HISTORY PAPER – II

PROGRAMME OBJECTIVE, PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOME, & COURSE OUTCOME

Programme Objective: The objective of the programme of Graduation in History in Paper II in semesters I-VI and
Paper III B in semesters V and VI is to equip the students with the knowledge of the history of Europe since the beginning of
Renaissance to the Modern times. The programme offers Courses that not only shed light on the historical events of Europe,
the shifting power centres in Europe, conflict of Powers and enables the students to study the historical events in a correct
perspective.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOME:

The Programme of History Paper II in semesters I-VI and Paper III B in semesters V and VI has been designed in a manner to
provide a better understanding of Cultures, Economies, Societies and World Geography. The knowledge of World History is
essential in every National or State Level Competitive Examination, especially, for Indian Civil Services aspirants. A
Graduation in the Programme of History will help students to pursue their Post-Graduation in an efficient manner. A
Graduation in the Programme of History will open more career avenues, such as Tourism Industry, Public Relations,
Museum Conservator, Curator/Archivist, Record Manager, Documentation Specialist and Librarian.

B.A. SEMESTER I History Paper II MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE UPTO THIRTY YEARS WAR

Course Objective:
After the completion of this course, the students will acquire in-depth knowledge about:

1. Coming of the modern times in the Western World.

2. Religious reform movements in Europe.
3. Rulers of Spain, England and France- Domestic and Foreign policy.

UNIT I

1. Aftermath of decline of Roman Civilization

2. Byzantine rule

3. Decline of Middle Ages

4. Geographical Discoveries –Causes

UNIT II

1. Geographical Discoveries

2. Renaissance in Italy

3. Renaissance in other European countries

4. Scientific Developments

UNIT III

1. Reformation in Germany

2. Reformation in other European countries

3. Counter Reformation

4. Society in Europe
UNIT IV

1. Hapsburg Dynasty

2. Tudor Dynasty

3. Valois and Bourbon Dynasty

4. Thirty Years War

B.A. SEMESTER II HISTORY PAPER – II HISTORY OF EUROPE 1600-1789

Course Objective:
After the completion of this course, Students will have in-depth knowledge and strong foundation in the
following areas:

1. The Political events in various countries of Europe.

2. The foreign policy of European nations.
3. The American War of Independence.
4. The causes of the French Revolution of 1789.

UNIT I

1. Stuart Dynasty –James I

2. Charles I

3. Charles II

4. James II and Glorious Revolution.

UNIT II

1. Bourbon Dynasty—Louis XIV

2. Age of Enlightenment

3. Enlightenment Despots

4. Commercial Development

UNIT III

1. Rise of Russia—Peter I

2. Successors of Peter I upto Catherine II

3. Catherine the Great

4. Rise of Prussia

UNIT IV

1. Society of America prior to Revolt

2. American Revolt

3. France after Louis XIV (Louis XV and Louis XVI)

4. Causes of French Revolution

B.A. SEMESTER III

HISTORY PAPER -II

HISTORY OF EUROPE (1789-1848)

Course Objective: After the completion of this course, students will have the in-depth knowledge
about:

1. The three French Revolutions- 189, 1830 and 1848.

2. The development of various Ideologies.
3. Domestic affairs of few European nations.

Unit I

1. Causes of French Revolution1789—social, political, economic, war of American Independence,

Role of Philosophers

2. Works of National Assembly and Legislative Body

3. First Republic 1792-1799, Domestic Policy

4. First Republic 1792-1799, Foreign Policy

Unit II

1. Rise of Napoleon

2. Napoleon as the First Consul

3. Continental System

4. Fall of Napoleon

Unit III

1. Vienna Congress

2. Concert of Europe

3. Metternich System

4. War of Greek Independence

Unit IV

1. The Revolution of 1830 and the Great Reform Act 1832

2. Louise Philippe and Revolution of 1848

3. Effect of the Revolution of 1848 in the various countries of Europe

4. Karl Marx: His works and historical import

B.A. SEMESTER IV

HISTORY PAPER - II

HISTORY OF EUROPE (1848-1918)

Course Objective: After the completion of this course, Students will have in-depth knowledge and strong foundation in the
following areas:

1. The Political events in various countries of Europe.

2. The foreign policy of European nations
3. Domestic affairs of few European nations.
4. Events leading to World War I.

Unit I

1. Napoleon III -Domestic & Foreign Policy

2. Crimean War

3. Czar Alexander II

4. Unification of Italy

Unit II

1. Unification of Germany

2. Bismarck and the growth of the German empire (1871-1890)

3. Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)

4. Kaiser William II

Unit III

1. Anglo-French Relations since 1871 and the formation of the Triple Entente

2. The growth of Socialism in Russia and the Russian Revolution of 1905

3. Young Turk Revolution

4. Balkan Wars 1912-1913

Unit IV

1. World War I : Beginning and events up to 1916

2. US entry in World War I

3. Russian Revolution 1917

 4. Events of World War I, 1917-1918

B.A. III (SEM. V)

HISTORY
PAPER II - (HISTORY OF EUROPE 1919-1929)

Course Objective: After the completion of this course, Students will have in-depth knowledge and strong
foundation in the following areas:

1. World War I and its aftermath

2. The Political events in various countries of Europe.
3. The foreign policy of few European nations.
4. The League of Nations and its functions.
5. The coming of the Great Depression.

Unit I
1) Aftermath of World War I - Paris Peace Conference
2) Organization. Leaders and the problems before the conference
3) Treaty of Versailles
4) Other Peace Treaties and criticism of the Paris Peace Settlement

Unit II
1) The League of Nations - Origin (14 Points of Wilson, objectives)
2) Membership, Organisation
3) Mandate System, the Minorities and the achievements of the League of Nations
4) Disarmament, Washington Naval Conference, Draft of 1932-33

Unit III (Internal Policies and condition of the nations)

1) Italy and Germany after 1919 upto 1929
2) France after 1919 upto 1929
3) Britain after 1919 upto 1929
4) Russia after 1919 upto 1929

Unit IV (International Economic situation)

1) Socialism in Russia
2) Reparation (Dawes and Young Plan)
3) Economic Nationalism
4) Great Economic Depression in Europe and America
 B.A.III SEMESTER V
HISTORY PAPER III B
EUROPE AND THE WEST (1945 – 1975)

Course Objective: After the completion of this course, students will have the in-depth knowledge
about:

1. The aftermath of World War II and the emergence of Cold War.

2. Affairs of Western Europe, Communist Europe, U.N.O., Third World.
3. Non-Aligned Movement, Decolonisation

Unit I - Europe in 1945 - 1949

1. Effect of the World War II – Yalta / Crimea Conference, Potsdam Conference, Refugee Crisis,
Division of Germany, Nuremberg Trials
2. UNO & Dispute Resolution, Peace Treaties of 1947
3. Beginnings of Cold War, Scientific inventions & Discoveries
4. Berlin Blockade & NATO

Unit II - Europe 1949 - 1955

1. Stalin, his Empire and De-Stalinisation 1948-1956
2. Eastern European States,
3. Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia
4. Korean War

Unit III
1. Beginnings of a European Union 1947-1970
2. Reconstructing Europe 1951-1968
3. Reform Communism 1957-1968
4. Revolutions of 1968

Unit IV
1. Decolonisation
2. Non-Aligned Movement
3. Vietnam War
4. Disarmament 1945 – 1975
 B.A. III (SEM. VI)
HISTORY
PAPER II - (HISTORY OF EUROPE 1929- 1945)

Course Objective: After the completion of this course, students will have in-depth knowledge about:

1. Rise of Nazism and Fascism in Europe.

2. World War II- Origins, causes, events, aftermath.
3. United Nations and the emergence of the Cold War.

Unit I (Foreign Policy)

1) England post World War I
2) France post World War I
3) Italy post World War I
4) Germany post World War I

Unit II
1) Russia post World War I (Foreign Policy)
2) USA post World War I (Foreign Policy)
3) Spanish Civil War
4) Socialism in Europe

Unit III
1) Disarmament
2) World war II - Causes
3) World war II - Events
4) World war II - Consequences

Unit IV
1) UNO - Genesis (various Conferences)
2) UNO - Organisation (Structure)
3) Western World in 1945 - (Victorious Allied Nations - USA and France and Defeated Nations -
Germany and Italy)
4) Decolonization
 B.A.III SEMESTER VI
HISTORY PAPER III B

EUROPE AND THE WEST (1975 – 2000)

Course Objective: After the completion of this course, students will havein-depth knowledge about:

1. Developments Post World War II- N.A.T.O., E.U.

2. Disintegration of the Soviet Union and fall of Soviet Communism.
3. Emergence of Unipolarism and Globalisation.

Unit I - Europe in 1975

1. UN Dispute Resolution 1975 onwards
2. The Eastern Communist States 1970 onwards
3. Stagnation In the Soviet Union 1968-85
4. Implosion in the USSR

Unit II
1. Re-unification of Germany
2. US Hegemony In the World / Unipolarism
3. Europe and the Middle East
4. Multipolarism

Unit III
1. European Integration 1970 onwards
2. NAM from Colombo to Malaysia
3. Disarmament Treaties 1975 onwards
4. UN Peace-keeping post-Cold War

Unit IV
1. US and Western Europe
2. Globalisation and its effects
3. Global initiative for Environment
 ASIAN CULTURE
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVE

The objective of the programme of Graduation in Asian Culture is to equip the students with the knowledge of the history of various
countries of Asia in 19th and 20th centuries; this includes the spread of Western Imperialism in Asia and the freedom struggle of various
Asian nations. The effect of Cold War on the region has also been covered. The programme offers Courses that not only shed l ight on the
historical events of various countries of Asia, the conflict of Powers but also enables the students to study the historical events in a co rrect
perspective.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOME

The Programme of Asian Culture has been designed in a manner to study the culture, history, economy and society of the various Asian
nations. The knowledge of History of Asia is useful for students in various Competitive Examinations, especially, for Indian Civil Services
aspirants. A Graduation in the Programme of Asian Culture will help students in their Post-Graduate studies in History. They can later
pursue their career as History Writer, History Researcher and a History Instructor.

B.A. SEMESTER I ASIAN CULTURE PAPER – I SOUTH ASIA (1800-1870)

Course Objective: On the completion of this course the students will gain insight on the following:

1. Socio-Economic and Political conditions in South Asia in the 19 th century.

2. How India and Ceylon became a victim of Imperialism.
3. British Imperialism in Afghanistan and relations with Nepal.

UNIT I

1. Social and Cultural Condition of India.

2. Anglo-Maratha struggle for Supremacy: Anglo Maratha Wars, Causes of Maratha defeat.

3. Changes in agrarian Structure in India.

4. Popular Revolts—Kol, Santhal, Bhil, Khasi, Cutch Rebellion, Salt Revolution of Surat and Sepoy Mutiny-1824,1844, 1849.

UNIT II

1. The Great Mutiny of 1857—Causes

2. Major Centres of Revolt

3. Aftermath of the Great Revolt : Changes in British Policy and Administration

4. Development of Education in India till Wood’s Despatch

UNIT III

1. Indian Renaissance

2. Socio-Religious Reform Movements

3. Aligarh Movement , Parsi, Radhaswami Satsang , Chief Khalsa Dewan

4. Impact of Socio-Religious Reform Movements

UNIT IV

1. Anglo-Afghan Relations and First Anglo-Afghan War

2. First Anglo-Nepal War

3. Anglo-Bhutan Relation and Duar War

4. British Rule in Ceylon

B.A. SEMESTER I

ASIAN CULTURE PAPER - II

EAST ASIA DURING 1800-1870

Course Objective: On the completion of this course the students will gain insight on the following:

1. China lapsed into a state of Semi-Colonisation.

2. The beginnings of the emergence of Japan as a strong nation.

UNIT I

1. Social, Economic, Cultural and Political condition of China during 1800

2. Rebellion of Turkestan 1826

3. Canton Trade

4. First Opium War

UNIT II

1. Second Opium War

2. Taiping Rebellion

3. Self Strengthening Movement

4. Foreign Relations

UNIT III

1. Pre-Restoration Social and Economic system in Japan

2. Pre-Restoration Cultural and Political condition

3. Japan during Tokugawa Shogunate

Unit IV

1. Japan and its early Foreign Relations

2. Arrival of Commodore Perry

3. End of seclusion—Fall of Tokugawa Shoguns

 B.A. SEMESTER II

ASIAN CULTURE PAPER - I

SOUTH ASIA (1870-1919)

Course Objective: On the completion of this course the students will gain insight on the following:

1. Freedom struggle in India 1870-1919- Leaders, Organisations, movements, Ideologies.

2. Attempts of British administration to introduce reforms.

3. Emergence of Gandhi.

4. Nationalism in Ceylon.

UNIT I

1. Growth of Indian Nationalism

2. Founding of Indian National Congress

3. It’s Early Phase : Objectives , methods and programme of moderates

4. Dadabhai Naroji, Surendranath Bannerjee, W.C. Bannerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhale,Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya etc.

UNIT II

1. India under Lord Lytton

2. Reforms of Lord Ripon

3. Curzon and Partition of Bengal, Boycott and Swadeshi Movement

4. Rise of Extremism in Indian National Congress : Causes ,Objectives and Methods—Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai,
Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghosh, Annie Beasant

UNIT III

1. Rise of Revolutionary Nationalism

2. Chapekar Brothers, Shyamji Krishna Verma, Madan Lal Dhingra, V.D. Savarkar, Lala Hardayal, Prafulla Chaki, Khudiram
Bose, Ghosh Brothers etc.

3. Act of 1909 and 1919

4. Development of Education from Hunter Commission to 1919.

UNIT IV

1. Emergence of Gandhi : Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda

2. Satyagrah and Agitation against Rowlatt Bill

3. Anglo—Afghan Relations and Second Anglo—Afghan War

4. British in Ceylon and the Rise of Nationalism in Ceylon

 B.A. SEMESTER II

ASIAN CULTURE PAPER - II

EAST ASIA DURING 1870-1919

Course Objective: On the completion of this course the students will gain insight on the following:

1. The various events in China in the 19th century.

2. The emergence of Japan as a strong Nation, the aggressive foreign policy of Japan in the World War I.

UNIT I

1. Foreign Occupation of Chinese territories

2. Expansion of Imperialism –‘Partition of China’

3. The Reform Movement

4. The Boxer Uprising

UNIT II

1. Intellectual, Social, and Economic changes during the late Ching Rule

2. Reasons of the decline of Manchu Dynasty

3. Reform and Revolution—The Rise of the Republic

4. China and World War I

UNIT III

1. The Meiji Restoration and Reforms

2. The crisis of 1873

3. Constitutional Movement

4. Japanese Constitution of 1889

UNIT IV

1. Modernisation of Japan

2. Growth of Japanese Imperialism—Sino-Japanese War

3. Russo-Japanese War
4. Japan and World War I

B.A. SEMESTER III

ASIAN CULTURE PAPER - I

WEST ASIA DURING 1800-1870

Course Objective: On the completion of this course the students will gain insight on the following:

1. The Course help the students to gain in-sight and in-depth knowledge of West Asia.

2. It equips the students of the better understanding of the politics of the region along with the
International Politics.

Unit I

1. Expansion of Ottoman Empire

2. Socio, Cultural and Economic conditions

3. Decline of Ottoman Empire

4. Mustafa III and Selim III

Unit II

1. Mehmud II

2. Tanzimat Reforms

3. Western Interests in Ottoman Empire

4. Greek War of Independence

Unit III

1. Egypt before the rise of Mehmet Ali

2. Mehmet Ali (Reforms and Foreign Policy)

3. Successors of Mehmet Ali

4. Western Interest in Egypt

Unit IV

1. Persia –Political and Intellectual Awakening

2. Persia –Religious Awakening (Babism and Bahaism)

3. Arab – Religious Awakening (Wahabbi Movement)

4. Judaism

B.A. SEMESTER III

ASIAN CULTURE PAPER - II

SOUTH –EAST ASIA DURING 1800-1870

Course Objective: On the completion of this course the students will gain insight on the following:

1. Socio-Economic and Political conditions in South-East Asia in the 19th century.

2. How South-East Asia became a victim of Imperialism.

Unit I (BURMA)

1. Anglo-Burma War 1824

2. Anglo-Burma War 1852

3. British Rule in Lower Burma

4. The Reign of Mindon-Min

Unit II (SIAM)

1. Siam-King Rama I and Rama II

2. European Powers and Siam –Crawford Mission

3. Reign of Rama III and the missionary impact on Siam

4. King Mongkut and modernization of Siam

Unit III (INDONESIA,MALAYA-JAVA)

1. Dutch occupation of Indonesia and British occupied Indonesia

2. Culture System and Ethical Policy

3. British Expansion in Java (Raffles, Daendels, Founding of Singapore)

4. Dutch rule in Java and Cultivation System

Unit IV (VIETNAM-INDO-CHINA, PHILIPPINES)

1. Reign of Gia Long and Minh-Mang in Vietnam, Relations of Missionaries with Minh-Mang

2. The Tourane-Saigon Expedition, Expansion of French Holdings

3. Philippines under Spanish rule

4. Development of Nationalist Resistance in Philippines

 B.A. SEMESTER IV

ASIAN CULTURE PAPER - I

WEST ASIA DURING 1870-1919

Course Objective: On the completion of this course the students will gain insight on the following:

1. The Course provides the detailed information and in-depth knowledge of the condition of West Asia from mid-Nineteenth
century up to World War I.

2. It reflects on the changes and developments taking place in the region.

Unit I

1. Dethronement of Abdul Aziz

2. Abdul Hamid II

3. Pan-Islamism

4. Young-Turk Movement

Unit II

1. British occupation of Egypt

2. Egyptian nationalism

3. Lord Cromer—Reforms

4. Successors of Lord Cromer (Growth of Egyptian Nationalism)

Unit III

1. Awakening in Persia and reign of Shah Nasir-ru-ddin

2. Persia-Revolution of 1906 and Partition of 1907

3. Arab Nationalism and First World War

4. Zionism and Balfour Declaration

Unit IV

1. Eastern Question—Balkan Nationalism

2. Russo-Turkish War and Berlin Congress

3. Italy –Turkish War and Balkan Wars

4. Secret Treaties and First World War

B.A. SEMESTER IV

ASIAN CULTURE PAPER - II

SOUTH –EAST ASIA DURING 1870-1919

Course Objective: On the completion of this course the students will gain insight on the following:

1. Socio-Economic and Political conditions in South-East Asia during 1870-1919.

2. The conditions in South-East Asia on the eve of World War I.

UNIT I (Burma)

1. British absorption of Burma

2. Annexation of Upper Burma

3. The New British Administrative system in Burma

4. Emergence of the Burmese nationalism and World War I

UNIT II (Siam)

1. Reign of Chulalongkorn

2. Prince Damrong and the Reforming Program

3. Economic Development of Siam

4. Siam and World War I

UNIT III (Indonesia , Malaya –Java)

1. British intervention in Malaya after 1874

2. Resident system and the Federated Malaya State

3. The Nationalist Movements in Indonesia

4. Sarekat Islam

UNIT IV (Vietnam-Indo-China, Philippines)

1. French—Acquisition of Annam, Tongking, Laos

2. French administration of Indo-China and World War I

3. Philippine Nationalism (Jose Rizal, Aguinaldo etc., Katipunan)

4. US intervention and rule in Philippines, World War I and Philippines

B.A. III (SEM. V)

ASIAN CULTURE
PAPER II (ASIA TODAY SINCE 1945)

Course Objective: On the completion of this course the students will gain insight on the following:

1. Problems of Decolonization in the countries of Asia.

2. Foreign Policies of various Asian Countries.

3. Affairs of China and Japan post World War II.

Unit I

1) Post World War II Decolonization of Asian Nations

2) India 1945-1991
3) Pakistan - Militarism in Pakistan and the growth upto 1991

Unit II

1) Birth of Bangladesh and growth upto 1991

2) Sri Lanka - Post World War II upto 1991
3) Political condition of Nepal and Bhutan from 1945 upto 1991

Unit III

1) China post World War II

2) Cultural Revolution in China
3) Post Mao China

Unit IV

1) Japan - Recovery of faith

2) Industrialisation of Japan
3) Korea
 B.A. III (SEM. V )
ASIAN CULTURE
PAPER III (20TH CENTURY REVOLUTIONS AND MOVEMENTS)

Course Objective: On the completion of this course the students will gain insight and in-depth knowledge o fthe
various revolutions and revolutionary movements in various countries of Asia in the 20 th Century.

Unit I (South Asia)

1) Gandhian Movements - Satyagrah, Non-Cooperation Movement
2) Civil Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement
3) Other Revolutionary Movements

Unit II (South Asia)

1) Indian National Army, Naval Mutiny of 1946
2) Total Revolution of India 1974-75
3) Revolution in Bangladesh 1971

Unit III (East Asia)

1) China - Revolution of 1911
2) China - Revolution of 1949
3) China — Cultural Revolution of 1966

Unit IV (West Asia)

1) Turkey - Young Turk Revolution of 1908 and Counter Revolution
2) Persia - Revolution of 1906
3) Persia - Islamic Revolution of 1979
 B.A. III (SEM. VI)
ASIAN CULTURE
PAPER I (MODERN ASIA (WEST AND SOUTH—EAST) 1919-1945)

Course Objective: After the completion of this course, the students will have an in-depth knowledge about:

1. Domestic and Foreign policy of the countries of West Asia- Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Israel and Egypt.
2. Freedom movement in Burma, Indonesia, Vietnam and Philippines.
3. Problems of newly independent nations- Burma and Philippines.
4. Vietnam War and Birth of United Vietnam.

Unit I (West)
1) Mandate System
2) Syria and Lebanon under French Mandate
3) Iraq and Palestine under British Mandate ( Balfour Declaration and birth of Israel)

Unit II (West)
1) Anglo-Egyptian Relation during 1919-1945
2) Persia Post World War I upto the rise of Reza Shah
3) Reign of Reza Shah in Persia, World War II and Persia

Unit III (South-East)

1) Anti-Colonial Movements in Indonesia
2) Anti-Colonial Movements in Indo-China
3) Anti-Colonial Movements in Philippines

Unit IV (South-East)
1) Anti-Colonial Movements in Burma
2) Thailand during 1919-1945
3) Asia during World War II
 ASIAN CULTURE
B.A. III (SEM. VI )
PAPER II (ASIA TODAY SINCE 1945)

Course Objective: After the completion of this course, the students will have an in-depth knowledge about:

1. The post World War II scenario of various Asian Nations.

2. Cold War Politics in Asia.
3. Regional organisations in Asia.

Unit I

1) Arab-Israel conflict and war of 1948

2) Arab-Israel conflict and wars of 1956 and 1973
3) Modernization of Iran

Unit II

1) Iran and the Islamic Revolution

2) Post World War It - Indo-China and the emergence of Ho Chi Minh
3) Creation of unified Vietnam

Unit III

1) Growth of democracy in Philippines

2) Growth of democracy in Indonesia
3) Cold War

Unit IV

1) Non-Aligned Movement
2) Growth of Regionalism
3) ASEAN, SAARC, OPEC
 B.A. III (SEM. VI)
ASIAN CULTURE
PAPER III (20th CENTURY REVOLUTIONS AND MOVEMENTS)

Course Objective: After the completion of this course, the students will have an in-depth knowledge about:

1. Freedom struggle across South-East Asia.

2. Emergence of new nations after Decolonization in South-East Asia.
3. Domestic and foreign policy of the new independent nations.

Unit I (South-East Asia - Philippines)

1) The process or Filipinization
2) Attainment of Self Rule by Philippines and assessment of American Rule
3) The Huk Rebellion, The Magsaysay Revolution, The EDSA Revolution and Dissident
Challenges

Unit II (South-East Asia - Burma or Myanmar)

1) Rebellion of 1930-31 or Saya Sen Rebellion
2) The Student Movement, Nationalist Organisation and movement in Burma
3) Aang Saan Suu kyi versus SLORC

Unit III (South-East Asia - Siam or Thailand and Indonesia)

1) Thailand - The Revolution of 1932, The co’up of 1948 - Pan-Thai Movement, The coup of
1957
2) Thailand - The Student Movement 1973, The co’up of 1991
3) Indonesia - Nationalist Organisations - Sarekat Islam, the Revolution of 1926, The Indonesian
Revolution 1945-1949

Unit IV (South-East Asia - Malaysia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

1) Malaysia - Birth of UMNO, Emergency in Malaya 1948-60, Independence for Malaya and
Singapore
2) Vietnam - Nationalist agitations in Vietnam, Movement of unified Vietnam, Vietnam and
Cambodia
3) Laos - Laotian Independence Movement