Final Module 7 Statements Related To Conditional Statements and Logical Equivalence

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
MMW 101
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Module 7
Statements Related to Conditional
Statements and Logical
Equivalence
“Achieving Universal Understanding and
Peace Through the Language of Mathematics”
62
Statements Related to Conditional Statements

and Logical Equivalence
Objectives of the Module

At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. determine whether propositions are logically equivalent, and
2. state the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of conditional statements.
Logical Equivalence
Two statements having the same truth values in all possible cases are logically
equivalent.
Symbolic form: p <=> q or p ≡ q (read as p and q are logically equivalent)
Examples:
1. Show that p → q and ~p ∨ q are logically equivalent.
Solution:
Step 1: Begin with the standard truth table form.
Step 2: Negate p and then write the results on a new column.
Step 3: Write the truth values of p → q in the next column.
Step 4: Using the truth values of the negation of p (in step 2) and q (in column
2), write the truth values of ~p ∨ q in the last column.
p q ~p p→q ~p ∨ q
T T F T T
T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T T T
Since p → q and ~p ∨ q have the same truth values in all possible cases, they
are logically equivalent. In symbolic form: p → q ⇔ ~p ∨ q or p → q ≡ ~p ∨ q.
63
2. Is ~p ∧ ~q logically equivalent to p ∨ q? Let us examine the truth table below.
p q ~p ~q ~p ∧ ~q p∨q
T T F F F T
T F F T F T
F T T F F T
F F T T T F
Since the truth values of ~p ∧ ~q in all cases are not the same as the truth
values of p ∨ q, then ~p ∧ ~q is not logically equivalent to p ∨ q or in symbols, ~p
∧ ~ q ⇎ p ∨ q.
3. Verify if ~(p → q) is logically equivalent to p ∧ ~q.
p q ~q p →q ~ (p → q) p ∧ ~q
T T F T F F
T F T F T T
F T F T F F
F F T T F F
From the truth table, we can see that ~ (p → q) have the same truth values as
p ∧ ~ q. Therefore, they are logically equivalent.
Try this!
Is q ∧ ~p logically equivalent to ~p ∨ q? Use the truth table to show your

answer.
64
The Converse, the Inverse, and the Contrapositive

There are three statements related to a conditional statement. These are the
converse, the inverse, and the contrapositive.
Given: conditional statement p → q
Converse q→p Interchange the hypothesis (p) and the

conclusion (q).
Inverse ~p → ~q Negate both the hypothesis (p) and the
conclusion (q).
Contrapositive ~q → ~p Interchange the negated hypothesis (p) and
the negated conclusion (q).
Examples:
Write the converse, the inverse, and the contrapositive of the following
conditional statements:
1. If I get the loan, then I will buy a new motorbike.
2. If you are smart, then you can get the job.
Solution:
1. If I get the loan, then I will buy a new motorbike.
Converse: If I will buy a new motorbike, then I get the loan.

Inverse: If I do not get the loan, then I will not buy a new motorbike.
Contrapositive: If I will not buy a new motorbike, then I do not get the loan.
2. If you are smart, then you can get the job.
Converse: If you can get the job, then you are smart.
Inverse: If you are not smart, then you cannot get the job.
Contrapositive: If you cannot get the job, then you are not smart.
Try this!
Tell the converse, the inverse, and the contrapositive of the conditional
statement, "I feel nauseous whenever I stay up late at night."
65
Truth Table for the Conditional and its Related Statements
The truth table for the conditional and its related statements is shown below.
Conditional Converse Inverse Contrapositive

p q ~p ~q
p→q q→p ~p → ~q ~q → ~p
T T F F T T T T
T F F T F T T F
F T T F T F F T
F F T T T T T T
The table also shows that any conditional statement is logically equivalent to its
contrapositive, and its converse is logically equivalent to its inverse.
Notation:
p → q ≡ ~q → ~p
q → p ≡ ~p → ~q
66
References
Aufmann, R.N., et. Al. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World (14th ed.). Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Baltazar, E., Ragasa, C., & Evangelista, J. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World.
Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
Earnheart, R. and Adina, E. (2018). Math in the Modern World. Quezon City : C &E
Publishing, Inc.
Malang, P., Malang, B., & Tiongson, I. (2011). Discrete Structure. San Rafael, Bulacan
: HFM Publishing.
Rosen, K.H. (1988). Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications. New York : The
Random House.
Simpson, A. (2002). Discrete Mathematics by Example. United Kingdom : McGraw-

Hill Education.

Final Module 7 Statements Related To Conditional Statements and Logical Equivalence

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Module 7 Statements Related To Conditional Statements and Logical Equivalence

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Module 7 Statements Related To Conditional Statements and Logical Equivalence

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Statements Related to Conditional Statements

Objectives of the Module

Symbolic form: p <=> q or p ≡ q (read as p and q are logically equivalent)

2. Is ~p ∧ ~q logically equivalent to p ∨ q? Let us examine the truth table below.

3. Verify if ~(p → q) is logically equivalent to p ∧ ~q.

Is q ∧ ~p logically equivalent to ~p ∨ q? Use the truth table to show your

The Converse, the Inverse, and the Contrapositive

Given: conditional statement p → q

Converse q→p Interchange the hypothesis (p) and the

Converse: If I will buy a new motorbike, then I get the loan.

2. If you are smart, then you can get the job.

Truth Table for the Conditional and its Related Statements

Conditional Converse Inverse Contrapositive

Simpson, A. (2002). Discrete Mathematics by Example. United Kingdom : McGraw-

You might also like