamed Daoud, Abdelouahad Zegzouti
Laboratoire Sciences des Matériaux Inorganiques et leurs applications, FSSM, Cadi
Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
Ferroelectric materials, such as PZT (lead zirconate titanate) perovskites based on bismuth and niobates,
pyrochlores, have been extensively studied in the past decades due to their special physical properties,
They are widely applied in electronic components, but the toxic nature of lead (Pb), fatigue, aging and
leakage current are still the cause of their suffering. This is the reason why the research community is
increasingly interested in the search for lead-free ferroelectric ceramics that can meet the specifications
mentioned. In this sense, Aurivillius-like structural materials, known as Bismuth Layered Structure
Ferroelectrics (BLSF) have taken advantage of their distinct properties for uses in electronics. As new
needs arise in electrical engineering including pulsed power and directed energy, much researches
concerning the development of new dielectric materials has been made in recent years, this materials
are needed to reduce the size and cost of electrical assemblies, that is why the general theme of this
researches is the obtention of low-cost reliable multilayer ceramic capacitors with a volume capacitance
as high as possible. Sr(1-x)LaxBi2Nb2O9 (La = rare earth) is a member of Aurivillius ferroelectric oxide
family with space group P4bm at room temperature, that can be used as materials with high dielectric
properties. In this work the effect of rare earth doped in the SrBi 2Nb2O9 on the dielectric properties was
investigated. Samples were prepared using high temperature solid state reaction. Single-phase

compound formation was confirmed by preliminary X-ray structural analysis. Plot patterns well
matched with reported data and the lattice parameters of the samples were calculated using two
methods. Pellets of 10mm diameter and thickness about 1mm~2mm were prepared and sintered. The
surface morphology of the samples was studied from Scanning electron Microscope pictures. The
properties of all the compositions were investigated and found to be greatly affected, Partial substitution
of strontium by La changed the ferroelectric– paraelectric transition temperature, once the ferroelectric–
paraelectric phase transition diffuse, the Curie temperature shifts toward lower temperatures typically
from 395 to 280 °C. It has been observed that the incorporation of rare earth ions reduces the dielectric
maxima. It further increases the degree of diffusiveness and lowers the temperature of dielectric maxima
as a result of the introduction of additional random field via created point defects.
Keywords: Rare earths, ferroelectric, dielectric properties, transition.
P4-260 Stress corrosion of aluminum alloy AA2024T3

Fatima Ezzohra El Garchani and Moulay Rachid Kabiri
Laboratory of Materials, Metallurgy and Process Engineering, National School of Arts
and Crafts Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
The aerospace industry is one of the most sensitive and significant branches of high-risk industries.
Therefore, accurate and optimal design in aerospace structures is crucial to the production process and
the overall results. One of the key factors in designing these structures is the design of joints and their
strength and durability. In addition, one of the common joints in the fuselage of aerospace structures; is
the riveted joints. This joint has advantages such as a simple connection process, high reliability, and
high work efficiency; so naturally, it is used in sensitive industries such as the aerospace industry. The
world's annual consumption is 25 million tons, and aluminum ranks first in Non-ferrous metal
metallurgy. Developing applications of Aluminium and its alloys, especially in transport, construction,
electronics, mechanical engineering, and packaging can be attributed to its several useful properties.
Aluminum (Al) alloy has many technical applications due to its resilience and strength. 2XXX series, with
its unique characteristics, are widely used in the industrial sector, such as the aviation sector. It occupies
a prominent place in the aeronautical field. The most noteworthy property of aluminium is corrosion
resistance. It is the ability to form a protective film (Al2O3) on its surface. These alloys possess lower
corrosion resistance due to present intermetallics in the basic Al-matrix. These inclusions are in the form
of particles, which become centers of nucleation and further spread the local corrosion process. The focus
of this case study is the stress corrosion behavior of the aluminum alloy AA2024T3. The 2024T3
microstructures were observed under an optical microscope; the specimens went through a simple
bending test and were exposed to a 3% NaCl salt solution. The relative weight loss was studied for 103.5
hours of immersion. The metallographic analysis, under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), revealed
that the propagation of cracks is essentially intergranular, in the cross-long direction.
Keywords: Corrosion, aluminum alloy, stress, metallographic analysis.
P4-266 Synthesis, thermal, spectroscopic and dielectric studies of new

borates Ba2M1-xNix(BO3)2 M= Mg, Cd
Fatima-Ezzahra N‟faouia, M‟hamed Taibia, Jilali Aridea And Ali Boukharib
aLaboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO),
bLaboratoire de Chimie Appliquee des Matriaux, Centre des Sciences des Materiaux,
Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
Borates have been studied widely in the recent years because of their low synthesis temperature, easy
preparation processes, excellent physical and chemical properties as well as high quantum efficiency. The

previous studies focused on borates magnetic, optical and dielectric application, either the glass or
crystalline compounds. The diversity in the linkage of boron and different metals transition has produced
orthoborates, with general formula: A2M(BO3)2 ( A = Ba, Sr, Pb) (M = Cd, Ca, Co, Mg, Zn, Cu. In this
work, we describe the synthesis and the characterization of a new systems of borates Ba 2M1-xNix(BO3)2 M
= Mg; Cd. The X-ray diffraction analysis have showed that Ba 2M1-xNix(BO3)2 M = Mg; Cd crystallize in
the monoclinic and orthorhombic systems with space group C2/m and R-3m respectively. The thermal
analysis of the studied borates was carried out using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The
structural approach of the elaborated borates was conducted by IR spectroscopy which confirms the
existence of the boron groups BO33-. The dielectric properties of the new borates were investigated. The
conductivity measurements of the borates materials were studied and discussed as a function of the
temperature.
Keywords: Borates, metals transition, thermal analysis, structural approach.
P4-270 Investigation of structural, dielectric properties and radiation

shielding parameters for lead pyrophosphate glasses
S. Abadia, N. Ait Hanaa , M.I. Sayyedb , J. Aridea , K. Benkhoujac , M. Haddadd , M.Taibia
a Centre
des Sciences des matériaux(LPCMIO), Ecole Normale Supérieure Rabat,
b Physics Department, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
c E2M LCCA, Faculté des Sciences, Université Chouaib Doukkali El Jadida, Morocco
d LASMAR, URAC11, Faculté des Sciences, Université Moulay Ismail Meknès Morocco
In the recent years, we have elaborated the Na2Pb1-xCuxP2O7, with (0≤x≤1), using a conventional melt
quenching technique. The object of the present investigation is an analysis of the relationship between the
structure and the dielectric and gamma ray shielding properties of compounds. The density of the
synthetized glasses decreases with the copper content. The Raman spectroscopic study showed that the
substitution of Pb2+ by the Cu2+ ions leads to a large modification in the structure of (P2O7) 4 groups.
The dielectric investigation of the glasses has confirmed that the Cu2+ ions favor the creation of electric
dipoles in the vitreous framework. Additionnaly, we have investigated the gamma ray shielding
properties of elaborated glasses. Using the XCOM software, mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ), half
value layers (HVL) and effective atomic numbers (Zeff) were calculated. The values of μ/ρ and Zeff were
found to decrease with the increase in CuO content. The results show that the substution Pb+2 by Cu2+
affect the structure, the dielectric and gamma ray shielding properties of the composition Na2Pb1-
xCuxP2O7.
Keywords: phosphate glasses; Raman; Density; Dielectric properties; Shielding properties
P4-302 Cathodic protection of steel in lime-reinforced concrete in a heritage

structure
Ananya Ajayan and Radhakrishna G Pillai
Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection (SACP) system using galvanic anode is one of the electrochemical
repair treatments to control corrosion in reinforced concrete systems. A conventional galvanic anode for
concrete applications comprises of zinc core (encapsulated in a high pH and porous cementitious mortar)
that automatically polarises the attached steel to the cathodic region and offer protection against further
corrosion. However, this system can take long time (say several months) to re-passivate the corroding
steel. The hybrid anodes initially provide an impressed current (from a built-in battery) to accelerate the

re-passivation of steel are a recent advancement to the SACP systems worldwide. After the initial
impressed current phase (for a few months), they continue to behave as conventional galvanic anodes.
However, limited literature, especially based on field studies, is available on the changes that can occur
at steel-concrete interface and the long-term performance of hybrid and conventional anodes. In the
present study, hybrid, as well as conventional anodes, were installed in a 100-year-old heritage structure
made with steel-reinforced, lime concrete with a pH of about 9. Over a period of several decades, the
structure has undergone frequent repairs in the past due to spalling and delamination of concrete caused
by corrosion of the mild steel reinforcement. As a pilot study, a set of conventional and hybrid anodes
were installed; and their performance was monitored for a period of three years. After this, the samples
of steel-concrete systems were extracted from the structure and the microstructural changes on the steel
surface due to the action of anodes were studied. Effectiveness of the two types of anodes in controlling
the corrosion of steel in lime concrete was evaluated based on the electrochemical and microstructural
data obtained and will be presented.
Keywords: Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection (SACP), steel, concrete.
P4-322 Structural and microstructural studies of CuII and NbV co-doped

bismuth vanadate system
W. Mhaira, A.Agnaou , R. Essalim , A. Ammar and M. Zamama.
Laboratoire des Sciences des Matériaux et Optimisation des Procédés (SCIMATOP),
Faculté des Sciences- Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
Due to their two-dimensional lamellar structure, the so-called Aurivillius compounds are of great interest
on both fundamental and applied levels. This family has been enriched since 1949, date of the synthesis
and study of the first Aurivillius compound of general formula (Bi 2O2)2+ (An-1BnO3n+1)2- . [Bi2O2]2+ is in the
form of a pyramid with a square base formed by oxygens and bismuth occupies their top. Two close
neighboring bismuth atoms are directed on either side of the plane formed by the oxygen atoms that
minimizes the interactions between the free 6s2 pairs of the Bi3+ cation. The [An-1BnO3n+1]2- group consists
of n perovskite sheets. When n = 1, the [A n-1BnO3n+1]2- group is a chain of [BO4] 2- octahedra and we will
have an inter-growth of a perovskite layer and the (Bi 2O2)2+ groups. Bush et al first identified Bi4V2O11 in
1985, and then several laboratories were interested in the study of this family of compounds because of
their interesting electrical properties (ferroelectricity and conduction by oxide ions). The structure of
Bi4V2O11 can be described as an intergrowth of fluorite-like layers (Bi2O2)2+ and perovskite-like sheets
(VO3.5□0.5)2- intrinsically oxygen deficient. This compound exists in three thermodynamically stable
polymorphic forms that depend on the disorder in the oxygen vacancies. The low-temperature
monoclinic α-Bi4V2O11 form crystallizes in the C2/m space group and transforms from 450 °C to β-
Bi4V2O11 with an orthorhombic Amam space group structure, and then to the tetragonal γ-Bi4V2O11 from
580 °C that crystallizes in the I4/mmm space group. The latter form exhibits high conductivity due to the
existence of disordered oxygen vacancies (a conductivity greater than 10 -1 S.cm-1 at 600°C). Partial
substitution of vanadium in the Bi4V2O11 compound by iso/aliovalents cations stabilizes the more
conductive γ-Bi4V2O11 form at room temperature. In general, the resulting quadratically symmetric
compounds can have a γ' form due to the establishment of partial oxygen vacancy order in the γ-form.
There is no considerable structural difference between the γ and γ' forms (the γ' form is less conductive
than the γ form). Several solid solutions derived from Bi 4V2O11 by partial substitution of vanadium by a
wide variety of cations of different sizes possess good oxide ion conductivity. These materials are known
by the acronym BIMEVOX, where "ME" is the dopant metal. Numerous studies are available in the
literature, which are interested in studying the effect of substitution of vanadium (V 5+) by
mono/aliovalents cations. In addition to single cation substitution, there are a number of reports of
double substitution at the V-site, where high stabilization of the conducting phase and improved
conductivity by "synergistic effect" has been reported. These materials have several interesting
application areas. For example, they can be used in electrochemical oxygen pumps, oxygen sensors, and

catalytic membranes or in fuel cells. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study the effect of the coupled
substitution of vanadium by copper and niobium structural and microstructural properties.
Keywords: Structure, microstructural properties, vanadium, dopant metal.
P4-327 Development of a new design model for the distortional mode of cold-
formed steel columns
Imene Mahi
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Abou Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen, Algeria
The majority of cold-formed thin-walled structural elements with open sections, subjected to axial or
bending loading are subject to at least three modes of structural instability: local, distortional and
global, baptized pure modes of instabilities which manifest most commonly in interaction. In all modern
design regulations, the design process is based on the determination of the elastic critical loads of these
failure modes. This article recalls the different design approaches for the calculation of the distortional
elastic critical stress, therefore, the structural resistance with respect to this mode. The design codes
presented here are: the European standard (CEN/EC3, 2006), the Australian code (AS/NZS 4600, 2005),
and the American standard (AISI/NAS, 2007). A comparative study, of critical distortional stresses, is
implemented based on the different methods included in the design code, cited above, for C-sections,
presumed, according to several investigations, as a sectional shape often prone to this type of instability.
The finite strip method (FSM) served as a referential numerical basis in order to analyze the results
obtained by the different calculation methods, then, a promising approach was deployed allowing the
development of a new model for calculating the distortional mode.
Keywords: Elastic critical stress, finite strip method (FSM), distortional mode.
Corresponding Author: email [email protected]
P4-353 Synthesis, crystal structure and catalytic activity of a new

centrosymmetric Manganese (II) phosphate compound
Safaa Hidaouia, Mohammed Lachkara and Brahim El Balib
a Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials, and Environment,
Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
b Independent Scientist, Oujda, Morocco
The crystal of Manganese(II) bis(aqua) bis(dihydrogen phosphate) dihydrate,

Mn(H2O)2(H2PO4)2.2H2O has been synthesised using the slow evaporation method. The compound
crystallises in in the triclinic system (SG: P-1 (#200)), with the following unit cell parameters (Å,°): a =
7.7329(11), b = 7.8458(10) c = 9.2761(11) , α = 67.022(4), β = 85.001(5), γ = 72.798(4) , and V = 494.7 Å3 .
The structure is composed of Mn(O)4(Ow)2 octahedra and (H2PO4) tetrahedra, located at C1 sites and
forming octahedral-tetrahedral infinite chains which are linked by the oxygen atoms to layers and
further to 3D dimensional framework. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) showed
characteristic bands corresponding to the phosphate group. The catalytic efficiency of the synthesised
compound was tested with the reduction reaction of the three nitrophenol isomers (paranitrophenol 4-
NP, metanitrophenol 3-NP and orthonitrophenol 2-NP). The evolution of the catalytic activity was
controlled by utilizing UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy.
Keywords: Manganese, crystal structure, spectroscopy, catalysis.
Corresponding Author: [email protected]*

P4-369 Synthesis and structural study of a novel mixed phosphate:

Cd0.5Zn2.5(PO4)2.4H2O
Khalil Ahraifou, Jamal Khmiyas, Mohammed Hadouchi, Abderrazzak Assani, Mohamed
Saadi and Lahcen El Ammari
Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux,
Polyanionc materials are increasingly of interest due to their rich structural chemistry and their wide
range of interesting properties such as ion exchange, catalysts, luminescence, ferroelectricity,
magnetism, and optical functionalities. In such phases, the various porous or polar architectures of metal
phosphates are primarily responsible for their attractive applications as in the industrial, scientific and
health sectors. For instance, one interesting approach for developing new nonlinear optical materials is
the inclusion of specific d10 transition metal cations, such as Zn2+ and Cd2+, that are sensitive to high
polarization into metal phosphate matrix. These ions can also exhibit a number of coordination
polyhedra, like ZnOn (n = 4, 5, 6) and CdOm (m = 6, 7, 8), that will offer options for predicting and
designing new open-frameworks. Indeed, previous investigations of quaternary systems M(1)O–M(2)O–
T2O5–H2O (where M(1) & M(2) are divalent transition metal and T=As,V or P), have allowed to elaborate
several mixed hydrated compounds of general formula (M(1),M(2))3(TO4)2.nH2O. In this context, we
isolated and characterized the new phosphate Cd 0.5Zn2.5(PO4)2.4H2O. Single crystals of this phase were
successfully grown hydrothermally and structurally determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction data.
This new phase is isotypic with α-hopeite and crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with
the cell parameters a = 10.6592(9) Å, b = 18.408(2)Å and c = 5.0565(4) Å. This crystal structure contains
seven independent fully occupied cationic sites. The first six, that are located in particular Wycokoff
positions 4c (.m.), accommodate Cd(1)/Zn(1), Zn(2) and three hydrogen, while the remaining site is
occupied by one P atom. The crystal structure of the new phosphate can be described in terms of a net
framework build up from a slightly distorted units : Cd(1)/Zn(1)O 2(H2O)4 octahedra, Zn(2)O4 and PO4
tetrahedra. In the structure, two isolated Zn2(2)O7 dimers are held together by means of PO 4 groups in
such way to form zigzag chains of corner-sharing. Adjacent chains are connected with the apical corners
resulting in a complex layer of three- and four-membered sequential rings extending along [001]. The
stacked layers are bridged by Cd(1)/Zn(1)O2(H2O)4 octahedra that stabilizes the structure.
Keywords: Hydrothermal synthesis, phosphate, single crystal, X-ray diffraction.
P4-370 Synthesis, characterization and structural study of the novel

phosphate Ag0.4Zn2.8Fe4(PO4)6
Khalil Ahraifou , Jamal Khmiyas , Mohammed Hadouchi , Abderrazzak Assani ,
Mohamed Saadi and Lahcen El Ammari
Over the past decade, a great deal of research has been devoted to the design and development of new
open framework materials. The growing interest in these compounds lies in the fact that they generally
display rich structural architectures and topologies that confer very attractive physico-chemical
properties. Among these numerous families are inorganic phosphate based compounds whose chemical
behavior is mainly due to the PO4 tetrahedral groups and the XOn (n=4, 5 or 6) metal polyhedra that
generate thermodynamically stable anionic frameworks. Such an arrangement creates void spaces that
are receptive to a multitude of chemical species, including cations of various sizes and small molecules.
As a contribution to the development of such materials we have previously reported the synthesis and the
structural study of Zn3Fe4(PO4)6. Further investigation of the pseudo-quaternary system Ag2O-ZnO-
Fe2O3-P2O5 has enabled the elaboration of the novel phase Ag 0.4Zn2.8Fe4(PO4)6.Well-crystallized silver,
zinc and iron-based phosphate, namely Ag0.4Zn2.8Fe4(PO4)6 was successfully prepared by classical solid-

state reaction route and characterized by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). This new compound crystallizes in the typical Howardevansite structure with
the triclinic system, space group P-1 and unit cell parameters: a = 6.3551(1), b = 7.9271(1), c = 9.3232(2)
Å, α = 105.022(1)°, β =108.085(1)° and γ = 101.470(1)°. All atoms of the crystal structure occupy the
general position 2i except Ag(1)+ and Zn(1)2+ cations which are on two centers of inversion at 1g(-1) and
1h(-1) respectively. This crystal structure consists of folded chains of edge-sharing polyhedra based on
[Fe(1)2O10] and [Fe(2)2O10] dimers intercalated by Zn(2)O5 unit. Adjacent chains are interconnected by a
regular PO4 tetrahedra and arranged in stacked layers perpendicular to the b-axis. Such an
arrangement gives rise to tunnels running along [100], in which Ag(1) + and Zn(1)2+ are hosted. The
stability and accuracy of the suggested structural model have been approved by combinatorial
investigations of charge distribution (CD) and bond valence sum (BVS).
Keywords: Solide-state reaction, howardevansite, , phosphate, single crystal, crystal structure.
P4-371 Elaboration, characterization and structural study of a new

phosphate (Cd,Co)5(HPO4)2(PO4)2.4H2O with the Hureaulite
structure-type
Chaymae El Alami, Jamal Khmiyas , Mohammed Hadouchi , Abderrazzak Assani ,
Nowadays, transition metal-based phosphates are among the most investigated classes of materials.
This craze for such phases is supported by their structural richness, their topological diversity and
undoubtedly their interesting physical properties. Such assets are closely related to the particular
chemical behavior of the PO4, HPO4 groups and the metallic polyhedra. The organization of such units
provides the crystal structures with a high thermal, chemical and mechanical stability, thus giving rise to
suitable interstitial spaces, which can contain cations of different sizes and/or small molecules. This
ability gives phosphates attractive physico-chemical properties. In an extension of our research and
structural studies of various transition metal phosphates we develop herein the synthesis and the crystal
structure of the new phosphate (Cd,Co)5(HPO4)2(PO4)2.4H2O. Single crystals of this phase have been
prepared under mild hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The
title compound crystallizes in an ordered variant of the Hureaulite-type structure (space group C2/c, a =
17.5744(9) Å, b = 9.0723(5) Å, c = 9.4866(5) Å, β = 96.67(3) °, V = 1502.3(1) Å3 and Z = 4). This structure
exhibits a cations positional disorder at two sites. The first one is situated on the special Wyckoff position
4e (2) and is entirely filled by a mixture of Cd(2)2+/Co(2)2+ with a respective occupancy ratio of
0.34/0.66. The second one is located on the general position 8f, fully occupied by both Cd(1) 2+/Co(1)2+.
The principal building units are more or less distorted [Cd(1)/Co(1)O5(H2O)], [Cd(2)/Co(2)O6] and
[Co(3)O4(H2O)2] octahedra with two kinds of regular PO 4 and HPO4 tetrahedra. The three-dimensional
framework results from octahedral pentameric entities M5 IIO16(H2O)6 made up of edge-sharing
extending parallel to [001] direction. These adjacent entities are linked to each other by the bridging PO 4
and HPO4 groups via common corners so as to build a three-dimensional framework delimiting large
holes along the [001] direction in which the water molecules are located. The validation of the proposed
structural model is supported by bond-valence-sum (BVS) and charge-distribution (CHARDI) methods.
Keywords : Crystal structure, phosphates, CHARDI/BVS analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction,
hureaulite, hydrothermal synthesis.

P4-372 Hydrothermal synthesis and crystal structure of a novel phosphate :

CdMn4(HPO4)2(PO4)2.4H2O
Chaymae El Alami, Jamal Khmiyas, Mohammed Hadouchi, Abderrazzak Assani,
Owning to its outstanding characteristics, such as the great chemical stability, and the remarkable
ability to tolerate various oxidation states, transition metal phosphates (TMP) with a rigid 3D-crystal
structure have gained a lot of attention. The main structural feature of these compounds is undoubtedly
their remarkable flexibility of the anionic framework that is very adaptable to various cationic
substitutions. Indeed, the inclusion of first row transition metal elements transition metals in the
structure is often at the origin of various physical properties (such as magnetic, ion exchange,
heterogeneous catalysis, optical, etc.) and promising applications. As a result, numerous phosphate
materials with distinctive attributes have been elaborated and characterized. In conformity with our
topic of interest, we developed the growth process of the novel compound CdMn 4(HPO4)2(PO4)2.4H2O,
and here we provide results of its crystallographic analysis. This new cadmium and manganese-based
phosphate, was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method and structurally investigated by
single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The title compound is a new member of the Hureaulite family and
crystallizes within the monoclinic system (space group C2/c , a=17.6932(5) Å, b=9.1862(3) Å, c =
9.5417(3) Å, β = 96.562(1)° and Z=4). In this crystal structure the metal cations are statically distributed
over three independent sites. The first two are located at the general position 8f and are entirely filled by
Cd(1)2+/Mn(1)2+ and Cd(3)2+/Mn(3)2+ while the remaining site at the special position 4e(2) is fully
occupied by Cd(2)2+/Mn(2)2+.The main structural groups of the asymmetric unit consist of three distorted
[Cd(1)/Mn(1)O5(H2O)], [Cd(2)/Mn(2)O6] and [Cd(3)/Mn(3)O4(H2O)2] octahedra with two regular PO4 &
HPO4 tetrahedra. The 3D- structure is made up of five sequential octahedral (Cd/Mn) 5O16(H2O)6 units of
edge-sharing runing along the [001] direction. The connecting PO 4 and HPO4 groups bind the nearby
units to one another by corners-sharing to create a 3D-framework defining a sizable void along the [001]
direction hosting H2O molecules.
Keywords : Crystal structure, single-crystal, X-ray diffraction, Hureaulite, hydrothermal synthesis.
P4-374 Synthesis, structural study and characterization of silver dinickel

iron tri(orthophosphates) Ag1,80Ni1,59Fe1,34(PO4)3 and Ag2Ni2Fe(PO4)3
Said Ouaatta, Abderrazzak Assani, Mohamed Saadi and Lahcen El Ammari
Iron based phosphates are among the most studied materials. They present a promising field for various
applications as electric, ferroelectric magnetic and catalytic process. The present work is a part of our
activity particularly devoted to investigate a new materials-based phosphate belonging to the A2O-NiO-
Fe2O3-P2O5 (Metal M = monovalent cation) quaternary system. In this study, we have succeeded to
isolate three new orthophosphates Ag1,80Ni1,59Fe1,34(PO4)3 and Ag2Ni2Fe(PO4)3. The new compounds were
synthesized by solid-state reaction route and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron
microscopy, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The analysis by single crystal and powder X-ray
diffraction techniques showed that these compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic system with Imma
space group. The three-dimensional framework of the crystal structure is built up by [PO4] tetrahedra,
[FeO6] octahedra and [Ni2O10] dimers of edge-sharing octahedra, linked through common corners or
edges. This structure comprises two types of layers stacked alternately along the [100] direction. The first
layer is formed by edge sharing octahedra ([Ni2O10] dimer) linked to [PO4] tetrahedra via common edges
and vertices while the second layer is built up from a row of corner-sharing [FeO6] octahedra and [PO4]
tetrahedra forming an infinite linear chain. The layers are held together through vertices of [PO4]
tetrahedra and [FeO6] octahedra, leading to the appearance of two types of tunnels parallel to the a and

b-axis directions in which the Ag2+ cations are located. The structure affiliation of the studied phosphate
to that of α-CrPO4 and its spectroscopic properties will be discussed.
Keywords: Orthophosphates, crystal structure, synthesis, solid-state reaction, α-CrPO4, X-ray
diffraction.
P4-402 Evaluating the effect of tin additions on the corrosion performance of

Fe-Cr alloys in different environments
Ihsan-ul-Haq Toora,b
aDept. of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
(KFUPM), Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
bInterdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of
Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Stainless steel and Ni base alloys are widely used in different industrial applications due to their excellent
corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Along with Ni and Cr, many other alloying elements
such as Si, Cu, Mn, Sn, Mo, and W etc. are used depending on final application requirements. In spite of
the high thermodynamic reactivity of metals, what makes our metals-based civilization possible is the
phenomenon of passivity. Passivity infers kinetic stability of reactive metals and alloys in contact with
oxidizing aqueous environments, when thermodynamics indicates a large driving force (negative change
in the Gibbs free energy) for the reaction of the metal with oxygen (either from O 2 or H2O). The observed
kinetic stability is due to the formation of a “passive” reaction product film on the surface that effectively
isolates the reactive metal from the corrosive environment. Different alloying additions in stainless steel
alloys affect the structure and composition of their thin oxide film differently, so understanding the role
of individual alloying elements on the passive film composition and localized corrosion is very important,
in order to design and develop new corrosion resistant alloys for the industry.There are not many studies
showing the independent effect of Sn on the localized corrosion resistance and its contribution towards
passivity in Fe-Cr alloys. So therefore, in this research work, Fe-18Cr-9Ni-xSn cast austenitic alloys were
developed. The results of electrochemical investigations using „Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and
Electrochemical impedance technique“, showed that the alloy with 0.15% Sn showed the highest localised
corrosion resisatnce when the experiments were meaured in 3.5% + 0.5 H 2SO4 solution at room temp.
Keywords: Stainless steel, repassivation rate, EIS, localised corrosion, passivity.
P4-413 Phase relations in the systems CeO2–Ln2O3 (Ln = La – Yb) in air within
temperature range 1500 – 600 °C
Yushkevych Sergii, Korniienko Oksana, Sameljuk Anatoliy, Bykov Oleksandr
Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science, NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
Today rare-earth element based materials are of great worldwide interest for many engineering
application such as catalysts, solid electrolytes, laser media, radio wave absorbers, components for
electronics, and so on. Much attention is now focused on development of alternative power sources which
are based on electrochemical devices, in particular on fue cells. As solid electrolytes for fuel cells that
operate at hight emperatures (upto 1000 °С), materials on the basis of Y2O3stabilized zirconia are used,
where asceria based solid solutions are promising as electrolytes operating at moderate temperatures (tо
600 °С). Present work is about phase equilibria in the binary CeO 2–Ln2O3(Ln = La–Yb ) systems in air
within temperature range 1500–600°C in the whole concentration range using XRD. The
microstructures of the sintered samples were examined by using the scanning electron microscopy.The
phase relations in the CeO2-La2O3 system showed only two single-phase regions, namely hexagonal (A)
and cubic with fluorite-type structure (F) solid solutions based on lanthanum and ceria are in

equilibrium at 1500-600 C. These solid solution regimes were separated from end to end with the two-
phase field: (A+F). The La3+ solubility in the F-CeO2 was found to be around 49 mol % at 1500-1100 C.
Whereas CeO2-Ln2O3 (Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3) systems showed three single-phase regions, namely
monoclinic (B), cubic form of rare-earth oxides (C-type) and cubic (F-type) solid solutions based on
samarium, gadolinium, europium and ceria are in equilibrium at 1500 C, which are divided by two
phase fields (F+C) and (B+C). The number of phase fields decreases with temperature decrease to 600 °С,
because the monoclinic В-Eu2O3 (Gd2O3) exists above 1000 С (1250 C) only. The study of solid state
reaction of СeO2 (fluorite-type, F) and Ln2O3 (cubic modification of rare-earth oxides, type C) at 1500 -
600 °С showed that two types of solid solutions based on cubic modifications of F-CeO2 and С-Ln2O3 in
CeO2-Ln2O3 ( Ln = Dy, Ho, Er, Yb) systems. These solid solution regimes were separated from end to end
with the two-phase field: (F+С). The stabilization of C-type rare-earth oxides after Ce4+ substitution,
which is attributed to decrease in average cationic size on Ce 4+ substitution at Ln3+ site were observed.
The main regularities of the phase diagram state (topology) have been revealed in binary systems as a
function of dopant ion radius.
Keywords: Rare earths, phase equilibria, solid solutions, structure.
P4-420 Synthesis, structural and microstructural properties of Bismuth

Vanadates BiVO4
Safia Lotfi, Hassan Ait Ahsaine, Abderrazzak Assani And Mohamed Saadi
Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V
Metal vanadates MVO4 exhibit excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity thank to their properties
such as excellent visible light response, low bandgap, low cost, non-toxicity, chemical stability, corrosion
resistance, low environmental impact and morphology control. They are used as a promising
photocatalysts for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Our study consists of preparing
photoactive materials for photocatalytic applications. For this purpose, the BiVO4 phases have been
synthesized in the absence of surfactants by coprecipitation process at different calcination temperatures
300, 400, 500 °C. The prepared oxides were first characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM). The structural and morphological characterization reveal that BiVO4
present a monoclinic crystalline phase with different morphologies depending on calcination
temperatures. The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized vanadates will be then determined.
Keywords: Metal vanadates MVO4, synthesis, X-ray diffraction, oxides.
P4-423 Cobalt vanadate photocatalyst for high photo-degradation of

Rhodamine B
M. El Ouardia,B, H. Ait Ahsainea, M. Arabb, M. Saadia
a Materials Applied Chemistry Laboratory (LCAM), Faculty of Sciences, University
Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
b Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Toulon, France
The increase in industrial discharges into nature leads to pollution of the environment. Among these
releases, those from the textile industry, loaded with dyes, are responsible for nuisances since most of
them are toxic and not biodegradable. The use of synthetic dyes products (Rhodamine B as example) in
our lives is getting more and more in progress, which became an issue and getting a considerable interest
in the research area of organic pollutant removal for environmental remediation. In this context, via a
method of soft chemistry we succeeded in synthesizing cobalt vanadate (CoV), which is subsequently
employed as an active photocatalyst for decomposing a model dye (RhB). The synthesized phase is
characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy

coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry, Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy and
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the appearance of peaks in our
cobalt vanadate phase, morphologically, CoV was found to consist mainly of microrods with slightly
curved ends and some small spheres, the measurement of the gap energy showed a value of 1.8eV. The
second part of this work focuses on the use of developed material for the photodegradation of organic
pollutants (Rhodamine B). The degradation was followed by UV-Visible spectrophotometry.
Keywords: Cobalt vanadate, photocatalyst, Rhodamine B, photodegradation.
P4-440 Study of the electrical and optical properties of copper sulfide

prepared by hydrothermal route
A. Ait-karraa, O. Zakira, A. Ait bahaa, M. Laasria, R. Idouhlia, A. Almaggoussib, A.
Abouelfidaa, M. Khadiria and J. Benzakoura
a ACB-Lab, Department of chemistry, Faculty of sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco
b IMED-Lab, Department of physic, Faculty of sciences and techniques, Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco
Copper sulfide (CuS) nanomaterial is one of the most important metal chalcogenides, due to their unique
physical and chemical proprieties. It is an important semiconductor with a band gap (Eg) value ranging
between 1.2 and 2.73 eV. It is considered as multifunctional material because of its large area of
application, it was employed in several fields such as solar cells, supercapacitors, catalysis and so on. In
this work, Copper sulfide have been synthesized by facile and green hydrothermal route, from copper
chloride (CuCl2) solution, which was used as a precursor of copper and thiourea (SC(NH 2)2) solution,
which was a source of sulfur. The temperature process was studied between 100 and 200°C and the time
was ranging between 8 and 24 h. The as-prepared samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) and energy-dispersive microanalysis of X-ray system (EDAX). These characterizations confirm
that the prepared product at temperature higher than 140 °C and for a duration higher than 16 h were
the covellite CuS. The electrical proprieties were evaluated using Hall effect measurements, indicating
that the obtained CuS was a p-type semiconductor with a hole concentration of 7.17 1019 cm-3. The optical
proprieties were determined using optical reflectance measurements, and the optical band gap values of
the as prepared CuS were found to be around 1.65 eV.
Keywords: Copper sulfide (CuS), band gap, green hydrothermal route, electrical proprieties.
P4-485 Evaluation of an approach to optimize the durability of compressed

earth blocks (CEB)
Selma El Berguia, Driss Elhachmia,b and Mohammed Cherraja
a MSME, Faculty of science, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
b EMM, Faculty of science, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
Most countries Worldwide need to build houses that meet requirements for comfort, durability, and cost.
The cost reduction remains a primary motivation for using compressed earth blocks (CEB),it is the most
widely used raw earth construction technique due to its ease of implementation and the ubiquitous
availability of raw earth materials. Unfortunately, the durability of CEB materials is influenced by
various factors such as weather, mechanical, and seismic impacts. Stabilizing CEB materials is
primordial to increase the lifecycle of the buildings. Research studies have attempted to achieve this goal
by improving the mechanical, physical, and thermal performance of CEB. These performances depend on
several parameters such as the type of soil, provenance, water content, the method of fabrication

(preparation, compaction, and curing) and the type of stabilizer used (cement, lime, vegetal fibers,
etc.).The objective of this work is to evaluate an optimization approach to improve the mechanical,
physical, and thermal performance of each type of stabilizer. It is based on a summary of studies carried
on this earth material and analysis of the results. This paper provides an overview of CEB durability and
the most commonly used stabilizers to reinforce the said material such as cement, lime, and vegetal
fibers. It is found that improvement of mechanical and physical performance of compressed earth blocks
is achieved with percentages of stabilizers such as cement and lime ranging from 4% to 12%, while the
fiber content does not exceed 3%. However, in some cases, the addition of fibers results in negative
outcomes. Unfortunately, Thermal conductivity of compressed earth blocks increases with the stabilizer
content, which has a negatively influence on the thermal resistance.
Keywords: CEB, stabilizer, fibre, lime, durability.
P4-497 Ethylendiamine-decavanadates compound: preparation,

characterisation, and electrochemical behavior
Meryem Idboumlika, Mariya Kadirib, El-Eulmi Bendeifc, Mohcine Sfairab, Brahim El
Balid, Mohammed Lachkara
a Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials, and Environment
(LIMOME), Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
b Laboratory of Engineering, Modeling and Systems Analysis (LIMAS), Faculty of
Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco

c CRM2, UMR CNRS 7036, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
d Independent Scientist, Oujda, Morocco
The design and synthesis of organic polyoxometalate hybrids is an area of interest because of their
application in various fields such as oxidation catalysis, biochemical behavior, magnetism,
photochemistry, and molecular recognition. Polyoxometalates (POMs), constitute a class of anionic
metal-oxygen clusters of different structures covering various transition metals (W, Mo, V, Nb, Ta, Fe,
Co, Ni, Cu, Ti, Zn, and Mn). Our research consists of the preparation by soft chemistry and hydrothermal
route of new oxovanadates and polyoxovanadates. A new compound containing decavanadate units
have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and Infrared spectroscopy. The structure consists of
[V10O28]6- monomers, NH4+, ethylenediamine cations, and H2O molecules, which act as bridging atoms
between the layers, forming a three-dimensional array.
Keywords: Polyoxvanadates, decavanadates, hybrid materials, X-ray diffraction.
P4-585 Experimental study and Thermodynamic modeling of Al-Ca-Cl-H2O

ternary system at temperature of 353 K
Kawter Chakib, Sidi Mohammed Aboufaris El Alaoui, Mohamed EL Guendouzi *
Laboratory Physical-Chemistry, Materials & Catalysis,
Faculty of Sciences Ben M‟Sik, University of Hassan II - Casablanca, Morocco
Aluminum is present in great abundance throughout the Earth's crust in a wide range of rock types.
Interactions of aqueous solutions with these rocks and their aluminum-bearing minerals have shaped the
geology of the Earth's crust. The primary aluminum and alumina industry consists of the mining of
bauxite, the refining of the ore to extract alumina, and the electrolytic reduction of alumina to produce
aluminum. In fact, the knowledge of the physico-chemical properties of aluminum in aqueous solutions
plays an important role in industrial applications, such as aluminum production, geothermal energy
operations, energy storage, water treatment and environmental processes. Solution electrolytes for use
in aluminum batteries are typically composed of a mixture of an ionic liquid 𝑀𝑋 and 𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙3 , where M+ can

be an organic cation, and 𝑋 − can be a halogen anion, or an organic anion [4]. In this context, the
thermodynamic properties, especially the solid-liquid equilibrium are of great interest for the knowledge
the physico-chemical phenomena. Calcium chloride requires further use to increase its added value, given
its excess global production capacity. Thermodynamic properties for mixed systemAlCl3-CaCl2-H2O such
as osmotic coefficient, activity, and solubility are needed to know the solid-liquid phase equilibrium.
Water activity measurements were performed for the Al-Ca-Cl-H2O system in a molality range from 0.10
mol.kg-1, up to saturation for the three ionic force fractions at temperature 353 K [6]in aqueous solutions
using the hygrometric method. From the experimental results, the relevant properties such as activity
coefficients, solubility and excess Gibbs energy were determined by the developed model of ion
interaction.
Keywords: Aluminum, calcium chlorides; water activity; activity coefficient, thermodynamic modeling
P5-45 Effect of limestone in cement and chlorides in corrosive sulfate-

containing medium on hydrated cement phases assessed by 29Si NMR
spectroscopy and thermal analysis
Konstantinos Sotiriadisa , Anton Mazurb , Peter Tolstoyb and Dita Frankeováa
a Department of Materials Research, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of
the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
b Center for Magnetic Resonance, St. Petersburg State University, Petergof, St.
Petersburg, Russia
Portland-limestone cements provide adequate performance and durability characteristics to the

produced concrete, while mitigate the energy demands and CO 2 emissions of the cement production
process. The exposure of Portland-limestone cement concrete to cold, humid sulfate-bearing environment
is of concern, as thaumasite sulfate attack might occur resulting in considerable deterioration of the
hydrated cement paste, while the coexistence of chlorides in the corrosive medium is known to affect the
interaction of both ions with the cement hydrates. In this study, cement pastes were produced using an
ordinary Portland cement and two Portland-limestone cements with different limestone content, which,
after hardening, were stored in a sulfate and a chloride-sulfate solution of the same sulfate
concentration. 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to assess the structural
changes in the amorphous calcium silicate hydrates, which is the main phase contributing in the
mechanical strength of the hardened cement paste. Thermal analysis (TA) provided additional
information about the presence of non-silicon-containing phases. The work aimed to produce
quantitative results on the durability of the studied systems, taking into consideration the limestone
content in cement and the presence of chlorides in the chemically aggressive sulfate solution. In the case
of pastes stored in the solution bearing only sulfate ions, the obtained NMR spectroscopy data show
greater polymerization of silicate chains when limestone is included in cement as a main constituent. The
presence of chlorides along with sulfates in the corrosive solution reduced the formation of cross-linked
silicate chains resulting from sulfate attack, in the case of the pastes made from ordinary Portland
cement and Portland limestone cement with low limestone content. On the contrary, extensive formation
of such chains was observed in the paste made from Portland-limestone cement with high limestone
content. TA results confirmed qualitatively these findings, considering the weight loss corresponding to
both calcium silicate hydrates and portlandite. Further, they indicated extensive gypsum formation,
which was more pronounced for higher limestone content in cement and when the corrosive solution did
not contain chlorides. It can be concluded that Portland-limestone cement with moderate limestone
content provides structural stability of calcium silicate hydrates similar to ordinary Portland cement,
when stored in humid environments containing both chloride and sulfate ions.
Keywords: Chloride, sulfate, corrosion, structural stability, limestone cement.

P5-52 Carbonation of concrete: the good and the bad

Marie Joshua Tapas
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney,
Australia
Carbonation of concrete structures is an inevitable phenomenon which has both positive and negative
effects. Whereas, on the one hand carbonation is a serious durability concern due to its ability to lower
the pH of the pore solution which can trigger the corrosion of the steel reinforcement, carbonation
is also a natural process that facilitates absorption of CO 2 into the concrete benefitting the environment.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the carbonation process, factors affecting the
carbonation rate, effect of carbonation on strength and phase development of concrete and how
carbonation can be better utilized to help improve the sustainability of concrete production.
Keywords : Carbonation, concrete, corrosion trigger, sustainability.
P5-62 Effect of corrosion inhibitor on service life of cracked and non-

cracked concrete
Igor Lapiroa , Guy Zura , Ela Ofer-Rozovskyb and Konstantin Kovlera
aFaculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of
Technology, Haifa, Israel
b Construction Operation System, Ra‟anana, Israel
Corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures can cause damage and costs involved, and attract
researchers to look for solutions that delay the onset of corrosion initiation or slow its development. The
effectiveness of the following corrosion inhibitors in cracked and non-cracked sections of reinforced
concrete was studied: Migrating Corrosion Inhibitor (MCI-2005) based on amine carboxylate; CNCI 1.37
based on calcium nitrite (Ca (NO)2) at a concentration of at least 30%; and green corrosion inhibitors
based on recycled materials – fluorosilicates obtained from fluorosilicic acid (H 2SiF6), the byproduct of
the phosphate industry, and from LABS (Linear Alkyle Benzene Sulphonate), the by-product of the
detergent industry. The study followed the guidelines of the ASTM G-109 standard which examines
materials intended to inhibit chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete, and the ASTM C-876
standard which evaluates the electrical corrosion potential of uncoated reinforcing steel, for the purpose
of determining the corrosion activity of the reinforcing steel. Controlled artificial cracks of different
depth were created to speed up the corrosion process in the steel. Such cracks allowed a direct
penetration of chlorides into the depth of concrete. As was expected, the cracked concrete samples
exhibited a significantly higher level of corrosion than the non-cracked samples. In the non-cracked
samples, the effectiveness of the CNCI 1.37 commercial corrosion inhibitor was the highest. However, in
the cracked samples it appears that its efficiency has decreased, and the recycled corrosion inhibitor
based on K2SiF6 has shown the best performance. This result can be explained by the fact that
fluorosilicate reacts with calcium hydroxide present in concrete and creates a non-permeable protective
layer that inhibits the movement of chlorides to the steel bars.
Keywords: Corrosion inhibito, amine carboxylate, crack.
P5-77 Preparation, characterization, and methylene blue adsorption on the

phase crystalline Ba1.62Na1.38Nb3.87W1.11O15
Hicham Es-soufia, Alan R. F. Limab and Lahcen Biha, c
a Equipede Physico-Chimie de la Matière Condensée, PCMC, Faculté des Sciences de
Meknès, Université Moulay Ismail, Morocco
b Vasco Gama da CoLAB-Energy Storage, Porto, Portugal.

c Département matériaux et procédés, ENSAM Meknès, Université Moulay Ismail,

Morocco
Organic dyes are among the most common pollutants that can harm water. Adsorption and separation
of dye pollutants are crucial for wastewater treatment since industrial waste is toxic. Because of its
chemical stability, methylene blue (MB) is a frequently used cationic dye in the textile industry. On the
other hand, it might have an effect on the environment, living things, and human health. Methylene blue
has a high level of resistance to oxidation and deterioration at room temperature. The process for
making a complex oxide with the bonds WNbO, which is drawn to as a functional material by the
solid-state method in addition to its methylene blue adsorption, has been described. The crystalline phase
Ba1.62Na1.38Nb3.87W1.11O15 was successfully prepared using the solid-state method in a single crystalline
phase. XRD and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the material's properties. The sample's
structural features and the sample's diffraction line profile were determined using the Rietveld method
and XRD data. The lattice constants a = b = 12.3687 ± 0.02 and c = 3.9328 ± 0.02 were utilized to
crystallize this compound as a tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) structure in the space group P4bm.
Applying Raman measurements, we were able to pinpoint numerous vibration modes in this structure.
The process of methylene blue's (MB) adsorption was examined using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. As
a result of its adsorption on methylene blue, it was discovered that Ba1.62Na1.38Nb3.87W1.11O15 can be used
to remove it from solutions.
Keywords: Solid-state preparation, oxidation, Rietveld method, UV.
P5-93 Influence of gelling agent on the microstructural, morphological, and

photocatalytic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles
L. El Faroudi And K. Abdelouahdi
Department of chemistry, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
Zinc oxide especially nano-zinc oxide is one of the most attractive materials that are recently used in
wastewater treatment for the degradation of pollutants including organic dyes, effluents, and for the
removal of heavy metals during the remediation of water. The nanocomposite zinc
oxide/polysaccharides present an attractive biocompatible material in research and green chemistry.
These nanocomposites were widely used in heterogeneous photocatalysis as one of the most
advanced processes for wastewater treatment. In this work, we elaborated nanocomposites zinc
oxide/ biopolymers (sodium alginate, chitosan, CMC, and pectin) in an intermediate step using a simple,
effective, and novel technique which is the gelation method, then we propose a calcination step of the
performed nanocomposites in order to remove organic matter. This step allows the formation of
nanostructured zinc oxide particles that will be used as photocatalysts. The gelation method can control
the size, morphology, and porosity of nanoparticles, as well as achieve an ecological and economic
synthesis of nanomaterials. This work aims to report the effect of biopolymers especially sodium
alginate, chitosan, CMC, and pectin on the crystallite size, morphology, and photocatalytic
performances of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The effect of biopolymers' nature on the microstructural,
morphological, and photocatalytic performances was examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),
X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy
with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), UV-vis spectroscopy and N 2adsorption/desorption
isotherms. We have successfully elaborated nanocrystalline zinc oxide through the gelation of sodium
alginate, chitosan, CMC, and pectin using Zn 2+ cations. These polysaccharides provide a gelation
template facilitating the formation of nanostructured oxide as well as controlling the size and shape of
the particles. The elaborated zinc oxide nanomaterials were crystallized in a hexagonal wurtzite
structure. It was demonstrated that the sample elaborated using chitosan has the best
microstructural, morphological, and photocatalytic performances. The surface area of this sample was
36.8 m 2 /g, therefore the zinc oxide synthesized via chitosan leads to the degradation of 99,3% of Orange
G dyes in 180 min.

Keywords :ZnO, water treatment, photocatalytic degradation.

P5-94 Density functional theory, molecular dynamics simulation and

experimental study on adsorption of Tenofovir on activated carbon
prepared from corn cobs
S. Ajeblia , G. Kaichouha , M. Khachania , Z.S. Safib , A. Berishac,d, V. Mehmetic,d, A.
Guenboura , A. Bellaouchoua and A. Zarrouka
aLaboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences,
b Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University–Gaza, Gaza, Palestine
cDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Mathematics Science, University of
Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
dMaterials Science-Nanochemistry Research Group, Nano Alb-Unit of Albanian
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tirana, Albania
This work reports the use of corn cobs as a source for the synthesis of an adsorbent material that is an
activated carbon and its application for the removal of a model drug, tenofovir. Quantum chemistry
calculations for activated carbon (ACc) and tenofovir (TNF) are performed using density functional
theory (DFT). Density functional theory was used to study the global and local quantum descriptors and
the interaction energy between the Tenofovir and the ACc surface. Monte Carlo simulation was used to
calculate the adsorption energy of the adsorption process between TNF and the ACc. Theoretical results
revealed that Tenofovir has strongly interacted with the ACc, which supports the experimental results.
DFT study concluded that the most nucleophilic attack centers in the TNF molecule are the nitrogen and
the π-electrons of the purine moiety. Calculation of the interaction energy indicated that the Tenofovir
molecule appears to be adsorbed by a flat-lying position on the ACc surface. Monte Carlo simulation and
DFT study deduced that Tenofovir molecules appear to be strongly interacting with the ACc surface, as
evidenced by their comparatively high adsorption negative energy value and RDF peaks.
Keywords: Corn cobs, Activated carbon, Tenofovir antiviral, Adsorption, DFT, MD simulations.
P5-97 Degradation/mineralization of the antibiotic "CFX-Na" by the

heterogeneous Electro-Fenton process using a biocatalyst-Fe (III)
Imane Hajia, Mariam Khachania, Miloud El Karbaneb, Hind Chakchakc, Abdelkader
Zarrouka, Aicha Guessousa, Ghizlan Kaichouha
aLaboratory of Materials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Faculty of Sciences of
Rabat, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
bLaboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Bromatology, Faculty of Medicine and
Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
cNational Center for Scientific and Technical Research (NCSTR-UATRS), Rabat,
Morocco
A new approach to synthesize catalytic materials from bio-waste has been developed for use as
heterogeneous catalysts in the 'Electro-Fenton' advanced electrochemical oxidation process (EAOP) for
the treatment of water polluted by the antibiotic CFX-Na. Indeed, the heterogeneous EF process is an
environmentally friendly, cost-effective and easy-to-implement technology to generate in-situ and in an
efficient way highly reactive species such as hydroxyl radical‟s ·OH, while using a biomaterial-Fe (III) as
an easily recoverable and reusable heterogeneous catalyst. Initially, the effect of the main parameters
such as, the initial concentration of the material and the current density, on the rate of degradation and

mineralization was examined in a cell equipped with a platinum anode and a carbon felt cathode. The
degradation kinetics was monitored by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Mineralization efficiency was evaluated by measuring the chemical oxygen demand (COD). X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed to identify the
structural properties and surface morphology of this biomaterial. The results obtained allowed to have a
total degradation after 30 min of electrolysis, and an almost total mineralization after 4 hours of
treatment, with a concentration of 1 g/l of catalyst at an initial pH equal to 6. The stability and
reusability of the catalyst were also tested, which highlights the interest of its development. The results
showed that the biomaterial- Fe (III) used was promising for the treatment of persistent contaminants of
antibiotic type.
Keywords: EAOPs; Electro-Fenton; degradation; mineralization; heterogeneous catalysts; biomaterials.
P5-106 Evaluation of acid resistance of Portland – calcium sulphoaluminate

cement blend using acid neutralisation
Tom Damion and Piyush Chaunsali
Calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) based binders are promising low CO2 binders. The composition of these
binders can be varied across a range depending on the application. When calcium sulphate to ye‟elimite
ratio is high, CSA binders become expansive and are usually blended with PC to obtain shrinkage
compensating binders. CSA has composition similar to calcium aluminate cement (CAC) that is famous
for its biogenic acid resistance. CAC has drawbacks like higher manufacturing cost and the infamous
conversion reaction that is leading to its strength reduction. The limited research existing and the range
of composition available necessitates an extensive research on acid resistance of CSA. In an earlier work
using conventional acid immersion test, 10% CSA admixing into Portland cement (PC) didn‟t change the
acid resistance of the mix. The difference in the acid resistance of PC and the blend is tried to capture
using autotitrator. The effect of chemical alteration of hydrated binders on chemical resistance of CSA is
explored in terms of acid neutralization. Different acids such as citric and sulphuric acids are considered
in the study. The binders include portland cement - calcium sulphoaluminate (PC-CSA(LY) and PC-
CSA(HY)) blend, PC, and high ye‟elimite CSA (CSA(HY)). Two experiments are performed using
autotitrator, involving monolithic and powder samples respectively. Monolithic tests are performed on
prisms of size 1×1×6 cm at constant pH. Titration test is performed on 1 g of hydrated sample and the
results give idea regarding phase deterioration. The relation between monolithic and powder test is tried
to analyse in case of PC – CSA blend.
Keywords :Sulphoaluminate, ye‟elimite, acid resistance, Monolithic tests.
P5-146 Band-gap engineering in CaZrO3-xSx (x=0,1,2 and 3) mixed perovskites

for photovoltaic applications
Yassin Selmania, H. LABRIMa,b, R. EL BOUAYADIb, D. ZEJLIb and L. BAHMADa
aLaboratory of Condensed Matter and Interdisciplinary Sciences (LaMCScI), Faculty of
Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
bAdvanced Systems Engineering Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn
Tofaîl University, Kenitra, Morocco
In this work, we present the calculations for structural, electronic and optical properties of perovskites
CaZrO3-xSx (x=0,1,2 and 3) using density functional theory (DFT) with GGA-PBE as implemented in
ABINIT package. The crystal structure of CaZrO 3-xSx (x=0,1,2 and 3) compound changes with the change

of x value. The calculated electronic properties revealed the indirect semiconducting behavior of CaZrO 3-
xSx (x=0,1,2 and 3) perovskites. However, the value of the indirect band gap E g (R-Γ) is decreases from
3.36 to 0.48 eV when the x increases from 0 to 3. Furthermore, the optical parameters like dielectric
constant ε(ω), reflectivityR(ω), refractive index n(ω), absorption coefficient α(ω), extinction coefficient
k(ω), energy loss function L(ω) and optical conductivity ζ(ω) are also studied. As results, it can be
inferred that the CaZrO2Sand CaZrOS2 perovskites have promising optoelectronic devices in photovoltaic
applications
Keywords: DFT method; GGA approximation; electronic properties; Optical properties; Band gap;
Optoelectronics.
P5-150 Synthesis, characterization and study of the ionic conductivity of

BIMEVOX.x
A. Agnaoua , W. Mhairaa , R. Essalima , A. Ammar a , M. Zamamaa , M. Alga a and F.
Mauvyb
aLaboratoire des Sciences des Matériaux et Optimisation des procèdes, Faculté des
Sciences-Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco
b CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, (ICMCB), UMR 5026, Pessac, France
The partial substitution of vanadium by phosphorus in the compound Bi 4V2O11, which belongs to the
Aurivillius family, at The bismuth Aurivillius phases are mixed oxides of the general formula (Bi 2O2) (An-
1BnO3n+1), where the Bi atoms are located at the vertices of square pyramidal BiO5 units linked by the
edges. The infinite layers of (Bi2O2)2+ alternate with (An-1BnO3n+1)2- groupings that constitute perovskite-
like sheets. Since Aurivillius' first work on bismuth layered phases, many compounds related to this
family have been synthesized and characterized by numerous techniques. However, the preparation, for
the first time, of Bi4V2O11 (n = 1) by Bush et al. and later by Abraham et al. opened a new line of research
on a family of compounds of formula Bi 4V2-xMexO11 with high conductivity by O 2- oxide ions. BIMEVOX
systems can be considered as catalyst supports for H 2 formation due to the high conductivity of O 2- ions,
which allows them to be used as electrochemical oxygen generators. The objective of this work is the
synthesis of BIPVOX.x by the classical method is to have stabilized the most conductive -Bi4V2O11 phase
at low temperature and the structural determination as well as the study of the ionic conductivity. The
substitution of vanadium (V5+) by phosphorus (P5+) leads to the creation of a solid solution Bi 4V2-xPxO11 (0
≤ x ≤ 0.4). Structural characterization of these materials was performed by X-ray powder diffraction,
SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Compounds with x ≤ 0.2 correspond to the α-
monoclinic form of Bi4V2O11, while the β orthorhombic phase is obtained in the compositional range of
0.20 < x < 0.40. Beyond this range (i.e., x ≥ 0.4), a secondary phase appears. There is no stabilization of
the tetragonal phase in the compositional range studied, i.e., phosphorus (P 5+) does not stabilize the
tetragonal - Bi4V2O11 phase at low temperatures.
Keywords: Vanadium, bismuth phase, ionic conductivity.
P5-151 Numerical analysis of the building energy efficiency using two

different HVAC systems: VRF and VAV
Niima Es-sakali a,b , Moha Cherkaoui a and Mohamed Oualid Mghazli b
a LMAID laboratory, Rabat National School of Mines, Mohamed-V University, Rabat,
Morocco
b Green Energy Park (IRESEN, UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) and variable air volume (VAV) systems are considered among the best

heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC) thanks to their ability to provide cooling and
heating in different thermal zones of the same building. And it has also the ability to recover the heat
rejected from spaces requiring cooling and reuse it to heat another space. But, at the same time, these
types of systems are considered one of the most energy-consuming systems in the building. So, it is
crucial to well size the system according to the building‟s cooling and heating needs and the indoor
temperature fluctuations. Although many researchers have studied the building energy performance
considering either heating or cooling needs, using air handling units, radiant floor heating, and
direct expansion valve. Only a few studies have taken into account the use of VRF or VAV systems for
both cooling and heating needs. This study compares both systems by conducting an energy model
simulation of a real building under a semi-arid climate for the cooling period. The study aims to evaluate
the effect of these HVAC systems on the energy consumption and the thermal comfort of the building. The
numerical model was based on the Energy Plus simulation engine. The approach used in this paper
has allowed us to reach a significant quantitative energy saving by using the VRF system compared to
the VAV system.
Keywords:Variable refrigerant flow, variable air volume, heating, ventilation, air conditioning.
P5-152 Investigation of the impact of phase change materials at different

building envelope placements in a semi-arid climate
Imad Ait Laasri a , Abdelkader Outzourhit b and Mohamed Oualid Mghazli c
a Laboratory (LaMEE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh,
Morocco
b Green Energy Park (UM6P/IRESEN), Benguerir, Morocco
c ENTPE, LTDS UMR CNRS, Univ Lyon, Vaulx-en-Velin Cedex, France
Phase change materials (PCM) have captured the interest of researchers in the building sector. As these
PCMs could provide a passive temperature regulation, which will help in reducing the energy
consumption of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) units. The implementation of PCMs in
buildings requires an encapsulation to ensure no leakage occurs during phase change. The need to assess
the energy savings of the PCMs at different building volumes is necessary, so that we can have an idea
about the energy savings, cost and payback period of this passive thermal regulation solution.
Hence, this paper will evaluate and compare 7 different building envelope placements in a semi-
arid climate with the use of the EnergyPlus simulation engine for the commercial PCM RT 28.
These seven different building configurations are the following, a PCM placed in walls, in floors, in
ceilings and roofs, in walls, ceilings and roofs, in walls and floors, in floors, ceilings and roofs and in all
envelopes for a 10 m x 10 m square building with a respectively story height of 3 m. Thus, the main
objective of this study is to assess the indoor air temperature fluctuation reduction, the PCM energy
savings, the PCM activation and the payback period for these different building configurations. The
results reveal a great temperature regulation especially during the summer periods.
Keywords:Phase change materials, Energy Plus simulation, indoor air temperature.
P5-154 Performance optimization of lead free Cs2AgBiBr6-based solar cell by

numerical simulation
Ilyas Chabri, Ali Oubelkacem and Younes Benhouria
Laboratory of Materials Physics and Systems Modelling, (LP2MS), Physics Department,
Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
Despite the fact that lead-based organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have a high power

conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 25%, toxic nature of lead and low stability are significant barriers to
their commercialization. This paper presents a numerical analysis of a lead-free Cs2AgBiBr6-based
perovskite solar cell with CdS as the Electron Transporting Layer (ETL) and CuAlO2 as the Hole
Transporting Layer (HTL). We analysed the effect of several input parameters. After selecting the best
HTL and ETL, we optimised their thicknesses as well as their doping densities, we also analysed the
impact of the absorber thickness, its defect density (Nt), the defect density at the CdS/Cs 2AgBiBr6 and
Cs2AgBiBr6/CuAlO2 interfaces, as well as the effect of the electronic affinity of the CdS and the work
function of the front and back contacts on the device performance. In the end, we obtained a new device
based on Cs2AgBiBr6 with an all-inorganic ITO/CdS/Cs2AgBiBr6/CuAlO2/Pt combination, and an
acceptable Power Conversion Efficiency.
Keywords: Solar cells, power conversion efficiency, thickness, doping density.
P5-175 Understanding the process of CO2 adsorption and diffusion in earth-

based construction materials: a multi-scale study
S. Roucan-Arrisa, C. Perlot-Bascoulèsa, F. Mcgregora and A. Fabbrib
a Université de Pau et des Pays de l‟Adour, E2S UPPA, SIAME, Anglet, France
b LTDS, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
As people in Europe spend most of their time indoor, the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is gaining interest. It is
established that a poor IAQ worsens underlying health conditions and can lead to the development of
chronic disease or symptoms associated with the sick building syndrome. In that context, passive
regulation of the internal climate appears to be promising solution since it can be beneficial to reduce
energy consumption of Heating and Ventilation Systems (HVAC) and improve the IAQ in the built
environment. It has been highlighted that it is very likely that there will be a shift in the future from fully
HVAC controlled environment to a more passive control. For that purpose, earth-based materials present
interesting characteristics through the presence of clay minerals and their microstructure. Their
contribution on indoor comfort has been already demonstrated with the regulation of relative humidity
through water adsorption. In this context, this paper aims at understanding if the same phenomenon
could occur with indoor pollutant such as Carbon Dioxide (CO 2). A multi-scale analysis has been
performed to understand the CO2 retention potential of natural earth-based plasters. A
thermogravimetric method (TGA/DSC) was used to study the reaction at pore scale. Results show the
important role of reversibility: the majority of the captured CO 2 being released when the CO2
concentration drops. A kinetic analysis helped to determine the best model for the CO 2 adsorption process
versus time. Then, the diffusion coefficient of CO 2 in several earth-based plaster formulations was
measured. The results show that the diffusion was faster than in cement-based building materials, thus
favouring the retention of CO2 by raw earth materials. These results allow a broader understanding of
the phenomena of adsorption and diffusion of CO 2 in earth-based plaster. They also allow the definition
of the basis for a modelling of the phenomena and predict the impact on the concentration of CO 2 in the
indoor air. A particular attention still needs to be given to the irreversible reactions that may occur
between CO2, water and the clay material to prevent the plaster from saturation and ensure the
durability of the material.
Keywords :Indoor pollutant, multi-scale analysis, captured CO2.
P5-177 Adsorption of organic pollutants using Moroccan oil shales:

optimization of the adsorption process using a factorial design
Anas Krimea, Sanaâ Saoiabia, Souhayla Latifia,b, Soumia Berrahoua, Youssef Khalloukia,
Omar Boukraa, Ali Boukraa, Larbi El Hammaria and Ahmed Saoiabia
a Laboratoirede ChimieAppliquée des Matériaux, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Casablanca, Morocco

Due to the increasing contamination of water and soil by toxic organic species (antibiotics, dyes) in soils
and domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewater, which has become a major environmental
concern, there is a critical need for new natural sorbents that are cost-effective and environmentally
friendly for pollutant removal. In our research work, we characterized the oil shale of the Moroccan Rif
region by different analysis techniques to study their structural and textural properties as a first step;
our second approach was to use our bio sorbents to reduce the toxicity of organic species (antibiotics and
dyes). The results of the characterizations by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and thermogravimetric analysis
show the possible contribution of raw oil shales in the accumulation of organic pollutants in soil and
water. Design-Expert software was used to examine the influence of different organic pollutants
concentrations, oil shale mass, and contact time on organic pollutants removal efficiency using oil shales.
The main objective of this study is to obtain the optimal conditions for the sorption of organic pollutants
on oil shales by the application of 16 factorial design tracks.
Keywords : Water pollution, moroccan oil shales, adsorption, optimization, design expert.
P5-179 Optimization of the adsorption process of the basic yellow 28 dye by

apatites using a factorial design
Omar Boukraa, Sanaâ Saoiabia, Ali Boukraa, Souhayla Latifia,b, Anas Krimea, Youssef
Khalloukia , Soumia Berrahoua, Larbi El Hammaria and Ahmed Saoiabia
Casablanca, Morocco.
Water pollution by harmful compounds is caused mainly by high industrialization. For it, the main
objective of this research work is the preparation of crude hydroxyapatite and apatites grafted with
phosphonic amino trimethylene acid at different grafting rates (namely HAP-AMP) to treat different
pollutants, especially basic yellow dye 28 using adsorption technique. Different analysis and
characterization techniques were used to identify the crystalline phases and the structural properties of
the prepared materials, namely X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. The results obtained show
that the prepared materials dried at 100° C have a poorly crystallized apatitic structure. The adsorption
of basic yellow 28 by HAp and HAP-AMP was studied using the factorial design method. Design-Expert
software was used to examine the influence of different dye concentrations, Hap and HAP-AMP masses,
and contact time on dye removal efficiency using Hap and HAP grafted with AMP. In addition, the
factorial design was applied to examine the interaction effect of these three variables on the adsorption
process.
Keywords : Pollution, basic yellow 28, HAP and HAP-AMP, adsorption, optimization.
P5-182 Optimization of adsorption Process of organic pollutants on oil shales

Soumia Berrahoua, Sanaâ Saoiabia, Anas Krimea, Souhayla Latifia,b, Ali Boukraa, Youssef
Khalloukia , Omar Boukraa, Larbi El Hammaria and Ahmed Saoiabia
Casablanca, Morocco
In this work the adsorption of copper ions on synthesized hydroxyapatites (p-HAp) by the wet route has

been studied experimentally to make a comparison between the adsorption capacity of our porous
phospho-calcic material and the phosphate hydroxyapatite. The p-HAp has been characterized by using
different method such as: BET, FTIR and XRD, the characterization of p-HAp by FTIR and XRD showed
that the synthetic hydroxyapatite has an apatite phase of crystalline structure which is very interesting
for the adsorption of metals. The results of the adsorption study obtained that the mechanism of
adsorption of Cu2+ ions was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and obeyed the
linear models of Langmuir isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters showed that, the adsorption of Cu 2+
ion onto the composite surface is a spontaneous and favored at neutral pH and at a temperature little
higher than room temperature. A factorial design was employed to study the adsorption of copper ions
on synthesized hydroxyapatites. The results were also subjected to the examination of the correlation
between the actual and theoretical Toxic heavy metals removal efficiencies which showed how well the
predicted distribution results.
Keywords: Organic pollutants, hydroxyapatite, adsorption, factorial design, correlation.
P5-184 Enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance of Ag3PO4 through

grafting by Bismuth trivalent cations
Habiba Khiar, M‟hamed Sadiq and Noureddine Barka
Mutidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory (MRI), Sultan Moulay Slimane
University of Beni Mellal, Khouribga, Morocco
With the increasing environmental issues related to the emergence of toxic chemicals, pharmaceutical
and industrial wastes, researchers dive hardly to develop eco-friendly processes allowing the
degradation of these contaminants before being sent into the environment. Since its discovery in the
early 1970s by Fujishima and Honda, photocatalysis has earned a huge reputation in tackling
environmental pollution. TiO2 was the first semiconductor that Fujishima and Honda worked on.
However, with a wide band gap, this semiconductor could only be activated in the UV region. The thing
that has led to the launch of a variety of research to discover new visible light active photocatalysts. In
2010, Yi and co-workers reported for the first time Ag3PO4 as a semiconductor for the decomposition of
water and organic contaminants in an aqueous environment under visible light irradiation. However,
the instability of this catalyst and the high cost of silver precursors are the major obstacles that limit its
large-scale use, which has paved the way for new works to overcome these drawbacks. Among the
approaches that have been adopted, we find doping, impregnation, or grafting of metal cations and
anions, as well as the integration of Ag 3PO4 in heterojunctions and composites with different materials.
Here, in the present work, we have adopted the grafting approach for enhancing the stability of silver
phosphate and its visible light photocatalytic performance by synthesizing a novel Bismuth-grafted
Ag3PO4 (Bi-Ag3PO4) with different percentages, which has never been reported before. The photocatalytic
performance of the different materials was evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) as a
model textile dye under different conditions. Characterization of the different samples was performed
using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM).
Keywords: Photocatalysis, visible light, grafting approach, Bi-Ag3PO4.
P5-185 Adsorption of methylene blue dye by grafted hydroxyapatite:

optimization of the adsorption process using a factorial design
Ali Boukraa, Sanaâ Saoiabia, Omar Boukraa, Souhayla Latifia,b ,Anas Krimea ,Youssef
Khalloukia, Soumia Berrahoua, Larbi El Hammaria and Ahmed Saoiabia
a Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of


Casablanca, Morocco
The industrial activities of the textile generate significant pollution in residual waters which are very
charged in synthetic dyes. The dyes used can pose a serious threat to the environment because of their
presence in water, even at very low levels. These effluents require prior treatment to reduce the pollutant
load before they are discharged into the natural environment. In this context, our research focuses on the
synthesis of hydroxyapatite grafted by phosphonic amino trimethylene acid at a different rate of grafting
(HAP-AMP) to eliminate methylene blue dye (BM) by the process of adsorption. The characterization of
the materials produced by different experimental techniques, namely X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared
spectroscopy (IR), chemical and elemental analysis, and measurement of the specific surface (BET)
which show that the materials prepared have a unique structure and a porous surface capable of fixing
mineral and organic substances. The main and interactive effects of four different experimentally
controlled environmental factors such as pH, initial BM concentration, the mass of adsorbent HAP-AMP,
and contact time are studied through model equations designed by a complete factorial system at two
levels. The hydroxyapatite grafted with AMP exhibited effective BM removal capability under tested
conditions.
Keywords: Hydroxyapatite, full factorial design, optimization, adsorption.
P5-186 Application of corn starch as a depressor in phosphate ore flotation

Zohra Farid, Mohamed Abdennouri, Noureddine Barka and M‟hamed Sadiq
Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Research Group in
Environmental Sciences and Applied Materials (SEMA), Sultan Moulay Slimane
University of Beni Mellal, FP Khouribga, Morocco
In this study, corn starch was used as an eco-friendly and efficient depressor to enhance the flotation
separation efficiency of phosphate ore from gangue minerals. The depression performance of starch on
phosphate ore was explored using flotation tests. The selectivity behavior of starch was investigated
using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray
diffraction. Flotation experiments revealed that starch presented selectively action on apatite than
gangue minerals at more acidic and alkaline medium. Under these experimental conditions, a
concentrate with more 28.29% P2O5 grade with 87.46% recovery and 27.60% P 2O5 grade with 92.10%
recovery were obtained at pH=4 and pH=12. In summary, corn starch can be used as a potentially green
depressor removal of dolomite and calcite to obtain clean apatite from phosphate ore via reverse
flotation.
Keywords: Corn starch, ICP, FTIR, flotation.
P5-198 Two-step hydrothermal synthesis of LiTi(HPO3)2@rGO composite as

anode materials for Li-ion batteries
Ikrame Taoufik , Zineb Edfouf , M‟hamed Oubla and Fouzia Cherkaoui El Moursli
Materials and Nanomaterial for Photovoltaics and Electrochemical Storage (MANAPSE),
Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
Carbonaceous materials such as graphite, metal transition oxide (Li 4Ti5O12), and semimetals that can
form alloys with lithium such as silicon and tin have been widely used as negative electrode materials for
Li-ion batteries (LIBs). However, these materials still have weaknesses in Li-ion batteries applications.
Therefore, to meet the demands of future mobile electronic devices, hybrid and electric vehicles, new

anode materials with excellent electrochemical performance, namely highenergy density, long cycle life,
as well as high safety and low cost are required. Many researchers turned their attention to polyanion-
based materials owing to their structural and electrochemical stabilities, providing a high energy
density. Polyanionic compounds especiallyphosphate materials (PO 4)3- have been widely used in LIBs as
cathodes and anodes such as LiFePO4 and LiTi2(PO4)3 respectively. Polyanionic-based phosphate have
also attracted considerable attention as solid electrolytes such as Li 1.3Al0.3Ti2(PO4)3. However, phosphate
materials suffer from the high redox potential vs. Li +/Li if used as anodes. A subfamily of phosphate
named phosphite shares the same characterization as phosphate materials. In addition, phosphite
materials (HPO3)2- are characterized by a low potential vs. Li +/Li compared to phosphate due to the
inductive effect, which is a result of the change of phosphorus environment from (P 5+O4)3- to (HP3+O3)2-.
Consequently, phosphite would be a promising candidate as anode for LIBs. The phosphite based
titanium with general formula LiTi(HPO3)2 was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal route by
MANAPSE team. LiTi(HPO3)2 has a tetragonal crystal structure with I42d as space group. This material
shows good cycling stability when tested as a negative electrode for LIB technology but its capacity still
not satisfying. In the present work which focuses the enhancement of the electrochemical performances
of this material, composites of LiTi(HPO3)2 and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with different
concentrations, have been hydrothermally synthesized and tested as anode for LIBs. LiTi(HPO 3)2@rGO
composite outperformed pristine LiTi(HPO3)2 in terms of specific capacity and cycling stability. At the
60th cycle, the pristine LiTi(HPO3)2 and LiTi(HPO3)2@rGO had reversible capacities of 160 mAhg-1 and
290 mAhg-1 , respectively. The LiTi(HPO3)2@rGO crystal structure has been characterized by X-ray
diffraction using Rietveld refinement method. The morphological analysis was carried out by scanning
electronic microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical measurements were carried out by galvanostatic
cycling and cyclic voltammetry.
Keywords:polyanion-based materials, phosphite, batteries, titanium
P5-207 Radiation protection proprieties study of a new mixtures based on

concrete by using experimental results and Monte Carlo Simulation
MCNP calculations
B. El Azzaouia, B*, M. Y. Messousb, E. Chakira, E. M. Al Ibrahima
a Materials Physics and Subatomics laboratory, Physics Department, University Ibn
Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco
b National Center for Energy, Sciences and Nuclear Techniques (CNESTEN), Rabat,
Morocco
Radioactive sources are widely used in many fields such as agriculture, industry, research, medical,
sciences, and nuclear power plants. To ensure radiation protection of workers, environment and public
against ionizing radiations, researchers are continually seeking to enhance and develop new materials
with high proprieties in term of efficiency of radiation protection point of view and also to respond to
socioeconomic, physical and mechanical factors. In this study we simulate some mixture materials by
Monte Carlo Transport Particle (MCNP), then we irradiate the elaborated samples with radioactive
sources such as Co-60 and Cs-137 in order to validate our theoretical calculation.This new development
of concrete mixture will be used as radiation shielding on activities involving radioactive isotopes of
gamma and X ray like as Prompt Gamma Activation Analyses PGAA, radiation sources manipulation for
experiment calibration or in the laboratory‟s walls. It can be used also at the immobilization and
containment of radioactive waste.In this study, we compared the characteristics of photon attenuation
by Barite extracted from five Moroccan ore sites such as Zagora, Agdz. Tijjekht, Ras Kammouna,
Tinejdad at Drâa-Tafilalet.
Key words: Radiation Protection, Concrete, Baryte, MCNP calculation.

P5-225 A new photocatalyst activated-carbon/titanium dioxide (TiO2) for

removal of volatiles organic compounds
Fadili Zineba, Akkouri Nacerb , Elfarissi Latifab, Zamma Abdellaha and Idiri
Mohammedc
a Laboratory:Modeling and Simulation of Intelligent Industrial Systems (M2S2I), Higher
Normal School of Technical Education of Mohammedia, Hassan II University of
Casablanca, MOROCCO
b TechnicalCenter for Plastics and Rubber (CTPC), Complex of Moroccan Industrial
Technical Centers, Casablanca, MOROCCO
cLaboratory of Engineering and Materials LIMAT, Faculty of Science Ben
M‟Sik,University Hassan II University of Casablanca, MOROCCO
The large amount of volatile organic compounds emitted by the plastics industry has caused threats to
the air, health, and ecological environments, such as global warming, ecological radial regulation,
atmospheric cavitation, and hydroxyl, eye, nose, and throat irritation, nervous system depression.
Various techniques have been explored to eliminate these volatile organic compounds: “recovery”
techniques including condensation, absorption, and adsorption on the one hand and “destruction”
techniques by oxidation on the other hand. The choice of the VOC treatment technique depends on many
factors such as the flow rate and circulation of the air to be treated, the content and types of products, the
tolerance of the product with the treatment technique and the targeted abatement efficiency, etc. The
dual process of adsorption/photodegradation on composite catalysts based on titanium and activated
carbon is an effective and sustainable activity for the reduction of volatile organic compounds in
industrial applications. This work consists of incorporating titanium dioxideTiO 2 with acid impregnated
activated carbon to improve the adsorption capacity of volatile organic compounds and enhance the
synergy between the carbonaceous material and TiO 2, thus improving the efficiency which depends on
the nature of the adsorbate, and the adsorbate/adsorbent ratio is the main limiting factor for the
adsorption process and photocatalytic degradation of volatile organic compounds. An activated carbon
series was modified by impregnating different percentages of phosphoric acid and studying and testing
the effect of phosphoric acid addition on the activatedcarbon. The composite catalysts were identified by
nitrogen adsorption-desorpantion, the specific surface area was calculated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
(BET) equation, thermogravimetry (TGA), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The collected samples
were tested for photocatalytic degradation under visible light irradiation. The results show that the
activated carbon highly charged H3PO4 exhibits excellent performance in this process, which is attributed
to the combination of acidic and textural properties of the material resulting in high catalytic conversion
observed.
Keywords:Adsorption/photodegradation, titanium, activated carbon.
P5-233 Spatial and temporal evolution of the environmental state of the

Bouregreg estuary
Najimi Chaymae, Cherkaoui Essediya, Khamar Mohamed and Nounah Abderrahman
Laboratoire Génie Civil et Environnement (LGCE). Equipe Matériaux, Eaux et
Environnement, Higher School of Technology of Salé, Mohammed V University in Rabat,
Morocco
The Bouregreg estuary, one of the main estuaries in Morocco, is an exceptional site, in the heart of the
conurbation of Rabat-Salé in Morocco, given its scale, its natural and ecological heritage (wetlands,
forest, river banks, beaches, plateaus and flanks, etc.), its landscape qualities and its historical heritage,
is also a place of economic activities linked to the particularities of the Bouregreg river. Due to the
significant extension of urbanization, this estuary constitutes a fragile environment which has never

ceased to cope with numerous anthropogenic disturbances since the 20th century. This work consists of a
diachronic and comparative approach to evaluate and reconstruct the evolution of the Bouregreg
estuary over a period of fifty years of 1972 (before the construction of the Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah
dam) to 2022. through GIS processing of various historical and other more recent documents concerning
the state of the estuary in 1972 as well as the many changes it underwent after the development project.
These objects of study are, in fact, too often neglected by the scientific community while the
environmental issues of restoration and ecological preservation, are important there (impacts of
urbanization and old development projects). This study allowed us to identify the morphological and
environmental changes that the estuary undergone over half a century, namely its transformation into
an inlet after the construction of the Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah dam in 1974, evolving in response to
ocean tides. The depollution of the valley and the coastline which is part of the development project of the
Bouregerg valley was launched in 2006, the rehabilitation and reforestation of quarries, the
preservation of the natural site as a whole were among the actions of this project in its ecological aspect,
thus, the offer of leisure and heritage for tourism and the urbanization of part of the banks of the valley,
seems to serve as a support for investments.
Key words: Bouregreg estuary, spatio-temporal evolution, development, depollution project, GIS.
P5-235 Impact of sludge recirculation on conventional water treatment at

the Khenifra plant, Morocco
Mariem Ennouhia, Sanaa El Aggadia, jamal mabroukia, Amale Boutakiouta, mohammed
Dahoub, Mohammed Alaoui El Belghitia
aLaboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water
and Environment, CERN2D, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat,
Morocco
bDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat,
Rabat, Morocco
The main purpose of this study is to determine the recirculation impact of the clarification sludge on the
drinking water treatment. The Jar-test allowed us to determine the optimal values of aluminum sulphate
and the sludge recirculation concentration corresponding to 25 mg.L-1 and 30 mg.L-1, respectively for
better water treatment. These tests showed us also that the sludge recirculation improved settled water
turbidity without having any effect on the residual aluminum concentration.
Keywords: Recirculation, sludge, treatment, water, aluminum sulphate.
P5-236 Kinetic Study of Urban Sludge using iso-conversional kinetic analysis

Majda Ben Alia , Majda Flayoub , Mouatamid El Hazzata , Mohammed Halima,
Mohammed Kacimia , Mohammed Dahhoua , Abdellah Benzaouakc and Adnane El
Hamidia
a Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Materials
Science, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
b Quality
Monitoring Direction, National Office of Electricity and Clean Water – Water
Branch, Rabat, Morocco
cLaboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and
Environment, Environmental Materials Team, ENSAM, Mohammed V University in
Rabat, Morocco
Significant quantities of urban sludge generated by wastewater treatment plants pose serious eco-
toxicological and environmental issues. Urban sludge collected at different stages of wastewater

treatment is generally composed of non-biodegradable organic matter, microorganisms, and mineral

matter in the form of aluminum hydroxide, silica hydroxide, iron hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. The
most common uses of sewage sludge treatment are agriculture and landfill. However, they cause
problems related to pollution, and the recovery of energy and nutrients from sewage sludge, which make
its usage as fertilizer doubtful. Therefore, thermal treatment methods handle these problems through
energy recovery and pollutants destruction. In this context, we firstly studied the urban sludge
characteristics using X-ray diffraction, X ray fluorescence, and thermal analysis. The results obtained
showed that the studied samples contains different mineral fractions, mainly calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2) and silica, as well as a low percentage of alumina, which make urban sludge promising in
building materials. In the present study, thermal treatment of urban sludge was investigated in detail at
different heating rates. The thermal kinetics was carried out using iso-conversional methods associated
with the Fraser-Suzuki deconvolution procedure. The obtained results showed the complex behavior of
the decomposition process, which is composed of six single steps, each of which has his energy and
mechanism.
Keywords: Urban Sludge, thermal degradation, Fraser-Suzuki method, Malek technique
P5-239 Impact of urban development on the environmental state of Rabat

Soraya EL Hamdounia , Essediya Cherkaouib , Abderrahman Nounahb and Mohamed
Khamarb
aCivil
Engineering and Environment Laboratory, Mohammadia School of Engineers,
Rabat, Morocco, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
bHigher School of Technology, Materials, Water and Environment, Salé, Mohammed V
University, Rabat, Morocco Morocco
Urban development is a double-edged sword; certainly, it meets the needs of the population, but imposes
its consequences on the environment. Rabat, the object of our study is the capital of Morocco and is an
attractive city that concentrates the administration, the services, and the leisures. This attractiveness has
long been the source of suffering through the birth of slums, slums, etc. To deal with this phenomenon, the
capital has taken several steps and has almost completely succeeded in the challenge. From 1984 to 2020,
the built-up area of Rabat has increased from 24 km 2 to 72 km2, the equivalent of 60% of its total area.
This urban development has a direct and indirect impact on the social, economic, and environmental
aspects. We will focus on the environmental aspect. The construction process is closely related to human
beings, where there is a human being there are constructions. Except that this correlation has
consequences for the atmosphere, waste management, etc. If the standard of the World Health
Organization is set at 10 square meters per person, Rabat has managed to double this average. The
capital has been labeled a green city and is under construction for the transition to a sustainable city
through the depollution of the coastline and the Bouregreg wadi, the technical development center of
Oum Azza for solid waste management, etc. This transition leads us to think if it is sufficient to protect
our environment or if should we think about moving towards the use of sustainable building materials
and even recovering certain waste in the field of construction. To do this, we will answer the following
questions: - What would be the standards to be set to know if the constructions of Rabat impact its
environmental quality? - Has Rabat considered building materials in its sustainable development
process? - How can we integrate ecological materials into existing constructions?
Key words: Urban development, sustainable building materials, construction.

P5-240 A comparative study on the efficiency of three types of geopolymeric

adsorbents for dye-containing water treatment
Badr Aouan, Saliha Alehyen, Marouane El Alouani and M‟hamed Taibi
Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO),
Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S), Mohammed V
This study was performed to evaluate the ability of the three studied geopolymers (MK-GP, FA-GP, and
MK/FA-GP) as alternative adsorbents for the removal of methyl violet 10B (MV10B) from an aqueous
medium. These adsorbents were prepared according to an alkaline activation of different aluminosilicate
precursors via NaOH and Na2SiO3 blend with mSolid/mLiquid, mNa2SiO3/mNaOH, and [NaOH] steady at 2.5,
2.5, and 12M respectively. For studying the adsorption mechanism, the characterization of the starting
and formulated materials was carried out with the aid of different analytical techniques including
Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM-EDX), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The batch adsorption test was
applied to estimate the effect of dye concentration and contact time on the adsorption capacity of the
three adsorbents. The experimental data showed that the best results for dye removal efficiency were
observed using MK-GP, which has a large pore structure with a higher affinity towards MVB10
compared to FA-GP and MK/FA-GP. The isotherms and kinetics of adsorption, respectively, followed the
Freundlich model and fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The remarkable adsorption
performance suggests that geopolymers could act as valuable and powerful adsorbents to remove
cationic dyes from wastewater.
Keywords: Geopolymer, Methyl violet 10B, Adsorption, Isotherms, Kinetics.
P5-241 Carbon dioxide emission from aggregates in ready-mix concrete

Yacine Farajia and Nader Ghafoorib
a Ei.CESI civil engineering school, Nanterre, France
b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of
Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
The carbon footprint is one of the most widely used tools for assessing the environmental impacts of the
production and use of concrete and its components. It represents the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent
with other associated greenhouse gases (CH 4, CO, CO2, N2O, NMVOC) expressed in CO2 equivalents. In
this paper, the carbon footprint was used to compare the environmental performance of the production
phase of a concrete made with several types of crushed aggregates, using a methodological approach of
analysis of scientific data on the subject based on three countries China, Australia, and Brazil. While
Portland cement is the primary source of carbon dioxide emission, aggregate used for production of
commercially-produced concrete is the second largest emitter of carbon dioxide. Fine aggregate produces
less CO2 equivalent than coarse aggregate. Electricity accounts for up to 80% CO 2 emission from coarse
aggregate production, whereas blasting, execution, and transportation are responsible for the
remainder.
Keywords: CO2 equivalent, footprint, aggregates, cement, concrete.
Corresponding Author :nader.ghafoori@@unlv.edu
P5-243 A comparative study of copper removal from aqueous media by

metakaolin- and fly ash-based geopolymers as adsorbents
Badr Aouan, Saliha Alehyen, Marouane El Alouani and M‟hamed Taibi
Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO),
Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S), Mohammed V

In the present research paper, two geopolymeric adsorbents were synthesized via alkaline activation,
one made from metakaolin (MK-GP) and the other from fly ash (FA-GP), to examine their ability to
remove copper (II) from wastewater through the adsorption process. The MK-GP and FA-GP were
characterized by several analytical tools containing X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The adsorption mechanism was performed under different
effective factors, such as contact time and Cu (II) concentration, employing the simple batch mode. The
kinetic and isotherm studies were also conducted. The results revealed that the highest Cu (II) adsorption
capacity was observed for MK-GP due to its characteristic structure, which made it more attractive for
Cu (II) compared to FA-GP. It was also noted that increasing the contact time yields a better condition to
improve the metal removal efficiency, contrary to increasing the Cu (II) concentration. Moreover, the
experimental data also indicated that the best isothermal model to describe the adsorption of Cu (II) onto
MK-GP and FA-GP was the Freundlich equation. Additionally, the adsorption of Cu (II) onto MK-GP and
FA-GP fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. Hence, these findings demonstrate that
the geopolymers, especially MK-based, can be employed as an outstanding adsorbent for Cu-containing
water treatment.
Keywords: Geopolymer, copper (II), removal, isotherms, kinetics.
P5-244 Classification of alkali-silica reactivity using polynomial model

Nader Ghafooria and Mohammad Shaidul Islamb
a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of
Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
b Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bahrain, Isa Town, Bahrain
An improved use of polynomial model, over the originally-suggested polynomial model, is proposed to
evaluate and classify the alkali-silica reactivity of thirteen different aggregate sources. Virgin mortar
bars (not-treated) and fly ash-treated mortar bars were evaluated for 14- and 28-day ASR-induced
expansions and the results were used to obtain a polynomial model. The outcome of the study showed
that the original polynomial model in itself was unable to properly assess the extent of alkali-silica
reactivity of the studied mortar bars. However, the proposed use of the polynomial model showed a
better correlation with the findings obtained from the ASR-based expansion failure criteria and the
potential reactivity based on aggregate‟s geological background.
Keywords: Alkali-silica reactivity (ASR), polynomial model, mortar.
P5-264 g-C3N4/ZnO-Zn2TiO4 nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic

degradation of caffeine under visible light: Synthesis,
characterization and experimental study
F.Z. Janania , H. Khiara , N. Taoufika , A. Elhalilb , R. Elmoubarkia And N. Barkaa
aMultidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Sultan Moulay Slimane
University of Beni Mellal, Khouribga, Morocco
b Laboratoryof Process and Environmental Engineering, Higher School of Technology,
Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
The development of semiconductor materials is a trend challenge in heterogeneous photocatalysis field.

The photocatalytic activity of these materials depends mainly on their structure, morphology and
optoelectronic properties. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a new insight into g-C3N4/ZnO-
Zn2TiO4 like nanocomposite catalysts and evaluate their photocatalytic activity in the photodegradation
of caffeine as a pharmaceutical pollutant. The prepared catalysts at different amount of g-C3N4 were

characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), SEM/EDX
and UV-DRS spectra analysis. The photocatalytic reactions results exhibit a high degradation efficiency
of caffeine under visible light irradiation after 60 min. Detailed experiments based on the effect of
irradiation time, starting pollutant concentration, initial solution pH, and catalyst dose were performed
and discussed in this work. The high degradation efficiency of 95.15% was reached at initial
concentration of caffeine of 40 mg/L, catalyst dose of 50 mg/L and initial pH solution of 4.5. The
scavenger tests display that all of reactive species formed during the photocatalytic process contribute to
photodegradation of caffeine. The g-C3N4 combined with ZnO-Zn2TiO4 mixed metal oxide derived from
layered double hydroxide structure showed high degradation efficiency and seem a promising
photocatalytic in environment remediation.
Keywords: Semiconductor materials, photocatalytic activity, nanocomposite catalysts.
P5-276 Structural, morphological, dielectric, and electric features of

CoMnP2O7 diphosphate
L. Boudad, A. El Boukili and M. Taibi
Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of Inorganic and Organic Materials(LPCMIO),
Over the years and due to their variety of chemical compositions, crystal structures, and physicochemical
features, dependent on measured temperatures and synthesis conditions, crystalline metal-based
polyphosphates have emerged as an important class of materials in exploring novel functional
compounds. Among these, is the manganese pyrophosphate Co2P2O7. This material is considered an
effective candidate for a variety of application fields as electrochemical energy storage devices due to the
redox behavior of cobalt, and high theoretical capacitance value. High dependence of the dielectric
parameters on porosity was also reportedwithin the dielectric investigations. Further, this material
exhibits large band gap energy of 4.25eV. Dimanganese diphosphate (Mn2P2O7) has been identified as
being of potential use in various application fields such as battery engineering, lasers, catalysts, and
color pigments production. This polyphosphate material crystallizes in a C2/m monoclinic symmetry and
exhibits an anti-ferromagnetically ordered spin configuration below TNeel = 14K. Dielectric studies
conducted in the microwave frequency region reflected low dielectric constant and thus the potential use
for microwave substrate application. All these findings have attracted our interest to explore the possible
features of mixed cobalt and manganese diphosphate CoMnP2O7. A literature survey reveals that there is
no previously reported work on the dielectric and electrical properties of this material. Herein, the
polycrystalline powder of CoMnP2O7 has been prepared via the conventional solid-state reaction route.
The roomtemperature X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the formation of a single-phase with a
monoclinic lattice system. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates the polycrystalline nature
of the material with grain size anisotropy. Crystallite size, density, and porosity parameters were
alsodetermined. The dielectric constant (ε‟) and dielectric losses (tan δ) were investigated in the
temperature range of 298 – 800 K at different frequencies. The CoMnP2O7 pyrophosphate presents high
permittivity values at low frequencies owing to Maxwell-Wagner polarization arising from the inter-
grain boundaries, as confirmed through impedance spectroscopy studies. It was found that the ac-
conductivity (ζac) increases as the temperature increases, and oxygen vacancies dominate at
hightemperatures. The obtained results also suggest the possibility of using this material for capacitors
as well as both NTC and PTC thermistors.
Keywords:Dimanganese diphosphate, dielectric parameters, electric properties.

P5-279 Khettara: What an ingenious water adduction model from the past
holds for the future
Hajar Salek, Wiçal Cheikhi, Khadija Baba, Youness El Rhaffari and Abderrahmane
Nounah
Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory, High School of Technology, Sale,
In arid and semi-arid climate areas of numerous countries throughout the world, aerial photos might
present interesting lines of equidistant craters. These are called, depending on the geographic area in
question, Khettara, Qanat, Karez, Falaj, Qanat romani, Fouggara, Galeria, Puquio…, an ancient
underground water tapping system, born in Persia (Iran) around 3000 years ago and spread to multiple
continents following trade routes, conquests, religious propagation, to reach as far as the Americas.
Khettara, as called in Morocco, this ingenious and sustainable water adduction and irrigation technique
consists of an underground gallery that can extend to several kilometers, dotted with maintenance and
ventilation shafts. It taps the water table through a main well, drains and conducts water by gravity to
the surface, in order to rationally manage it for domestic use and irrigation. Many cities and settlements
depended on Qanats for centuries and in some cases until recently. This paper is a multidisciplinary
review to understand the engineering behind Khettara and its complex implementation, the causes of its
decline and abandonment, and the potential it offers in terms of reviving or repurposing perennial and
dead ones. As water stress is a relevant subject in Morocco, it is important to shed the light on sustainable
and ethical methods, especially with emerging studies that aim to make good use of the existing and
valuable civil engineering structures, to save energy and prevent underground water levels drop. While
modern water pumping technologies present easy solutions to the increasing water demand, the ongoing
drainage gives little regard to recharge value for underground reserves and aquifers. On the other hand,
Khettara or Qanat technique presents a limited but constant flow. A community managed installation
that faces many challenges, and makes considerable room for improvements. Navigating studies from
different countries, this paper investigates whether khettaras can be revived for their original function,
reworked as hybrid hydraulic systems, repurposed for ventilation, heating or cooling, integrated in
urban planning or touristic promotion, many possibilities to perpetuate this ancient heritage.
Keywords: Ancient underground water tapping system, sustainable water adduction and irrigation,
hydraulic system.
P5-288 Methylene blue biosorption from aqueous solution using Aptenia Cordifolia
biomass: Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies
Younes Rachdia, Rajaa Bassama, Marouane El Alouanib, Hamid Saufib, El
Hassan El Khattabia, El hassane Khouyaa and Said Belaaouada
a Laboratoryof Physical Chemistry of Materials LCPM, Faculty of Sciences Ben M‟Sik,
Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
b Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Inorganic and Organic Materials (LPCIOM),
Materials Science Centre (MSC), Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS), Mohammed V
University, Rabat, Morocco
The rapid development of industrial activities in recent years has led to water pollution problems. Among
the dangerous industries, we find the textile industries, which generate effluents highly charged with
dyes. In this context, the objective of this work is to study the capacity of a biosorbent obtained from a
plant called Aptenia Cordifolia. The structure, surface functional groups and surface morphology of
Aptenia Cordifolia powder were analyzed by XRD, FTIR and SEM. The influence of several experimental
parameters such as initial pH of the solution, contact time, initial dye concentration and medium

temperature was evaluated. The isotherms and kinetics data of adsorption were best fitted to Langmuir
and pseudo-second order equations, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity is reached at 70.04
mg/g. The adsorption process of methylene blue molecules on the studied adsorbent is spontaneous and
exothermic. The results obtained suggest that this plant can act as an effective and efficient adsorbent for
the removal of hazardous synthetic pollutants from wastewater.
Keywords: Methylene blue, removal of hazardous synthetic pollutants, adsorption.
P5-291 Effect of the material substitution in the embodied energy of a

building
Soumia Rahmani a, Kaoula Dalela, Mohamed Hamdy b , Ikhlas Lemita a, Darda
Bencheikh a and Bidjad Ariguec
a ETAP Laboratory, Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of BLIDA1,
Blida, Algeria
b Departmentof Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
c Department of Architecture, University of Mohammed Khider, Biskra, Algeria
Several studies have been conducted on the impact of material substitution on the embodied energy of a
building. Moreover, recycling potential of buildings is a relatively new concept and has only been
explored in a few studies. A building material could have a significant impact on global energy demand
and global carbon emissions. This work aims to show the effect of material substitution on a building's
embodied energy. In addition to minimizing embodied energy, it is equally important to produce
buildings with a high recycling potential in order to reduce energy and resource consumption over a
longer period of time. The main approach is to study the embodied energy in different wall, floor and
roof systems, which depends on the material and building element building system.
Keywords: Embodied energy, building, recycling potential.
P5-292 Energy efficiency and thermal comfort of different material’s

building envelopes: Optimization and economic analysis
Yousra M‟hamdi a, Khadija Baba b, Mohammed Tajayouti b and Abderrahman Nounah b
a Civil
Engineering and Environment Laboratory (LGCE), Mohammadia Engineering
b Civil
Engineering and Environment Laboratory (LGCE), School of Technology-Salé,
The dangerous situation of the global warming is becoming a major problem that preoccupied all
scientist and researchers. For this reason, different solutions was taken into account to perform the
energy efficiency especially in the construction sector which is considered as the highest consumer sector.
Every disposition considered for energy saving in a building can‟t be preferment if we don‟t conduct an
optimization strategy to guide the efficient use of these solutions. The aim of the present paper is to
perform an optimization method of energy efficiency and thermal comfort of different building envelopes
using a genetic algorithm optimization, this algorithm provides the values of decisions variables able to
respond to the objective functions defined in our case by minimizing the energy consumption and the
reduction of the cost. The buildings considered differ from each other by the envelope material‟s
composition, an economic analysis was also conducted in order to prove the economic feasibility of the
considered configurations. Results showed the optimum solutions of building envelopes able to obtain a
good energy efficiency of the building expressed by the thermal comfort of the occupants and the

maximum energy saving in the period time considered. These combinations of solutions were
summarized in a Pareto Diagram after multiple iterations, and the good correlation of design variables
is obtained. The cost analysis of energy saving cost and payback period gave a good orientation to
professionals in the choice of construction solutions of buildings envelope.
Keywords: Building envelope, energy efficiency, optimization, economic analysis.
P5-298 Impact of the development project on the coastal state of the city of
Salé
Oumaima Talbi, Youssef Idrissi, Essediya Cherkaoui, Fatima Benradi, Mohamed Khamar
and Abderrahman Nounah
Laboratoire Génie Civil et Environnement (LGCE). Equipe Matériaux, Eaux et
Environnement, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie de Salé, Université Mohammed V de
Rabat, Maroc
The Atlantic coast of Salé is a heritage that has remained far from the successive developments of the
city, suffers from environmental problems that have been exacerbated by urban development, In
addition to the direct discharge of waste water into coastal waters from wild drainage points. Since
2006, as part of the Bouregreg Valley development project a depollution project for the Oued and the
coast has been launched in order to reduce the effects of these anthropogenic actions (liquid, solid and
gaseous discharges). The objective of this study is to make a comparative study of the number and types
of pollution sources before and after the depollution project for the coast of the city of Salé. This work is
part of the study of the environmental state of the Salé coastline before and after the depollution project.
This will allow us to highlight the effects of the actions of the coastal depollution project, and the study of
the spatio-temporal evolution of the coastline will allow us to identify the environmental, social, tourist
and economic value brought by This project and also to understand and explain in a scientific and
objective way the current environmental problems for effective future solutions. This depollution project
has adopted a depollution system based on the establishment of a pretreatment station in order to
intercept all discharges to the station and extend the collectors to more than 2.2 km, this allowed to
eliminate all the points of wild discharge of the wastewater (16 points of discharge) which has positively
impacted the quality of the coastal waters and the environment of the coast. This has had a positive
impact on the social, tourist, economic and health life of the population of the city of Salé.
Keywords: Environmental problems, depollution, coastline, pretreatment station.
P5-309 Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Lithium niobate loaded with Ag

nanoparticles
Driss Mazkad, Nour-eddine Lazar, Abdellah Benzaouak, Mohamed El Habib Hitar,
Noureddine Touach, Mohammed El Mahi, El Mostapha Lotfi
Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and
Environment, Materials for Environment Team, ENSAM, University of Mohammed V in
Rabat, Morocco
Semiconductors have a great attention as photocatalysts due to their high efficiency capability to
degrade organic pollutants. In this study, Lithium niobate decorated silver nanoparticles was
synthesized by hydrothermal method. The samples were characterized by various analytical techniques
such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and UV–vis UV–Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS).
XRD patternsrevealed the presence of LiNbO3 in the hydrothermal synthesized phase and in the Ag
loaded phase. The scanning electron microscopy and EDS analysis confirmed the distribution and the

presence of the loaded Ag nanoparticles on the lithium niobate ceramic powder. The photocatalytic
activity of Ag supported LiNbO3 photocatalyst was assessed, under UV irradiation, through following the
degradation of sulfadiazine (a pharmaceutical pollutant). The photocatalytic performance of the Ag-
loaded LiNbO3 was superior to that of undoped LiNbO3. It has been demonstrated that the Ag
nanoparticles enhances the photocatalytic activity and improves the reusability and stability of LiNbO 3
when it is regenerated after four cycles of use.
Keywords: Lithium niobate, photocatalytic performance, nanoparticles.
P5-310 Historical portals of Salé medina - Restoration strategy based on

multi-criteria methods
Driss Elhachmia,b, Mohammed Ouadi Bensalaha, Mohammed Cherrajb, Lahcen Bahic,
Latifa Ouadifc, Rachid Benkmilc, Mohammed Aqilc
a EMM, Faculty of science, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
b EMM, Faculty of science, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
cL3GIE, Mohammadia Engineering School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
Cultural richness of Morocco is recognized by the existence of its medinas. They are non-renewable
resources considered as portals to the history of the country. Their specificity lies in their architecture,
materials and socio-cultural values within the community. Unfortunately, these medinas, as well as their
historical portals, have been neglected to detriment of urban development and the predominance of new
constructions. As a result, important degradations have appeared on their gates and devalue this
historical resource. Seven historic portals persist on the ramparts of the Salé medina. They were the
object of several restorations, but the results could not highlight the values of this medina. This work
focuses on the use of multi-criteria methods for the implementation of a restoration strategy. The latter
takes into account several historical, architectural, socio-cultural parameters and their state of
conservation. The study begins with the diagnosis of the portals of the Salé Medina, the evaluation of the
factors of degradation and their state of conservation. The relative importance weights of these
monuments are determined by the technique of preference of order by similarity to the ideal solution. The
result obtained is a ranking of these portals according to their final weights. Therefore, it can contribute
to a better strategy of restoration of these portals.
Keywords: Medina, historical portals, restoration strategy.
P5-321 Study of the effect of organic household wastes and olive pomace
composts on improving Fenugreek yield
Ayoub Doughmia, Essediya Cherkaouia, Mohamed Khamara, Abderrahman Nounaha and
Abdelmjid Zouahrib
a Civil
and Environmental Engineering Laboratory (LGCE), Materials Water and
Environment team, Higher School of Technology, Mohammed V University in Rabat,
Sale, Morocco
bINRA, Regional Center for Agronomic Research of Rabat, Research Unit on the
Environment and the Conservation of Natural Resources, Rabat, Morocco
The evolution of waste follows closely that of societies. This waste, which was once essentially organic,
today contains a very heterogeneous range of products such as organic household waste and olive
industry wastes. These wastes pose many ecological problems and therefore require prior treatment.
Human and agri-food activities development certainly contribute to the increase in the waste production,
which has harmful impacts on human health and the environment. The management of this waste and its

elimination becomes an obligation. Composting makes it possible to recover fresh organic residues into
stabilized organic matter, such as humus. Household composts represent a source of organic matter that
can be used in agriculture. Pomace and organic household waste were well mixed in different
proportions (from 15% to 50% olive pomace and 85% to 50% organic household waste) and composted
for 4 months. The various physicochemical and microbiological parameters of each mixture were
analyzed. The objective of this study is to valorize these composts from olive pomace and organic
household waste as a soil amendment, and to study its effect on plants cultivation. In order to assess the
maturity of these composts, it was necessary to carry out a series of phytotoxicity tests. The germination
test is performed in petri dishes, placed in an incubator with special conditions (temperature, light,
humidity) in the laboratory. 15 Fenugreek seeds were placed in each petri dish, which contains filter
paper. The seeds were irrigated regularly every 48 hours. As a result, the GD2 compost (25%)
germinated at a rate of 94%. The final germination rate for the different compost concentrations was
significantly higher compared to the control. However, certain concentrations of compost have shown
that their application has a toxic effect on the roots quality (saline effect). Generally, germination tests
revealed that satisfactory nutrient content classifies the final compost as an attractive organic
amendment. Indeed, the improvement in the yield of Fenugreek is proportionally linked to the dose of
compost used.
Keywords: Fenugreek, phytotoxicity test, compost, olive pomace, organic household wastes
P5-336 Development of an organo-clay material CTAB-Bentonite for removal

of from aqueous solutions
A. Iqajtaoune, B. Aouan, L. Boudad, H. Saufi, M. Taibi
This study concerns the synthesis of a novel modified material based on Moroccan clay rich in quartz.
The material is the bentonite activated by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant. It was used as
an adsorbent for eliminating ionic dyes from aqueous solutions such as methylene blue and prociondeep
red. The proposed process of water treatment is very useful, particularly for discharges incorporating a
mixture of cationic and anionic surfactants and other organic pollutants. The used bentonite raw
material was collected in a region of Nador in the North-East of Morocco. It was ground and sieved.
Among the factors influencing adsorption of contaminants in aqueous solutions are adsorbent dosage,
pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature.The adsorption of organic contaminants on
the raw and modified bentonite compounds was investigated by varying the mass of the composite in the
aqueous solution with a fixed initial concentration of methylene blue and procion deep red dyes, and
contact time at room temperature. The structure and morphology of the developed materials were
characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray
analysis (EDAX), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms (BET method), and differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC). The obtained results indicate that activation of the raw bentonite induces the
formation of new phases, which signify the formation of a novel material. The adsorption kinetics data
were well fitted with pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.99). The experimental adsorption isotherms
were in good agreement with the theoretical predicted data by the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.99),
indicating that the ionic dyes molecules were homogenously adsorbed and formed a monolayer on the
adsorbent surface. The thermodynamic investigations showed that the adsorption process of ionic dyes
was possible, spontaneous and endothermic. In conclusion, the modified bentonite was more appropriate
for the removal of the procion deep red than methylene blue.
Keywords: Adsorption, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, methelyne blue, procion deep red, bentonite.

P5-342 Exploration of SrLaFeTiO6 mixed double perovskite: structural,

spectroscopic, morphological, dielectric, and electric studies.
M. Oudigh, L. Boudad, A. El Boukili and M. Taibi
Novel double perovskites SrLaFeTiO6 is one of the materials used in the photocatalysis, this catalyst has
been synthesized by a solid-state reaction method. Structural refinement analysis has been performed to
investigate the details of the crystalline structure which was found to be a tetragonal double perovskite
structure with space group I4/m. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum indicated the appearance
of absorption bands confirming the octahedral vibration modes of iron and titanium ions. The
microstructural features of the as-prepared sample were studied using Debye-Scherrer‟s and
Williamson-Hall‟s methods, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) techniques. The elemental composition analysis has also been performed via X-ray
energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The evolution of the dielectric constant, loss tangent and AC
conductivity as a function of frequency has been investigated over a frequency range of 1 kHz to 1 MHz.
The thermal variation of dielectric constant and loss tangent has also been explored at fixed frequencies.
The effect of grain and grain boundaries on electrical behavior has been analyzed through impedance
spectroscopy.
Keywords:Perovskite, microstructure, conductivity, Debye-Scherrer‟s and Williamson-Hall‟s methods.
P5-352 Outline of NEDO Moonshot project “calcium carbonate circulation

system in construction”
Takafumi Noguchia, Ippei Maruyamaa, Ryoma Kitagakib, Manabu Kanematsuc, Masaki
Tamurad, Satoshi Fujimotoe, Masto Tsujinof, Haruo Nakazawaf, Yasuhiro Kurodaf,
Hiroshi
Hiraog, Hikotsugu Hyodog and Takayoshi Masuoh
a The University of Tokyo, Department of Architecture, Tokyo, Japan
b Hokkaido University, Division of Human Environmental Systems, Sapporo, Japan
c Tokyo University of Science, Department of Architecture, Noda, Japan
d Kogakuin University, Department of Architecture, Tokyo, Japan
e Utsunomiya University, Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Utsunomiya,
Japan
f Shimizu Corporation, Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
g Taiheiyo Cement, Central Research Laboratory, Sakura, Japan
h Masuo Recycle, Head Office, Tokyo, Japan
Cement concrete is an indispensable construction material for social capital development, but its
production uses a large amount of limestone, which is a finite natural resource, and emits a large
amount of CO2. To fundamentally solve these problems, Ca in cement concrete accumulated as a
construction is regarded as a potential unused resource capable of capturing CO 2 in this project. By
developing a technology to regenerate cement concrete demolition waste and CO 2 in the air as calcium
carbonate concrete (CCC), a new resource recycling system called “C 4S”, Calcium Carbonate Circulation
System for Construction will be realized. This paper outlines a current status of the project. An efficient
crushing method and an efficient CO2 capture and storage method for cement concrete waste are being
developed to clarify the optimum particle size distribution and the maximum carbonation rate. After
crushing, the powders are used to produce calcium bicarbonate solution and the large particles are

densely packed with pressure in a container as aggregate. Calcium bicarbonate solution is flowed or
impregnated between the aggregate particles, and calcium carbonate crystals are precipitated by
controlling temperature and evaporation rate. The calcium carbonate crystals bond the aggregate
particles each other to form CCC. Optimum pressure for compaction of aggregates, optimum
temperatures for dissolution of calcium from the powders and precipitation of calcium carbonate, and
optimum flowing speed of bicarbonate solution are being investigated. In addition, various studies are
being conducted to implement C4S in society, including studies on structural design methods for CCC,
system establishment toward standardization of CCC, optimum resource recycling scenario for C 4S, and
analysis of LCCO2 reduction effect of C4S. Through these series of research and development, it is shown
that CCC is reaching to have performance equal to conventional concrete, CO2 in the atmosphere is
expected to be efficiently captured and stored, and the energy required for a series of manufacturing
processes does not matter. With the realization of C4S, concrete capturing large amount of CO 2 will be
recovered and circulated as CCC, and CCC will be recycled as a main construction material many times
with low energy. As a result, global warming will be greatly suppressed in the future.
Keywords:Calcium carbonate concrete, recycling system, efficiently.
P5-359 Synthesis and crystal structure of a new Alluaudite-like phosphate :

Na1.67Co2.45Cr0.78(PO4)3
Sirine El Arni , Mohammed Hadouchi, Jamal khmiyas, Abderrazzak Assani , Mohamed
Saadi , and Lahcen El Ammari
The development of new phosphate materials has attracted huge attention because of their promising
application as electrode materials and solid-state electrolytes for next generation batteries. Several
phosphates were elaborated and structurally investigated such as NASICON and Alluaudite families
which show promising structural features permitting the electrochemical activity as electrodes for
rechargeable Li/Na batteries. As is well known, Fisher (1955) established the crystal structure of natural
alluaudite and demonstrated that alluaudite compounds crystallize in the monoclinic system with the
space group C2/c. Moore (1971) established the generalized structural formula X(2)X(1)M(1)M(2) 2(PO4)3
for materials in the alluaudite family, where X and M cations are listed in order of decreasing size. In the
context of the elaboration and structural investigation of novel alluaudite phosphates, we report on the
crystal growth and the structural investigation of new sodium, cobalt and chromium-based phosphate,
Na1.67Co2.45Cr0.78(PO4)3, with an alluaudite-type structure. This phosphate has been prepared using solid-
state method and its structure has been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The title
compound crystallizes in space group C2/c of the monoclinic system with the lattice parameters of a =
11.7538(3) Å, b = 12.3671 (3) Å, c = 6.4180 (2) Å β= 114.022 (10) °. Its structure is formed by infinite
chains of edge sharing (Co1,Cr1) 2O10 dimers and Co2O6 octahedra, which are linked together via the PO4
tetrahedra, yielding to a three-dimensional framework enclosing two distinct types of hexagonal tunnels
in which Na+ and Na+/Co2+ cations reside.
Keywords: Phosphate, crystal structure, solid-state reaction, alluaudite family, single crystal X-ray
diffraction.
P5-368 Effect of chromium on some soil physical parameters

Soukayna Azzouzi, Mohamed Khamar, Abderrahman Nounah
Essediya Cherkaoui & Fatima Benradi
Civil and Environmental Engineering Laboratory (LGCE), High School of Technology
Salé, Mohammed V University Rabat, Morocco

The multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical and technological applications of heavymetals
have led to their wide distribution in the environment, raising increasing concerns abouttheir potential
effects on human health and ecosystem balance. The analysis of heavy metaltransfers in soils from above
(in plants) is essential to determine the risks to health and theenvironment.Anthropogenic chromium (Cr)
contamination of soils is a global problem. Several industrialactivities such as leather tanning, wood
preservation and metal finishing are the main sourcesof Cr pollution. Cr penetrates into the soil, and the
spatial distribution of Cr and the pH of thesite are closely related.Our objective is to study the effect of
chromium at different concentrations on soil pH andconductivity.The pH value determines the physical
(stability of the structure, resistance to slaking, etc.),chemical (bioavailability of chromium,
assimilability of phosphorus, etc.) and biological(moistening and mineralisation of organic matter, etc.)
behaviour of the soil. The electricalconductivity of the soil determines the degree of salinity.The variation
of the pH altered the chemical and mineralogical properties of the soil, such asthe zeta potential, the
cation exchange capacity and the redox potential of natural soil.The first results show that the pH values
do not exceed 8.5. Also that, the electrical conductivitydoes not exceed 500 μS/cm.
Keywords : contamination, chromium, soil.
P5-392 Cs2AgBiCX6 (X=Cl, Br, I) Electronic and optical properties: Ab initio

studyfor photovoltaic applications
Younes Chrafiha, Mohamed Al-Hattabb, Khalid Rahmania,b,c
a Lphe-modeling and simulation, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V university in Rabat,
Moroccco
b Research Laboratory in Physics and Sciences for Engineers (LRPSI), Poly-disciplinary
Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
c Departmentof Physics, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Mohammed V University,
Rabat, Morocco
In this work, the first principal calculations of Cs 2AgBiX6(X=Cl, Br, I) are performed to explore the
electronic and optical properties of Cs2AgBiX6(X=Cl, Br, I) double perovskite. To determine the bandgap
energy, one uses the GGA potentials. This method yields values for Cl, Br, and I of 1.836 eV, 1.417 eV, and
0.815 eV, respectively. Cs2AgBiX6(X=Cl, Br, I) has a remarkably high absorption coefficient on the order
of 104 cm−1, according to our numerical simulation, making it a viable absorbent material for solar
systems. Additional optical properties such as refractive index and dielectric function are also calculated
in this work. We found that 𝜀𝑟𝑒 = 4.12, 𝜀𝑟𝑒 = 5.22, and 𝜀𝑟𝑒 = 7.72 for Cl, Br, and I respectively. For the
corresponding values of the static refractive indices of Cs 2AgBiX6(X=Cl, Br, I) we found, 𝑛0= 2.03, 𝑛0=
2.28, and 𝑛0= 2.77 for Cl, Br, I respectively. Additionally, SCAPS software was used to simulate solar cells
made of Cs2AgBiX6 (X=Cl, Br, I). The efficiency, fill factor, and other parameters computed are as
follows: 1.52 V, 1.08 V, 0.54 V, and 16.56 mA∕cm2, 28.65 mA∕cm2, and 50.25 mA∕cm2 in Voc and Jsc for Cl,
Br, and I, respectively. The efficiency calculated is 22.85%, 27.46%, and 22.46%. These estimated results
demonstrate the potential of Cs2AgBiX6 (X=Cl, Br, I) as a material for solar cell use.
Keywords: Cs2AgBiCX6(X=Cl, Br, I), electronic and optical properties, DFT, Solar cell, Scaps-
P5-408 Characterization and chemical durability of a phosphate-based

vitreous material for applications in hydrogen production and
storage
Alae aachari, mohamed khamar, essediya cherkaoui, abderrahman nounah, fatima
benradi

Civil and Environmental Engineering Laboratory (LGCE), Materials Water and

Environment team, Higher School of Technology, Mohammed V University in Rabat
An essential energy transporter is hydrogen. In fact, it is abundant in its mixed state and burns quite
energetically and cleanly. The goal of this research is to manufacture phosphate-based glasses using
conventional methods, to examine their structure and water resistance, and to enhance their
effectiveness as proton conductors and catalysts for the breakdown of water. Glasses of composition
30Na2O-10BaO-30P2O5-(30-x) WO3-xNb2O5(5≤x≤25) were studied and compared with the results
reported in the literature. This composition glasses decompose water vapour and generate hydrogen at
500°C. A Raman scattering experiment revealed that Niobium helps depolymerize –P-O-P- chains in
phosphate glass producing oxygen without bridging. At a melting temperature of Tf=1050°C, we first
synthesized five systems with (x ranges between 0> x >30) using conventional methods. We were able to
confirm that the five glass compositions under consideration were amorphous thanks to the x-ray
diffraction study. Infrared spectroscopy has shown that Nb2O5 oxide is part of the network forming
glasses by highlighting the existence of P-O-Nb bonds in the glasses. These connections replace the
weaker PO-P connections and thus reinforce the glass dies. A specimen with the Nb2O5 composition of x =
15 showed the best decomposition performance. The coexistence of Nb 2O5 and WO3 is important to obtain
high performance. By reducing W6+ ions, a portion of the hydrogen created on the glass surface
transforms into protons and enters the glass. In the electric conduction of W-rich glasses, an electron of
the W5+ ion predominates, whereas in the hydrogen atmosphere, Nb-rich glasses are dominated by
proton conduction.
Keywords: Glasses, Phosphate-based vitreous material, Hydrogen, Energy of hydrogen, Chemical
durability.
P5-411 Recent progress on the elaboration of sodium manganese phosphate

based nanostructures as cathodes for energy storage
Sanaa El Aggadi, Mariem Ennouhi, Amale Boutakiout, Mohammed Alaoui El Belghiti,
Abderrahim El Hourch
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat,
Morocco
Successful energy storage technology is one of the key prerequisites for the use of renewable energy. Over
the past decades, the development of lithium-ion batteries has greatly promoted portable electronic
equipment and electric vehicles, but there remains a large supply-demand gap, in particular for large
scale energy storage. Sodium-ion batteries (SIB) are considered promising alternatives for Lithium-ion
batteries (LIB) due to the abundance of sodium resources. The phosphate-based polyanion materials
have attracted a great interest because of their improved structural diversity, stability, high ionic
mobility, and better safety. However, these materials still pose application challenges because of their
low intrinsic electronic conductivity and limited energy density. A lot of work is required before they can
be widely used as commercial SIB cathode materials. In this review, the authors have focused on the
methods used to elaborate sodium manganese phosphate by discussing the results obtained including the
structures and morphology of NaMnPO4 produced according to the literature.
Keywords: Sodium manganese phosphate, for energy storage, cathode.

P5-421 Lattice deformation effects on the electronic and optical properties of

the kesterite Cu2ZnGeSe4
Jawad El hamdaoui, El Mustapha Feddi
Group of Optoelectronic of Semiconductors and Nanomaterials, ENSAM, Mohammed V
Cu2ZnGe(S, Se)4 quaternary kesterite compounds have recently been investigated as potential
photovoltaic materials. Cu2ZnGeSe4 is used as the middle absorber in tandem solar cell fabrication. In
this sense, the particular Cu2ZnGeSe4 semiconductor, with a direct band gap energy ranging between
1.52 and 1.27 eV, could be a good middle cell candidate for achieving more than 25% of
tandem device efficiency. Furthermore, the non-toxic character of these compounds containing earth-
abundant components has been highlighted. In recent years, there have been several reports on the
practical realization of Cu2ZnSn1-xGexS4 single crystals or thin films. The electronic and optical properties
of materials can be significantly influenced by lattice deformation. Because CZGSe is
used in tandem solar cells, where multiple layers of different band gap materials are stacked one on top
of the other. It is clear that the top layers exert pressure on the lower layers, which may result in lattice
deformation of the lower layer. We are investigating the effect of bi-axial lattice strain on the electronic
and optical properties of the kesterite Cu2ZnGeSe in our research. Our study is based on
first-principles calculations, where we used the mBJ+U approximation to accurately treat the exchange
and correlation potential within the WIEN2K code. Remarkable changes were found in the electronic and
optical properties of this material during the application of biaxial strain. Indeed, the band gap energy of
the material decreases from the equilibrium state as the applied strain is
more pronounced. The main optical features are also related to the applied strain. Notably, we found
that the energies of the peaks present in the dielectric function spectra are slightly shifted towards low
energies with strain, leading to significant refraction and extinction index responses. The acquired
results can be used to support Cu2ZnGeSe4's candidacy in the field of photovoltaic
devices.
Keywords : Cu2ZnGeSe4, electronic properties, optical properties.
P5-424 Frequency analysis of electrical properties and acoustic emission

activity of clayey green concrete under mechanical strength and
drying
Mehdi SBARTAÏ, Jacqueline SALIBA, Nadia SAIYOURI
I2M, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Green concrete casted with incorporating clay from soil is one of the ecological solutions for decreasing
the use of natural resources. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of clay incorporation on the
performance and durability indicators measured with SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) techniques.
In this study the adopted method is based on the electrical impedance and acoustic emission. Earth
concrete was casted with the incorporation of 20% of clay and different percentages of hemp natural
fibers. Samples have been tested firstly under compressive load for the characterization of strength. The
samples under compressive test were also equipped with acoustic emission sensors for comparing the
damage of the tested material. The drying of earth concrete was also monitored with electrical
impedance which consists in measuring the real and imaginary part of the electrical impedance in the
frequency range 0,1 kHz to 200 kHz. The results show the decrease of acoustical activity with increasing
clay and natural fibers. The electrical impedance shows a significative decrease with respect to the
drying. The results show also a significative effect of the frequency on the electrical impedance.
Keywords: Green concrete, clay, electrical impedance, compressive test.

P5-426 Optimization and control for energy harvesting from a nonlinear

harvester device using induced time delay
Zakaria Ghoulia, Mohamed Saidi Hassani Alaouib,c, Mohammed Taibib,d and Samia
Jankale
a Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Taroudant, Morocco
bTeam of Modelling and Simulation of Mechanical and Energetic, Faculty of Sciences,
cEngineering Sciences and Applications Laboratory, ENSAH, d‟Al Hocima, Abdelmalek
Essaadi University, Morocco
d Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
eEngineering science and energy management laboratory, Ensa Agadir, University Ibn
Zohr, Morocco
This paper explores periodic and quasi-periodic (QP) vibration- grounded energy harvesting (EH) in a
delayed nonlinear oscillator in which time detention feedback is innately present in the system and are
present in the mechanical and electrical factors. The EH system consists of a delayed Duffing- van der Pol
oscillator with a delayed piezoelectric coupling medium. We consider the case of detention parametric
resonance for which the frequency of the modulation of the detention breadth in the mechanical element
is near twice the natural frequency of the oscillator. Operation of the double-step anxiety system enables
the approximation of the breadth of the QP climate which is used to prize power from the harvester
device. Results show that for small values of unmodulated detention breadth in the mechanical element,
only the periodic vibration can be used to prize energy, while for larger values of unmodulated detention
breadth the periodic result turns to unstable and only QP vibration can be used to prize energy with
better performance. The influence of the time detention introduced in the electrical circuit on the
performance of the periodic and quasi-periodic vibration grounded energy harvesting are examined. In
particular, it has shown that for applicable values of confines and frequency of time detention in the
electrical element, the energy harvesting performance is bettered over a certain range of parameters.
Numerical simulation is conducted to support the logical prognostications.
Keywords: Energy harvesting, time detention, quasi-periodic vibration.
P5-428 Optimizing production in offshore wind power conversion systems

using DFIG control
B. Benyachoua, M. Saidi Hassani Alaouia,b, B. Bahrarc, K. Gueraouia, M. Cherraja
a Team of Modelling and simulation of Mechanical and Energetic, Faculty of Sciences,
b Engineering Sciences and Applications Laboratory, ENSAH, d‟Al Hocima, Abdelmalek

c Equipe de mécanique des fluides et environnement ENSET Mohammedia, Laboratoire
Physique de la Matière Condensée et Energies Renouvelables, FST Mohammedia,

Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
At present, many developed countries are actively competing to build large and efficient offshore wind
farms to meet the increasing demand for electricity. One challenge facing manufacturers and
researchers is how to design powerful and reliable devices to monitor the operating points of the wind
turbines at maximum power. This research addresses the control of an offshore wind turbine using a
horizontal axis wind turbine connected to a DFIG. It is important for optimizing the production of
electricity. A DFIG is a type of generator commonly used in offshore wind turbines because of its ability

to operate efficiently at a wide range of wind speeds. There are several control strategies that can be
used to optimize the production of an offshore wind energy conversion system based on a DFIG. This
research focuses on the control of an offshore wind turbine with a horizontal axis, which is connected to a
DFIG. To maximize power output from the wind turbine, several control strategies have been
implemented, such as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) with velocity control, pitch control to
restrict aerodynamic power, and generator torque control to independently regulate the electromagnetic
torque and rotor flux of the generator. The use of control strategies significantly enhances the overall
energy efficiency of the offshore wind power system. This was demonstrated through the results
obtained.
Keywords: Offshore; wind turbine; control; simulation; DFIG.
P5-429 Pb0.93Co1.86Cr1.14(PO4)3 : A novel non-stochiometric phosphate with α-

CrPO4-type structure
Fouad Alloun, Mohammed Hadouchi, Jamal Khmiyas, Abderrazzak Assani, Mohamed
Saadi, and Lahcen El Ammari
Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
Transition metal-based phosphates have attracted considerable attention since the study of the
electrochemical activity of lithium iron phosphate in batteries by Goodenough's group in 1997. The
development of new phosphates with novel structures and the study of their structure-property
relationship has been the main subject of several research groups. In this spirit, a novel non-
stochiometric phosphate Pb0.93Co1.86Cr1.14(PO4)3 is synthesized as a single crystal from a melted mixture
and its structure is determined by X-ray diffraction technique. The structural determination has shown
that it crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with the Imma (no. 74) space group. The crystal structure
of this phosphate belongs to the α-CrPO4 family which consists of (Co/Cr)O6 octahedra and PO4
tetrahedra sharing edges and/or vertices to build a three-dimensional framework which contains two
distinct tunnels parallel to [100] and [010] where the Pb2+ cations are located.
Keywords: Phosphate, Single crystal growth, Crystal structure, α-CrPO4-type structure.
P5-430 Synthesis and crystal structure of a new phosphate

Na1.37Co1.36Cr1.64(PO4)3 with the α-CrPO4 structure
Sirine El Arni, Mohammed Hadouchi, Jamal khmiyas, Abderrazzak Assani,Mohamed
Phosphate materials have attracted a growing interest for their promising applications such as catalysts
and electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. In the context of the elaboration and structural study
of novel phosphates, we present in this work a new phosphate, Na 1.37Co1.36Cr1.64(PO4)3, belonging to the
well-established structure type, α-CrPO4. This phosphate was produced via a solid-state process and its
structure was deduced from single-crystal diffraction data. The Na 1.37Co1.36Cr1.64(PO4)3 crystallize in
orthorhombic symmetry, with the Imma space group and unit cell parameters: a = 10.4148(1) Å, b =
13.1091(2) Å, c = 6.4403(1) Å, V = 879.29 (2) Å3. The framework is made up of PO4 tetrahedra,
(Cr1/Co1)O6 octahedra and (Co2/Cr2)2O11 dimers octahedra. The structure of the title compound can be
described as an assembly of two building units: (1) sheets parallel to the (b,c) plane, consisting of the
corner and edges sharing (Co2/Cr2)2O11 dimers and P(2)O4 tetrahedra, (2) chains made from corner-
sharing (Cr1/Co1)O6 octahedra and P(1)O4 tetrahedra running along the b-axis. The association of these

building units produces a 3D architecture with two distinct kind of tunnels parallel to the a and b
directions where the Na+ions are situated. The Naatoms are both surrounded by eight oxygens.
Keywords: Crystal structure, solid-state reaction, three-dimensional framework, α-CrPO4-type structure
Corresponding author : [email protected].
P5-431 Numerical modeling of thermal comfort in the courtyard habitat

model
M. Saidi Hassani Alaouia,b,S.Naamanea,M. Taibib,c,Z. Ghoulid, B. Benyachoua and S.
jankale
a Engineering Sciences and Applications Laboratory, ENSAH, d‟Al Hocima, Abdelmalek

b Team of Modelling and Simulation of Mechanical and Energetic, Faculty of Sciences,

c Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
d Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Taroudant, Morocco
e Engineering science and energy management laboratory. Ensa Agadir, Morocco
This article presents a mathematical and numerical study of the energy efficiency case for thermal
comfort of a traditional courtyard model. The thermal behavior of the rooms surrounding this courtyard
is analysed in a temperate climate using a passive building concept. The model that governs this study is
an equation system. Generally, this system does not allow analytical solutions, so the use of numerical
methods is mandatory. We have opted for the use of the finite difference method, which makes it possible
to solve it algebraically using Gauss Seidel's method. This model has carried out different thermal
simulations using different parameters to improve the indoor climate in summer and winter, in perfect
agreement with those obtained by other authors.
Keywords: Courtyard, thermal comfort, energy efficiency, traditional house model.
P5-432 A novel non-stoichiometric phosphate Ba0.94Co0.81Cr1.84(PO4)3 with the

α-CrPO4 structure: Synthesis and crystal structure
Fouad Alloun, Mohammed Hadouchi, Jamal Khmiyas, Abderrazzak Assani, Mohamed
Due to their interesting structural flexibility, affordable synthesis, and promising physical properties,
scientists have recently focused on developing novel phosphates containing transition metals with
numerous structures. Using a typical solid-state reaction, a new phosphate Ba0.94Co0.81Cr1.84(PO4)3, is
elaborated as a single crystal and its structure is determined by single X-ray diffraction technique. It
crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with the Imma (no.74) space group and the unit cell parameters
a = 10.4773 (4) Å, b = 13.1814 (5) Å and c = 6.6117 (2) Å. The structure of this novel compound is
characterized by partially occupied sites situated on the special positions 4e, 4a, and 8g. The crystal
framework is constructed from isolated polyhedra CoO6, PO4, and Cr2O10 dimers of edge-sharing CrO6
octahedra, where the linkage between Cr2O10 units and PO4 tetrahedra via common corners and edges
results in a sheet parallel to the bc plane. Alternating PO 4 tetrahedra and CoO6 octahedra form linear
chains along the b-axis. The interconnection of the sheets and chains form the crystal framework,
exhibiting two types of intersecting tunnels containing Ba2+ ions.
Keywords: Single crystal, Crystal structure, α-CrPO4-type structure.

P5-435 Microencapsulation of Dimethyl Adipate Phase Change Material for

Thermal Energy Storage in Decorative Coating
Bhagyashree Vasantrao Waghmare
Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology,
NathalalParekh Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai, India
Rapid advancement in buildings and construction have increases the demand of energy whichshow
negative impact on environments leading to increases the carbon emission andenvironmental
temperature. Thermal energy storage is a useful way for reducing energy supplyand demand
imbalances. Phase change materials are mostly used in a thermal energy storagesystem. PCM can
absorb and release energy at a constant temperature. In advances, houseswere built to keep indoor
temperature comfortable in all seasons. Thermal energy storage isthe best way to minimize the global
warming. In the present work, thermal energy storagedecorative paint is prepared using
microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM). An insitu polymerization technique is used to
encapsulate dimethyl adipate phase change material.The decorative paint is prepared various
percentage of MPCM loading. Dimethyl adipate(DMA) and melamine-formaldehyde were used as core
and shell material for polymerizationrespectively. Sodium laureate sulphate (SLS) is used as a
surfactant. The prepared MPCM werecharacterized using various chemical, thermal, morphological
techniques including FT-IR,TGA, DSC, and SEM. The SEM analysis revels spherical morphology and
smooth shell surface of microcapsule. Thermal stability of prepared microcapsule increase‟s confirm by
TGAanalysis. The decorative coating was prepared with 0 %,5%,10%,15%, and, 20% MPCMloading, and
the prepared paint was tested for pencil hardness, gloss, and stain resistances. Thethermal energy
transfer rate was used to measure how much time coated panel took to reachthe equilibrium temperature
of 25°C. Coating with 20% MPCM loading revealed good thermalstorage capacity in building paint.
Keywords : Microencapsulated phase change material, thermal energy storage, decorative coating.
P5-444 Extraction of monocrystalline silicon PV panel parameters based on

experimental data
S. Jenkal, M. Oubellaa, S. Mouslima, M. Ajaâmoumb, M. Saidi Hassani Alaouic
a LASIME, National school of applied sciences, Agadir, Morocco
b LASIME, High School of Technology, Agadir, Morocco
c Experimentation and Modeling Team in Mechanics and Energy Systems, ENSA AL
HOCEIMA, Morocco
The aim of this work is to develop models that reproduce very precise current-voltage characteristic
curves of photovoltaic panels, regardless of the temperature and sunlight conditions, using an
experimental database installed at GREEN ENERGY PARK in Benguerir city, allowing the recording of
the current-voltage characteristicsof the photovoltaic panel that is up-to-date. This paper presents three
approaches of modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays, two are classic models based on the
electrical diagram of the photovoltaic cell, while the last is an experimental model, based on the LUT
arrays,and shows the performances results of the current-voltage characteristic obtained by the
modeling approaches.To estimate the experimental parameters, we used the robust optimization
algorithm Levenberg-Marquardt system, and a model based onthe adaptive inference system ANFIS is
developed to solve the problem of estimating of the experimental voltages V oc and Vmp. We used
MATLAB/SIMULINK to build the mathematical model, and the experimental database is used to validate
these models under Moroccan meteorological conditions.
Keywords: Mathematical modelling, experimental data, ANFIS, photovoltaic system.

P5-456 Caffeine detection of synthetic wastewater by GC- MS and HPLC-DAD

Mourad Roudi Chemaa, Mohamed Khamar, Abderrahman Nounah, Essediya Cherkaoui,
Fatima Benradi
Laboratoire de la Génie Civil et Environnement (LGCE), EST Salé,
Université Mohammed V Rabat, Maroc
Caffeine is the most widely detected and reported emerging contaminant in wastewater,groundwater as
well as fresh and marine water bodies due to its massive consumption, which hasled to the
bioaccumulation of caffeine in different aquatic environments. Dangerous effects ofcaffeine have been
reported on biota water, coral reefs, soil and micro-organisms, as well as adverseeffects on the human
health. Conventional wastewater treatment plants have shown a fairly high
caffeine removal ranging from 64% to 100%. However, caffeine is only partially biodegraded
inbiological units and is often reported in sludge primaries. Different processes are used for the removal
of caffeine from waste water either, foradvancedelectrochemical oxidation EAOP, including Anodic
Oxidation (AO), the process Electro-Fenton(EF) and also advanced hybrid technologies, namely
bioelectro-Fenton (BEF) and the Fentonphotoelectron (PEF). However, EAOPs see themselves as energy-
intensive technologies with higheroperating costs than treatment methods conventional.The objective of
this study is the removal of caffeine from wastewater by new "nano-bio-adsorbent"composites that
respect the environment and are less expensive. Caffeine detection of synthetic wastewater at different
concentrations of caffeine, using gas chromatography with massspectrometer GC-MS and the liquid
chromatography with UV-Visible UHPLC-DAD spectrometer,showed that the result of detection obtained
ranging from 90% to 100% for UHPLC-DAD and GCMS respectively.
Keywords: Caffeine, emerging contaminant, synthetic wastewater, bioaccumulation, bioadsorption.
P5-462 Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities

Of new Organic–inorganic hybrid phosphite
(C2H10N2)Mn(H2PO3)2Cl2
M. Zerrouka, R. Ouarsala, M. Khaldia, B. El Balib and M. Lachkara.
a Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials and Environment
(LIMOME),University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
b Independent scientist, Oujda, Morocco
A new hybrid phosphite, (C2H10N2)Mn(H2PO3)2Cl2, has been synthesized under normal conditionsand
characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and TGA-DTAanalysis. The
compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (n. 14) with the followingunit-cell
parameters: a = 8.6602 (5) Å b = 7.4037 (5) Å c = 9.9665 (7) Å β = 113.542 (6) ° Z = 2and V = 585.84 (7)
Å3. The crystal structure consists mainly of isolated polyhedrons [MnO 4Cl2]connected through O-P-O
bridges of the [H2PO3] units, that gives rise to an inorganic layer of[Mn(H2PO3)2Cl2]2-, which is further
stacked as parallel layers along bc plane. The protonatedorganic molecules ethylenediammonium are
located between the layers viastrong hydrogen bondsresponsible for the cohesion between organic-
inorganic parts and leading so to the stability of thestructure.
Keywords : Hybrid phosphite, crystal structure, biological activity.
P5-464 Implication of waste management strategy on the

environmental performance of reinforced concrete product
Ivana Carevića, Helena Naletilićb, Ivana Banjad Pečura, Nina Štirmera
a Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,
Croatia
b Palace ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
Concrete is an indispensable construction material with a very high annual worldwide consumption. As
an environmentally intensive material, it is responsible for about 8% of global carbon emissions (Miller
et al, 2020). On-site construction is another source of pollution, to which fuel consumption for

transporting heavy equipment and materials is a major contributor. In order to turn transition to
sustainable construction and reduce the increasing negative impact on the environment, it is necessary to
develop new tools that will enable the transition to a sustainable and circular economy. One such tool
that measures the environmental impact of an individual product from its productionto its final end of
life, is life cycle assessment (LCA). Such a method is used to analyze theenvironmental impact of
construction products and related activities. The results of the LCA could be published in the form of a
document with the main features of the product andinformation aboutthe manufacturer in the form of
Environmental Product Declaration (EPD). By publishing data onthe environmental impacts of
construction products in EPDs, manufacturers are encouraged todesign products and processes with
lower environmental impacts.The case study presented here is an example of LCA of reinforced concrete
floor slab. Theobjective of LCA is to investigate the environmental impact of reinforced concrete floor
slab. The LCA was made in accordance with EN ISO 14040:2008 and EN ISO
14044:2008/A2:2020standards. In this study, the product phase (raw material supply, transport of raw
materials and production of concrete and reinforcement), the construction process phase (transport of
concreteand reinforcement to the construction site and placement of concrete and reinforcement) and
theend-of-life phase (demolition and landfilling/recycling) were included in the system boundary.
Theproblem-oriented (midpoints) methodology is chosen for the impact assessment. Impacts
areevaluated using the CML method. Special focus is given to how credits from the recycling processof
reinforced concrete floor slab are accounted for in LCA. The decision on recycling/reuse or
landfilling and LCA modelling of the last phase of the life cycle of buildings and products (end oflife) can
influence the results of LCA and consequently the EPD. It is recommended that life cyclethinking be
incorporated at the design and planning stages, to improve recycling potential andcircular economy
measures for construction and demolition waste management.
Keywords : waste management,environmental performance,reinforced concrete
P5-467 Comparison of catalysts for biodiesel production by

transesterification, using the multi-criteria method
Naima Bahani , Sara El Kourdi and Souad Abderafi
Department MIS, Mohammadia Engineering School, Mohammed V University in Rabat,
Rabat, Morocco
This study relates to the technical field of renewable energy production for sustainable
industrialdevelopment. In Morocco, the production of argan oil generates a natural organic source
availablein abundance, and at a low cost, which is the argan cake. The physicochemical characterization
hasshown that this by-product is rich in lipids and can be recycled into biodiesel, by transesterification.
Among the problems encountered in this process is the appropriate choice of catalyst. This workaims to
select the appropriate catalysts for the transesterification process of argan cake intobiodiesel. Based on
the literature, catalysts used in biodiesel production by the transesterificationprocess can be divided into
five groups. The comparison between these catalyst groups was carriedout using the multi-criteria
method. There are several multi-criteria methods that can be followed for this comparison, the Fuzzy
TOPSIS method was chosen for its many qualities. Following thismethod, five alternatives are the object
of the present decision problem, especially: homogeneousacid catalysts, homogeneous basic catalysts,
heterogeneous acid catalysts, heterogeneous basiccatalysts, and enzymatic catalysts. Besides, to select
the most technically, economically andenvironmentally viable catalyst, the following criteria were
considered: water and free fatty acid content in the raw material, biodiesel yield, reaction rate, Glycerol
recovery, Catalyst recovery andreuse, Energy costs, Catalyst cost, Environmental impact. The adapted
linguistic notations wereused to evaluate the preference attributed to one alternative over the others for
each criterion. Then,the linguistic notations were been transformed into fuzzy numbers using the
conversion table toestablish the decision matrix. After determining this matrix and the criteria weights,
the final ranking of alternatives was computed by the FTOPSIS equations. Calculating and classifying
thecloseness coefficients gives the results of the order preference technique by similarity to the
idealsolution. These results showed that the basic heterogeneous catalyst was the best performing of
thefive catalysts examined for lipids transesterification to biodiesel, considering technical, economic,and
environmental aspects. Then, the enzymatic catalyst was ranked second, followed by theheterogeneous
acid catalyst as third. Then the homogeneous basic catalyst has classified, and thehomogeneous acid
catalyst was the last one.

Keywords : catalyst, biodiesel production, multi-criteria method.

P5-487 Chalcogens’ impurities and a single F-center in SHO: Ab initio

calculations
Smahane Dahbi, Najim Tahiri, Omar El Bounagui, and Hamid Ez-Zahrauoy
Laboratory of Condensed Matter and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences,
The effects of Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), or Tellurium (Te) doped SrHfO3 (SHO) on the electronic, optical
and photocatalytic properties have been investigated using Density Functional Theory, taking into
account the intrinsic F-center defect (Ov) in oxide materials. The findings showed that the substitution of
oxygen atoms by chalcogens impurities decreased the forbidden band of SHO effectively. Furthermore,
there is a huge improvement of the absorption coefficient in the visible spectrum when chalcogens‟
impurities meet an Ov defect in SHO. Otherwise, the positions of the highest occupied molecular orbital
and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of all studied compounds respect the limits necessary to split
water except for 12.5% of Se or Te-doped SHO (Se/Te@OIII), 8.333% of Te doped SHO with the presence
of an Ov (Te@OII + Ov), and 12.5% of Se or Te doped SHO with an Ov defect (Se/Te@OIII + Ov)
structures. In addition, the formation energy confirms that all studied structures are thermodynamically
stables.
Keywords: Photocatalytic, F-center, forbidden band, absorption coefficient, Ab initio calculation.
P5-508 Bio-drying municipal solid waste optimization

Wadii Abida,b, Fatma Masmoudia,b, Nabil Kchaouc, Emna Ammara,b
a Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development, University of
Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
b National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
c Research Group in Agro-Food Process Engineering, Laboratory of Applied Fluid
Mechanics, Process Engineering and Environment, National Engineering School of Sfax,

University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
In the worldwide, municipal solid waste (MSW) raises a major problem, mainly because of the pollution
that it causes for the environment and human health, in addition to the lack of municipalities investment
in the waste management process apart landfilling. In other way, household waste has become a very
important research area, producing a new source of renewable energy based on biological processes. The
bio-drying concept consists of reducing moisture in the waste within a short period and preserving
organic carbon for energy recovery. This process uses the bioenergy generated by the microorganisms,
and a forced aeration is practiced to homogenize the temperature distribution in the bio-waste; such
combination promotes water evaporation. In our study, the municipal solid waste (MSW) collected from
Sfax city (Tunisia) was sorted and the organic fraction used as raw material for bio-drying in a
conceived prototype. Many experiences were achieved to optimize the important parameters of the
process (air flow, ventilation time, waste weight, membrane type). The best air flow was 0.14 m3/s/kg of
waste and the ventilation time set at 30 min on over 4 h off, 60 kg of household waste was used and the
reactor was covered by burlap to dehumidify the reactor. Every 2 days, the waste was returned and
sample was taken to control the physicochemical parameters. During this process, beside temperature
measurements at different times and locations in the reactor, physicochemical parameters were
determined using standardized methods to assess the biodrying parameters efficiency‟. The temperature
reached a maximum of 50 °C after 2 days then it decreased slowly to intersect the ambient temperature
at the end of the bioprocess. The dry matter increased traducing the moisture content reduction. After 12

days, the final product was characterized by high dry matter content and the total waste weight was
reduced by 42%. These results attested that MSW would be an interesting substrate to be biodried, giving
an energetic solid recovered product.
Keywords: Municipal solid waste, biodrying process, prototype, optimization, solid recovered fuel.
P5-519 Hole transporting layer based carbazole core for Perovskite Solar
Cells: DFT/TDDFT calculations
Najla El Aallaoui, Benyounes Oukarfi, Mimoun Zazoui
Laboratory of Materials, Energy and Systems Control, Faculty of Sciences and
Technology, HassanII University of Casablanca Mohammedia, Morocco
Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a viable alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cellsdue to
their low cost and high efficiency. In just few years the power conversion efficiency of solarcells based on
perovskite has rapidly increased from an initial promising value of 6% to over 25%. The typical structure
of a Perovskite solar cells consists of a perovskite layersandwiched betweenhole-transporting materials
(HTMs) and electron-transporting layers (ETMs).HTMs are essentials inproducing the efficient and
stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Spiro-OMeTAD (2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-
9,9'-spirobifluorene) is the most widely used HTM due toits high efficiency and stability. However, their
expensive cost has led researchers to look foralternative HTMs of lower costs to substitute Spiro-
OMeTAD. The purpose of this research is to modelled molecule-based carbazole units as hole-
transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskitesolar cells using Density Functional Theory. We tried to
shed light on the effect of graftingsubstituents onto the 9 positions of the carbazole unit with benzene (Cz-
P), naphthalene (Cz-N), and pyrene (Cz-Pyr). The UV spectra and the Molecular electrostatic potential
(MEP) were predicted.The calculated results indicate that all theinvestigated molecules absorbed in the
UV region, which is effective for improving PSC function. In addition, the three studiedmaterials were
tested inperovskite based solar cell using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator program (SCAPS-
1D).Compared to Spiro-OMeTAD, the device performance is significantlyenhanced by using Cz-Pyr asthe
HTM from 16, 65 % to 23, 46 %. There observed improvement is mainlydue to largerconjugation
structure which may be facilitated carrier transportation. Consequently, proving thepotential of
carbazole-based hole transporting materials in double perovskite solar cells to achievehigher
performance.
Keywords : Perovskite, solar cells,DFT calculations.
P5-533 Heating energy predictive models using ANN and ANCOVA in the six
Moroccan thermal zones
Meryem El Alaoui, Mohammed Rougui, and Abdeghafour Lemran
LGCE, Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory, High school of technology (EST)-
Sale , Mohammed V University, Sale, Morocco
Energy management is essential in light of the current energy issues, particularly in the building sector,
which accounts for a sizable amount of global energy consumption. Incorporating intelligent energy
management solutions in this sector is one of the answers that could assist the nation in achieving its
goals for environmental change and overcoming its energy challenges. Energy forecasting in buildings is
therefore essential for efficient management.The present paper aims to predict heating energy
consumption of an administrative building for which localization concerns the six Moroccan thermal
zones, using artificial neural network model (ANN) and a General Linear Model: ANCOVA. In the
TRNSYS environment, building energy simulation was carried out in order to produce a database for the
models' training and validation. Only two meteorological data were used: External temperature and
internal temperature. While the ANN model was trained on mixed data of different thermal zones,
ANCOVA model established an equation for each thermal zone separately, with respect of model

hypothesis. Results show that ANN model out performs the ANCOVA model with a correlation coefficient
of 0.95 and 0.90 respectively.Thus, the use of artificial neural network for building energy prediction is
more accurate than ANCOVA model.
Keywords: ANN model, ANCOVA model, Correlation coefficient, Normalized RMSE; MAE, Heating
energy consumption.
P5-537 Use of natural phosphate as alternative adsorbent for water

depollution
Ikrame Es-saidi, Jihane Labrag, Habiba Bouyarmane, Abdelaziz Laghzizil
Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
Heavy metals are found in the effluents of many industrial units. The applicability of Moroccannatural
phosphate from Benguerir (NPB) and Khouribga (NPK) regions can remove some heavymetals from
water. This approach is considered benefic, inexpensive and very effective for thetreatment of
contaminated waters. The raw samples of NPB and NPK are mainly composed ofcarbonated fluorapatite
associated with some impurities such as SiO 2 and CaF2. The heat treatmentof these materials at 600°C,
800°C and 1000°C results in a single crystalline phase ofphosphosilicate apatite. The main objective of
this work is to study the effect of heat treatment ofNPB and NPK phosphates on their metal adsorption
and to interpret the origin of the mechanismsinvolved during calcination. As result, the adsorption
efficiency of the studied phosphates dependson the nature of the metal (Pb 2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, and Cr3+) and
their chemical composition, which differsfrom one site to another. The results clearly showed that the
raw NPB and NPK samples seem tohave more affinity for Pb 2+ ions (50 mg g-1) than the other metals in
the order Pb2+ ions (50 mg g-1)> Cr3+ (38 mg g-1) > Cd2+(36 mg g-1) > Zn2+(22 mg g-1)), whereas the
samples treated at 600°C and800°C better retain the Pb2+ ions than raw samples thanks to the release of
active sites linked to thedecomposition of organic matter and carbonates contained in the raw natural
phosphate. Theinfluence of certain parameters (time, pH, metal concentration) on the elimination of
metal ions byNPB and NPK has been discussed. The comparative and promising results of the heavy
metalsremoval from water by materials thermally derived from Moroccan natural phosphate (NPB600
andNPK600) show that these adsorbents could be good low-cost agents for depolluting water
and/orremediating stressed soils.
Keywords : Heavy metals, natural phosphate, water depollution, adsorbent.
P5-574 Green and chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their

antibacterial activity
S. Rqibia, I. Anefnafb, M. Boudaliaa, A. Bellaouchoua, N. Merghoubc,d,
Z. Sekkata,b and S. Aazoua,b
aDepartment of chemistry, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
bMAScIR fondation-UM6P, Rabat, Benguerir, Morocco
cMAScIR fondation-UM6P, Green Biotechnolgy Center, Rabat, Benguerir, Morocco
d AgroBioSciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir , Morocco
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been one of the most attractive nanomaterials due to their unique
physicochemical and bactericidal properties, especially towards humanity and environment fields. The
objective of this work is to compare antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), synthesized by
chemical and green ways. In the chemical route synthesis, we used sodium tetrahydroborate NaBH 4 and
sodium citrate Na3C6H5O7 as reducing and stabilizing agents, respectively. In the green synthesis, we

used three micro-algae biomasses, Tetraselmis sp., Nanochloropsis sp. and Isochrysis Galbana.
Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning transmission
electron microscopy in transmission mode STEM. The results obtained revealed that AgNPs synthesized
by the two paths have a spherical shape with an average size between 15 and 50 nm. The evaluation of
bactericidal activity with the synthesized AgNPs was tested against two Gram (-) bacteria, Escherichia
coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a Gram (+) bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. This application
showed that the green synthesized nanoparticles have better antibacterial effect against the three
bacterial strains tested compared to the chemical synthesized once. Because of their properties, silver
nanoparticles can be integrated into many applications such as sunscreens, textiles, and food.
Keywords: Green synthesis, chemical synthesis, silver nanoparticles, microalgae, antibacterial activity.
P6-33 Study on vertical column with and without large rupture strain fibre
reinforced
Lekshmi S., Er. Lakshmi P.
Department of Civil Engineering, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kottayam, India
Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression. Large Rupture Strain Fibre
reinforced polymer (LRS FRP) have attracted research attention and practical applications in civil
engineering due to their many advantages, such as the high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion
resistance, large rupture strain and lower modulus of elasticity. They can be used to replace steel in RC
structures. In this project, short vertical columns for one end fixed and other end hinged end condition is
studied by replacing steel reinforcement in column partially and fully by LRS FRP and numerical study
on axial load and lateral load in ANSYS. The effect of replacement of LRS FRP in the column will be
studied based on load displacement behaviour, stress strain value. An experimental study is conducted in
column with and without LRS FRP.
Keywords:Columns, load displacement behaviour, stress strain.
P6-37 Flexural behaviour of slabs with openings reinforced with basalt bars
Jazlah Majeed Sulaiman and Lakshmi Prasad
Department of Civil Engineering Saintgits, College of Engineering (Autonomous),
Kottayam, India
Concrete slabs are considered to be very ductile structural members. Openings in RC slabs are necessary
so as to install the MEP conduits and ducts. However, these openings reduce the load carrying capacity,
stiffness, energy and ductility of the slabs. To resolve the undesirable effects of openings in the slab
behavior, it is significant to achieve the desired strength against the loads acting on it. The use of Basalt
Fiber Reinforcement Polymers (BFRP) as reinforcement has become a valid sustainable option as they
produce less green house gases, are corrosion resistant and has higher tensile strength. In this paper, five
slab models are analysed using non-linear static analysis in ANSYS to study the effect of openings on
slabs reinforced with basalt bars. A parametric numerical study on the loading condition and the shape
and size of the opening is conducted and the results are compared. One of the model
isvalidatedexperimentally.
Keywords:Basalt Fiber Reinforcement Polymers, loading condition, reinforcement.
P6-47 Performance based design of container terminal

Reema Thomas and Er. Amey Abraham
Department of Civil Engineering, Saintgits college of Engineering, Kottukalam Hills,
Pathamuttom P O, Kerala, India

Container terminals are logistic platforms where cargo such as containers and swap bodies are handled,
stored and transferred from one transport modality to another. Performance based design is a process of
designing structures for predictable performance for initially considered loads. It helps to identify
critical members likely to reach critical states during an earthquake for which attention should be given
during design and detailing. Pushover analysis is a non-linear procedure which estimates strength
capacity of structure beyond its elastic limit. It predicts the weak areas in the structure by keeping track
of sequence of damages of every member in structure. It helps to identify critical members that are likely
to reach critical states during an earthquake for which attention should be given during design and
detailing. It can help to demonstrate how progressive failure occurs and identify mode of final failure.
This paper illustrates design of container terminal by using performance. A weaker area of the structure
is identified and tuning of weaker areas is done.
Keywords: Earthquake, failure, structure, container.
P6-48 Experimental study on basalt fibre reinforced polymer wrapped RCC

column
Renju Reghukumar and M Gayathri Devi
Department of Civil Engineering, Saintgits College of Engineering (Autonomous),
Kottayam, India
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has become an excellent alternate to upgrade and restore improving
failure infrastructures. The failure progress in column may be due to inappropriate design and improper
construction practices. Basalt Fibre Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) is a recent material used in construction
industry and has shown to be a promising material for improving structural performance. BFRP has
some advantages such as high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and low cost when compared
to carbon fibre, glass fibre and other composites. This study is carried out to test the strength of RCC
column with and without BFRP wrapping. Short column with one end fixed and other end hinged is used
for the study. BFRP wrapped RCC columns are analysed numerically in Ansys and experimental
investigation is also carried out.
Keywords: BFRP, strength, RCC column, numeric analysis.
P6-57 Reproduction experiment for interior horizontal cracks of RC slab

generated by frost damage
Hiroshi Hayashida
Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Sapporo, Japan
Horizontal cracks caused by frost damage have been found in the RC slabs of highway bridges in snowy
and cold areas. However, the mechanisms by which such cracks occur and propagate have not been
clarified. To clarify the mechanism of occurrence of horizontal cracks that result from freeze-thaw action,
this study attempted to reproduce such cracking in a laboratory experiment. In the freeze-thaw test, the
temperature conditions of the specimen were controlled so as to be similar to those of an actual bridge
deck slab. To reproduce the temperature conditions of a bridge deck slab, the following freeze-thaw
experiment was performed. (1) Only the upper surface of the specimen was subjected to cooling and
heating. This was done by installing insulation to block heat supply on sides other than the upper surface.
(2) Freeze-thaw action was generated only in the range from the upper surface to the depth of 80 mm.
The frozen condition was maintained at depths greater than 80 mm. After the completion of the freeze-
thaw experiment, the specimen was cut by using a concrete cutter and the cut surface was observed.
Similar to the horizontal cracks found on the actual bridge deck slab, horizontal cracks were found

throughout the cut surface of the specimen. The horizontal cracks were found to have occurred in the
area at depths between 30 and 40 mm from the upper surface. Interior horizontal cracks of the slab were
successfully reproduced in this experiment. Based on the data for the internal temperatures of the slab
and concrete strain, it was suggested that the following are possible mechanisms for generating
horizontal cracks. (1) In this experiment, cooling was applied only on the top surface; therefore, the top
surface froze first and the interior layer of the slab remained unfrozen for some time. (2) When this
interior layer froze later than the top surface layer, ice lenses were formed and the ice lenses eventually
developed into horizontal cracks of the slab.
Keywords: Cracking, freeze-thaw test, temperature conditions, slab.
P6-79 Seismic behavior of mid-high rise unreinforced masonry buildings

subjected to pulse-like near-field excitations
Amirhosein Shabani and Mahdi Kioumarsi
Department of Built Environment, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
Unreinforced masonry (URM) is considered one of the oldest structural typologies vulnerable to
earthquakes due to the brittle behavior of the material. Most historical areas that include URM buildings
are located in high seismicity zones. Therefore, seismic vulnerability assessment of URM buildings is
crucial for the authorities to improve the sustainability and resilience of historic areas. In this study, the
effect of pulse-like near-field (PL-NF) records on the structural behavior of mid-high rise URM buildings
has been investigated. PL-NF seismic excitations are often caused by forward directivity, and most of the
research studies highlighted the destructive effects of the excitations compared to the non-pulse-like near-
field (NPL-NF) records or far-field (FF) records. However, the structural demand depends on the
structural characteristics, and the devastating label for the PL-NF records should be evaluated by
investigating the effect of the excitations on various types of structural typologies. Three sets of seismic
records were selected, including PL-NF, NPL-NF, and FF records. Double modified MVLEM (DM-
MVLEM) macro elements were utilized to simulate the case studies in a two-dimensional (2D)
environment, and the seismic excitations were applied by performing the nonlinear time history
analyses. A comparative study was performed to investigate the effect of various types of seismic
excitations on the structural behavior of the models. Incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) were carried
out by increasing the intensity of the excitations until the collapse was reached. Afterward, seismic
fragility curves were developed based on the IDA results, and the curves for each set of excitations were
compared to each other.
Keywords :Unreinforced masonry, seismic excitations,Incremental dynamic analyses.
P6-89 Bio-climatic architecture in the Mediterranean area: use of stone as a

sustainable energy efficient approach for the traditional Pantelleria
“dammuso”
Tiziana Campisi, Manfredi Saeli and Luisa Lombardo
Department of Architecture, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Pantelleria is a little island of volcanic origin, closer to Africa rather than to Italy, that is characterized
by a hot and windy climate and a quite dry territory. In this context, native people developed a
particular passive-cooling vernacular building type, called “dammuso”, a Sicilian word meaning vault. A
dammuso unit cell is traditionally characterized by a cubic shape covered by avaulted roof and made of
thick volcanic stone bearing walls plastered by white lime mortar. More articulate configurations, in
some “aulic” cases, are realized by juxtaposing three-dimensional unit cells. This particular configuration
made, and still make, peasants live pleasantly in the islander countryside, hit by the sun. Nowadays, the
local urban and development plans impose the construction of this vernacular shape to preserve the
social-architectural identity of Pantelleria, still allowing the use of contemporary materials, either

reinforce concrete or steel. This paper analyses the wise use of the local materials, from the extraction of
the volcanic stones and the necessary carving work and arrangement on site, to the manufacture of the
local hydraulic lime, to finish with the construction of the cubic building and dome following the
ancestral art of stereotomy. Helped by old pictures, a traditional construction site will be discussed.
Moreover, by a deep analysis of the structural-engineering performance of the used local materials along
with the followed empirical approach of sustainability, unknowingly applied by the old masters, the
energy behavior of the dammuso will be discussed to investigate how the wise use of the local
materialscoupled with the particular architectural/constructive features, generated an advanced
bioclimatic architecture. Hence, virtual energy simulations are implemented for a typical dammuso
configuration to compare the energy performance of the traditional stone building in contrast with
contemporary technologies, allowed in the present days. Energy performances, materials and
management costs are discussed to evaluate the sustainability of the processes. It is concluded that
sustainability passes also through the permanence of the old local constructive traditions characterizing
a community; not always, the implementation of the most contemporary technologies and materials are
able to overcome the gap, especially in an isolated place where the costs of materials transportation
could represent a crucial point of weakness.
Keywords :Volcanic stones, hydraulic lime, virtual energy simulations, management costs.
P6-105 Sustainable strategies and materials for the industrial heritage

rehabilitation: the Alessandro Volta power station in the historical
centre of Palermo
Simona Colajanni, Tiziana Campisi and Manfredi Saeli
University of Palermo, Department of Architecture, Palermo, Italy
The examples of industrial archaeology represent, with their typological and constructive characteristics
and with their pertinent areas, an added value in the urban areas in which they are inserted, which - In
the origin vital and now abandoned - could benefit in terms of urban regeneration and of virtuous and
necessary enhancement processes, rehabilitation and management. In this study we want to analyze the
Alessandro Volta power station, located inside the port area, representing an example of industrial
archaeology awaiting recovery as well as private investment, for its possible conversion for
complementary and synergistic uses at the service of the port area itself. The innovative approach to the
theme lies not so much in identifying the case study analyzed, but rather in the possibility of imagining
an intervention/project of rehabilitation and retrofit that - while respecting the original characteristics
of places and architectures - proposes a new destination compatible but contemporary use, referable to
the current laws of the real estate market and the needs expressed by the community. The rehabilitation
proposal provides for the conversion into a zero km food market, perhaps the most suitable among many
possible ones, since throughout Europe, and in particular in cities with a Mediterranean climate, covered
urban markets represent poles with capacity notable attractions, both from a tourist and a local point of
view; these constitute real 'showcases' for the cities and their neighborhoods, as the cuisine and food
production of excellence represent characteristics of the local culture. This recovery example aims to
outline a methodological and operational path based on technological-functional guidelines applicable
also to other Mediterranean contexts capable of conforming to the international quality standards
dictated by the international scientific community. The experimental results obtained could constitute a
corpus of best practices applicable to other building systems with similar characteristics in compliance
with the 'nearly zero energy building' criteria envisaged by 2050 for the technological and energy
adaptation of the existing building stock in Europe.
Keywords :Heritage rehabilitation, international quality standards, 'nearly zero energy building'.

P6-110 Pavement distress detection and classification using deep

convolutional neural network
Oumaima Khlifatia and Khadija Babab
a Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory (LGCE), Mohammadia School of
Engineering, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
b Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory (LGCE), High School of Technology,
Mohammed V University in Rabat, Salé, Morocco
Pavement degradation is the primary factor influencing road stability and driver comfort. Road distress
must be detected and repaired as soon as possible to avoid more severe damage and reduce
rehabilitation costs. Pavement distress detection has been done by manual way which is extremely time
consuming, subjective and labor intensive. Therefore, an automatic crack detection method is required to
facilitate this process. There are various methods for automatic distress detection, from image processing
to machine learning to deep learning. Distress detection through image processing approaches usually
includes edge detection and threshold segmentation, which focus on feature extraction and image
segmentation and still sensitive to image texture. Traditional machine learning methods have shown
good results on distress detection and classification, but they are independent of the extracted features
and it is difficult to find effective features for all pavements because of road complex conditions.
Currently, deep learning techniques have been successfully implemented to distress detection and
outperform other traditional methods. Inspired by the recent technology of deep convolution neural
networks, this paper proposes a novel algorithm for pavement distress detection and classification,
which is modeled as a multi-label classification task. The models are trained and tested on a mixture of
asphalt pavement images from public datasets. In this work, pavement distress types are detected and
classified as follows: transversal crack, longitudinal crack, alligator crack, potholes and no crack.
Furthermore, to achieve the best accuracy for our algorithm, we evaluate and modify the optimizing
structural hyper parameters and fine adjustment hyper parameters constituting the deep convolution
neural network model by examining all possible combinations and choose the one that gets the highest
performance. After fitting the model with the new hyper parameters, we compared it with other existing
methods. Detailed experiments have shown that the proposed model has high accuracy and excellent
generalization capability compared to other methods.
Keywords :Pavement degradation, deep learning techniques, modeling.
P6-114 The influence of bracing type on the overall displacement of buildings

at different heights.
Yassine Razzouk, Choukri Cherradi, Khadija Baba, Mohamed Ahatri and Abderrahman
Nounah
Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory - High School of Technology, Sale, Civil
Engineering, Water, Environment and Geosciences Centre (CICEEG), Mohammadia
School of Engineering, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
Bracing systems have been used for decades to improve the structural integrity of buildings against
seismic risks. The objective of developing these systems is to have a system with adequate stiffness and
ductility depending on the type of structure and on the construction area, especially in areas with high
seismic risk such as the north of Morocco. The objective of this study is to analyze and compare the two
types of bracing - by columns and by shear walls - under a normalized earthquake defined by the
Moroccan seismic regulations RPS 2000, revised 2011, and under a real earthquake recorded in the
north of Morocco. The study of the two types of bracing was carried out on structures of different
heights (4 levels, 8 levels and 12 levels) using finite element software. In this study, the Mediterranean
earthquake of January 25, 2016 recorded by the ZGH station in Zeghanghane near the city of Nador in
northern Morocco is used. Northern Morocco has high seismic activity, and this region has been hit by

many destructive earthquakes throughout history. As a first step, dynamic studies were performed for
the different types of bracing. In both seismic and spectral analysis, we found that shear wall bracing is
safer and more suitable for buildings with high heights, while column bracing is more economical for
buildings with low heights in both seismic and spectral analysis.
Keywords : Earthquake, Bracing system, Seismic analysis, Spectral analysis, Response spectrum.
P6-122 Strategy for management and conservation of historic buildings

based on GIS and close range digital photogrammetry
Sana Simou, Choukri Cherradi, Khadija Baba, and Abderrahman Nounah
Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory, Civil Engineering, Water, Environment
and GeosciencesCentre (CICEEG), Mohammadia School of Engineering, Mohammed V
University Rabat, Morocco
The capacity of cultural heritage institutions to keep information available, to generate and share
information, as well as to have the necessary tools to conserve historical heritage, is definitely an
important opportunity for the community. In this context, having tools that facilitate effective and rapid
management of deterioration risks is a priority for preventive conservation and preservation of cultural
assets. To this purpose, new methodologies and tools are now available, through digital technologies
that have the potential to support conservation planning of heritage cities. This study aims to explore the
applicability of integrating digital technologies and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to heritage
conservation planning practices in Morocco. The study consists of collecting and managing information
and documentation of building materials, textual, iconographic and photographic in order to create a
database of historical heritage in the form of thematic maps, and to provide both 2D and 3D views of
these properties. Through our strategy, we have established an exhaustive inventory of monuments and
sites in the city of Rabat. Each site was described, in order to evaluate its potentialities and historical
phases, as well as an inventory of sites and heritage protection zones including adobe buildings. The
results obtained highlight the monuments of the archaeological site Chellah as the most vulnerable
elements due to the lack of preventive conservation programs.
Keywords: Historic buildings; 3D technology; GIS management; thematic maps; adobe material.
P6-128 Characteristics of spectral responses for a ground motion of the Rhiss

earthquake in Morocco and their influence on the structures
Mohamed Ahatri, Khadija Baba, Yassine Razzouk and Abderrahman Nounah
Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory - High School of Technology, Sale, Civil
School of Engineering, Mohammed V University Rabat, Morocco
Seismic action can be described as a transitory disturbance due to the aleatory propagation of seismic
waves in the ground. The motion at a given location is generally determined by three main factors: the
source, the path traveled by the seismic waves, and the local geotechnical conditions. The northern
region of Morocco has high seismic activity and has been hit by numerous destructive earthquakes
throughout its history. In this paper, we present the Rhiss earthquake of February 24, 2004, which was
triggered in the Rhiss River near the city of Al Hoceima in Morocco. In this case, we determine the
spectral response of ground motion for Rhiss, and study its influence on the structures as well as make a
comparison with the requirements of the Moroccan seismic building code (RPS) 2000 revised in 2011.The
aim of this study is, on one hand, to construct and investigate the spectral response of ground motion for
Rhiss earthquake, and on the other hand, to investigate its influence on the stability of the structures,
which has already been verified by the regulations. In this paper, in the first part, we present a Matlab

code for the generation of response spectra and in the second part, we have studied the stability of the
structure consisting of a first floor and 4 floors in relation to the requirements of the Moroccan seismic
building codes (RPS 2000 revised in 2011) and in relation to the real acceleration response spectrum
stored in seismic source 4 (Rhiss river) to perform a comparison between them.
Keywords : Earthquake, seismic analysis, spectral analysis, response spectrum, ground motion, soil.
P6-136 Characterization of raw earth masonry under shear and tensile

strength – Extruded brick and compressed brick
Valentin Raspail, Halfdanson Jean, Yannick Sieffert, Yann Malecot and Florent Vieux-
Champagne
CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
Raw earth is a construction material that has good hygrothermal properties and whose ecological
impact is very low. However, its use is constrained by the absence of design rules under seismic loading.
Moreover, in the scientific literature the mechanical study of raw earth masonries (without lime or
cement) is a rare case. The overall objective of this study is to improve the understanding and the
modeling of the mechanical behavior under shear and tensile loading of earthen masonry structures and
to propose possible reinforcement methods. In the presented paper, some points are highlighted about
the complex connection between the mortar and the bricks thanks to an experimental study. It has
consisted in the use, at the material scale, of bond strength test for tensile and shear loading combined
with test conducted at the wall scale. It has, permitted to show the sensibility of this interface to a lot of
parameters: The composition of the mortar and the workmanship is found to be one of the parameters
with a strong impact on the bond strength of the interface, probably stronger than the impact provided
by the surface texture treatments like surface coating and various frogs. Even if this is less than other
factors, the thickness of the joint can have an adverse effect on the bond strength, a 10 mm thick joint is
recommended. To develop these points, multi-scale experiments instrumented by stereovision and with a
large number of samples will continue to be carried out. These experiments will be conducted
successively at the scale of the brick-mortar interface, on structural elements and on reduced-scale
constructions subjected to seismic loadings. The objective will be in particular to make the link between
the properties of the constituent materials and their geometry, with the structural behavior at large
scale.
Keywords : Raw earth, brick-mortar interface, tensile, shear loading.
P6-137 Effects of loading level, density and water content on permanent

deformations oflateritic materials in Senegal and Burkina Faso
(tropical Africa)
KI Bibalo Ida Josianea, BA Makhalya, Hornych Pierreb and Gueye Rokhayaa
a Laboratory of Mechanics and Modelling (L2M), Department of Engineering Sciences,
Ibar Der Thiam University, Thiès, Senegal
b Laboratory for auscultation, modelling and experimentation of transport
infrastructures (LAMES), Materials and Structures Department (MAST), University of
Gustave Eiffel of Nantes, Nantes, France
Permanent deformation of granular materials results from the densification of the material (volume
change) and the repetition of shear deformations(without volume change). It is induced by the repetitive
passage of heavy trucks (> 3.5 tons) on the pavement, leaving an increment of subsidence called lost
deformation. Pavement design relies mainly on permanent deformation to calculate rutdepths. In order

to contribute to the improvement of technical documents used for the design and modelling of pavements
in tropical African countries, the researches have focused on the determination of rheological
parameters of laterites (axial (εp,1) and radial(εp,3) permanent deformations). The Triaxial Cyclic
Repeated Loading (TCR) SCHENCK apparatus of the former IFSTTAR of Nantes was used for the tests
through the European standard (EN 13286-7: 2004, step method). Four sites of gravelly lateritic
material chosen, two from Burkina Faso(Badnogo2 and Dédougou) and two from Senegal (Sindia and
Lam-Lam) were the subject of this work. These materials have a maximum diameter of 20 mm and a
lower percentage of fines of 20%. They are compacted to 95% of the optimum with a variation in water
content of ±2% of the optimum. In the light of this work, it appears that at the 20000th cycle with the
sensor (Hall Effect), if the water content (w%) decreases by 3.77% then the deformation 1,p (20000)
decreases by 59.58% between the LA15 and LA16 specimens. Between LA15 and LA12, we notice that the
water content decreases by 1.49% which leads a decrease of the 1,p (20000) of 13.45%. In addition, the
level of loading and the rate of compaction influence the deformations (εp,1 and εp,3). According to the
standard (Nf EN-13286-7, 2004) the materials have a class of rheological behaviour level of C1 (<2.5.10 -
3) and C2 ( > 2.5.10-3) based on the characteristic permanent deformations ( 1 ). However, based on the
c
characteristic reversible modulus (Ec), all materials are classified C3 (Ec < 250 MPa).On the other hand,
the domain of the Shakedown theory gives the classes A ( 1,p(5000)-1,p(3000)<0.45.10-4) and B
(1,p(5000)-1,p(3000< 4.10-4).
Keywords : permanent deformations (p), lateritic materials, cyclic triaxial repeated loading (TCR).
P6-158 Modelling the 3D printing ability of stabilised Portuguese soil using

DOE approach
Ana Mafalda Matosa, Paula Milheirob,c and Humberto Varuma
a CONSTRUCT, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
b Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
c CMUP, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
The introduction of digital fabrication processes, such as 3D Printing, has demonstrated that a well-
developed automated process can provide substantial benefits to the construction industry, such as the
freeform design without formworks. Increased productivity, reduced costs, safer worksites are
potentially expected, as well as environmental benefits associated to the materials savings and waste
generation reduction. Several institutions, universities and companies worldwide have exhibited
digitally manufactured prototypes of structural components, furniture, and full-scale buildings.
However, all these projects are intensively dependent on digitally fabricated cement-based materials
and components. Originating from combining sustainable materials with the emerging digital
construction sector, a new construction ethos may grow steadily, founded on a digital research
methodology that embraces vernacular construction knowledge as grounds for contemporary digital
innovation. A key milestone occurred when WASP 3D printed the first actual full-size earth structure in
Italy, unveiled the potential of earth construction, and expanded the scope of digital manufacturing
beyond cement-based composites. The development of the 3D printed earth construction framework is
scarce, and the current experiments and applications are still in embryonic stages and remain
fragmented. From the perspective of materials science, earth-based printable composites (3DPearth)
mix-proportioning are critical issues, namely due to i) the requirements at fresh state; ii) the needs of
adequate stabilisation; iii) the properties variations of raw natural material asking for its
characterisation. A statistical factorial design approach was followed to design 3DPearth mixture
proportions through a central composite design. A statistically significant model explaining the relevant
printability-related properties of earth-based composites as a function of the mixture input parameters
was developed. The 3DPearth mixtures consisted of a pre-defined range of proportions, including a
Portuguese silty soil as the main constituent, and stabilised by a binary blend of cement and limestone,
also locally available, water and superplasticiser. Mix proportions were established based on the
following three mixture input parameters: water to powder volume ratio (Vw/Vp); superplasticiser to
powder weight ratio (Sp/p); limestone filler to cement weight ratio (lf/c). The output variables were the
test results of slump, Casagrande, mass loss and mechanical strength. The empirical mathematical

models revealed the influence of mixture design parameters and their coupled effects on the 3DPearth
properties, namely: deformability, shrinkage (mass loss) and compressive strength. A numerical
optimisation technique was applied to the derived models for the selection of the optimal mixture, which
minimises mass loss while maintaining adequate deformability and viscosity for printability.
Keywords: 3D Printing, earth-based printable composites, superplasticiser, limestone filler,
mathematical models.
P6-159 Hydroclimatic risks on the structures of historical monuments

Sidna El Khalil Med Saleha, Latifa Ouadifa, Driss El Hachmib
a L3GIE Laboratory, Mohammadia Engineering School, Mohammed V University in
Rabat-Morocco
b Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat – Morocco
The impact of building materials on the environment has been widely proven and can only be evaluated
in a multi‐criteria approach. Compared to modern buildings, historical monuments can be qualified as
ecological constructions because of the use of traditional materials of its environment. Indeed, historical
monuments have the characteristics of living with their environment (soil, water, air, climate) thanks to
a subtle and fragile balance. They are largely durable, and have naturalthermal and hydric
qualities.Therefore, this cultural heritage must be preserved to maintain its strategic role in our country,
ona social, economic and cultural level. Unfortunately, the durability of their structure is endangeredby
several factors. These can be classified into two main categories, which are: Natural climaticfactors that
accumulate damage over the long term (such as prolonged rainfall, high humidity,
temperature changes), and anthropogenic factors (such as urbanization, harmful air pollution,human
intervention).The design of the building as a whole, including a judicious choice of building processes
andproducts will achieve the expected environmental performance. In light of suchpurpose, we aregoing
to present a study highlighting the interaction between the structure of historic buildings andthe
environment that encompass it.
Keywords: Historical monuments, Buildings, Climatic factors, anthropogenic factors, Environment.
P6-169 Numerical modelling of thermo-poro-elastoplasticity of freezing soils

Xin LI, Benoît Pardoen, Henry Kwai Kwan Wong and Antonin Fabbri
LTDS, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, University of Lyon, VaulxenVelin, France
When soils are submitted to subzero temperatures, the phase change of their liquid water content to ice
crystals strongly modifies their behavior. It is commonly attributed to three main phenomena: the
volume expansion of 9% of water as it solidifies, which tends to weaken the linkage between solid
particles; the cryogenic suction induced by the equilibrium at the interfaces between ice crystals and
water that remains liquid; and the positive contribution of ice crystal to soil stiffness and strength.
During subsequent thawing, this last positive contribution disappears leading to a net degradation of
soil properties during a freeze-thaw cycle. The combination of these phenomena may induce many
engineering problems like frost heave and thawing settlement, in particular if soils are submitted to an
increasing number of freezing-thawing cycles. In this context, the target of this work was to investigate
how saturated poro-elasto-plastic soils subjected to freezing temperatures behave in terms of thermo-
hydro-mechanical (THM) responses. The first task had consisted in the development of the THM
poromechanical model to investigate the impact of in-pore water partial freezing process on soil stress
and strain fields. The model was based on momentum balance equations (momentum, both liquid and
solid water mass, heat), liquid-ice thermodynamical equilibrium condition and the quantification of the
amount of ice formed within the soil in function of its temperature. Besides, Accumulated strain induced
by cyclic freezing and thawing process was taken into account in the poro-elasto-plastic constitutive
model by introducing multimechanism plasticity and bounding surface theory. Afterwards, the temporal
discretization, linearization with Newton-Raphson iterative scheme, and spatial discretization, with a

newly developed 2D isoparametric element, were realized in a finite element method code
(LAGAMINE).This finite element model was used to perform a first set of simplified poro-elastic
simulations. Results were compared with those obtained through analytical modelling and numerical
modelling via COMSOL. A good agreement between those results was found, which demonstrates the
validity and reliability of the developed THM finite element model. Then it was used in order to perform
poro-elasto-plastic simulations using several sets of realistic soil parameters and boundary conditions.
Results of analysis, by comparison to those obtained with poro-elastic simulations, made it possible to
highlight the conditions which can induce the occurrence of irreversible and potentially hazardous
processes in soils submitted to freezing-thawing cycles.
Keywords: THM poromechanical model, cyclic freezing, 2D isoparametric element.
P6-188 Design of model buildings to assess thermal and hygric buffering

capacities of earthen walls
Marie-Sarah Forcea,b and Antonin Fabbria
a LTDS UMR-CNRS 5513, ENTPE, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
b LAURE, ENSAL, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
For millennia, human beings have used earth in various forms for construction. The three most common
techniques are adobe blocks, cob, and rammed earth. Although this material fell into disuse after the
1940s to the benefits of better suited to industrialization and standardization ones, such as concrete, it
could be part of the solution to reconcile the need for new dwelling and the necessity to move towards a
low-carbon society. Earth is an abundant and recyclable material, which generates little construction
waste. Earth is also less energy-demanding than conventional building materials such as, for example,
concrete and steel. What‟s more, since earth is composed by approx. 10% to 20% of clays, it exhibits
strong interactions with water molecules. They are responsible for its complexity in mechanical behavior
(resistance of earthen walls drops when their water content increases), but also for one of its significant
assets which is often put forward: its abilities to buffer moisture and improve indoor air quality while
keeping the internal temperature quite stable. However, impact of these abilities on the global energy
performance of the buildings remains unclear. Many research works have already been realized to fill
this gap by assessing these phenomena within hygroscopic walls and modeling them. They notably led to
the development of many numerical codes and experimental procedures. But, most them remained either
theoretical and/or at the laboratory scale, and their ability to describe properly the interactions between
earthen walls and indoor atmosphere at the building scale still need to be proven. To go one step further,
on-site measurements seems to be mandatory. However, these latter are costly, time consuming, and
they produce data which are quite complex to analyze notably due to the difficulty to properly consider
hygrothermal couplings within a building of complex architecture. A promising alternative, which would
allow testing in a simpler and more controlled way a large range of configurations and solicitations, is
the use of model buildings. In this context, the present study aims at presenting a design method for
model buildings, based on the dimentionalisation of both heat and mass balance equations. Using this
method, a modular model of a simple earthen building was realized and instrumented. The obtained
data were analyzed in order to assess the impact of shape ratio and permeability of rendering on
thermal and moisture buffering capacities of earthen walls.
Keywords: Earthen building, buffering, moisture, permeability.

P6-200 The sustainability of retrofit interventions in historic constructions –

Italian case studies and the current application in Brazil
Enrico Mangonia and Fabiola Rago Beltrameb
aStudio Mangoni
bEscola de Engenharia da Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Instituto Beltrame da
Qualidade, Pesquisa e Certificação Av. Prefeito Donald Savazoni, Nova Caieiras –
Caieiras, Brazil
The definition of sustainability for new constructions cannot be the same used for existing constructions
and especially in constructions with historical value. In this late situation the characteristics of a
sustainable Retrofit operation should positively impact the following sectors: Social, Environmental and
Cultural/Historical. This paper presents some case studies of retrofit interventions carried out in recent
years in Italy. Among them are the old flower market, in the city of Pescia, a structure built in the 1950s,
considered a cultural heritage of the region, awarded at the São Paulo Architecture Biennale, whose
structure presented several pathological manifestations in the reinforced concrete structure and on the
dome-shaped roof composed of concrete and ceramic, which received an intervention solution for an
unconventional retrofit, in relation to the repair of reinforced concrete structures. A large warehouse
used by a textile industry, which maintained its original characteristics and was transformed into the
chamber of commerce of the city of Prato and the Milan railway station, which had to preserve its entire
facade and the intervention, including structural, was entirely performed inside. The structures
presented several pathological manifestations and each one of them underwent a retrofit intervention
based on current sustainability concepts without mischaracterizing the cultural heritage of the projects.
For this, specific projects were needed, including the development of structural issues, composite
materials and alternative energies that often had to adapt to current legislation. In Brazil, we still have
difficulty in valuing retrofit interventions instead of demolishing old buildings, often due to lack of tax
incentives or difficulty in complying with current legislation and the absence of specific rules on the
subject, therefore based on the European experience, and to case studies. In Europe the Retrofit
interventions are being carried out by a multidisciplinary team, leading with not only appropriated
materials in a sustainable sense, but still and not secondary with a sustainable design; so the
intervention result have the lowest possible environmental impact.
Keywords: Retrofit operation, composite materials, buildings.
P6-271 Evaluation of the state of the civil engineering structures in the

province of Fes-Moulay Yacoub
Chaymae Naazaa , Abdellah EL Barkanya, Rafik Absib, Ikram Elabassib
a Mechanical
Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Techniques,
Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
b ECAM-EPMI, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
The management of an engineering structures heritage is based on monitoring, maintenance and repair.
The detailed inspection of engineering structures is an essential element of asset management. Its
adaptation to the specificities of the assets play a great role in the efficiency of the management policies.
Indeed, the detailed inspection of an engineering structure contributes, through the visual assessment of
its condition, to define and plan preventive maintenance operations and, if necessary, specific actions of
particular surveillance, complementary investigations or repairs. The detailed inspection must include a
literature review, visual surveys and measurements. The analysis of all these elements leads, on one
hand, to a reasoned evaluation of the current state of the structure and, on the other hand, to
recommendations for actions to be taken in terms of: user safety, maintenance: routine and specialized
maintenance, additional investigations (geometric measurements, static and dynamic instrumentation,
material dynamic instrumentation, sampling and analysis of materials, modeling, recalculations...),
repairs, specific monitoring actions (reinforced monitoring, high surveillance); At the end of this detailed
inspection, two cases may arise:
- The causes of the defects and the corrective actions to be taken are clearly identified without the need to

plan additional investigations; in this case, the detailed inspection is in fact a diagnosis.
- In other cases, the detailed inspection is a pre-diagnosis. The realization of diagnoses, complementary
investigations, the implementation of specific monitoring actions and the drafting of repair programs
are all part of the process.
These studies, which may be recommended after detailed inspections, generally require skills that are
different from those required for detailed inspections. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the
steps of an inspection mission conducted on the heritage of engineering structures located in the province
of MoulayYacoub.
Keywords:Engineering structures, inspection mission, heritage.
P6-283 Critical analyses of circularity practices in civil and construction

engineering between UK and Nigeria
Kolawole Adisa Olonade a , Rabee Shamass b , Finian McCain b , Olatoye Olumide Oyelade
a, Yetunde Oyebolaji Abiodun a , Ruoyu Jin b and Federico Rossib
a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria

bSchool of Built Environment and Architecture, London South Bank University, London,
UK
The circular economy in the civil and construction engineering sectors has been gaining momentum
worldwide in both developing and more developed regions worldwide because it encompasses the repair,
reduction, reuse, and recycling of materials. The inadequate waste management system, especially in
emerging nations, is quite concerning. Various waste sources such as construction and demolition (C&D)
and other industrial wastes as well as agricultural wastes such as cassava peel, rice husk and coconut
fibre have been utilized in developing construction products. This study adopts the UK and Nigeria as
two cases with critical analyses of the status quo and recommendations for promoting circularity. These
existing studies on the circular use of various waste construction products were comprehensively
reviewed by mapping them against the Technology Readiness Level (TRL). The study addressed three
research questions related to 1) the existing locally available wastes being utilized in civil and
construction industries in the two studied countries; 2) the effects of these various wastes on the
properties of new construction products, and 3) visions to enhance circular use of wastes on civil and
construction engineering practices. It is found that both countries have abundant industrial,
agricultural, and demolition wastes that are potential materials for circularity in construction
industries. While the TRL of utilizing these wastes is at an advanced stage in the UK, there is still a need
for more concerted efforts to bring those wastes in Nigeria to a higher TRL. The current study
contributes to the existing body of knowledge by mapping the three aforementioned questions between
the two studied countries, with a big picture shedding light on continuous work in enhancing circular
practices across the global civil and construction sectors.
Keywords : construction & demolition wastes, circular economy, Technology Readiness Level.
P6-293 Assessing soil liquefaction susceptibility using standard penetration

test (SPT): case study of city of Tangier
ZOUKAGHE bachir, BABA Khadija and NOUNAH Abderahmane
Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory (LGCE), School of Technology-Salé,
MohammedV University, Rabat, Morocco
For any project, the geotechnical study is of great importance to assess the risk that can lead to the total
loss of the bearing capacity of soil foundation. Soil liquefaction is an example of a risk that must
absolutely be assessed in seismic zones. This is the case of the city of TANGIER which is located in a zone
with high seismicity according to the RPS 2000 modified 2011. Currently, the city is experiencing a

growth that will lead to the creation of new residential areas. Indeed, an entire industrial zone within the
city, where the current buildings are of the light type, will be allocated to the construction of high-rise
buildings. Preliminary soundings in this area show the existence of a relatively loose, thick and saturated
layer of sand. This study is based on the results of the SPT test for the evaluation of the risk of
liquefaction. The values of the measured N have been corrected with great care taking into account all
the correction factors in order to obtain a reliable evaluation. Based on our analysis It was found that
the entire layer of sand present on the site undergoes liquefaction under an earthquake of magnitude 7
and an acceleration of 0.14 g. Therefore, any building planned in this area must take into account this
proven risk, and consequently provide for a mode of reinforcement of the site, or consider deep
foundations beyond the sand layer.
Keywords: Sismic risk, Liquéfaction potential, SPT test.
P6-305 Effect of the intern water erosion on slope stability

Latifa El Bouanani, Khadija Baba and Ghizlane Ardouz
GCE Laboratory, High School of Technology-Salé, Mohammed V University in Rabat-
Morocco
Landslides have played an important role in the evolution of landforms as well as erosion in all its
aspects (water erosion, eolian erosion, etc.). Landslides can affect both natural and artificial slopes such
as linear transport infrastructures. Moreover, water erosion has significant consequences by the
difficulty of providing solutions and by the still high cost of the comfort work to implement. These
problems can be temporary, permanent or evolving. Embankments are the infrastructures of railways
lines. So they are considered like the most important components to ensure stability of their super
structure. Therefore, focus should be on ensuring a strong infrastructure to any structure. The slope used
as a study case, is affected by extern‟s effects: water erosion (intern and extern water erosion),
hypodermic flowing, loads and aging of materials, which has caused degradation of the mechanical
properties of soils. Indeed, it is subject to different form of deformations and landslide. The objective of
the present study is to evaluate embankment security using finite element analysis and Mohr-coulomb
failure criteria and analytical methods. In this paper, for a real study case we compare the safety factors
and critical slip surfaces obtained by the limit equilibrium method and finite element method. The results
showed that: the safety factor calculated by the limit equilibrium methods (LEM) is higher than the
safety factor calculated by the finite element method (FEM) while, the critical slip surfaces yielded by the
two methods had a circular form. Slop stability analysis is studied using both Plaxis code calculations
(FEM) and Talren 4 (LEM). Furthermore, the purpose is to identify the structure‟s behavior for different
situations, under those devastating effects of intern erosion. Keywords: Intern water erosion, slop
stability analysis, water infiltration, and finite element method, limit equilibrium methods.
Keywords : Finite element analysis, safety factors, critical slip surfaces.
P6-320 Evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of a reinforced concrete

structure
Adil Ziraouia, Benaissa Kissia and Hassan Aayab
aLISPSII, National High School for the Arts and Professions, University of Hassan II,
Morocco
b International University of Casablanca, Morocco
Earthquake engineering is a field that aims to reduce structural damage caused by earthquakes and to
minimize material and human losses. Over the past 40 years, this type of engineering has come a long
way, especially with the improvement of experimental means and the development of a new analytical

method of structural evaluation and seismic design. In this work, we will focus on the application of the
non-linear static analysis method in order to validate the design and evaluate the performance of a 2D
R+5 structure in accordance with the R.P.S 2000 seismic construction regulations. This so-called "push
over" analysis is a procedure in which the structure is subjected to lateral loads according to a certain
predefined pattern by increasing the intensity of the loads until the failure modes start to appear in the
structure. The results of this analysis are represented in the form of a curve that relates the shear force at
the base to the displacement at the top of the structure to predict the likely locations of weakness and
modes of failure that the structures will encounter in the event of their exposure to an earthquake. In
addition, the controls of the distribution of plastic hinges along the elevation of the structures and the
determination of the point of performance have a considerable effect on the degree of damage to the
structure under seismic excitations. From the study, it can be concluded that the different verifications
recommended by the RPS2000 regulation are verified. But our structure may be in a state where it needs
a structural evaluation. It is recommended, for the calculation and sizing of structures, to perform a
pushover analysis to evaluate the bearing capacity of a structure in general, and to know the positioning
of the plastic hinges, or it is advisable that the hinges appear in the beams in order to facilitate the repair
in case of partial damage of the structure instead of the columns. For existing structures, it is imperative
to perform a non-linear analysis such as the push-over analysis which is relatively easy to elaborate in
order to estimate the bearing capacity of these existing structures as well as the positioning of the plastic
hinges in order to reinforce them.
Keywords: Earthquake, "push-over" analysis, structure, plastic hinges.
P6-323 The influence of spectral responses on the structures heights: case of

the mediterranean earthquake – zeghanghane station (6.3Mw) in
Morocco
Mohamed Ahatri, Khadija Baba, Choukri Cherradi, Abderrahman Nounah and Yassine
Razzouk
Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory, High School of Technology, Salé,
Morocco is located in a high-risk geographical area, the Ibero-Maghreb Mediterranean area, located on
the “SEISMIC BELT”; a region known for its seismic instability and including high risk areas. It should
be noted that annually, hundreds of earthquakes of different magnitudes are recorded by the seismic
monitoring stations under the National Institute of Geophysics. Among the seismic motion
characteristics, we have the released energy which propagates in the elastic waves form. These waves
are formed near of the focus and propagate towards the ground surface. There are two elastic wave
types which are the compression and the shear waves, each one has its own velocity. The aim of this
study, on the one hand, is to construct and examine the spectral response of the ground motion for ZGH
station, on the other hand, We have studied the stability of structures by the spectral method in order to
analyze the influence of the seismic characteristics on the structures knowing that they are different
heights, we made a comparison between the seismic analysis according to the Moroccan seismic
regulations RPS 2000 (2011 version) and spectral analysis for a structure at different heights in Nador
subjected to a 6.3 Mw earthquake. For that reason, in the first part, the construction of the response
spectra was done using a Matlab Code.
Keywords : Earthquake, spectral response, soil dynamic, Mediterranean earthquake.

P6-324 Seismic vulnerability assessment in urban areas: application to the

old medina of Rabat-Salé, Morocco
Yassine Razzouk, Mohamed Ahatri, Khadija Baba, Abderhmane Nounah and Choukri
Cherradi
Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory, High School of Technology, Salé, Civil
School of Engineering, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
Seismic risk assessment requires not only an evaluation of the probable hazard but also a representation
of the seismic quality of the building and a knowledge of the community's level of preparedness to suffer
possible damage, a difficult exercise given the quantity of structures and the variability of construction
types. For older structures, this is often impossible due to the lack of information available on the design
and quality of building materials. In the context of our study, a vulnerability assessment method,
VULNERALP, was applied to the diagnosis of the medinas of the cities of Rabat and Salé. The urbanised
surface of the study area and the volume of existing buildings are such that it is not possible to work at
the scale of the building, but rather to use global methods that allow the state of the building to be
assessed on a large scale. These global methods are based on the definition of a regional and local
seismic hazard, on the inventory and mapping of the buildings in the study area, on the state of the
building with regard to earthquakes represented by vulnerability indices obtained with the help of more
or less sophisticated evaluations. Our work was carried out in two phases : a first phase of fieldwork
during which the history of the urbanisation of the two cities was synthesised and surveys of the
population were carried out in order to quickly obtain the most relevant information concerning the
buildings in our study area (typology, size and nature of the structures, state of the building with regard
to earthquakes, etc.) Then a second phase during which different calculation methods are implemented
and used in order to estimate the behaviour of the constructions during an earthquake. The final step
proposes an estimation of the damage rates, result of the combination between hazard and vulnerability.
The results will be represented via a Geographic Information System for Seismic Risk, which will provide
a database of the distribution of buildings according to their nature and condition with respect to an
earthquake.
Keywords : Medina, VULNERALP, earthquake, GIS, seismic vulnerability, Rabat-Salé-
P6-328 A slope stability analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation

Ahmed Bouajaja And Jada EL Kasrib
a Laboratory of Engineering Sciencesand Applications, National school of Applied
Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University , Al-Hoceima, Morocco
b The Mohammadia school of Engineers, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
The study of a slope includes, besides the recognition of the site and the choice of the
mechanicalcharacteristics of the soil, a stability calculation to determine firstly failure curve along
whichthe slip risk is highest, secondly the corresponding value of the safety factor. The minimum
safetyfactor of a slope can be calculated using random search or various methods of optimization.
Thispaper presents a method of slope stability analysis using Monte Carlo simulation, which the
safetyfactors were calculated by Hovland method. An example of homogeneous slope located on the
highway connecting Tangier to Tangier Med Port is presented in this study to evaluate theefficiency and
applicability of the method. The results show that the minimum safety factorscalculated in this study are
very close to those obtained by other researchers, which also revealedthat the present method can be
applied to predict the stability of homogenous slopes.
Keywords : Monte Carlo simulation, safetyfactors,slope stability analysis.

P6-329 Landslides prediction using probabilistic method in Bujumbura Peri-

Urban area
Désiré Kubwimanaa, Lahsen Ait Brahimb, Anicet Sindayiheburaa, Tarik Bahajb
a Department of Earth Sciences, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
b Department of Earth Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
Accurate and detailed multi-temporal inventories of landslides and their process characterization are
crucial for landslide prediction assessment and the implementation of disaster risk reduction strategies.
Such investigations are however rare in many regions of the tropical African highlands such hillslopes of
Bujumbura Peri-Urban Area where landslides research is often at its infancy and not adapted to the
local needs. Here, we produce a comprehensive multi-temporal investigation of the landslide processes in
the hillslopes of Bujumbura. We mapped more than 1,300 landslides by combining careful field
investigation and visual analysis of satellite images, very-high resolution topographic data and
historical aerial photographs. The causes are natural (geomorphology, rapid river incision, geology)
and anthropic (agriculture on slopes, exploitation, quarrying and gullying). More than 20% of the
hillslopes of Bujumbura are affected by landslides. Our results provide a much more accurate record of
the landslide processes and their impacts in the region. Then, a spatial landslide prediction will be
carried out with multi-criteria approaches-based. The results of this research will provide necessary
information for the development of risk and disaster reduction strategies.
Keywords: Landslide, multi-criteria approaches, probabilistic method.
P6-335 The effect of the overestimation of mechanical characteristics on

instabilities: a case study of the Tangier-Kenitra high speed line
Ghizlane Ardouz, Khadija Baba, Latifa El Bouanani and Abderrahman Nounah
GCE Laboratory, High School of Technology-Salé, Mohammed V University in Rabat,
Morocco
The deformation and failure mechanisms on slopes and in particular the excavations, are very complex
and are due to several factors. The main cause of these instabilities is the overestimation of the
mechanical characteristics of the soils constituting the slopes, because of their heterogeneity, which
makes them difficult to be characterized especially when confronted with coarse-grained soils. To study
this type of soil, it is difficult to test a representative volume of material with traditional testing devices.
Therefore, granulometric reconstitution methods are used: The capping method consists in the
elimination of elements of large size, which leads to an underestimation of the geotechnical properties.
The substitution consists of the replacement of the elements whose size exceeds the maximum diameter
authorized by the laboratory tests with other elements of smaller diameter, which tends to overestimate
the mechanical characteristics of soils. The excavation object of this study is situated on the high-speed
line between Kenitra and Tangier, specifically in the rural commune of Hjar Nhal, Tangier-Tetouan-Al
Hoceima region. It extends for an 1170 m length; its maximum height is 62 m at the axis. The soil of the
site is characterized by pelitic formations with the existence of numerous water sources at the base of the
excavation. At the opening of the excavation, we could remark a very strong heterogeneity of the massif,
with a minority of sandstones in discontinuous banks. Also a strong dissymmetry between the West
slope, globally more sandstone, and where no sign of instability has been reported, and the East slope,
globally pelitic, and marked by several slides, and strong fracturing of the massif, clearly visible on the
West slope, where two significant failures put sandstone horizons in contact with pelitic horizons. The
inclinometers installed have also revealed the presence of lustrous interfaces which may contribute to the
initiation of the landslide mechanism: The multiple crossed expertises have advanced the understanding
of the excavation which was subject to several slides. This failure mechanism may be related to several
factors. An unfavorable dipping (at about 3h/1v), also the strong sensitivity of the pelites to the effect of
the decompression of the massif. The presence of discontinuities within the massif encourages water
infiltration, and the presence of sandstone banks, which are permeable discontinuous horizons, which
encourage interstitial over-pressures. These water circulations are probably an important factor in the

initiation of landslides. The diagnosis and the analysis made have shown that these instabilities are
mainly due to the overestimation of the mechanical characteristics of the soils constituting the
excavation.
Keywords : Excavation, landslide, soils, granulometric reconstitution methods.
P6-340 A review of materials and strategies for integrated seismic and

energy retrofit of buildings
Luca Penazzato and Daniel V. Oliveira
ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
Nowadays, the existing building stock is affected by several pathologies requiring proper interventions
and solutions to improve their state and inhabitants‟ living conditions. This is particularly evident in
seismic-prone regions and with the worsening of increasingly extreme climatic conditions. Such issues
concern both the structural safety level of buildings and their energy performance, which together
contribute to the overall sustainability of the construction sector. Indeed, the latter presents a high level
of resource consumption and waste, thus resulting in one of the main contributors to climate change.
Ordinary retrofitting solutions seem unable to address the problem, being mainly based on traditional
techniques and employing non-environmentally friendly materials. However, this provides a great
opportunity to develop innovative and more efficient strategies for an integrated seismic and energy
retrofit, considering the sustainability of such an approach. This paper discusses the solutions proposed
in the literature combining mechanical and thermal refurbishment, analysing their possible benefits and
disadvantages. Furthermore, another crucial parameter taken into account is the environmental impact
of such strategies, related to both their energy efficiency and carbon footprint. There is increasing
attention on the topic and many innovative materials have been investigated for applications aiming at
the integrated retrofit of buildings. Some of them are by-products or come from renewable sources, thus
presenting a good level of sustainability when compared to common materials. Moreover, the combined
approach for seismic and energy renovation results in better optimization both in terms of overall
performance and economic costs with respect to separated and disconnected interventions. However,
such a holistic approach still presents some difficulties to be overcome, thus justifying further research
on the topic, which is one of the main goals of the present study. Final remarks aiming at fostering future
developments on the subject are then reported.
Keywords: Seismic, refurbishment, energy renovation, by-products.
P6-355 A case study of seismic performance of existing buildings in Beirut-

Lebanon
Hussein Mouzanara, Ali Ayouba, Ali Jahamia, Sarah Mahfouzb, Jamal Khatibb and
Mohammed Sonebic
a Faculty of Engineering, Al Maaref University, Beirut, Lebanon
b Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
c School of Natural and Built Environment, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
There has been a little focus on building design subjected to seismic loading in Lebanon. Therefore, the
seismic evaluation for existing buildings subject to strong ground motion should gain major attention.
For this purpose, performance-based design has been used to study the seismic structural performance
of existing reinforced concrete buildings against an earthquake event. This paper presents a case study
on the performance of three existing buildings in Beirut, Lebanon. The buildings were constructed in the
1970s and consisted of 5 to 8 floors. As a first step, a site inspection was carried out on the three

buildings, then a software modeling was applied for each of the three buildings. The gravity loads are
assigned to the structure then a dynamic analysis referred to the response spectrum and time function is
processed after adding the necessary seismic characterization as per ASCE 7-10. The results show that
the three building are in a good condition to resist the gravity and seismic loads.
Keywords: Seismic analysis, performance based design, buildings, reinforced concrete, rehabilitation,
earthquake.
P6-393 Evaluation of the liquefaction potentiel of the alluvial soils of oued

sebou by semi-empirical methods
B. Berkat, A. Akhssas, L. Ouadif and A. Bahi
Laboratory of Applied Geophysics, Engineer's Geology, Geotechnical and Environmental
Sciences, Mohammadia Engineering School, Mohammed V University , Rabat, Morocco
The objective of the research is to ascertain whether the sand, clay, and silt layers in the middle Oued
Sebou alluvial plain of the Mio-Plio-Quaternary Gharb basin have the capacity to liquefy. On the precise
results of cone penetration tests performed between km positions 183+000 and 185+900 on the
Casablanca-Tangier High Speed Line, calculations were made. The alluvial plain is composed of
sandstone, sandy-clay, sandy-silt, and sandy-silt rocks. The Olsen, Juang, and Robertson methodologies
are used to evaluate liquefaction susceptibility. Using the susceptibility to liquefaction determined by
semi-empirical methods, the index of potential liquefaction is derived in this study between KP 183+000
and KP 185+900, at the level of the alluvial plain of Oued Sebou. Furthermore, the silty-sand and silty-
clay formations of boreholes S9, S11, and S12 indicate a considerable chance of liquefaction in contrast to
the silty clays and silty or muddy clays of boreholes S5 and S7, S9, and S11, which have no liquefaction
potential. For drill holes S7, S9, S11, and S12, the likelihood of liquefaction increases with depth until it
becomes inevitable. When the formation is deeper than 22 meters, it becomes more compact, and the risk
of liquefaction decreases because there is no water table. Overall, the slices of sediment indicating a
considerable potential for liquefaction are those at the level of the deposits of the Oued Sebou alluvial
plain and its northern edge on the side of Mnasra.
Keywords: Liquefaction, CPT, Oued Sebou, NCEER, semi-empirical methods, earthquake, cyclic stress,
cyclic strength.
P6-405 Geophysical characterization of shallow subsoil; a case study of a

limestone karst site in the central sahel region of Jorf Lasfar, coastal
Meseta (Morocco)
Issam Mehdi , Ahmed Akhssas
Laboratory of Geotechnics, Geophysics, Engineering Geology and the Environment
(L3GE), Mohammadia School of Engineers, University Med V, Rabat, Morocco
The stability of built structures such as buildings, bridges, roads, dams is one of the most important
aspects in the engineering studies of an infrastructure project. For this purpose, a good geological
knowledge of the site's ground conditions is essential. This study illustrates the contribution of
geosciences applied to development engineering of the project involving a combination of geophysical
and geotechnical tools for the evaluation of the subsurface of a karstic limestone site, the future
foundation of an industrial project. The example presented here, located at Jorf Lasfar in the central
sahel of the Moroccan coastal meseta, shows the role of geophysics and geotechnics in the study of karst
limestone. Indeed, subsurface imaging resulting from the use of electrical tomography exposed
resistivity anomalies related to discontinuities in the bedrock structure of the project, which led to the
consideration of further investigations using direct methods such as mechanical drilling. In this sense,

two-dimensional resistivity imaging, ground conductivity, core drilling and downhole logging were
combined in this site investigation. The results obtained indicate signs of existence of some underground
cavities on several forms and type. The geophysical results served as a guide for subsequent geotechnical
thinking to make decisions regarding design recommendations for the project and its foundations to
ensure stability. In the end, this geophysical information was able to shed light on the secrets of the
terrain in order to obtain a good knowledge of the geological conditions of the subsoil so that the
developer could obtain more visibility and assurance. The Geosciences have proven to be an
indispensable tool in determining the underground conditions at the site and avoiding any likely
hazards.
Keywords: Geophysical characterization,shallow subsoil, geosciences.
P6-437 Traditional sustainable construction in Croatia

Ivana Banjad Pečura, Ivana Carevića, Ţeljko Pavlovićb
a University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Materials, Zagreb,
Croatia
b University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architectural technology
and building science, Zagreb, Croatia
Sustainable construction is a broad term that encompasses a range of activities aimed at improving the
lifetime of building, reducing the consumption of natural resources, reducing the amount of waste,
increasing the use of renewable energy sources, applying the principles of energy efficiency, and
improving the built environment so that it does not negatively impact human health and the ecosystem.
Sustainable construction is a combination of tradition and modern construction knowledge, technologies
and materials. Over time and with the development of new materials and technologies, traditional
construction and architecture have been somewhat neglected and largely abandoned; they were
considered unpopular, not durable, and something that requires a lot of time to maintain and build.
Today, with the development of sustainability consciousness, traditional architecture and practices are
regaining importance. Traditional architecture and practices have always been sustainable and focused
on locally available materials. In Croatia, sustainable construction and materials have been popularized
through a series of on-site workshops, summer camps and festivals as part of the project raSTEMo:
STEM development in the civil society organizations with special attention to children, youth and
women. This study shows two different approaches to popularizing the use of traditional earth
materials, depending on the target group. In the Karast area, in the Adriatic zone of Croatia, stone is
traditionally used as a construction material. As part of an innovation camp for women, the restoration
of a Dalmatian stone house from the 16th century was shown. In terms of Croatian cultural heritage, the
construction-technological approach for a complete renovation is shown, along with some challenges:
the inaccessibility of the site, the steep configuration of the terrain, the changing and often extreme
climatic conditions, and the increasing scarcity of traditional knowledge and skills. For children and
young people, the Mud Academy presented traditional materials and technologies from the eastern part
of Croatia (Slavonija, Baranja), where participants could actively try to revive old techniques. Sun-dried
bricks (known in Croatia as čerpići) were made by mixing clay, water and straw or chaff (leftover
wheat), which were packed into individual wooden moulds to dry in the sun for a few days.
Keywords:Sustainable construction, stone, cultural heritage, clay.
P6-443 New diagnostic methods for the restoration of historic buildings

Sanaa El Malhi a, Latifa Ouadif a and Driss Elhachmi b,c
a L3GIE Mohammadia Engineering School Mohammed V University in Rabat Morocco
b EMM Faculty of science Mohammed V University in Rabat Morocco
c MSME Faculty of science Mohammed V University in Rabat Morocco
In order to protect the cultural, historical and architectural heritage for future generations, several

researches have been carried out to develop new methods of restoration. The latter refers to all work
intended to maintain a damaged or deteriorated building and extend its life. Unfortunately, the
pathologies persist and worsen due to inadequate interventions and the use of incompatible material
with the authentic and historical buildings. One obvious reason is the poor diagnosis which is a crucial
step that allows recognizing the monument, its pathologies, and its materials as well as proposing
suitable methods of restoration. The classical methods of diagnosis are based on visual observation,
accompanied by a survey of pathologies and non-destructive tests carried out in situ to evaluate the state
of the structural elements of the structure. The objective of this study, however, is to define and enhance
the techniques of modeling information on historic buildings to support the diagnosis phase and to study
the impact on the conduct and quality of the restoration work. The integration of these new technologies
is fundamental for the development of HBIM as laser scanning and photogrammetry. This technique
allows developing an HBIM model by generating a mesh from 3D point clouds. The final result is a
database containing more information that could be used to extract the current damage of the historic
building and hence choose effective and convenient restoration techniques.
Keywords : Diagnosis, Restoration, Pathologies, Techniques, Modeling, HBIM.
P6-452 Degradations analysis and prediction methods of the mechanical

behavior of masonry structures in the archaeological site Volubilis
(Morocco)
Mohamed Sekkakia, Ali Chaabaa, Issam Aalila
aDept. of Civil Engineering, National Higher School of Engineering (ENSAM), Moulay
Ismail University,Meknès, Morocco
The archaeological site of Volubilis is located in Morocco, 30 km from the city of Meknes and 60 km from
the city of Fez. It is one of the most preserved sites of a large Roman city registered in the UNESCO world
heritage list. This site is composed of several historical monuments, most of which are built in masonry.
These structures are composed of blocks of stones bound or not with mortar. These components have
different physical and mechanical characteristics, which makes understanding the mechanical behavior,
mainly the mode of failure and damage and the bearing capacity of these structures, a complex task due
to their anisotropic, heterogeneous, and composite nature.The constructions built on the site Volubilis
have experienced deterioration and intense degradation over time, affecting their structures due to
several factors. This makes the protection and conservation of these structures paramount. The present
study aims firstly to classify the types of degradations observed at the level of the existing masonry
structures in the Volubilis site by giving explanations, interpretations as well as the causes of these
degradations; secondly, to explain the various analytical, empirical and numerical approaches usually
adopted to predict the mechanical behavior of these masonry structures and more precisely their modes of
failure, their zones of weakness as well as their bearing capacities. The analytical and empirical
approaches presented in the literature only allow us to estimate the compressive strength of these
masonry structures, which have a specific geometry. In contrast, the numerical approaches will enable us
to highlight the causes of degradation and predict the modes of failure and damage of these masonry
structures. Three modeling techniques are used in the numerical approach: detailed micromodeling
(DMM), simplified micromodeling (SMM), and Macromodeling (MM), based on the finite element method.
These techniques differ from each other in their degree of accuracy.
Keywords: Volubilis, masonry, degradations analysis, mechanical behavior, prediction methods
Corresponding author:[email protected]

P6-454 detecting of pitting corrosion in rebars in reinforced concrete beams

using the finite element method
Fatima Elmennaouy, Ouadia Mouhat
Laboratory of civil engineering and environment Mohammadia engineering school,
Mohammed VUniversity, Rabat Morocco
Reinforced concrete structures exposed to aggressive environments undergo degradation that

affectstheir integrity and disrupts the stability of the structure after some time. This is why we
areinterested in the non-destructive testing of reinforced concrete structure. Non-destructive
testingofcorroded rebar is an urgent problem to be solved for corroded reinforced concrete
structures.The purpose of this study is to develop a non-destructive estimation technique using the
finitemethod and Lamb wave scattering for the identification and determination of localized damage
inthe reinforced concrete elements.The corrosion simulation is done in a tensile bar, and leaving the rest
of the reinforcing rebarsuntouched, and keeping all other parameters of concrete unchanged. a
comparison of behavior ofthe wave in the reinforced concrete beam with a holy bar and other module
with corrodedbars. Thismethod will provide an innovative solution for the non-destructive testing of
reinforcementcorrosion in in the field of building and construction, hence proposing solutions for
thereinforcement of structures attacked by corrosion.The findings of this study could be applied to
identify the location of reinforcement corrosion inreinforced concrete structures.
Keywords : reinforced concrete structure, Non-destructive evaluation, rebar, corrosion
P6-481 Stability of shallow sub-surface cavities under surface loading using

granular media through model testing
Umair Alia,b
a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
b Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd
University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Underground cavities are one of the commonly occurring natural geotechnical engineeringphenomenon.
The collapse of underground cavities initiates the cave-in incidents and thousands ofcases are reported
every year damaging the infrastructures and causing casualties as well. Cavitiesat shallow depths are
critical that can cause acute damage to the surface infrastructure, which inmost cases are the highways
and the roads with traffic loadings. The root cause of the cavityinitiation at shallow depths is the defect
in the buried structures like box girders, sewer pipes ormain water supply lines. The cavities remain
stable until the soil arching and the capillary forces inthe unsaturated media can collectively resist the
pressure of overburden soil. The stability of theshallow cavities is of concern when it lies beneath the
heavy traffic loads of the highways. In thisstudy, a special model test equipment was prepared, having a
soil chamber, water level indicatorand a base box with a slit opening to induce a cavity in the soil above.
Model tests were performedusing granular media consisting of spherical and non-spherical (clumped
and deformed) glassparticles under unsaturated conditions to form a stable shallow cavity. To
investigate the effect ofsurface roughness, spherical and clumped particles were tested with smooth and
rough surfaces.The resultant cavity was tested with surface loading using surface plates of different
widths andhaving variable loadings rates. It was found that particle shape has significant effect when
surface
loading is applied on the stable cavity. Non-spherical particles showed larger peak resistance tosurface
loading compared to the spherical particles, both having equivalent mean particle size.Loading rate was
found to be effective for the cases with unsaturated conditions; however, for drysamples, loading rate
was found to have insignificant effects on surface loading. Peak stress in thecavity surface loading tests
was observed to be independent of the loading plate width.
Keywords : Shallow sub-surface cavities, Model tests, granular media, surface roughness.

P6-498 Qualitative and quantitative evaluation using semi-empirical methods

(SPT and VS) of the liquefaction potential of an area of the city of Al
Hoceima in northern Morocco
Mohamed Bziaza, Lahcen Bahia, Latifa Ouadifa, Tlidi Younessa, Anas Bahia, Hamou
Mansourb, Abdelhalim Douiric, Mimoun Abbachb
a 3GIELaboratory, Mohammadia Engineering School, Mohammed V University in Rabat,
Rabat, Moroccoo
c Urban Agency of Al Hoceima, Morocco
During earthquakes, the shear strength and bearing capacity of saturated sandy soils in an initial loose
state decrease; this is related to an increase in pore pressure. In the ultimate state, the pore pressure
becomes equal to the initial effective stress, at which point the material loses all its strength and
liquefaction occurs. Assessing the liquefaction potential of soils is an important and difficult issue in
many geotechnical fields of earthquake-prone regions. Thus, the prediction of the liquefaction potential
is an important step to reduce the seismic risk. Several methods have been developed for the evaluation
of the liquefaction potential, the most widely used is that based on the results of in-situ tests proposed by
Seed and Idriss (1971) and then developed by several authors on the basis of others in situ and laboratory
tests. In January 1996, a workshop on liquefaction issues was organized by NCEER (National Center for
Earthquake Engineering Research); the recommendations of this workshop are analyzed by Youd et al.
(2001). The results of these methods mainly depend on the geotechnical parameter to be investigated, the
nature of the soil and the quality of the test.This article presents a comparative study of the methods for
evaluating the liquefaction potential from the experimental results of the SPT and VS in situ tests,
applied to a seismic zone in northern Morocco in order to determine its liquefaction potential and to
suggest the type of suitable soil reinforcement. The identification of the material in place shows that the
soil formations of this area are characterized by the existence of layers of sand over several meters,
which suggests the possibility of liquefaction. The analysis of the results of the safety factors calculated
by the two analytical methods using the SPT and VS tests also shows that the materials in this zone are
liquefiable. In conclusion, the treatment of this zone is imminent to eliminate the seismic risk and that the
appropriate method, given the granulometric characteristics of the materials, is reinforcement by stone
columns.
Keywords: Earthquake, liquefaction, SPT, CPT, potential, stress, pore pressures.
P6-502 The effect of EICP stabilisation on the hygro-mechanical properties of

a compacted silty clay for earth building
A. Cuccurulloa, P. Gerarda, A. Saifb, C. Perlotc,d and D. Gallipolie
a Laboratoire BATir, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
b University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria
c Laboratoire SIAME, Université de Pau et des Pays de l‟Adour, France
d Institut Universitairé de France, France
eDipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di
Genova, Italy
In recent years, geotechnical researchers have investigated the dependency of the hydro-mechanical
properties of earthen materials on suction, water content and relative humidity. Previous research has
highlighted that earthen materials become stiffer, stronger and less permeable as suction increases and
saturation decreases. However, stabilisation is often necessary to improve the stiffness, strength and
durability of earthen materials. Enzymatic induced calcite precipitation (EICP) is a stabilisation
technique that has recently gained prominence. EICP exploits the action of the urease enzyme to catalyze
the hydrolysis of urea and to produce carbonate ions, which then react with calcium ions inside the pore
water to cause precipitation of calcium carbonate (i.e. calcite). The precipitated mineral bonds particles

together, thus improving the hydro-mechanical characteristics of the soil. Whereas soil water suction is a
key factor controlling soil hydraulic and mechanical behaviour, it is not yet clear the effect that calcite
precipitation would have on the unsaturated soil mechanical behaviour. The present paper investigates
then the effect of EICP stabilisation on the mechanical behaviour of EICP stabilised earth material
equalised at different degrees of saturation. Proctor compacted cylindrical samples were manufactured
by using a cementing solution composed of liquid soybeans extract (urease source) inside which urea and
calcium chloride are dissolved. The amount of cementing solution is equal to the standard Proctor
optimum water content. After compaction, the samples were equalised at different humidity levels inside
a climatic chamber. Equalised samples were then subjected to triaxial compression under different levels
of radial stress of 0, 300 and 600 kPa to investigate the influence of lateral confinement on the
mechanical response of the material inside building walls. The definition of the material stiffness and
strength envelopes at different levels of ambient humidity have confirmed that consistently with previous
research, strength and stiffness increase as ambient humidity reduces and degree of saturation
decreases. The comparison with results from unstabilised samples has further helped to clarify the soil
water retention changes attributed to the change in precipitation of calcite crystals.
Keywords:Enzymatic induced calcite precipitation (EICP), urease, stiffness.
P6-503 Role of soil suction on coastal landslides in the Basque Country France
A. Cuccurulloa, L. Guillenb, Y. Thieryb, C. Garnierb, C. Perlotc,d, A.W. Brunoe and D.
Gallipolie
a Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratoire BATir, Belgium
b BRGM, Unité Risque des Instabilités Gravitaires et Erosion des versants, France
c Université de Pau et des Pays de l‟Adour, Laboratoire SIAME, France
d Institut Universitairé de France, France

e Università degli Studi di Genova, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica e
Ambientale, Italy
The stability of unsaturated soil slopes relies partly on the cohesive component of strength generated by
capillary bonds inside the pores that are filled by both tensile water and atmospheric air. This capillary
cohesion is, however, not a permanent feature and can suddenly vanish if the degree of water saturation
increases due to rainfall infiltration, thus leading to catastrophic failures. In this paper, the effect of
unsaturated soils suction on slope stability is discussed from basic Mohr-Coulombs shear strength model.
The site of investigation is the coastal cliff at the Bidart site in the Basque Country (France) which height
reaches over 70 meters and highlights high variability of instabilities, mobilising both loose weathered
deposits and rocky materials. Cylindrical samples (50 mm diameter and 100 mm height) were
remoulded from soil retrieved directly from the investigation site. The dry density of the remoulded
samples is the one representative of the landslide site. The manufactured samples were then equalised at
different levels of relative humidity corresponding to different degrees of saturation by means of
saturated salts solutions. The equalised samples were then subjected to triaxial compression under
different levels of radial stress (100, 200, 400 and 600 kPa) to investigate the influence of lateral
confinement on the mechanical response. The results enabled the definition of the material stiffness and
strength envelopes at different levels of ambient humidity and finally the definition of the Soil Water
Retention Curve (SWRC). The results from this research contribute to understand the effect of suction,
water content and relative humidity on the evolution of the shear strength and factor of safety of the
slope.
Keywords:Soil, material stiffness, humidity, slope.

P6-504 Evaluation of ground movement hazard: proposed cartographic

approach for movement hazard assessment
Mohamed Rfifi , Tarik Bahaj and Lahsen Ait Brahim
L-G2E Laboratory, Department Geology, Facultyof Sciences, Mohammed V University,
Rabat, Morocco
In Morocco, in the context of establishment of maps suitability for urbanization, the landslide hazard
assessment generally follows two methods: empirical approach based on a direct geomorphological
study for the areas of interest on a very large scale; method based on statistical/Probabilistic data. A
part from the availability of the database, the results are closely dependent on the quality/scale of the
data, the data exploitation of the hazards historic, the cost of producing geographic information
(topographic, geological, lithological, seismic, hydrographic, etc.) and the correct choice of the expertise
method. In order to unify the approaches that are used in Morocco and in order to reduce the landslide
hazard assessment uncertainties, a complementary approach has been developed and applied to the
scale of AL HOCEIMA region, which is a very affected by the ground instability. In the context of this
article, a summary of the proposed cartographic approach is drawn, then an analytical study will be
presented in order to establish a basis for comparison with other evaluation approaches.
Keywords : Ground movement hazard, cartographic approach, AL HOCEIMA region.
P6-505 Deterministic study of a rotational landslide at the Taria locality,

Souk El Quola region, northern Rif
El Ikram Hamdouni , Abderahman Elmahsani, Tarik Bahaj And Lahsen Ait Brahim
L-G2E Laboratory, Department geoloy, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University,
Rabat, Morocco
The region of Souk El Quola represents the area most affected by landslide in the province of Larache. It
is a very rugged mountainous area, located in the domain of the external rif with very contrasting
lithology including the Tangier unit, characterized by a marl-limestone facies of mediocre geotechnical
quality, surmounted by the sandstone layer of the Numidian flysch with facies. Due to these natural
conditions, the slopes in the region are often exposed to disastrous landslides during rainy periods. In
order to understand the mechanisms of activation of ground instabilities in this region, we mapped 95
cases of landslide. In this work, we will present a deep rotational slip at the Taria locality, displacing
large masses of marly materials rich in highly inflatable clay. The deterministic analysis of the landslide
of "Taria" allowed us to distinguish passive or inherited factors (predictive factors), which increase the
occurrence of the slope to respond to the actions of external agents. According to the results obtained, we
found that the lithology, the fracturing and the degree of slope, are the main factors that make the region
a place very susceptible to the triggering of the landslide. Under the action of active factors or triggers
(precipitation, anthropogenic action, etc.), the internal structures and formations of the slope are
destabilized, which causes the reactivation of the landslide. Thus, under the action of water, the
mechanical deformation of the clays which form the dominant fraction of the geological formations of
the slope is the main cause of its periodic reactivation. Formations rich in clays are generally
impermeable to water. However, the structural arrangement and the human intervention amplify the
density of the zones of weakness which allow the imbibition in depth of the marls, which plays the role of
a skilful layer on which slides a large mass of the altered soil. The physical model used in the case of the
Taria landslide truly takes into account the geological and mechanical processes of the slopes. This
model then appears more practical for estimating the real stability of slopes and reveals the influence of
factors on the location of slope movements. This study offers a real vision on the extent of the slippery
mass, on the conditioning factors and on the surface of the slippage, which facilitates decision-making
during any intervention.
Keywords:Rotational landslide, slope, physical model, stability.

P6-506 Landslide susceptibility assessment in Tangier-Asilah prefecture,

Morocco: Comparison of weight of evidence and logistic regression
Mahfoud Bousta, Tarik Bahaj And Lahsen Ait Brahim
Rabat, Morocco
As one of Morocco's most significant economic hubs, Tangier is experiencing rapid growth and has had a
significant urban expansion since the turn of the millennium. Landslides in particular pose one of the
biggest challenges to this growth. Hence, the need for a trustworthy landslide susceptibility zoning
method. Many statistical data-driven approaches have been employed internationally, but the choice
amongst them is not evident. We next compared the Weight of Evidence (WofE) and the Logistic
Regression (LR), two of the most popular bivariate and multivariate statistical approaches, respectively.
We used only recent and verified raw data to get the best results. Consequently, the elements were added
to and/or finished from official and scholarly papers. We next compared the Weight of Evidence (WofE)
and the Logistic Regression (LR), two of the most popular bivariate and multivariate statistical
approaches, respectively. We took care to use only recent and verified raw data to get the best results. As
a consequence, the elements were identified from official and scholarly papers and then supplemented
and/or completed by the outcomes of satellite data processing. We mapped 505 current landslides
between 2001 and 2021, in addition to a historical inventory of 327 occurrences that were digitized from
records accessible. Only 25% of the most recent landslides were chosen at random to serve as training
points, with the remaining 75% being utilized to verify the findings. To get more realistic findings, the
25% landslides were arbitrarily decreased to only 21% by choosing one landslide each pixel. We select the
threshold breaks based on the detailed rate curve in order to reduce the inaccuracies often caused by
incorrect zoning categorization. Success and prediction rate curves and the Receiver Operating
Characteristic ROC were made for the two methods that showed sufficient results with prediction
accuracy of 84.10% for WofE and 86.10% for LR.
Keywords:Landslide susceptibility, Weight of Evidence (WofE), Logistic Regression (LR).
Correspondence Author: [email protected]
P6-507 Importance of the building materials parameter in the study of the

vulnerability of buildings in the city of Rabat (Morocco)
Abderahman Elmahsani, Mahfoud Bousta, Tarik Bahaj And Lahsen Ait Brahim
Rabat, Morocco
The aim of our research was to develop a new local micro-zoning based on the typology associated with
building materials (crushed stone, clay, masonry, precast, reinforced concrete) to better estimate seismic
hazard, and aggravating factors. These factors are related to the configuration of the building (state of
preservation, number of floors, irregularities in plan and elevation) and its location (in the center, at the
corner, at the head of the block, at the height difference from adjacent buildings). The Rabat area spans 3
structural units: 1) the Rif area and the Rharb basin, with moderate seismicity (6 to 6.3 magnitude); 2)
the northern central plateau and coastal borders of low seismicity (June 28, 2001 earthquake, M =4.8 to
5). 3); the Atlantic region (to the west) and the Gorringe Bank belt, which caused the destructive
earthquakes of November 11, 1755 (M=9) and February 28, 1969 (M=7.3), and the Guadalquivir
Earthquakes greater than magnitude 6 were produced, such as the March 15, 1964 earthquake (M=6.2).
The events of January 11, 1755 (M=9) had a devastating impact (human and material) on cities on the
Atlantic coast of Morocco, including Rabat. This demonstrates the seismic vulnerability of the area, and
since then (especially in the 20th and 21st centuries) residential, administrative, healthcare, education,
sports (due to demographics) and industrial areas have expanded significantly. Assess the seismic
susceptibility of buildings using satellite imagery (HR), available development plans and our site
inspections. This allows the analysis of the mechanical and architectural properties of the building.

Geological data enable the creation of homogeneous facies maps (sands, clay-sandy silts, dune
sandstones and conglomerates, calcareous rocks and marls). From the technical data, 3 site categories
(rocky soil = S1, solid soil = S2 and loose soil = S3) can be identified for estimating site effects. Compare
the natural frequency of the floor with that of different types of buildings built on top to make sure they
are different to avoid very damaging resonance phenomena. As a result, a seismic vulnerability map of
the city of Rabat has been created with values of the vulnerability index that range from 0.2 to 0.9, the
objective of this map is to ensure safety (by decreasing the vulnerability of buildings) in the event of a
earthquake, to avoid serious structural damage and the loss of life that would result from it. The findings
have significant value for any urban development project in the city of Rabat. They aim to reduce the
seismic vulnerability of buildings in the city.
Keywords:Local micro-zoning, building materials, seismic vulnerability.
P6-540 Combining non-destructive methods with new multi-objective

optimization to assess the compressive strength of concrete
Bouchra Kouddanea,b, Mehdi Sbartaïa, Sidi Mohammed Elachachia, Nouzha Lamdouarb,
Toufik Cherradib
a I2M, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
b EMI, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morrocco
The concrete compressive strength is one of the most important parameters in the evaluation of the
mechanical performance of reinforced concrete structures. The recent methodology for the evaluation of
concrete strength in an existing structure combines Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) measurements, such
as Rebound Hammer measurement and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity measurement, with destructive
measurements (sampling) in order to develop a conversion model, between the mechanical strength and
the non-destructive measurements. The conversion model is then used to estimate the local value of
strength at each location of the non-destructive measurements and thus to represent the spatial
variability.The advances of this studyare mainly concerned with the analysis and comparison of the
estimation capacity of the conversion model identification approaches, concerning the evaluation of the
mean strength and the variability of the concrete in the case of combining NDT methods. Since the
proposed bi-objective approach gives encouraging results for evaluating the mean and strength
variability in the case of a single measurement technique, our main prospect is to develop a similar
approach applicable for the case of combined measurement techniques, in order to further improve the
quality of the evaluation.The goal of this study is to propose a new methodology based on multi-objective
optimization to predict the compressive strength of concrete and its variability based on NDT
measurements, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to check the goodness of the evaluation with
the SonReb standard procedure. To this end, a large experimental and synthetic database of destructive
and non-destructive tests was used. The conclusions drawn from the synthetic data will be compared
with the results obtained on the real database in order to test the potential of the proposed methodology.
This study shows the principle of the methodology and the first results of its effectiveness in predicting
compressive strength and its variability.
Keywords : Non-destructive methods, compressive strength of concrete.
P6-563 Engineering properties of sand-silt-clay mixtures for subgrade

applications
Mubashir Aziza, b
a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
b Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction andBuilding Materials (IRC-CBM),

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
The use of non-plastic soils to improve the mechanical performance of natural clays provides aviable
alternative for civil infrastructure construction involving earthwork. The main objective ofthis
experimental research work was to propose a suitable, economical and cost-effectivestabilization method
to improve the strength and deformation characteristics of a high plastic clayusing natural soils (silt and
sand). Locally available silt and sand were mixed with the clayey soil inincreasing percentage from 0 to
50 and over which Atterberg‟s limits, compaction, unconfinedcompression, and consolidation tests were
performed. Empirical models have been developed toassess the strength and deformation characteristics
of sand-silt-clay mixtures. Optimum values forshear strength and settlement criteria have also been
established for the soil mixtures to be used asimproved material for earthwork, pavement subgrade or
under building foundations.
Keywords : Non-plastic soils, mechanical performance, natural clays, earthwork.
P6-564 Effect of date palm fibre treatments on the interface mechanical

behavior fiber-stabilized earth
Fouchal Faziab, Mahi Abdelhaka And Hamouine Abdelmadjida
a LMS Lab, University of Tahri Mohammed Bechar, Algeria
b GC2D Lab, University of Limoges, France
This article presents the results of an experimental study on the mechanical behavior of stabilizedearth
blocks (SEB) and the interface behavior between the plant fibers of the date palm and theblock of (SEB).
The SEB was stabilized with white cement, lime and white cement-lime mixture.To evaluate the interface
behavior and the adhesion between the fibre and the matrix, pullout testswere performed on a single
palm fibre anchored in different variants of SEB. To understand themechanical behavior of (SEB),
compression and tensile tests were carried out on the different variants of (SEB). It was found that the
best performance in terms ofresistance to the pull-out forcewas observed in the case of palm fibres
treated by autoclave embedded in an earth matrix stabilizedby white cement. For compressive and
tensile strength, it was found that thebest result was foundin the case of SEB blocks stabilized with white
cement and reinforced with untreated date palmfibres. On the other hand, for the tensile strength, the
best result was observed in the case of SEBblocks stabilized by white cement and reinforced by fibres
treated byautoclave. It was alsoobserved that the presence of lime has a negative effect on the resistance.
Keywords: Stabilized earth blocks (SEB), date palm fibres, interface, pull-out test, compression, traction.
P6-581 Non-linearStatic Behavior of Simply Supported and Clamped -

Clamped BeamsSubjected to a Concentrated Load
H. Moulay Abdelali and R. Benamar
Mohammed V University in Rabat, Ecole Mohammadia d‟Ingénieurs, LERSIM, Avenue
Ibn Sina B.P 765, Agdal, Rabat 10090, Morocco
A method for calculating numerically the static response at large deflections of simply supported and
clamped-clamped beams carrying concentrated loads located at different points of the beam span is
presented. The numerical results obtained are compared to those available in the literature. First, the
beam transverse displacement is expanded in the form of a finite series of functions. Then, the non-linear
deformation energy is expressed by taking into account the non-linear terms due to the axial strains
induced by the large displacements. A set of non-linear algebraic equations is determined through
Hamilton‟s principle. The model included only the transverse displacement W and its derivatives in the
non-linear strain energy expressions, and reduced the non-linear problem to numerical solution of a set
of few non-linear algebraic equations. Simple expressions have been derived as easy tools to use for
analytical or engineering purposes, allowing direct calculation of the linear and non-linear deflections of
the beams considered. Curves presenting the large displacement static deflections of simply supported
and clamped beamsforvarious concentrated loadlevels applied at different locations of the span of the
beam were plotted, and comparisons between linear and non-linear response were made. The results
obtained in the linear case are in a good agreement with the classical values of the linear deflection of

beams. Also, a good agreement was noticed via comparison with the large deflection response of simply
supported beams. The comparison curves between the linear and non-linear response presented showed
a hardening non-linearity and a nonlinear increasein the deflection with the values of the applied forces.
Linear and Non-linear results showed a very good agreement with those found in the literature.
P6-584 Behaviour of masonry walls reinforced by FRPs

Azzeddine Bouyahyaoui , Sanaa Elmalyh, and Taoufik Cherradi
Mohammadia School of Engineers, University of Mohammed V, Dept. of Civil
Engineering, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
The damage caused by the earthquakes showed the vulnerability of masonry structures to seismic loads. The failure
of a structural element produces a load transmission problem. Faced with this problem solutions of
reinforcement or repairing were studied by several research to improve the resistance of the damaged
elements to increase their stability. Reinforcing a structure consists in improving the mechanical
characteristics of the differentelements that compose it. Choosing the accurate FRP configuration to
reinforce masonry walls increase the adhesion between the FRP and the wall subjected to the diagonal
compression. The reinforcement system performance is mainly related to the quality of the bond between
the composite material and the masonry substrate. The assessment of the bond quality is important and
allows measurement of the tensile adhesion of FRP composites
Corresponding author: [email protected],

Index Authors
Asensio E. O6-82
Aachari A. P5-408
Aalil I. O6-457 O6-583 P6-452
Aaya H. P6-320
Abadi S. P4-270
Abalouch I. O6-501
Abdallah R. O1-71 O1-263
Abdalqader A. O1-26 P1-25
Abddaim E. O1-397
Abdellah Z. P5-225
Abdelouahdi K. P5-93
Abdennouri M. P5-186
Abderafi S. P5-467
Abed M. O1-382
Abid W. P5-508
Abiodun Y. O. P6-283
Abobakr H. P5-310
Abouelfida A. P4-162 P4-170 P4-440
Aboufaris El Alaoui S. M. P4-585
Abou-Nouh F. O1-468
Absi R. O6-271 P6-271
Abu Bakr M. P1-379
Abu Hanieh A. O6-53
Achenbach R. O5-316 O5-315
Adesina A. P1-565
Adly S. P1-592
Afaf Moufaddela P2-133
Afraitane H. O1-468
Agliz D. O6-92 P5-150
Agnaou A. P4-322
Agourrame H. O1-229 P1-227
Agzenai Ben Salem Y. O4-210 O4-208
Ahatri M. P6-128 P6-114 P6-323
Ahmad Zia G. O5-195
Loukili A. O5-142
Ahraifou K. P4-369 P4-370
Ainali N. M. P3-535
Ait Ahsaine H. P1-446 P4-420 P4-423
Ait baha A. P4-170 P4-440
Ait Brahim L. P6-329 P6-504 P6-505 P6-506 P6-507
Ait Hana N. P4-270
Ait Karra A. P4-162
Ait Laasri E. O6-92

Ait Laasri I. O5-152 P5-152

Ait Nouh F. O5-388
Aitbella H. P3-463
Ait-karra A. P4-170 P4-440
Aityoub A. P4-162
Ajaâmoum M. P5-444
Ajayan A. P4-302
Ajebli S. P5-94
Akanksha P. P2-213
Akhssas A. O6-405 P6-393 P6-405
Akindahunsi A. O1-521
Akinniyi N. M. O1-36
Akipek F. O1-35
Akkouri N. O1-124 O2-131 O5-225 P1-124
Akouibaa M. P4-353
Akturk B. O1-35
Al Habsi A. O1-259
Al Haffar N. O6-427
Al Ibrahim E. M. P5-207
Alagui A. P1-173
Alami M. P2-383
Alaoui El Belghiti M. P5-235
Alehyen I. P1-308
Alehyen S. O2-495 P1-351 P5-240 P5-243
Alenka M. P. O3-109
Alga M. P5-150
Al-Hattab M. P5-392
Ali Boukhari P1-112
Al-Jabri K. O1-259
Allam H. O1-196 O6-193
Allou F. O2-116
Alloun F. P5-429 P5-432
Almaggoussi A. P4-440
Alonso A. O5-101
Al-Owaisi M. O1-34
Althoey F. P1-73
Amario M. O1-117 P1-117
Amato G. O1-145
Amey Abraham Er. P6-47
Amiri O. O5-180
Ammar A. P4-322 P5-150
Ammar E. P5-508
Ammar Y. O6-119
Amrani M. O6-330 O6-331
Amstrong L. O5-28 O5-449
Ana B. O3-109

Anasser I. P1-165 P4-251

Anatoliy S. P4-413
Andreas Burkert O5-303
Angst U. O5-378
Annaba Kh. P1-438
Ansaa-Asare_R. J. O6-102
Aouad H. P1-165
Aouan B. P5-240 P5-243 P5-336
Aouraghe H. O2-125 P2-125
Aqil M. P5-310 P5-310
Arab M. P4-423
Aramburo C. O1-349
Aras-Gaudry A. O6-166
Ardouz G. P6-305 P6-335
Aride J. O1-333 O1-334 P1-333 P1-334 P4-266
P4-270
Arief Pratama U. O2-483
Arigue B. P5-291
Arleo L. O6-76
Arrien P. P3-134
Arsalane S. P1-419
Artiolib G. O1-22
Ashour A. O1-96
Ashraf W. P1-377
Aspiotis K. P1-130
Assani A. P1-333 P1-334 P4-369 P4-370 P4-371
P4-372 P4-374 P4-420 P5-359 P5-429
P5-430 P5-432
Assani J. O1-333 O1-334
Assouag M. P2-383
Athanasopoulos N. P2-493
Atmani A. O6-92
Ávila F. O6-80
Aydin B. O5-120
Ayoub A. P6-355
Ayoub S. P4-100
Azenha M. O6-54
Aziz A. P1-376
Aziz Hasan Mahmood O1-178
Azizi Kh. P1-161
Azizi K. O1-161
Azzouzi S. P5-368
B. Makhaly P6-137
B. Manoun O5-453 P1-491 P3-469 P3-496
Baba K. O1-124 O2-55 O2-131 O2-224 O3-111

O3-147 O3--238 O5-279 O6-114 O6-128
O6-293 P5-279 P5-289 P5-292 P6-305

P6-323 P6-324 P6-335 P3-147 P6-110
P1-124 P2-224 P3-111 P6-293 P6-128
P6-114 P6-122
Babafemi A. J. O1-358
Bahaj T. P6-329 P6-504 P6-505 P6-506 P6-507
Bahani N. P5-467
Bahhou A. O1-98 O5-98
Bahi A O6-339 O6-347 O6-330 O6-331 P6-393
P6-498 O6-126 O6-330 O6-331 O6-339
O6-347 P5-310
Bahi L. O6-126 O6-330 O6-331 O6-339 O6-347
Balil J. O6-92
Bahlaoui A. P3-448
Bahmad L. P5-146
Bahrar B. P5-428
Baki Borno I. P1-377
Balil J. O6-92
Balli M. P2-399 O2-395
Banaou Djibo K. P1-212
Banjad Pečur I. P3-532
Barbarulo R. P1-591
Barbosa Soares J. O2-559 P2-42
Barka N. P5-184 P5-186 P5-264
Barkatou M. P1-592
Barluenga G. O1-24
Barmpa E. P3-381
Barontini A. O6-295
Barzali O. O4-231 P4-231
Bashir S. P1-471
Bassam R. P5-288
Batool F. O1-455
Bayer P. O1-390 P1-387
Beaucour A.L. O1-71 O1-263 O6-107
Bediako M. O1-521
Belaaouad S. P4-100 P5-288
Belghazdis M. O1-287 O3-290 P3-290
Belhachem L. P3-463
Belhaj H. O4-206 P4-206
Belhaj T. O5-60
Belhouideg S. P1-486
Belkacem A. O1-230 P1-230

Bellaouchou A. P5-574 P5-94

Bellomo M. P3-141
Bellotto M. O1-22
Beltrame F. R. P6-200
Ben Ali A. O4-231 P1-446 P4-231
Ben Ali M. P1-343 P5-236
Ben Charhi O. O2-55
Ben Ouakkass M. O6-126
Ben Zineb T. O2-395 P2-399
Benaboud S. O2-116
Benaicha M. O1-312
Benamar R. P6-581
Bencheikh D. P5-291
Bendeif E. E. P4-497
Bendimerad A. Z. O5-142
Ben-Haha M. O1-58
Benhamou B. O5-388
Benhouria Y. P5-154
Benjelloun M. P1-460.
Benkhouja K. P4-270
Benkmil R. P5-310 P5-310
Benouis A. O1-220
Benqlilou H. O5-21 O5-60
Benradi F. P5-298 P5-368 P5-408 P5-456
Bensalah M. O. P5-310
Benyachou B. P5-428 P5-431
Benzaazoua M. O1-98 O1-308 O5-98 O6-67 P1-72
P1-308
Benzakour J. P4-170 P4-440
Benzaouak A. P1-446 P5-236 P5-309
Bergamonti L. O2-156
Bergmann A. C. P1-118
Berisha A. P5-94
Berkat B. P6-393
Berrahou S. P4-176 P5-177 P5-179 P5-182 P5-185
Bessaies-Bey H. O1-365
Bhagat S. R. P3-61
Bignozzi M. C. O2-144 P1-192
Bih L. P1-189 P5-77
Bikiaris D. N. P2-493 P2-515 P3-381 P3-527 P3-535
P2-391
Binde J. O3-78
Bipina T.V. O1-85 P1-85
Bita H. O6-441
Blachopoulos A. P2-493
Bonoli A. O2-144

Boon N. O1-385
Boonchan A. O5-568
Boonchan Y. O5-568
Bortolotti V. O1-58
Bouajaj A. O6-328 P6-328
Bouchehma A. P1-494 P1-460 P1-486 P3-448
Bouchenafa O. O1-484
Boudad L. O5-276 P1-351 P5-276 P5-336 P5-342
Boudenne A. O1-196
Bouferra R. P1-460. P1-486
Boughaleb Y. O4-172 P4-172
Boukhari A. O1-333 O1-334 P1-81 P1-333 P1-334
P4-266
Boukhattem L. O1-397 O5-388 O6-501
Boukhriss A. O3-190 P3-190
Boukra A. P5-185 P4-176 P5-177 P5-179 P5-182
Boukra O. P4-176 P5-177 P5-179 P5-182 P5-185
Boulaid G. O6-126
Boumezerane D. O2-560
Bourges A. O6-366
Bourzik O. O1-124 O2-131 O3-147 O3--238 P1-124
P3-147
Bousta M. P6-506 P6-507
Boutakiout A. P5-235 P5-411
Bouyahyaoui A. P6-584
Bouyarmane H. P5-537
Bouzouidja R. P1-422
Branka M. O3-109
Bricout H. P2-461
Brunin M. O1-385
Bruno A. W. P6-503
Bunjevac-Turalija R. P3-532
Bušić R. O5-278
Buswell R. O1-433
Butakam W. O5-569
Butsopha W. O5-568
Bziaz M. O6-339 O6-347
Caggiano A. O5-297
Campisi T. P6-89 P6-105
Carević I. P3-532 P5-464 P6-437
Carline van Ede M. O5-378
Carret J. C. P2-42
Carter A. O2-350
Carvajal L. O1-23
Castel A. O5-95
Castellote M. O5-101

Cavalaro S. O1-433
Cazacliu B. O6-102
Chaaba A. O6-583 P6-452
Chabri I. P5-154
Chafiki T. P4-160
Chakchak H. P5-97
Chakib K. P4-585
Chakir E. P5-207
Chakkour M. O2-395 P2-399
Channouf S. P1-539
Charai M. P1-539
Chaunsali P. O1-84 P1-84 P1-85 P5-106
Chaunsali Piyush O1-85
Chaussadent T. O1-282
Chavan M. P3-61
Chavan O. P3-61
Cheikhi W. O5-279 P5-289 P5-279
Chelouah R. O6-286
Chemaa M. R. P5-456
Chen B. O1-455
Cherif F. Z. O1-333 O1-334 P1-333 P1-334
Cherkaoui E. P5-233 P5-239 P5-298 P5-321 P5-368
P5-408 P5-456
Cherkaoui El Moursli F. O4-208 O4-206 O4-209 O4-210 O5-198
P4-206
Cherkaoui M. O5-151 P1-438 P5-151
Cherradi C. O2-224 O3-111 O6-114 P2-224 P6-122
P6-323 P6-324 P6-114
Cherradi T. P6-540 P6-584
Cherraj M. P4-485 P5-310 P5-428
Chiara Bignozzi M. P1-164
Chidiac T. J. P1-217
Chihab Y. P1-460. P1-486
Chinchón Payá S. O5-216
Choubi M. O4-172 P4-172
Choukri Cherradi Ch. P3-111
Chrafih Y. P5-392
Chrissafis K. P2-391 P2-493 P2-515
Chrysafi I. P3-527 P3-535
Cobas A. C. P3-134
Cocco G. D. O1-306
Colajanni S. P6-105
Coletti B. O1-258
Colinart T. O1-183
Copsey N. O1-470

Cremonesi M. O6-90
Cuccurullo A. P6-502 P6-503
Cuevas F. O4-209
Curth A. O1-135
Custodio J. O1-282
Cvetkovic M. O6-202 P6-466
D. Allaoui P1-491 P3-469 P3-496
D. Benoit O6-366
D. N. Bikiaris P2-517
Dacić A. O1-104
Dahbi S. P5-487
Dahhou M. P1-343 P5-236
Dahou M. P5-235
Dalel K. P5-291
Damion T. P5-106
Dano C. O2-201
Dantas S. R. A. P1-118
Daoud M. P4-251
Daoudi A. O6-107
Darcherif I. O6-286
Darma Y. O2-415 O2-416 O2-483
De Belie N. O1-11 O1-108 O1-258 O5-69

De Belieb N. O1-385
De Carvalho Gomes S. O5-95
De Pascale B. O2-144
Delaplace A. O1-307
Delhomme F. P3-261
Delli E. P2-391
Derife M. O6-92
Dessoukyc S. P2-247
Dietzel M. O1-38
Dikici B. P4-162
Diouri A. O1-229 O1-232 P1-112 P1-81 P1-204
P1-223 P1-226 P1-227 P1-232 P1-376
P1-570 O1-228
Divet L. O1-282
Dobrzanski J. O1-433
Dołżycki B. P2-103
Dosoudil R. P2-445
Doughmi A. P5-321
Doughmi K. O3-147
Doughmi Kh. P3-147
Douiri A. P6-498
Dubois F. O2-116
Duc M. O6-102

Dţuganová M. P2-445 P2-514

E. Hilali P3-199
E. Keita O6-366
E. Papadopoulou P2-517
E. Xanthopoulou P2-517
Ebn Touhami M. O5-21 O5-60
Ech-chebab A. O5-21 O5-60
Eddeqaqi R O2-224 P2-224
Edfouf Z. O4-206 O4-208 O4-209 O4-210 O5-198
P4-206
Egner H. P4-91
Egner W. P4-91
Ehab Hamed O1-178
Ejbouh A. O5-21 O5-60
Ejjaaouani H. O6-126
El Aallaoui N. P5-519
EL Abassi I. O6-271 O1-528
El Abiad A. P1-165 P1-267
El Aggadi S. P5-235
El Alami C. P4-371 P4-372
El Alaoui M. P5-533
El Alouani M. P5-240 P5-243 P5-288
EL Ammari L. P1-333 P1-334 P4-369 P4-370 P4-371
P4-372 P4-374 P5-359 P5-429 P5-430
P5-432
El Arni S. P5-359 P5-430
EL Aroussi M. O6-326
El Assimi T. P2-461
El Azzaoui B. P5-207
El Bali B. P4-353 P4-497 P5-462
EL Barkany A. O6-271 P6-271
El Barkaoui S. P1-165
El Bergui S. P4-485
El Bouanani L. P6-305 P6-335
EL Bouayadi R. P5-146
EL Boukili A. O5-276 P5-276 P5-342 P1-262 P1-267
El Bounagui O. P5-487
EL Bourki A. O3-199 P3-199
El Bouziani M. P5-50
El Cheikh Kh. P1-511
El Fami N. O1-232 P1-81 P1-204 P1-232 P1-112
El Faroudi L. P5-93
El Garchani F. E. P4-260
EL Guendouzi M. P4-585
El Hachmi D. P6-159

El Hafiane Y. P1-591 P1-592

El Hajji A. P1-40
El hamdaoui J. P5-421
EL Hamdouni S. P5-239
El Hamidi A P1-325 P1-343 P1-419 P5-236
El Hammari L. P4-176 P5-177 P5-179 P5-182 P5-185
El hammouti A. P1-539
El Harouachi H. P1-338
El Harrari S. P4-100
El harrouni K. O1-312
El harrouni Y. O1-312
El Hassnaoui A. O5-388
El Hazzat M. P1-325
El Hazzat M. P1-419 P5-236
El Hourch A. P5-411
El Kadi M. O3-191 O6-427
El Karbane M. P5-97
EL Kasri J. O6-328 P6-328
El khalfaouy M. O3-290 P3-290
El Khattabi E.H. P5-288
El Khessaimi Y. P1-591 P1-592
El Kihel K. P5-50
El Kourdi S. P5-467
El Maataoui Y. P1-351
El Mahdi Safhi A. O6-67
El Mahi M. P5-309
EL Majid A. O3-111 P3-111
El Malhi S. O6-443 P6-443
El Mouat A. P2-461
El Moudni El Alami S. O2-125 P2-125
EL Ouardi M. P4-423
El Rhaffari Y. O5-279 P5-279
El Yassi M. O1-528
El. Ammari L. O1-333 O1-334
Elabassi I. P6-271
Elabbassi F. E. O6-501
Elachachi S. M. P6-540
Elakneswaran Y. O1-51 O1-148
Elaroussi M. P4-160
Elfarissi L. O2-131 O5-225
Elgettafi M. P1-338
Elghomari A. P2-577
Elhachmi D. O6-443 P4-485 P5-310 P5-310 P6-443
Elhalil A. P5-264
Elidrysy A. O4-172 P4-172
El-Inaty F. O5-120

El-Kaber H. O1-287
Elkhalidi I. O5-142
ElKhatib L. W. O1-356
Elkordi A. O1-356
Elmachily S. K. O1-272
Elmahsani A. P6-505 P6-507
Elmalyh S. P6-584
Elmennaouy F. P6-454
Elmoubarki R. P5-264
Elyaagoubi M. P4-162 P4-170
El-Yahyaoui A. O1-509
Ennaji S. P1-376
En-Niji K. P1-343
Ennouhi M. P5-235
Er. Lakshmi P. P6-33
Escadeillas G. P1-212
Eslami J. O6-107
Esposti A. D. O2-144
Es-saidi I. P5-537
Es-sakali N. O5-151 P5-151
Essaleh M. P1-486
Essalim R. P4-322 P5-150
Es-soufi H. P5-77
Etcheverry J. M. O1-11 O1-31
Ez-Zahrauoy H. P5-487
Ez-Zaki H. O1-22 P1-81 P1-112 P1-223 P1-226
P1-376 P1-570
F. Cuevas P4-209
F. Faqyr P1-262
F. Jamin P1-494
Fabbri A. P5-175 P6-169 P6-188
Fadel M.T. O6-326
Fadil M. P1-351
Fadili Z. O5-225
Fagone M. O6-80
Fairbairn E. M. R. O1-306
Falikman V. O1-46
Falkjar K. O6-54
Faraji Y. P5-241
Farid Z. P5-186
Fayyad T. O1-26 P1-25
Feddi E. M. P5-421
Feiri T. O3-78
Feitosa de Albuquerque Lima

O2-559 P2-42
Babadopulos L.
Fenyvesi O. O1-104

Fernández F. O6-82
Fernández V. D. L. O1-23
Fernando S. O5-41
Ferrara L. O6-90 O6-194 O1-58
Fichtner A. O5-378
Firdous R. O1-44 O5-195
Flatt J. R. O1-344
Flayou M. P5-236
Flegar M. O1-362
Florence C. O1-484
Follet C. O1-319 O2-318
Force M. S. P6-188
Fouchal F. P6-564
Frankeová D. P5-45
Franzoni E. O1-58
Fronteau G. O6-166
Fujimoto S. O1-285 O5-352
G. Rokhaya P6-137
Gabrijel I. O1-115 O5-121 P1-115
Galai M. O5-21 O5-60
Gallego R. O6-80
Gallipoli D. P6-502 P6-503
García S. F. O1-23
Garg N. O5-132
Garnier C. P6-503
Garnier G. O6-427
Garnier P. O6-76
Garoum M. P1-460.
Gayathri Devi M. P6-48
Gerard P. P6-502
Ghafoori N. P5-241 P5-244
Ghorbel I. O1-220
Ghouli Z. P5-426 P5-431
Giacomello G. O2-203
Gideon P.A.G van Zijl O1-358
Gielis C. O3-191
Gino Ebell O5-303
Giresini L. O6-300
Giuffrida G. O1-196
Gmouh S. O3-190 P3-190
Gomes de Araújo M. A. O1-108
Gonçalves A. P1-516 O1-280
Gorski M. P1-113 O6-54
Gosslar J. O6-222 P6-222
Graiff C. O2-156
Greena M. S. O2-219

Gremillard L. O1-254
Grengg C. O1-38
Griesser A. O1-307
Grosso Giordano F. O1-385
Gruyaert E. O1-258
Guenbour A. P5-94
Guennoun L. P1-40
Gueraoui K. P5-428
Guerrero A. O6-82
Guessous A. P5-97
Guihéneuf S. O1-183
Guillen L. P6-503
Guillot X. P1-591
Gulen H. O1-35
Gunal M. F. O1-96
Gunasekara C. O5-41
Gutierez A. O5-101
Gutiérrez P. A. O1-23
H. Ez-Zahraouy P4-163
H. Hirao P5-352
H. Hyodo P5-352
H. Ibouh P1-494
H. Majdoubi O5-453 P1-491 P3-469 P3-496
H. Mansour P6-498
H. Nakazawa P5-352
H. Pierre P6-137
Habert G. P1-217
Hachem E. K. O3-290 P3-290
Hachem N. P5-50
Hack N. O6-222 P6-222
Haddad A. N. O1-117 P1-117
Haddad M. P4-270
Hadouch M. P4-369
Hadouchi M. P4-370 P4-371 P4-372 P5-359 P5-429
Hadouchi M. P5-430 P5-432
Hafidi Alaoui A. O1-312
Hago A.W. O1-34
Haji I. P5-97
Hajimohammadi A. P1-43
Hajj Elie Y. O2-168
Hajjaji M. P1-173
Hajmirbaba M. O6-76
Hakima Elhajji P2-133
Hakkou R. O5-98

Hakkou Y. T. R. O1-98
Hakkoua R. P1-72
Halim M. P1-325 P5-236
Hamaci S. O6-286
Hamard E. O6-102 O6-166
Hamdi N. P4-353
Hamdouni E. I. P6-505
Hamdy M. P5-291
Hamou M. O6-339
Hamouine A. P6-564
Hamzaoui R. O1-484 O1-549 O2-495
Hand Adam J. O2-168

Hanif A. P1-482
Hannache H. O5-453 P1-491 P3-469 P3-496
Harbouz I. O6-119
Harding L. O1-307
Harech M. A. P1-165
Harir S. O4-172 P4-172
Harrami M. P1-204
Hasan M. O2-415 O2-416
Hattani F. O1-230 P1-230
Haxter C. O3-78
Hayashida H. P6-57
Henin J. O6-107
Hidaoui S. P4-353
Hilali E. O3-199
Hirao H. O5-352
Hitar M. E. H. P5-309
Hochstein D. O2-201
Hofrichter M. O1-38
Houdayer G. O1-362
Houndonougbo T. O1-282
Hudec I. P2-445 P2-514
Husanu F. O5-101
Hüseyin İlcan P3-301
Hyodo H. O5-352
I. Anefnaf P5-574
I. Arroub P3-448
I. Ezzaraa P3-448
I. Maruyama P5-352
Ibos L. O1-196 O6-193
Idboumlik M. P4-497
Idiri M. O5-225
Idouhli R. P4-162 P4-170 P4-440
Idrissi Y. P5-298

Ikhlasa L. P6-139
İlcan H. O3-346
Intesarul Haque M. P1-377
Iqajtaoune A. P5-336
Isa M. N. O1-433
Isa N. O2-215
Isya M. O2-416
J. Yammine-Malesys O6-366
J. Zhang P4-209
Jaafri R. O1-468
Jaczewski M. P2-103
Jahami A. O1-354 P6-355
Jaji M. B. O1-358
Jalbaud O. O1-312
Jan Burger J. O1-344
Janani F.Z. P5-264
Jankal S. P5-426 P5-431 P5-444
Jarabo R. O6-82
Jean H. P6-136
Jean-Claude Carret J. C. O2-559
Jebli T. O6-457
Jelčić Rukavina M. O4-317
Jeszeová K. P2-514
Jin R. P6-283
Johny A. P1-49
Joomna J. O5-569
Jorand Y. O1-254
K. Bibalo Ida Josiane P6-137
K. Chrissafis P2-517
K. Nejmeha O6-366
Kaaouass A. P1-446
Kabiri M. R. P4-260
Kaci A. O6-284 O6-286 P3-221
Kacimi M. P5-236
Kadam S. P3-61
Kaddah F. O5-180
Kaddami H. P3-463
Kadiri K. P4-497
Kahlid H. R. P1-492
Kaichouh G. P5-94 P5-97
Kajja M. O6-441
Kakali G. O1-129
Kamal Gaara P2-133
Kamali-Bernard S. O1-319 O2-318
Kamran M. P1-304

Kamseu E. P1-157
Kanematsu M. O5-352
Kaoula Dalela K. P6-139
Karaoui M. P2-383
Karoliny Lemos Bezerra A. O2-559
Kassab R. O6-193
Kaushik S. O1-145
Kaustav Sarkar O1-304
Kchaou N. P5-508
Kekez Z. P3-532
Kenkem-Nguevou F. P1-422
Kesikidou F. O1-470
Keskin B. C. O1-35
Kh. Azdi P2-575 P2-576
Khabbazi A. O3-299
Khachani M. P5-94 P5-97
Khachani N. O1-229 P1-204 P1-227 P1-376 P1-570
Khader N. O6-222 P6-222
Khadiri M. P4-162 P4-170 P4-440
Khaldi M. P5-462
Khaldoun A. O1-458
Khalid Bougrin P2-133
Khallouki Y. P4-176 P5-177 P5-179 P5-182 P5-185
Khamar M. P5-233 P5-239 P5-298 P5-321 P5-368
P5-408 P5-456
Khaoulaf R. P1-40
Khatib J. O1-354 P6-355
Khatib J. M. O1-356
Khay I. O2-395 P2-399
Khezzane A. O1-220
Khiar H. P5-184 P5-264
Khlifati O. P6-110
Khmiyas J. P4-369 P4-370 P4-371 P4-372 P5-359
P5-429 P5-430 P5-432
Khouya E.H. P5-288
Kindinis A. O1-549
Kioumarsi M. P6-79
Kioupis D. O1-129 P1-130
Kissi B. P6-320
Kitagaki R. O1-148 O5-273 O5-352
Kloft H. O6-222 P6-222
Koenders E. O5-69 O5-99
Kolawole J. T. O1-433
Kolman D. O1-115 O5-121 P1-115
Komkova A. P1-217

Kornienko O. A. P1-407
Kothandaraman S. P1-138
Kouddane B. P6-540
Koudougou S. M. P2-345
Kouroutzidou Ch. O1-470
Kourtidou D. P2-515
Koutous A. O3-199 P3-199
Kovler K. P5-62
Kraft B. O5-316 O5-315
Krebs M. P1-387
Krime A. P4-176 P5-177 P5-179 P5-182 P5-185
Krishnan J. M. O2-218
Krishnya S. O1-51 O1-148
Kruschwitz S. O5-195
Kruţelák J. P2-445 P2-514
Kubica J. O6-54 P1-113
Kubwimana D. P6-329
Kulkarni A. P3-61
Kumar Das U. O1-145
Kumar P. P2-205
Kumar V. O5-132 P2-205
Kuroda Y. O5-352
Kvasničáková A. P2-445 P2-514
Kyriakou-Tziamtzi Ch. P2-493
L. Malletzidou P2-517
L. Ouadif P6-498
Laaroussi N. O2-395 O3-274 P1-460 P2-399 P3-274
Laasri M. P4-170 P4-440
Labbilta T. P1-165
Labrag J. P5-537
Labrim H. P5-146
Lachemi M. O1-313
Lachhab R. O5-60
Lachkar M. P4-353 P4-497 P5-462
Laforet J. P3-261
Laghzizil A. P5-537
Lahbibi A. O4-172 P4-172
Lahcini M. P2-461
Lahlou F. O6-427
Lahlou K. O1-468
Lallaoui A. O4-208 O4-210 P2-575 P4-208 P4-210
Lam A. O1-549
Lamdouar N. P6-540
Lamrani M. O3-274 O3-299 P3-274
Lapiro I. P5-62
Lassus C. O2-350

Latifa E. P5-225
Latifa Elfarissi P2-133
Latifi S. O3-190 P3-190 P4-176 P5-177 P5-179
P5-182 P5-185
Laveglia A. O5-69 O5-99
Law D. O5-41
Lazar N. E. P5-309
Lazaridou M. P3-381
Leborgne T. O1-183
Leem Y. O5-273
Lemita I. P5-291
Lemos Bezerra A. K. P2-42
Lemran A. P5-533
Leonelli C. P1-157
Lessio M. O6-187
Li C. O1-51
Li M. P3-221
Li X. P6-169
Li Z. O6-27
Lima A. R. F. P5-77
Lima L. P3-134
Limami H. O1-458
Liu J. O1-365
Liu X. O1-365
Lkouen A. O3-274 O3-299 P3-274
Lombardo L. P6-89
Lopes R. P1-516
Lotfi E. M. P5-309
Lotfi S. P4-420
Loukili A. O6-119
Loutou M. P1-338
Ludwig H.-M. O5-316 O5-315
M. Abbach P6-498
M. abouelmajd P3-448
M. Alaoui El Belghiti, P5-411
M. Benjelloun P1-494 P3-448
M. Boudalia P5-574
M. Boutgoulla P2-575 P2-576
M. Bziaz P6-498
M. Ennouhi P5-411
M. Essaleh P1-494 P3-448
M. Kanematsu P5-352
M. Mateos P4-209
M. Nadi O5-453 P1-491 P3-469
M. Oubani P1-494
M. Oubla P4-208 P4-209 P4-210

M. Oumam P1-491 P3-469 P3-496

M. Taibi P1-262 P1-267
M. Tamura P5-352
M. Tsujino P5-352
M’hamdi Y. P5-292
Ma C. P1-409
Maack S. O5-86
Mabrouk G. P2-247
Mabrouki J. P5-235
Madani M. P5-50
Magnien A. O6-366
Mahani M. O3--238
Mahdaoui M. O6-67
Mahfouz S. O1-354
Mahfouz S. P6-355
Mahi A. P6-564
Mahi I. P4-327
Mahmoodi O. O1-313
Mahto S. K. O2-269
Maissara J. O1-161 P1-161
Malaga K. O6-447
Malakan T. O5-569
Malaoui A. O6-441
Malecot Y. P6-136
Malécot Y. P1-127
Malengo P. O1-521
Mangiafico S. O2-215
Mangoni E. P6-200
Manickam K. O5-488
Mannekens E. O1-108
Manninger T. P1-83
Manoun B. O1-230 P1-230
Mansori M. P1-338 P1-486
Manssouri I. O1-458 O1-509
Manzi S. O2-144
Marani A. O1-256
Marchetti M. O5-120
Marcucci A. O6-194
Martirena F. O1-275
Maruyama I. O5-352
Masi G. O2-144 P1-164 P1-192
Maslak M. O4-70
Masmoudi F. P5-508
Masuo T. O5-352
Mateos M. O4-209

Matos A. M. P6-158
Maulida S.M. O2-415 O2-416
Mauvy F. P5-150
Mazkad D. P5-309
Mazur A. P5-45
McCain F. P6-283
Mcgregor F. P5-175
Meddah M. S. O1-259 O1-34
Mehdi I. O6-405 P6-405
Mehmeti V. P5-94
Melinge Y. O1-528
Melo U. C. P1-157
Mendeš A. O5-278
Mendes N. O6-295
Meng B. O5-28 O5-449
Merle N. P3-463
Mertz J-D. O6-107
Merve Sönmez P3-301
Meskini A. O3-299
Mesnaoui M. P1-165
Mesquita G. O2-156
Messana A. P1-212
Messous M. Y. P1-570 P5-207
Meulenyzer S. O1-254
Mezrhab A. P1-539
Mghazli M. O. O5-151 O5-152 P1-72 P5-152 P5-151
Mhaira W. P4-322 P5-150
Michelacci A. O2-144
Mikanoic N. O1-58
Milheiro P. P6-158
Miličević I. O5-278
Milovanović B. O4-317
Misbah R. P1-343
Mittermayr F. O1-38
Mohamed Saleha S. E. K. P6-159
Mohammad Kamran O1-304

Mohammed I. P5-225
Monflier E. P2-461
Moreno Torres B. O5-195
Moudar J. O1-232 P1-232
Moudilou E. O1-319 O2-318
Mouflih M. O1-230 P1-230
Mouhat O. P6-454
Moulay Abdelali H. P6-581
Mourak A. P1-173

Mouslim S. P5-444
Moussadik A. P1-223 P1-226
Moussaoui R. O2-125 P2-125
Moutaoukil G. O1-308 P1-308
Mouzanar H. O1-354 P6-355
Mrozińskib S. P4-91
Mubashir A. P6-563
Murali Krishnan J. O2-219
Mustafa Şahmaran P3-301
Muth T. O5-28
Muth Th. O5-449
N. Akkouri P2-575 P2-576
N. Khachani O1-228
N. Merghoub P5-574
N. Pardalis P2-517
N. Roussel O6-366
N. Tahiri P4-163
N’faoui F. E. P4-266
Naamane S. P5-431
Naaza C. O6-271
Naaza Ch. P6-271
Nacer A. P5-225
Nacer Akkouri P2-133
Nagaratnam B. O2-386
Naimi Y. O1-161 P1-161 P4-100
Najimi C. P5-233
Najjar M. K. O1-117 P1-117
Najjar O. O1-34
Nakazawa H. O5-352
Naletilić H. P5-464
Nallasamy E. A. P1-127
Nassar S. O6-181
Nehdi M.L. O1-256
Nemes R. O1-255
Nevshupa R. O5-101
Nguyen Q. D. O5-95
Nicolaï A. O2-495
Nigussie E. O6-242
Nilakanmani M. O1-88
Nithurshan M. O1-148
Noguchi T. O5-352
Noumowé A. O6-107
Nounah A. O1-124 O2-224 O3-111 O3-147 O6-114
O5-279 O6-128 O6-293 P1-124 P5-239
P2-224 P3-111 P3-147 P5-233 P5-321

P5-279 P5-289 P5-292 P5-298 P6-122

P5-368 P5-408 P5-456 P6-114 P6-335
P6-128 P6-293 P6-324 P6-323
Noureddine O. O1-458
Nshimiyimana P. P1-212
Nunes S. O5-28 O5-449
O. El Bounagui P4-163
O. Khayi O5-453
O. Zoubir P4-210
O’Hanlon P. O1-307
Ofer-Rozovsky G. Z. E. P5-62
Ogino M. O1-51
Oğuzhan Şahin P3-301
Oksana K. P4-413
Oleksandr B. P4-413
Olifan O. I. P1-407
Oliveira D. V. P6-340 O6-295 O6-300
Olonade K. A. O1-36 O1-521 P6-283 P1-277

Oluwatobi O. P1-277
Omar Sassi P1-112
Omikrine-Metalssi O. O5-120
Orozco G. O2-350
Otmane Zoubir O4-210
Ouaatta S. P4-374
Ouachouo L. P1-189
Ouadi Bensalah M. P5-310
Ouadif I. P6-393 O6-126 O6-330 O6-331 O6-339
O6-347 O6-443 P5-310 P6-159 P6-443

Ouaki B. P1-438
Oualhadj I. P5-289
Oualid Mghazli M. P1-539
Ouarsal R. P4-353 P5-462
Oubaha S. P1-72
Oubahou M. P4-100
Oubani M. P1-486
Oubelkacem A. P5-154
Oubella M. P5-444
Oubla M. O4-206 O4-208 O4-209 O4-210 O5-198
P4-206
Oudigh M. P5-342
Ouedraogo H. P1-212
Oukarfi B. P5-519
Oukarfi M. P5-519
Ould Moussa M. O2-395 P2-399

Outzourhit A. O5-152 P4-162 P5-152

Ouzoun F. P1-223 P1-226
Owaki E. O1-51
Owobamirin M. P1-277
Oyelade O. O. P6-283
Ozcelikci E. O1-96 O1-314
Ozel B. F. O1-96
Pacillo G. A. O6-222 P6-222
Padmarekha A. O2-219
Palijan I. O4-317
Palomar I. O5-28 O5-449
Pandey A. P2-214
Panitsa O.A. O1-129
Pantak M. O4-70
Pantet A. P2-345
Papadopoulos L. P3-527
Papadopoulou E. P2-493 P3-527 P3-535
Papageorgiou G. Z. P2-391
Papasergio A.E. O6-187
Pardoen B. P6-169
Pasetto M. O2-203
Patil M. P3-61
Pavlović Ţ. P6-437
Pečur I. B. P6-437
Pedrajas C. O1-349
Penazzato L. P6-340
Peralta I. O5-297
Perlot C. P6-502 P6-503
Perlot-Bascoulès C. P5-175
Perpetual U. P1-277
Perrot A. O1-145 O1-183 O3-544
Peyratout C. P1-592
Piérard J. P1-511
Pierre A. O1-528
Pillai R. G. O5-488 P4-302
Pistol K. P1-237
Piyush C. O1-88
Place N. O6-427
Pliya P. O1-71 O1-263
Pohowe S.I. O1-71
Pointet M. P1-127
Poologonathan K. O2-386
Poornachandar V. O2-436 P2-436
Potpallewar O. P3-61
Prasad L. P6-37

Prasongset P. O5-569
Prlić T. O4-317
Promsuban S. O5-569
Provis J. P1-217
Prud’homme E. P3-261 O1-254
Pulić Š. O1-115 O5-121 P1-115
Quiertant M. O5-120
R. Bouferra P1-494 P3-448
R. E. K. Bilah O5-453
R. Hakkou P2-576 P2-575
R. Kitagaki P5-352
Rachdi Y. P5-288
Radlińska A. O6-27
Radouani M. O6-457
Rahal S. O6-284 P3-221
Rahman M. P2-247
Rahmani Kh. P5-392
Rahmani S. P5-291
Rahmani Soumiaa R. P6-139
Raihane M. P2-461
Rais A. P1-491 P3-469
Raj A. O2-218
Rajanayagam H. O2-386
Rajha Rajeswaran T. A. P1-138
Rakocija I. O5-278
Ram K. O1-362
Ramli J. O2-386
Ramón I. O5-297
Ranaivomanana H. O5-180
Rangeard D. O1-183
Ranocchiai G. O6-80
Raspail V. P6-136
Raupach M. O5-316 O5-315
Ravichandran A. P1-138
Ravindranath S. S. P2-205 P2-211 P2-213 P2-214
Razakamanantsoa A. O6-102
Razzouk Y. O6-114 O6-128 P6-114 P6-128 P6-323
Reales O. A. M. O1-306
Reema Thomas R. P6-47
Reghukumar R. P6-48
Regnaud L. O1-484
Rfifi M. P6-504
Rghioui L. P1-40
Rguig M. O6-326 P4-160
Ricker M. O3-78

Rizzieri G. O6-90
Robens-Radermacher A. O1-450
Roberto A. O2-156
Roca R. P3-261
Rodriguez-Navarro C. P1-113
Romanazzi A. O6-295
Romeo E. O2-156
Rossi F. P6-283
Roucan-Arris S. P5-175
Rougui M. P5-533
Rousse N. O1-365
Roziere E. O5-180 O5-142 O6-119
Rübner K. P1-83
Rudic O. O1-38
Ruiz Agudo E. P1-113
Russo S. O6-202 P6-466
Rysdyk A. da R. P1-117
S. Aazou P5-574
S. Belhouideg P1-494 P3-448
S. El Aggadi P5-411
S. Fujimoto P5-352
S. Mansouri P3-496
S. Rqibi P5-574
Saadane R. O6-326 P4-160
Saadi M. O1-333 O1-334 O4-231 P1-223 P1-226
P1-333 P1-334 P1-446 P4-231 P4-369

P4-370 P4-371 P4-372 P4-374 P4-420
P4-423 P5-359 P5-429 P5-430 P5-432
Sabbah A. O1-64
Sabihi A. O6-347
Saccani A. P1-192
Sadiq M. P5-184 P5-186
Saeli M. P6-89 P6-105
Safi Z. S. P5-94
Sahajwalla V. P1-43
Sahbi H. O1-458
Şahin O. O3-346
Sahmaran M. O1-314 O1-313 O3-346
Saidi Hassani Alaoui M. P5-426 P5-428 P5-431 P5-444
Saif A. P6-502
Saiyouri N. O6-181 P5-424
Sajid H. O1-455
Sakami S. O1-397 O5-388 O6-501

Salaün Y. P3-261
Saleh S.M. O2-415 O2-483
Salek H. O5-279 P5-279
Salet T. A. M. O6-265
Salhi Y. O4-208
Saliba J. O6-181 P1-237 P5-424
Saliha A. O1-308
Sambataro L. O5-99
Samouh H. O5-132
Sanchez L. P1-118
Sánchez-Delgado S. O5-297
Sandeep I. J. S. O2-219
Santandrea F. O6-447
Santhanam M. O6-68
Santoro De Vico F. P1-113
Santos K. P1-516
Santos Silva A. P1-516
Saoiabi A. O3-190 P3-190 P4-176 P5-177 P5-179
P5-182 P5-185 O3-190 P3-190 P4-176
P5-177 P5-179 P5-182 P5-185

Sarkar K. P1-304
Sass L. O1-135
Sassoni E. O6-187
Saufi H. P5-288 P5-336
Sauzeat C. O2-215
Sayyed M. I. P4-270
Sbartaï M. P1-422 P6-540
Sbartvai M. P5-424
Ščapec T. O4-317
Schmidt W. O1-521
Scholtzová E. P1-471
Sciarretta F. O6-107
Scrivener K. O1-59 O1-362
Sebaaly Peter E. O2-168
Seibou A. O. P3-221
Sekkaki M. O6-583 P6-452
Selmani Y. P5-146
Selvam M. O2-436 P2-436 P2-537
Serdar M. O1-362
Serghini Idrissi M. P1-40
Sergii Y. P4-413
Setunge S. O5-41
Seyam A. M. O1-255
Sfaira M. P4-497
Shabani A. P6-79

Shaidul Islam M. P5-244

Shaja P. P1-84
Shaji P. O1-84
Shamass R. P6-283
Shameer Saleh O1-178
Sharma A. A. P2-211
Shirzad S. P2-341
Shmlls M. O1-382
Sholom A. P1-407
Shu X. O1-365
Shwan H. S. O6-174
Siad H. O1-313
Siddika A. P1-43
Sieffert Y. O6-76 P1-127 P6-136
Sifou A. P1-325
Sifou A. P1-419
Silva L. O6-54
Silva R.A. O6-295
Simou S. O1-124 P1-124 P6-122
Sindayihebura A. P6-329
Singh S. O2-436 P2-436 P2-537
Singha B. K. P1-379
Singha S. K. P2-214
Sinha S. O2-269
Sinpoon S. O5-569
Sirotin P. O1-46
Sivakumar P. P. O1-258
Siyapze F. B. J. O1-263
Skaropoulou A. P1-130
Skejić D. O4-317
Škorňa P. P1-471
Skoudarli A. O6-284
Smith A. P1-591 P1-592
Snoeck D. O3-191 O1-108
Sobrados I. O1-308
Sobrados S. P1-308
Sohel K. M. A. O1-259
Solarino F. O6-300
Sonebi M. O1-24 O1-26 O1-145 O1-354 O1-356
P1-25 P6-355
Sönmez M. O3-346
Sore S. O. P1-212
Sosa M.E. O1-31
Sotiriadis K. P5-45
Sougrat M.i P4-172
Souidi H. P5-310

Spasonova L. M. P1-407
Sreekumar D. R. O6-68
Srinarong O5-568
Sriwasut T. O5-569
Stankiewicz M. O4-70
Štefanec P. O1-115 O5-121 P1-115
Stefanidou M. O1-470
Steindl F. O1-38
Stephan D. O1-44
Stienss M. O2-123
Štirmer N. P5-464
Štirmera N. P3-532
Stolz C. M. P1-117
Strangfeld C. O5-86 O5-87
Suchorzewski J. O6-447
Sulaiman J. M. P6-37
Surkov A. O1-46
Szydłowski C. O2-123 P2-103
Guedira T. P1-262 P1-267
Masuo T. P5-352
Noguchi T. P5-352
Alomayri T. S. P3-496
Youness T. P6-498
Taffese W. Z. O6-242
Tagnit-Hamou A. O1-98
Taha Y. O1-308 O5-98 O6-67 P1-72 P1-308
Tahiri N. P5-487
Taibi M. O1-232 O1-308 O1-333 O1-334 O5-276
P1-308 P1-333 P1-334 P1-351 P4-266

P4-270 P5-240 P5-243 P5-276 P5-336
P5-342 P5-426 P5-431
Taibi N. P1-232
Taifi N. O6-441
Tajayouti M. P5-292
Takarli M. O2-116
Talbi O. P5-298
Talero R. O1-349
Tamine K. P1-592
Tamsen E. O1-450
Tamura M. O5-352
Tan Y. O6-465
Tang K. O6-465
Taoufik I. O5-198
Taoufik N. P5-264
Tapas M. J. P5-52

Tarhan Y. O3-544
Tebaldi G. O2-156
Teewsophawong P. O5-568
Tenório Filho J. R. O1-108
Teppanti Ph. O5-568
Ternel J. P2-461
Terzopoulou Z. P2-493
Thebault S. O6-427
Thiery Y. P6-503
Tilioua T. P2-577
Tilloy S. P2-461
Tlhatlha P. O1-521
Tlidi Y. O6-330 O6-331 O6-339
Toguyeni D. Y. K. P2-345
Tolstoy P. P5-45
Toor Ihsan-ul-Haq P4-402
Topaji H. P3-61
Torres-Carrasco M. O5-297
Tortoriello M. P3-134
Touach N. P5-309
Tout W. O4-209
Touzani M. P2-577
Tsilikis I. P1-130
Tsivilis S. P1-130
Tsompanidis S. P2-493
Tsujino M. O5-352
Tysmans T. O3-191
Uangpairoj P. O5-568
Ugolotti G. O6-187
Ukrainczyk N. O5-69 O5-99
Ullah A. O2-560
Umair Ali P6-481
Unger J. O5-28
Unger J. F. O1-450 O5-449
Van Den Bergh W. P2-125
Van den Heede P. O1-11
Vangen K. O1-344
Varela H. O1-24
Varum H. P6-158
Vazquez E. G. P1-117
Venyite P. P1-157
Verron L. O6-102
Vidhyadharan V. P. P1-49
Vieira A. P. O1-306
Vieira M. P1-516

Vieux-Champagne F. O6-76 P1-127 P6-136
Villagrán Zaccardi Y.A.V. O1-31 O1-11
Villain G. O5-142
Vogt Wu T. P1-422
Völker C. O5-195
Vyšvařil M. O1-390 P1-387
W. Tout P4-209
Wadrab P. O5-568
Waghmare B. V. P5-435
Wangler T. O1-344
Warpade A. P3-61
Wichmann I. O1-44
Wiehle P. O5-87
Wohlmuth D. O1-38
Wolfs R. J. M. O6-265
Wong H. K. K. P6-169
Wunderlich K. O1-521
Xanthopoulou E. P2-391 P2-515 P3-527 P3-535
Xiao-Ling Zhao O1-178
Xu J. O1-433
Agzenai Y. P4-208
Agzenai Ben Salem Y. P2-575 P2-576 P4-210
Charif Alaoui Y. P4-163
Chihab Y. P1-494 P3-448 O5-453
Haddaji Y. O5-453 P1-491 P3-469 P3-496
Kuroda Y. P5-352
Salhi Y. P4-208
Taha Y. P2-575 P2-576
Tamraoui Y. O5-453 P1-491 P3-469
Zghoundi Y. P2-575 P2-576
Yadav S. O6-76
Sallier Y. O6-366
Yati R. O2-415 O2-416
Yazar. O1-35
Yildirim G. O1-96
Yisunzam P. O5-568 O5-569
Yoda Y. O1-148
Yu L. P1-409
Yu X. O1-365
Yurchenko Yu. V. P1-407
Edfouf Z. P2-575 P2-576 P4-208 P4-209 P4-210
Sekkat Z. P5-574
Zagaroli A. P1-113 P1-570
Zakir O. P4-162 P4-170 P4-440
Zamama M. P4-322 P5-150

Zamboulis A. P3-535 P2-517

Zamma A. O5-225
Zarrouk A. P5-94 P5-97
Zecherle K. O3-78
Zega C.J. O1-31
Zegzouti A. P4-251
Zejli D. P5-146
Zerrouk M. P5-462 O2-495
Zhang J. O4-209 P1-565
Zhutovsky S. O1-64 O1-272 O5-64 O1-280
Zinck P. P3-463
Zineb F. P5-225
Ziraoui A. P6-320
Ziyani L. O2-495
Ţiţlavský T. O1-390
Zouahri A. P5-321
Zoukaghe B. P6-293
Zunino F. O1-59

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Abstract Proceedings CMSS23: 4 rd International Congress on Materials & Structural Stability

4th International Congress on Materials & Structural Stability

Mohammed V University in Rabat Morocco

08-10 March, 2023

RILEM Spring Convention

Abstracts & Proceedings

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

Our Academic Partners

Our Sponsor partners

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

Plenary Lectures & Keynotes

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

Local Organizing Committee

Abdelaziz Berrado, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

Hamid Mounir, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat

Monitoring Commission- Session 1: Cements & Ceramics

Ghizlan Kaichouh, Faculty of Science, Rabat

Monitoring Commission- Session 2: Asphalt, Polymers, Wood, Fibers &

Abdelkader Benali, Faculty of Science, Rabat

Monitoring Commission- Session 3: Energy & Environment

Abdellah El Boukili, High Normal School, Rabat

Monitoring Commission- Session 4: Structures & Historic buildings

Anas Bahi, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

International Scientific Committee

Abdelaziz Berrado, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

Karen Scrivener, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

Zineb Edfouf, Faculty of Science, Rabat, Morocco

2. Asphalt Materials & Polymers

3. Wood & Fibers

5. Energy & Environment

6. Structures & Historic buildings

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

Strategies to reduce CO2 emissions from concrete fast and at scale

Understanding the carbonation of concrete with supplementary

The application of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to partially replace

Recent advances in digital processing of concrete

Interest in the rheological properties of fresh cement-based materials has steadily

Over 30 years of experimental affordable house made with gypsum in

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

Low-carbon binders and SCMs: opportunities and challenges

With the growing environmental constraints, several solutions are emerging to

As business-as-usual practices will probably lead to a significant increase in CO2

From low-carbon structure to concrete formulation to constituents – It is more and

Bitumen stabilized materials

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

The Role of cement and concrete in sustainable construction

This Plenary addresses, in a summarized way, the need to achieve sustainable

Towards NetZero and Intelligent Infrastructure through Structural

Globally, there is increasing extreme climate events (such a flooding) intensifying

Rabat, Morocco, March 8-10, 2023

contact methods at long distances. Additionally, it provides a low cost, rapid

Environmental assessment of an industrial heritage building:

This presentation is focused on highlighting approaches, modelling, assumptions and