Forest Biology Tree Improvement

Keladi Shivappa Nayaka
University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga

M. Sc. (Forestry) theses abstracts produced in the
Department of Forest Biology & Tree Improvement
1. Studies on Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Population Structure of Wild Edible Fruit

Trees of Kodagu
VINAYAK V. PAI
ABSTRACT
Wild edible fruits are one of the important plant resources helps in providing food
supplements in the diet to the rural community. Kodagu district is having many such wild
edible fruit trees which fulfil the needs of the local people. Therefore, the present study was
carried out to know the ethnobotanical knowledge, diversity, population structure and
regeneration status of wild edible fruit tree species in different land scapes of moist deciduous
forests of Virajpet taluk, Kodagu. Semi structured questionnaire was used for ethnobotanical
survey of wild edible fruits. A total 41 wild edible plants were documented of which, 24
species were fruits followed by leaves (11), tubers (4) and bark (2).The population structure of
wild edible fruits was assessed by following simple random sampling technique. Belt transacts
of 100 m×5 m were laid in natural forest and sacred groves and 50m X 10m plots were laid in
coffee based agroforestry system. All trees ≥30 cm gbh in the main plots were enumerated.
Species richness and diversity was more in sacred groves compared to natural forest and
coffee based agroforestry system. There was significant difference in mean density and mean
basal area wild edible fruit species and associated species in natural forest and coffee based
agroforestry system. The regeneration of both wild edible and associated species was more in
regeneration class I and class II and followed an inverse ‘J’ shaped pattern indicating healthy
regeneration in deciduous forest.Grewia teliaefolia and Terminaliabelerica were dominant
wild edible fruit species and Terminalia alata and Lagerstroemia microcarpa were found to
be the dominant associated species. The study gives an understanding of the diversity, pattern
of population and regeneration of the tree species of deciduous forest of Kodagu which will
help in conservation and management of the species.
November, 2017 (Satish B.N.)

Major Advisor
2. Dynamics of Native Tree Structure and Diversity in Coffee Agroforest
BHAVYA C. K.
ABSTRACT
In tropical landscapes conversion of natural forest for non-forest use due to agricultural
intensification is identified as the most prominent drivers of land use change and biodiversity
loss. Studies in tropics suggests that agroforestry systems are among the most promising land
use for achieving both conservation goals and supporting rural livelihoods at landscape level.
Coffee agroforest are one such example of agroforestry systems, managed with traditional
management practices. Kodagu district in the Western Ghats, is the largest shade coffee
growing region in the country hosting rich biodiversity. In the recent days, the density and
diversity of the shade cover in the coffee agroforest are in a continuous change due to land
tenure system as well as increase coffee production. With the base line data from Coffee
Agro-Forestry Network, the study was conducted in four villages namely, Arekad, Hachinad,
Yeduru and Byrambada. Similar sampling procedure and observations were recorded as of
base line data. Results revealed that the Grevillea robusta remained as the dominant tree
species in the coffee agroforest with an increasing importance value index from 36.05 in 2008
to 53.29 in 2017. Existence of significant difference for the tree density was evident in the
present study which showed decreasing trend from 2008 (420±349 number of stems ha -1) to
2017 (274±82 number of stems ha -1). In contrast, basal area was found to be increased from
2008 (27.62±11.27 m2ha-1) to 2017(30.31±11.03m2ha-1) which was not statistically significant.
Compared with, tenure system unredeem land has more no of stems ha -1compared with
redeem land. Similarly in different size classes of coffee agroforest,significant changes in tree
density and diversity among plantations belonging to all size classes.
March, 2018 (C. G. Kushalappa)

Major Advisor
3. Characterization of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight &Arn. Populations Based on
Growth and Wood Traits.
(ASHWATH, M. N.)
ABSTRACT
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arn. is large tree belongs to sub-family
Caesalpinioideae under family Fabaceae. The timber of this species is suitable for making
plywood, planks and construction purpose with its various multi-purpose services such as
erosion control, fodder, gum, fuelwood, etc. It is mostly cultivated in high rainfall areas as a
shade-tree in coffee agroforestry. The study was conducted to assess the variation in growth
and wood trait among different populations in Southern Karnataka. Nine populations viz.,
Shreemangala, Shuntikoppa, Bhagamandala, Chikamagaluru, Mudigere, Balehonnuru,
Sakleshpura, Totadagadde and Vanaguru, from three districts (Kodagu, Chikamagaluru,
Hassan) were considered for the present study. The growth traits such as tree height, clear bole
height, GBH and wood traits viz., bark-thickness, wood density, specific gravity, fibre
parameters and vessel parameters were analysed to know the extent of variation across the
populations. Among the growth traits, tree height and clear bole height were varied
significantly, whereas GBH was not significant. The average height of trees varied from
19.99 m to 26.14 m. Maximum mean GBH was recorded from Shuntikoppa population (1.40
m). The basic wood density of species was ranged between 0.370 g cc –1 to 0.580 g cc–1. Value
for most of the wood traits increased from near to pith to the periphery. It was observed that
there is a significant difference in fibre length across the populations. The average fibre length
observed was 1225.49µm. Fibre width, fibre lumen width and fibre wall thicknesses have not
shown much variation. Vessel parameters varied among the populations. Vessel length varied
from 104.78 μm to 124.71 μm. Anatomical indices such as slenderness ratio, Runkel ratio,
flexibility coefficient and rigidity coefficient were calculated to know the suitability of species
as raw materials for pulp and paper. The wood anatomy screening of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
envisages that the species could be best suitable as raw material for pulp and paper production.
Key words: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, variation, population, wood traits, density
July, 2020 (Sathish, B. N.)

Major Advisor
4. Management of Forest Nursery Insect Pests using Entomopathogens
(BASAVARAJU, S.)
ABSTRACT
The present investigation with objectives of recording forest nursery pests,

entomopathogens on them and managing them with use of entomopathogens was carried out
at three different nurseries in Kodagu, during 2019-20. Ceroplastesrubenson Garciniagummi-
guttaand G. indica; Rusostigmaeugenieand a mealybug on Syzygiumcuminiat Forestry college
nursery; Arytaina sp. on Pterocarpusmarsupium, Triozasp. on TerminaliaarjunaatForest
nursery, Sampaje and Triozasp. on T. bellirica, Aleurothrixesfloccosuson Psidiumguajava,
Triozasp. on T. arjuna, Dasynus sp. on Meliadubia at Forest nursery Thitimati were the insect
pests recorded at medium to high levels of infestation. Other 24 species of insects occurred on
other species of forest seedlings with low incidence. The occurrence of insect pest had a
positive correlation with temperature and negative with RH and rainfall in majority of the
insect pests. Natural occurrence of Beauvariabassiana was observed and isolated from C.
rubens and R. eugenie infesting Garcinia and guava seedlings, respectively. The occurrence of
braconidparasitoids were recorded from Ascotisselenariaand from an unidentified hairy
caterpillar. Among the entomopathogens and botanicals tested, B. bassiana2 x 108cfu/g @ 2g/l
and Azadirachtin 0.03%EC @ 2ml/ l (61.10% reduction) against pink scales;B. bassiana2 x
108spores/ml @ 2ml/l and M. anisopliae 2 x 108cfu/g @ 2g/l, Isariafumosorosea2 x
108spores/ml @ 2ml/l against whitefly nymphs and adults were highly effective. But other
entomopathogens stood on par with them. Azadirachtin was effective initially;
entomopathogens were superior at 14 and 21 DAT.The total cost of plant protection was
highest (Rs. 71/ bed) in case of Azadirachtin, and lowest (Rs.54/ Bed) in fungal pathogens
Lecanicilliumlecanii and B. bassiana.
Keywords: Forest nursery pests, Management, Bio control, Entomopathogens.
September, 2020 (R. N. Kencharaddi)

Major Advisor
5. Diversity and Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Fern Flora in Sacred Groves
(SURAJ, R.H)
ABSTRACT
An investigation on “Diversity and ethnobotanical knowledge of fern flora in sacred
groves’’ was carried out in Virajpet taluk, Kodagu during 2019-2020. The study was carried
out to know the diversity, ethnobotanical knowledge and combined conservation value of wild
fern species in different sacred groves of Virajpet taluk, Kodagu. The population structure of
wild ferns was assessed by stratified random sampling technique. Fern diversity status, species
richness, dominance and abundance were assessed by adopting Shannon and Simpson
diversity indices. The Density, frequency, IVI was calculated by using appropriate methods.
Species richness and diversity were more in the sacred groves of semi evergreen vegetation
compared to that of moist deciduous vegetation. Among the sacred groves, species diversity
was more in KakkottuAyyappa sacred grove of Maggula village. Maximum frequency, density
and Important Value Index was recorded in Tectaria paradoxa. A semi structured
questionnaire was used for the ethnobotanical survey of wild ferns. Totally, 36 fern species
were documented, of which nine species were used for medicine followed by edible (8),
ornamental (4). Mainly Drynariaquercifolia is used for curing jaundice, asthma, dysentery,
throat infection and ear bleeding. Nephrolepis exalatata, Nephrolepis undulata and
Parahemionitis cordata were used for ornamental purposes. 96 percent of the respondents
were using Diplazium esculentum as vegetable. Combined Conservation Value (CCV) was
calculated for different vegetation types and sacred groves. Conservation status of fern was
assessed with their medicinal, endemic and threat values. Among the vegetation types
considered, semi evergreen vegetation showed a higher CCV (89.43%) than the moist
deciduous (42.76%) indicating that semi evergreen vegetation was found to be maximum
number of medicinal, endemic and threatened ferns. Among the sacred groves, Bhagavathi,
UttaratAiyappa and BhattamakkiAyyappa showed higher CCV (38.33%) indicating the
presence of medicinal, threatened and endemic ferns in these sacred groves. The study gives
an understanding of the diversity and ethnobotanical knowledge of the fern species in sacred
groves which would help in conservation and management of the species.
November, 2020 (M. Jadeyegowda)

Major Advisor

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Keladi Shivappa Nayaka

University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga

1. Studies on Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Population Structure of Wild Edible Fruit

November, 2017 (Satish B.N.)

March, 2018 (C. G. Kushalappa)

July, 2020 (Sathish, B. N.)

The present investigation with objectives of recording forest nursery pests,

September, 2020 (R. N. Kencharaddi)

November, 2020 (M. Jadeyegowda)

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