MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, JALGAON

(0018)
Program Name and Code : Information Technology (IF5I)
Course Name and Code : Environmental Studies (22447)
Academic Year : 2022-23
Semester : Fifth

A MICRO PROJECT
On
Climate Changes and Ecosystem
Submitted by the group of 4 students

Sr. Roll Name of student Enrollment Seat No.

No. No. No.
1 28 Sneha Gulabrao Chavan 2000180028

2 49 Roshani Sachindra Ingale 2000180050

3 66 Divya Rajendra Jaiswal 2100180029

4 67 Shivani Shantilal Jaiswal 2100180030

Project Guide
Mrs. S. D. Patil
pg. 1
 (Lecturer in IT)
Certificate
This is to certify that Sneha Gulabrao Chavan, Roshani Sachindra Ingale ,Divya
Rajendra Jaiswal,Shivani Shantilal Jaiswal Roll No. 28,49,68,69 of 5th Semester of
Diploma in Information Technology of Government Polytechnic, Jalgaon(Code:0018)
have completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in the subject Environmental Studies
(22447) for the Academic Year 2020- 2021 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Jalgaon Enrollment No.:

2000180028,2000180050,
2100180029,2100180030

Exam. Seat No:

Date:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institution

pg. 2
 GOVTERNMENT POLYTECHNIC JALGAON

-SUBMISSION-
We, Sneha Gulabrao Chavan, Roshani Sachindra Ingale ,Divya Rajendra Jaiswal,
Shivani Shantilal Jaiswal the students of 5th Semester of the Programmer
Information Technology humbly submit that we have completed from time to time the Micro-
Project work as described in this report by our own skills and study in academic year 20202021
as per instructions and guidance Mrs. S. D. Patil and that we students were associated for this
work, however, quantum of our contribution has been approved by the Lecturer.

And that we have not copied the report on its any appreciable part from any other
literature in contravention of the academic ethics.

Date:

Signature of Student

pg. 3
 Acknowledgement
This Micro project would not have been possible without considerable guidance
and support. So, we would like to acknowledge those who have enable us to complete
this project.

Firstly we would like to thank our project guide, Mrs. S. D. Patil (lecturer in IT,
Government Polytechnic Jalgaon) and Head of IT Department Mr. H.K.Nemade
for providing the guideline with continuous advice and feedback throughout the
duration of finishing this project

Secondly, we would also like to thank all other staff members of IT department that
we may called upon for assistance since the genesis of this project their opinion and
suggestion have helped us in a realizing these project.

Also not to be forgotten, we would like to thank all our classmates with the report valuable
opinion and sharing ideas during the process of this project

Finally we would like to thank our families for their understanding, encouragement and
support towards the completion of project.

Thank you so much.

pg. 4
 Index

Title Page
No.
Preface 6

Introduction 7

ECOSYSTEMS 8

Changes to Terrestrial Ecosystems 9

Changes to Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems 10

Climate change 11

Ecosystem a climate solution 12

Climate Change in Environment 12

What are the changes of climate changes and global 14

warmings
Conclusion 15

pg. 5
 Preface
Climate change is already having a dramatic effect on many ecosystems, leading to
questions about what the future will bring. In recent years, plant and animal populations
have changed much more quickly and drastically than anticipated, and there is evidence
that the pace of change is accelerating. Researchers have grown increasingly concerned
about the changes observed, especially in light of the many valuable services that
ecosystems provide to human societies. Scientists and practitioners in the fields of climate
change, ecology, land use, and biodiversity who study terrestrial, marine, and freshwater
ecosystem came together to research communities that do not commonly have
opportunities to collaborate.

pg. 6
 Introduction
Ecosystems are composed of the plants, animals, people and other living things that
interact with the physical environment around us. We depend on ecosystems to provide
food, clean water, air, and materials such as wood and fiber that are vital to everyday life.
Ecosystems are also source of human recreation, mental well-being and inspiration, and
protection from natural hazards, while at the same time, support diverse sets of organisms.
These many attributes make ecosystems a critical component of societal well-being and a
healthy natural world. Currently, however, ecosystems are experiencing and responding
to numerous human-induced stressors, with climate change among the primary concerns.

Climate change is increasing air and water temperatures, altering precipitation patterns,
intensifying many natural disturbances, affecting species distribution and survival, and
changing ocean chemistry, among other impacts. These environmental changes are
occurring concurrently with other pressures such as pollution, conversion of natural
ecosystems to other land uses, transport and introduction of non-native species, and
exploitation of natural resources.

pg. 7
 Ecosystems Are Rapidly Changing
Ecosystems around the globe are rapidly changing in response to climate change and
other human-induced stressors. In addition to rising temperatures, researchers are
observing changes in precipitation patterns, the occurrence and severity of extreme
events, species’ behaviors, and the chemistry of the ocean, among other effects.
Concurrently, ecosystems are being modified by resource extraction, habitat
degradation and conversion, invasive species, and pollution.

Climate change and other pressures affect the health and function of ecosystems as well
as the wide variety of species that live in them. Changes are being observed on land, in
freshwater systems, and in the ocean. The climate could be pushed into a different state by
numerous competing processes once a threshold has been surpassed. In addition, gradual
climate changes can cross thresholds or tipping points in both natural systems and human
systems, leading to abrupt change.

pg. 8
 Changes to Terrestrial Ecosystems

Terrestrial ecosystems include areas of natural or semi-natural vegetation cover as well as

areas that are more intensely managed, such as forest plantations, agricultural croplands,
and urban and suburban areas. All of these ecosystems are vulnerable to impacts of climate
change, but they may vary in how they are affected due to the complex interactions among
species, disturbances, and other factors. Human pressures such as landscape fragmentation
can result in animal and plant species existing in more patchy environments than in the
past, often in small populations. Such landscape fragmentation reduces species’ capacity
to migrate in response to climate change.

Many terrestrial ecosystems are well adapted to long standing patterns of natural
disturbances such as fires, storms, or periods of drought. This can lead to abrupt loss of
some of the ecological memory or adaptive capacity of the ecosystem, resulting in a rapid
transition to a new ecosystem type or a mixture of species that differs from the
predisturbance state. For example, in Yellowstone National Park, fires are occurring more
frequently and burning more severely such that fewer seeds remain to establish a new
forest; seeds can be unable to reach all burned areas if a fire is large. The present conditions
under which the forest will regenerate also differ from their previous state because of
climate change.

The linkage between climate change and agriculture is further complicated by the role that
agriculture itself plays in driving further climate change. As a sector, agriculture,
combined with forestry and other land uses (e.g., wetland conversions and other managed
lands), accounts for 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions, meaning that these practices
directly contribute to climate change, while also being impacted by it. At the same time,
pg. 9
 agricultural ecosystems can take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which helps to
mitigate climate change, and there is potential to increase this uptake.

Changes to Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

Water covers about 70% of Earth’s surface including saltwater and freshwater ecosystems.
Only about 2.5% of this water is fresh, and most of that is in ice form, leaving a relatively
small amount available for freshwater ecosystems. However, this 2.5% of freshwater
harbors about 10% of the planet’s known animal species and supports critical ecosystem
services. Both freshwater and marine systems are sources of food, transport, waste
disposal, energy production, and protection for shorelines and coastal communities.
Freshwater Ecosystems

Abrupt and irreversible changes in the makeup and function of freshwater ecosystems are
increasing likely with climate change. Many freshwater species have shifted their ranges,
behaviors, and interactions with other species. At the same time, climate change effects
on temperature and precipitation can result in droughts that reduce connectivity across
systems and heavy rain events that produce damaging floods. Freshwater systems also face
many other threats, including pollution, dams, fishing, watershed modification, and
invasive species. Even seemingly isolated riverine ecosystems, such as portions of
Amazonia, are being affected by mining, deforestation, and the construction of dams.
Meanwhile, 4 billion people already face severe water scarcity, which may be further
exacerbated by climate change.

Marine Ecosystems

Marine ecosystems also face many threats from climate change. The number of heat wave
days has increased dramatically in recent decades as the ocean has warmed, which has
severely affected organisms. In the open ocean, this oxygen decline is due to warming,
whereas along coastlines it is caused by nutrient pollution from land sources that lead to
eutrophication. Increasing absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide into the ocean is also
causing acidification, which affects the ability of organisms to produce shells and hard

pg. 10
 skeletons. Along low-lying coastal areas, rising sea levels are causing extensive flooding
that affects local ecosystems as well as communities living in these areas.

Climate Change
Numerous approaches are being considered for sustaining ecosystems in the face of
climate change. One option is to strengthen the natural ability of ecosystems to withstand
or recover from pressures, or to adjust to new environmental conditions. For example,
intact, extensive, and connected ecosystems have better prospects for resilience than do
degraded ecosystems. Ecosystems that are generally healthy, with high species diversity,
are better able to naturally adapt to changes in their environment. For these reasons, many
efforts to address current or anticipated climate impacts on ecosystems focus initially on
traditional approaches to ecosystem conservation and restoration.

Ecosystems as a Climate Solution

Nature-based solutions are actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or
modified ecosystems. Such actions address societal challenges effectively and adaptively,
simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits. These solutions can
result in climate-related benefits such as increases in carbon storage or the avoidance of
greenhouse gas emissions. Examples of nature based solutions that provide climate
benefits include reforestation, avoided deforestation, coastal wetland restoration, and
agricultural soil management. As the importance of ecosystems inaddressing the drivers
and impacts of climate change has become better recognized, there has been increased
attention to nature-based solutions and how they can be implemented to benefit society.

pg. 11
 Climate Changes in Environment:

Research on future scenarios predict climate change will have a dramatic effect on natural
environments, plants and animals, leading to acceleration in biodiversity loss in some areas.
The impacts will have knock-on effects for many communities and sectors that depend on
natural resources, including agriculture, fisheries, energy, tourism and water.

Soils

Climate change may aggravate erosion, decline in organic matter, salinization, soil biodiversity
loss, landslides, desertification and flooding. The effect of climate change on soil carbon
storage can be related to changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, increased temperatures and
changing precipitation patterns. Extreme precipitation events, fast melting of snow or ice, high
river discharges and increased droughts are all climate-related events which influence soil
degradation. Deforestation and other human activities (agriculture, skiing) also play a role.
Saline soils are expected to increase in coastal areas as a result of salt water intrusion from the
seaside because of rising sea levels and (periodically) low river discharges.

Biodiversity

pg. 12
Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on species and ecosystems. There is clear
evidence to show that biodiversity is already responding to climate change and will continue to
do so. Direct impacts include changes in phenology, species abundance and distribution,
community composition, habitat structure and ecosystem processes.

Climate change is also leading to indirect impacts on biodiversity through changes in the use
of land and other resources. These may be more damaging than the direct impacts due to their
scale, scope and speed and include: habitat fragmentation and loss; over-exploitation; pollution
of air, water and soil; and spread of invasive species. They will further reduce the resilience of
ecosystems to climate change and their capacity to deliver essential services, such as climate
regulation, food, clean air and water, and control of floods or erosion.

Inland water

Climate change is predicted to lead to major changes in water availability across Europe, due to
less predictable rainfall patterns and more intense storms. This will result in increased water
scarcity, especially in southern and south-eastern Europe, and an increased risk of flooding
throughout much of the continent. The resulting changes will affect many land and marine
regions and many different natural environments and species.

Marine environment

The impacts of climate change, such as increasing sea surface temperatures, ocean acidification
and shifts in currents and wind patterns will significantly alter the physical and biological
make-up of the oceans. Changes in temperatures and ocean circulation have the potential to
change geographical fish distribution. An increasing sea temperature might also enable alien
pg. 13
species to expand into regions where they previously could not survive. Ocean acidification for
example will have an impact on various calcium carbonate-secreting organisms. These changes
will have unavoidable impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems, resulting in major
socioeconomic consequences for many regions.

Forest growth, mortality, pests, and wildfire

Climate change has increased the extent of insect outbreaks through a combination of elevated plant drought
stress, greater insect overwinter survival, and shortened insect development and reproduction cycles (Over the
course of the past decade, these factors have led to the most extensive insect outbreaks in western forests seen
in the past 125 years. Warmer and drier conditions have also led to more extensive and severe wildfires.
Climate has been the dominant factor controlling burned area in the 20th century, even during periods of
human fire suppression . Collectively, these disturbances have caused widespread reductions in forest
productivity, greater tree mortality, and increased opportunities for colonization by plants that initiate changes
in ecosystem state .If trends continue, baseline tree mortality rates in western forests are projected to double
every 17–29 years .

What are the effects of climate change and global warming?

Climate change destabilises the Earth’s temperature equilibrium and has far-reaching effects on human beings
and the environment. During the course of global warming, the energy balance and thus the
temperature of the earth change, due to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases, which
has a significant impact on humans and the environment.

It is not scientifically possible to assign individual weather events to the current climate
change, however, it can be statistically proven that global warming will increase the probability
of extreme weather events.

The direct consequences of man-made climate change include:

• rising maximum temperatures

• rising minimum temperatures
• rising sea levels
• higher ocean temperatures
• an increase in heavy precipitation (heavy rain and hail)
• shrinking glaciers

pg. 14
 Conclusion
Climate change is here, and within the next few decades, societies and ecosystems will
either be committed to a substantially warmer world or major actions will be taken to limit
warming to moderate levels. Ecosystems play a major part in both of these future
scenarios. The complex responses to climate change can act as a buffer to major change
in many cases through the presence of extensive and connected ecosystems, species
diversity, habitat heterogeneity, and genetic variability.

pg. 15