Republic of the Philippines

Province of Cotabato
Municipality of Makilala
MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Makilala, Cotabato

Criminology Department
Bachelor of Science and Criminology

Course Number : I Instructor: Rosario R. Velasco

Course Title : Natural Science Mobile Number: 09219341043
Description : General Chemistry
Credit Units : 4 units
Module Number: 4
Duration : One Week (March 24-30, 2021)

WELCOME TO MODULE 4

Module 4 consists of five lessons namely:

1. Metric System
2. Measurement of Length
3. Measurement of Mass
4. Measurement of Volume
5. Heat and Temperature Scale

LESSON 1
I. Learning Outcome
1. Give the numerical equivalents, units, symbols, metric prefixes and exponential number in metric system.

II. Topic: Standards for Measurement- The Metric System

III. Reference:

Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2

IV. Course Content:

The metric system, or International System (SI, from Systeme International), is a decimal of units for
measurements of mass, length, time, and other physical quantities. It is built around a set of base units and uses factors
of 10 to express larger or smaller numbers of these units. To express quantities that are larger or smaller than the base
units, prefixes are added to the names of the units. These prefixes represent multiples of 10, making the metric system a
decimal system of measurements. Table 2.1 shows the names, symbols, and numerical values of the prefixes. Some of
the more commonly used prefixes are

kilo One thousand (1000) times the unit expressed

deci One-tenth (0.1) of the unit expressed
centi One-hundredth (0.01) of the unit expressed
milli One-thousandth (0.001) of the unit expressed
micro One-millionth (0.000001) of the unit expressed

Examples are
1 kilometre = 1000 metres
1 kilogram = 1000 grams
1 microsend = 0.000001 second

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 The seven base units of measurement in the International System are given below. Other units are derived
from these base units
Quantity Name of unit Symbol
Length Metre m
Mass Kilogram kg
Temperature Kelvin K
Time Second s
Amount of substance Mole mol
Electric current Ampere A
Luminous intensity Candela cd

Prefixes used in the metric system and their numerical values. (The more commonly used prefixes are in color.)

Prefix Symbol Numerical value

tetra T 1,000,000,000,000 or 10 1 2
giga G 1,000,000,000 or 109
mega M 1,000,000 or 106
kilo k 1,000 or 103
hecto h 100 or 102
deka da 10 or 101
deci d 0.1 or 10-1
centi c 0.01 or 10-2
milli m 0.001 or 10-3
micro μ 0.0000001 or 10-6
nano n 0.000000001 or 10-9
pico p 0.000000000001 or 10-12
femto f 0.000000000000001 or 10-15
atto a 0.000000000000000001 or 10-18

V. Activity

A. Write the full name of the given symbol of unit.

____________1. m ___________ 4. c
____________2. d ___________ 5. a
____________3. A

B. Write the symbol of the given prefixes.

____________1. tera ____________4. Giga

____________2. nano ____________5. atto
____________3. micro

VI. Evaluation:

Directions: Supply the missing data to complete the table.

Unit Abbreviation Meter Equivalent Exponential Equivalent

1. meter __________ 1 __________
2. centimeter __________ _______ 10 -1
3. millimeter __________ 0.001 __________
4. _________ nm 0.000000001 ___________
5. Decimeter __________ _______ 10 -1

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LESSON 2

I. Learning Outcomes
1. Convert measurement of length in American units to metric units and vice versa.
2. Compute worded problem in conversion of units in length measurement.

II. Topic: Standards for Measurement- Measurement of Length

III. Reference:

Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2

IV. Course Content

Standards for the measurement of length have an interesting historical development. The Old Testament
mentions such units as the cubit (the distance from a man’s elbow to the tip of his outstretched hand). In ancient Scotland
the inch was once defined as a distance equal to the width of a man’s thumb.
A meter is 39.37 inches, a little longer than 1 yard. One meter contains 10 decimeters, 100 centimeters, or 1000
millimeters. A kilometer contains 1000 meters. The table below shows the units of length in metric system and between
the American and metric systems.

Units of Length
Unit Equivalent Unit Equivalent
1 kilometer (km) =1000 meters 1 mile (mi) =1.609 kilometers
= 0.6214 mile =1609 meters
1 meter (m) =100 centimeters 1 yard (yd) =0.9144 meter
=1000 millimeters =91.44 centimeters
=1.0936 yards 1 foot (ft) =0.3048 meter
=39.37 inches =30.48 centimeters
1 centimeter (cm) =0.01 meter 1 inch (in.) =2.54 centimeters
=10 millimeters =25.4 millimeters
=0.3937 inch
1 millimeter (mm) =0.001 meter
=0.1 centimeter

Basic steps for solving problems:

1. Read the problem very carefully to determine what is to be solved for and write it down.
2. Tabulate the data given in the problem. In tabulating the data, it is important to label all factors and
measurements with the proper units.
3. Determine which principles are involved and which unit relationships are needed to solve the problem.
Sometimes it is necessary to refer to the table for needed data.
4. Set up the problem in a neat, organized and logical fashion making sure that unwanted units cancel.
5. Proceed with the necessary mathematical operation.
6. Check the answer to see if it is reasonable.

Study the following example in using conversion factor.

The dimensional analysis method of problem solving converts one unit to another unit by the use of conversion
factors.
unit1 x conversion factor = unit2
If you want to know how many millimeters in in 2.5 meters, you need to convert meters (m) to millimeters
(mm), start by writing:
m x conversion factor = mm

This conversion factor must accomplished two things. It must cancel or eliminate meters, and it must introduce
millimeters, the unit wanted in the answer. Such a conversion factor will in fractional form and have meters in the
denominator and millimeters in the numerator.
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 mm
mX = mm
m
We know that 1 meter = to 1000 mm. From this relationship we can write two factors, 1 m per 1000 mm and 1000
mm per 1 m:

1m and 1000 mm
1000 mm 1m

Using the factor 1000 mm/1 m, we can set up the calculation for the conversion of 2.5 m to millimeters.
1000 mm 2.5 x 103 mm
2.5 m X =2500 mm or
1m (two significant figures)

V. Activity
Directions: Convert the following metric units from higher to lower units and vice versa.

1. 215 centimeters to meters

2. 1.5 meters to yards
3. 10 feet to meters

VI. Evaluation

A. Convert the following American units to metric units.

1. 1.5 mile to kilometer

2. 3 yards to meter
3. 15 inches to centimeter

B. Convert the following metric units to American units.

1. ½ kilometer to miles
2. 5 meters to yard
3. 2 meters to inches

C. Solve the following problem.

The lady walks 1.5 kilometers everyday. How many miles does the lady walk everyday?

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Lesson 3

I. Learning Outcomes
1. Convert measurement of mass in American units to metric units and vice versa.
2. Compute the worded problem in mass measurement.
II. Topic: Standards for Measurement- Measurement of Mass

III. Reference:

Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2

IV. Course Content

The gram is used as a unit of mass measurement, but it is a tiny amount of mass; for instance, a nickel has a mass
of about 5 grams. Therefore the standard unit of mass in the SI system is the kilogram (equal to 1000 g).
One kilogram, the SI unit for mass, is equal to 2.205 lb-too large a quantity for many purposes in chemistry and
medicine. Thus, smaller units of mass such as the gram, milligram (mg), and microgram (µg), are more commonly used.
The table hows the metric units of mass.

Metric units of mass

Unit Abbreviation Gram equivalent Exponential equivalent
Kilogram kg 1000 g 103 g
Gram g 1g 100 g
Decigram dg 0.1 g 10-1 g
Centigram cg 0.01 g 10-2 g
Milligram mg 0.001 g 10-3 g
Microgram µg 0.000001 g 10-6 g

To change grams to milligrams, multiply grams by the conversion factor 1000 mg/g. The setup for converting 25
g to milligrams is

1000 mg = 25,000 mg (2.5 x 104 mg)

25 g x
1g

To change milligrams to grams, multiply milligrams by the conversion factor 1 g/1000 mg. For example, to convert
150 mg to grams:

150 mg x 1 g_ = 0.150 g
1000 mg

Units of Mass
Unit Equivalent Unit Equivalent
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams 1 ton = 2000 pounds
=2.205 pounds = 907.03 kilograms
1 gram (g) =0.001 kilogram 1 pound(lb) = 16 ounces
=1000 milligrams = 0.454 kilogram
=0.035 27 ounce = 454 grams
1milligram (mg) =0.001 gram 1 ounce(oz) = 0.028 35 kilogram
= 1000 micrograms = 28.35 grams
1 microgram ( µg) = 0.000 001 gram = 28,350 milligrams
= 0.001 milligram

Example: Convert 0.75 pounds to grams

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 Solution:
0.75 lb × 454 g_ = 340g

1lb

V. Activity

Convert the following units:

1. 3.50 milligrams to centigrams
2. 1.5 kilograms to pounds
3. 500 grams to kilograms
4. 1.5pounds to kilograms
VI. Evaluation :
A. Convert the metric units to American units
1. 1 gram to ounce
2. 200 pounce to kilograms
B. Problem solving
1. How many kilograms does a 7.5 lb infant weight.
2. How many milligrams are in a 4.0 oz bottle of cough medicine?

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Lesson 4
I. Learning Outcomes
1. Convert measurement of volume in American units to metric units and vice versa.
2. Compute the worded problem in volume measurement.

II. Topic: Standards for Measurement- Measurement of Volume

III. Reference:

Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2

IV. Course Content

The metric system unit of volume is the litre. The liter is a little larger than a U.S. quart ; 1.000 litre is equals 1.057
quarts . the most commonly used units fractional unit of litre is millimitre: 1 litre = 100o mL, and 946 m L = 1.00 qt. This
small unit of volume is also commonly reffered to as cubic centimeter, abbreviated cm 3 (or sometimes cc), because a liter
is defined as the volume enclosed in a cube measuring exactly 10cm on an edge . The volme of a cube is determined by
multiplying the length times the width times the height ;therefore this cube is 10 cm × 10 cm ×10 cm = 1000cm3 .

The table below illustrates the unit of volume and equivalents between metric and American units.
Units of Volume
Unit Equivalent Unit Equivalent
1 cubic meter(m3) = 1000 liter 1 gallon (gal) = 3.7856 liters
=264.2 gallons 1 quart (qt) = 0.9464 liter
1 liter (L) =0.001 cubic centimeter = 936. 4milliliters
=1000 milliter 1 fluid ounce(floz) = 29.57 milliliters
=1.057 quarts
1deciliter (dL) =0.01 liter
= 100 milliliter
1 milliliter ( mL) = 0.001 liter
= 1000 microliters
1 microliter (µL) = 0.001 milliliter

Example:
Change the following;
Change 3.5 liters to mL
Solution:
1000 mL
3.5L x = 3500 mL (3.5 X 103 mL)
L
V. Activity
Directions: Convert the following.
1. Change 2m3 to gallons.
2. Change 1.5qt to liters.
3. Change 2.5L to deciliters.
VI. Evaluation:
1. How many cubic centimeters are in a cube that is 11.1 inches on a side?
First change the inches to centimeters. Then change the cubic volume (length x width x height)

2. The farmer sprayed 20L of insecticide in his vegetable garden. How many gallons of insecticide did he
spray?

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Lesson 5
I. Learning Outcomes
A. Define heat and temperature.
B. Convert measurement of temperature in American units to metric units and vice versa.
C. Solve the worded problems in temperature measurement.

II. Topic: Standards for Measurement- Heat and Temperature Scale

III. Reference:

Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2

IV. Course Content

Heat is a form of energy associated with the motion of small particles of matter. The term heat refers
to the quantity of energy within a system or to a quantity of energy added to or taken away from a system.
System as used here simply refers to the entity that is being heated or cooled. Depending on the amount of
heat energy present, a given system is said to be hot or cold. Temperature is a measure of the intensity of heat,
or how hot a system is, regardless of its size. Heat always flows from a region of higher temperature to one of
lower temperature.
The temperature of a system can be expressed by several different scales. Three commonly used
temperature scales are the Celsius (centigrade) scale, the Kelvin (absolute) scale, and the Fahrenheit scale. The
unit of temperature on each of these scales is called a degree, but the size of the degree varies. The symbol for
the Celsius and Fahrenheit degrees is 0, and it is placed as a superscript after the number and before the symbol
for the scales. Thus, 1000C means 100 degrees Celsius. The degree sign is not used with Kelvin temperatures.
Degrees Celsius (centigrade) = 0C
Degrees Kelvin (absolute) = K
Degrees Fahrenheit =0F
On the Celsius scale the interval between the freezing and boiling temperatures of water is divided into
100 equal parts, or degrees. The freezing point of water is assigned a temperature of 0 0C and the boiling point
of water a temperature of 1000C. The Kelvin temperature scale is also known as the absolute temperature scale,
because 0 K is the lowest temperature theoretically attainable. The Kelvin zero is 273.16 degrees below the
Celsius zero. Kelvin degrees are equal in size to Celsius degrees. The freezing point of water on the Kelvin scale
is 273.16 K (usually rounded to 273 K). On the Fahrenheit scale there are 180 parts between the freezing and
the boiling temperature of water. On this scale the freezing point of water is 32 0 F and the boiling point is 2120
F.

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 1000C 2120F 373K

100 parts 180 parts 100 parts

00 C 320F 273K

The following are the formulas in the conversion of temperature.

1. Kelvin to 0Celsius
K = 0C + 273

2. Celsius to Kelvin
0
C= K – 273

3. Fahrenheit to 0Celsius
0
F = (1.8 x 0C) + 32

4. Celsius to Fahrenheit
0 (0F – 32)
C=
1.8

Example of temperature conversion

a. Celsius to Fahrenheit
0 (0F – 32)
C=
1.8
0 (110 – 32) 78
C= = =430C
1.8 1.8

b. Fahrenheit to 0Celsius
0
F = (1.8 x 0C) + 32
0
F = (1.8 x (-8.01)} + 32 = -14.4 + 32
0
F = 18 (2 significant figures)

c. Celsius to Kelvin
293K- 273
=20

d. Kelvin to Celsius
100C + 273
= 283K
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V. Activity
Directions: Change Celsius to Fahrenheit
1. The temperature for December 1 was 2500F, calculate this temperature in 0C.
2. What is the temperature on the Fahrenheit scale corresponds to -8.00C.
3. Compute the worded problems in temperature measurement.

VI. Evaluation:
Directions: Solve the following problems in temperature conversion.

1. A body temperature above 1070F can be fatal. What is the reading temperature in Celsius scale?

2. The highest land temperature in the Philippines is 42 0C. What is this temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?

3. The reading of temperature in Kelvin is 400K. What temperature does this correspond on the Celsius scale?

4. A temperature of the baby is 390C. What is the reading in Kelvin?

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