RAPHAEL PATAI

LILITH

NO SHE-DEMON has ever achieved as fantastic a career as Lilith, who started out
from the lowliest of origins, was a failure as Adam's intended wife, became the
paramour of lascivious spirits, rose to be the bride of Samael the demon King, ruled
as the Queen of Zemargad and Sheba, and finally ended up as the consort of God
himself. The main features of Lilith's mythical biography first appear in Sumerian
culture about the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C. What she meant for the
Biblical Hebrews can only be surmised, but by the Talmudic period (second to
fifth centuries A.D.) she was a fully developed evil she-demon, and during the
Kabbalistic age (thirteenth to sixteenth centuries) she rose to the high position of
queenly consort at God's side.
THE BACKGROUND
The earliest mention of a she-demon whose name is similar to that of Lilith is
found in the Sumerian king list which dates from around 2400 B.C. It states that
the father of the great hero Gilgamesh was a Lillu-demon. The Lillu was one of
four demons belonging to a vampire or incubi-succubaeclass. The other three were
Lilitu (Lilith), a she-demon; Ardat Lili (or Lilith's handmaid), who visited men by
night and bore them ghostly children; and Irdu Lili, who must have been her male
counterpart and used to visit women and beget children by them.' Originally these
were storm-demons, but, because of a mistaken etymology, they came to be regarded
as night-demons.2
Lilith's epithet was "the beautiful maiden," but she was believed to have been a
harlot and a vampire who, once she chose a lover, would never let him go, without
ever giving him real satisfaction. She was unable to bear children and had no milk
in her breasts.3According to the Sumerian epic Gilgamesh and the Huluppu Tree
(dating from around 2000 B.C.) Lilith (Lillake) built her house in the midst of
the Huluppu (willow) tree which had been planted on the bank of the Euphrates
in the days of creation. A dragon set up its nest at the base of the tree, and the
Zu-bird placed his young in its crown. Gilgamesh slays the dragon with his huge
bronze axe, whereupon the Zu-bird flees with his young to the mountain, and
Lilith, terror-stricken,tears down her house and escapesto the desert.4
A Babylonian terracotta relief, roughly contemporary with the above poem,
shows in what form Lilith was believed to appear to human eyes. She is slender,
well shaped, beautiful, and nude, with wings and owl-feet. She stands erect on
two reclining lions which are turned away from each other and are flanked by owls.
On her head she wears a cap embellished by several pairs of horns. In her hand she
holds a ring-and-rod combination.5 Evidently, this is no longer a lowly she-demon,
but a goddess who tames wild beasts and, as shown by the owls on the reliefs, rules
by night.
In the course of the ensuing centuries Lilith's shape changed again. A seventh-
century B.C. tablet found at Arslan Tash in northern Syria shows her as a winged
sphinx across whose body is written the following inscription in the Phoenician-
Canaanite dialect:
296 Vol. 77, No. 306 Journal of American Folklore Oct.-Dec., I964
O, Flyerin a darkchamber,
Go awayat once,O Lili!6
These lines are part of an incantation text used to help women in childbirth-
one of many extant from the period of the Assyrian Empire and the new Babylonian
Kingdom-and they show that by that time the myth of Lilith had all the major
features which were elaborated to their fill two thousand years later by Kabbalistic
Judaism.

IsAIAH34:14
One brief reference to Lilith, and a doubtful one at that, is all that is found in
the entire Bible. Isaiah, in describing Yahweh's day of vengeance, when the land
will be turned into a desolate wilderness, says:
The wild-catshallmeet with the jackals
And the satyrshallcry to his fellow,
Yea, Lilith shallreposethere
And find her a placeof rest.7
The Mesopotamian and North Syrian material surveyed above supplies the
background to this prophetic allusion. Evidently, Lilith was a well known she-demon
in Israel of the eighth century B.C., whose name only had to be mentioned to conjure
up the beliefs current about her. That she is said to find a place of rest in the desert
seems to tie in with the episode recorded in the Sumerian Gilgamesh fragment-
after Lilith fled into the desert, she evidently found repose there.

LILITH
THE TALMUDIC
The information about Lilith contained in the Talmud and the Midrashim of
the Talmudic period is meager. One passage states that she had wings;8 another,
that she had long hair.9On this basis Rabbi Shelomo Yishaqi, the medieval Talmud
commentator (IO40-II05), concluded that the Lilin (masculine plural of Lili, whose
feminine singular is Lilith), have human form, except that they have wings, in
contrast to the demons who have completely human form and eat and drink like
humans, and to the spirits who have neither body nor form.10 It thus appears, that
as far as her overall appearance was concerned, Lilith looked very much like the
Cherubim. This detail will become significant in connection with the Zoharic myth
about the relationshipof Lilith to the Cherubim.
Somewhat more is known about the life history of Lilith and her nefarious
activities as they were imagined in the Talmudic period. Lilith, we learn, was
Adam's first wife. However, Adam and Lilith could find no happiness together, not
even understanding. When Adam wished to lie with her, Lilith demurred: "Why
should I lie beneath you," she asked, "when I am your equal, since both of us were
created from dust?" When Lilith saw that Adam was determined to overpower her,
she uttered the magic name of God, rose into the air, and flew away to the Red Sea,
a place of ill repute, full of lascivious demons. There, Lilith engaged in unbridled
promiscuity, and bore a demonic brood of more than one hundred a day. God,
however, sent after her three angels-Senoy, Sansenoy, and Semangelof by name,11
who soon located her in the same wild waters in which the Egyptians were to
drown in the days of the Exodus. The angels told her God's message, but she
refused to return. When they threatened her with drowning her in the sea, she
argued: "Let me be, for I was created in order to weaken the babes: if it is a male,
 Patai, Lilith 297
I have power over him from the moment of his birth until the eighth day of his
life [when he is circumcised and thereby protected], and if a girl, until the twentieth
day." The angels, however, insisted, and she, in order to make them desist, swore
to them in the name of God: "Whenever I shall see you or your names or your
images on an amulet, I shall do no harm to the child." Moreover, she gave her
consent to the death of one hundred of her own children day after day-which is
the reason that many demons die every day. This agreement between the three
angels and Lilith is the basis for writing the names Senoy, Sansenoy, and Semange-
lof on amulets hung around the necks of new-born babes: when Lilith sees the
names, she remembersher oath and leaves the child alone.12
However, in spite of her determined refusal to return to Adam, Lilith soon
became again attracted to him, and managed to sleep with him against his will. In
the meantime Adam had received Eve as his wife, was persuaded by her to eat from
the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, and was expelled from the Garden of Eden with
the curse of death hanging over his head. When Adam became aware that because
of his sin God decreed mortality upon him and all his future descendants, he
embarked upon a period of penitence which lasted for I30 years. He fasted, re-
frained from intercourse with Eve, and, in order to mortify his flesh, wore a belt of
rough fig twigs around his naked body. He could, however, not control his invol-
untary nocturnal emissions which were brought about by female spirits who came
and coupled with him and bore him spirits, demons, and Lilin. At the same time,
male spirits came and impregnated Eve who thus became the mother of innumerable
demon children. The spirits thus procreatedare the plagues of mankind.13
It should be noted that the succubae and incubi who sought out Adam and Eve
in the I30 years of their self-imposed separation remain anonymous in all the
sources dating from the Talmudic period. Yet there is basis to assume that Lilith was
regarded as one of Adam's succubae, because her seduction of Adam must have
served as the mythical prototype and validation of the belief in her power over men
who spent a night alone in a house. The danger to which such a man would expose
himself was regarded as so acute that Rabbi Hanina, the first century A.D. teacher,
warns: it is forbidden for a man to sleep alone in a house lest Lilith get hold of him.14

LILITH OF THE BOWLS

The relatively scanty Talmudic material about Lilith is complemented by much
richer data contained in Aramaic incantation texts found in Nippur in Babylonia,
some fifty miles southeast of modern Hilla in Iraq. Excavations conducted by the
University of Pennsylvania brought to light several dozen bowls inscribed with
magical texts several of which are directed against Lilith or Liliths. The bowls date
from ca. A.D. 6oo-in other words, are about a hundred years younger than the
text of the Babylonian Talmud (which was compiled ca. A.D. 500), but there is
every reason to assume that such incantations against Lilith were not the product
of the sixth century but go back to earlier periods. In Nippur of the sixth century
there was an important Jewish colony (in addition to Mandaeans and other groups),
and some of the most interesting bowls were, by their own incontrovertible internal
evidence, inscribed and used by Jews. While the Talmud contains the views of the
learned elite about Lilith, these bowls show what she meant for the simple people.
It is surprising to see to what extent the sages and the quacks shared the fear of
Lilith and the belief in her evil nature.
From a synopsis of the incantation texts it appears that Lilith was regarded as
the ghostly paramour of men and constituted a special danger for women during
298 Vol. 77, No. 306 Journal of American Folklore Oct.-Dec., 1964

many periods of their sexual life cycle, such as before defloration and during men-
struation. A mother in the hour of childbirth and her newborn babe were especially
vulnerable and had therefore to be protected from the Liliths. The home, arches, and
thresholds were the favorite haunts where the Liliths lurk, ready to pounce on
anybody foolish enough to go unprotected. A rough drawing sketched on a Jewish
bowl shows Lilith naked, with long, loose hair, pointed breasts, no wings, strongly
marked genitals, and chained ankles. At night, the female Liliths join men, and the
male Lili-s women, and generate demonic offspring. Once they succeed in attaching
themselves to a human, they acquire rights of cohabitation, and therefore must be
given a get, letter of divorce, in order that they may be expelled. Jealous of the
human mates of their bedfellows, they hate the children born of ordinary human
wedlock, attack them, plague them, suck their blood, and strangle them. The Liliths
also manage to prevent the birth of children by causing barrenness,miscarriages, or
complications during childbirth. As Montgomery aptly put it over half a century
ago, "the Liliths were the most developed products of the morbid imagination-of
the barren or neurotic woman, the mother in the time of maternity, the sleepless
child."l5
Let us now turn to a few examples illustrating the manner in which these magic
incantations are phrased. The first is the text of the bowl which carries the sketch of
Lilith describedabove. It reads as follows:

In the name of the Lord of salvations.Designated in this bowl for the sealing of the
house of this Geyonaibar Mamai,that there flee from him the evil Lilith, in the name of
"YahwehEl has scattered";the Lilith, the male Lili-s and the female Liliths, the Hag
[ghost?] and the Snatcher,the three of you, the four of you, and the five of you. Naked
are you sent forth, nor are you clad, with your hair dishevelledand let flying behind
your backs. It is made known to you, whose father is named Palhas and whose mother
Pelahdad:Hear and obey and come forth from the house and dwelling of this Geyonai
barMamaiand from Rashnoihis wife, the daughterof Marath.
. . . becauseit is announcedto you that Rabbi Joshua bar Perahia has sent against
you the ban. ... A divorce-writ("gita") has come down to us from heaven and there is
found written in it your advisementand your terrification,in the name of Palsa-Pelisa
["Divorcer-Divorced"], who rendersto thee thy divorceand thy separation,your divorces
and your separations.Thou, Lilith, male Lili and female Lilith, Hag and Snatcher,be
in the ban ... of (Rabbi) Joshua bar Perahia.A divorce-writhas come for you from
across the sea.... Hear and ... go from the house and dwelling of this Geyonai bar
Mamai and from Rashnoi his wife, the daughter of Marath.And again, you shall not
appearto them either in dream by night or in slumberby day, becauseyou are sealed
with the signet of El Shaddai,and with the signet of the House of Joshua bar Perahia
and by the Seven who are beforehim. Thou Lilith, male Lili and female Lilith, Hag and
Snatcher,I adjure you by the Strong One of Abraham, by the Rock of Isaac, by the
Shaddaiof Jacob,by Yah [is] his name ... by Yah his memorial . . . I adjure you to
turn away from this Rashnoi the daughter of Marath,and from Geyonai her husband
the son of Mamai. Your divorce and writ and letter of separation. . . sent through holy
angels . . . the Hosts of fire in the spheres,the Chariotsof El Panim before him standing,
the Beastsworshipingin the fire of his throneand in the water.... Amen, Amen, Selah,
Halleluyah!"16

Only a few comments are needed for the complete understanding of this text.
Its intent is clear: Lilith and her company are adjured to leave the house of Geyonai
and his wife, Rashnoi, never again to return. The Liliths are given a get (letter of
divorce) and sent forth naked, just as Gomer was by her husband Hosea.1 On
 Patai, Lilith 299
another bowl both female and male demons are given their get in order thus to rid
of them the house and its inhabitants.
"This is the get for a demon and spirits and Satan . . . and Lilith in order to banish
them from . . and from the entire house.Yah. . . cut off the king of the demons . . . the
great ruler of the Liliths. I adjure you . . . whether you are male or female, I adjure
you . . . just as the demons write letters of divorce and give them to their wives and
again do not return to them, (so) take your letter of divorce, accept your stipulated
share [ketubba] and go and leave and departfrom the house . . Amen, Amen, Amen,
Selah."18
A medieval story, preserved in Hebrew and Arabic versions, tells of a youth,
Dihon ben Shalmon, who marries the daughter of Ashmodai, then gives her a get,
whereupon she kills him with a kiss.19 Rabbi Joshua ben Perahia, whose name is
invoked several times in the Nippur bowl, was an early first century B.C. sage, one
of the Zugoth or Pairs, who, evidently, was believed by the sixth century A.D. to
have been a powerful exorciser of demons. The divine names and epithets are either
traditional Jewish or very close to such forms. The concluding lines show that certain
elements of the Merkaba ("Chariot") mysticism20 were familiar matters in sixth
century Nippur.
Another, considerably later, text is a classical example of a magic ritual whose
integral part is its own validation by reference to a myth. It reads as follows:

SHADAI
Senoy,Sansenoy,Semangelof,Adam and the AncientEve. Out Lilith.21
In the name of Y the God of Israel, the Cherubim-sitter,whose name lives and
endures forever. The prophet Elijah was walking on the road and met the Evil Lilith
and all her band. He said to her: "Whereare you headed for, O you Unclean One, and
Spirit of Defilement,and all your band where are they going?" And she answeredand
said to him: "My lord Elijah, I am on my way to the house of a woman in childbirth,
Mercada ..22 daughterof Donna, to give her the sleep of death and to take her child
which is being born to her, to suck its blood, and to suck the marrow of its bones, and
to seal its flesh."And the prophet Elijah, blessed be his memory, said to her: "With a
ban from the Name [i.e., God], blessed be He, be you restrainedand be you like unto
a stone!"And she answeredand said to him: "For the sake of Yahweh, releaseme from
the ban and I shall flee and swear to you in the name of Y the God of Israel that I shall
leave off these things from this woman in childbirthand her child which is being born
to her, and certainlynot harm her. And every time that they mention, or I see, my names
written, I and my band shall have no power to do evil or to harm. And these are my
names: Lilith, Abitar, Abiqar, Amorpho, Hakash, Odam, Kephido, Ailo, Matrota,
Abnukta, Shatriha,Kali, Taltui, Kitsha." And Elijah answered her: "Behold I adjure
you and all your band in the name of Y the God of Israel (which name in its) numerical
value (equals) 613 (or the number of the religious commandments), (the God of)
Abraham,Isaac,and Jacob,and in the name of his Holy Shekhina, and in the name of
the ten Seraphim,Ophanim, and Holy Beasts, and the ten books of the Law, and by
the might of the God of Hosts, blessedbe He, that you and your band go not to injure
this woman, or the child she is bearing, neither to drink its blood, nor to suck the
marrowof his bones,nor to seal his flesh, nor to touch them, neither their 256 limbs, nor
their 365 ligamentsand veins. Justas she cannotcount the starsof heaven,and cannot dry
up the watersof the sea.In the name of Him who rentSatan,Hasdiel,Shamriel.23
The efficacy of the ritual is insured by reciting the first occurrence of a similar
rite, performed by a mythical hero, in this case the prophet Elijah. The structure of
the text is identical with the one which validates the efficacy of an amulet inscribed
300 Vol. 77, No. 306 Journal of American Folklore Oct.-Dec., I964
with the names of Senoy, Sansenoy, and Semangelof, by telling the story of how
these three angels extorted a promise from Lilith to keep away from all places where
their names are displayed. As we shall see later, the thirteen additional names of
Lilith reappearin medieval Jewish magic.
On a third incantation bowl the name "Lilith Buznai" is mentioned several
times.24 Some four centuries later this name in the form "Pizna" reappears in the
Midrash Abkir. The context of the bowl says: "charmed art thou, Lilith Buznai
and all the goddesses .... and the 360 Tribes, by the word of the grand-
daughter of the angel Buznai." Evidently, Buznai was the individual name of a
female numen, who is described interchangeably as a Lilith and an angel; she was
regarded as a goddess, and had a granddaughter who was antagonistic to her. A
similar enmity, as we shall see later, existed between the Elder Lilith and the
Younger Lilith, according to Kabbalisticmythology.
THE BIRTHOFLILITH
Although the major characteristicsof Lilith, as we have just seen, were well devel-
oped by the close of the Talmudic period, it remained for Kabbalistic mysticism to
establish a relationship, and quite a close one at that, between her and the deity. In
the six centuries that elapsed between the Babylonian Aramaic incantation texts and
the early Spanish Kabbalistic writings Lilith must have greatly extended her in-
fluence, for when she reappears in the thirteenth century she not only commands
considerably greater attention but is surrounded by a larger retinue and her life
history is known in much greater mythological detail.
Her birth, to begin with, is described in a number of alternative versions. One,
which ties in directly with the earlier (Talmudic) Lilith image, has it that she was
created by God who made her in the same way he fashioned Adam. That is to say,
God again turned to the earth to obtain raw material, but this time, instead of using
clean earth which was the substance of Adam's body, He-for reasons unknown-
took filth and impure sediments from the earth, and out of these He formed a
female. As could have been expected, this creature turned out to be an evil spirit.25
Others did not regard Lilith as a being created by God but as a divine entity
which emerged spontaneously, either out of the Great Supernal Abyss, or out of the
Gevura or Din, the "Power" of God, chiefly manifested as the power of stern
judgment and punishment, one of the ten Sefiroth or mystical attributes of God.
This stern, punitive aspect of God has, at its lowest manifestation, some affinity
with the realm of evil which is referred to as "the dregs of the wine," and it is out
of this that Lilith emerged together with Samael:
A mystery of mysteries: Out of the power of the glow of Isaac's noon (i.e., the
Gevura), out of the dregs of the wine, there emerged an intertwinedshoot which com-
prises both male and female. They are red like the rose, and they spreadout into several
sides and paths. The male is called Samael, and his female (Lilith) is always contained
in him. Just as in the side of Holiness, so in the Other Side (Evil) as well, male and
female are containedin one another.The female of Samaelis called Serpent,Woman of
Harlotry,End of all Flesh, End of Days."27
In the mystical writings of the two brothers Jacob and Isaac Hacohen of Segovia,
Castile, which antedate the Zohar by a few decades, Lilith and Samael are said to
have been born by an emanation from beneath the Throne of Glory, in the shape of
an androgynous, double-faced being, corresponding, in the spiritual realm, to the
birth of Adam and Eve, who too were born androgynously. The androgynous twin-
 Patai, Lilith 30I
couples not only resembled each other, but both "were like the image of what is
Above," that is, resembled and reproduced in a visible form the image of the an-
drogynous deity.28
Yet another version connects the birth of Lilith with the creation of the luminar-
ies, carefully avoiding, however, any statement to the effect that God actually
created her. The "first light," which was the light of Mercy (another of the ten
Sefiroth), appeared when, on the first day of Creation, God said "Let there be
light."29 When this light became hidden, Holiness became surrounded by a husk
of Evil which idea is expressed by the statement that "a husk (qelipa) was created
around the brain." This husk, in turn, spread and brought out another husk and
this was none other than Lilith.30

LILITH AND THE CHERUBIM

As soon as Lilith was born, or emerged in one of the mysterious ways described
above, her longing for male companionship manifested itself. She began to fly about,
ascended and descended, until she reached the Cherubim who surrounded God's
throne and who, because their faces were like those of small boys,31are called in the
Zohar "small faces." Lilith attached herself to them and impressed herself into them,
and once she succeeded in doing this, she did not want to separate from them. But
when God created man, in order to bring this world to completion, He removed
Lilith from the Cherubim and made her descend to earth. Lilith, of course, thought
that she would become Adam's helpmeet, but again she was frustrated. As she
approached Adam, she saw Eve attached to his side, and Eve's beauty resembled the
beauty of Above. When Lilith saw the complete image of Adam and Eve together,
she understood that she had no chance, and flew back again up to heaven to re-attach
herself to the Cherubim. However, by this time the watchers of the Gate of Above
barred her way, and God, addressing a stern rebuke to her, cast her into the depths
of the sea.32

LILITHANDADAM
As noted above, the older sources do not state clearly that it was Lilith herself
who, after her Red Sea sojourn, returned to Adam as his succuba. The later sources,
however, know it as a fact that this indeed did happen. Adam, we read in the Zohar,
succeeded in impregnating Lilith during their early short-lived connubium, then,
not having been a suitable helpmeet for him, Lilith left him,33 to return after a
while and force herself upon him. Before doing so, however, she managed to attach
herself to Cain and to bear him numerous spirits and demons.34
The first medieval source to give the myth of Lilith and Adam in full is the
lost Midrash Abkir (ca. tenth century), which is followed by the Zohar and later
Kabbalistic writings. Adam, we learn, was a perfect saint, and when he understood
that because of his sin-or, as a consequence of Cain's fratricide-death came into
the world, he separated from Eve, slept alone, and fasted for I30 years. But Lilith
whose name is Pizna,35-or, according to the Zohar, two female spirits, Lilith and
Naamah-found him, desired his beauty which was like that of the sun disk, and
lay with him. The issue of these unions were demons and spirits, called "the
plagues of mankind," who lurk under doorways, in wells, and in latrines, and lead
men astray.36
According to the mythical cosmology of Napthali Herz. b. Jacob Elhanan (born
in the second half of the sixteenth century), in the second of the seven earth layers,
302 Vol. 77, No. 306 Journal of American Folklore Oct.-Dec., I964

counting from the bottom, dwell "the giant human figures, tall of stature, who were
born of Adam in the I30 years during which he begot demons, spirits and Lilin.
Lilith used to come to him against his will, and conceive from Adam (and she bore
these beings). And they are always sad and full of sorrow and sighs, and there is no
joy at all among them. And these hosts can multiply (and ascend) from that earth
to this world upon which we stand, and (here) they become harmful spirits, and
(then) they return there...."37
That Adam begot on Lilith spirits, demons, and Lilin, became a commonplace
in the mystical literature of the fourteenth-seventeenth centuries, often with the
added explanation that it was Adam's own sin which made it possible for Lilith to
overcome him against his will.38

LILITH THE SUCCUBA

The next period in Lilith's life was spent in two activities-seducing men and
killing children:
And she [Lilith] goes and roams at night, and goes all about the world and makes
sport with men and causes them to emit seed. In every place where a man sleeps alone
in a house, she visits him and grabs him and attachesherself to him and has her desire
from him, and bearsfrom him. And she also afflictshim with sickness,and he knows it
not, and all this (takesplace) when the moon is on the wane.39
Spontaneous nocturnal emission is the visible sign of Lilith having succeeded
in arousing the desire of a man in his sleep and of having satisfied her own lust
through him. The issue of such unions are evil spirits:
She (Lilith) forsakesthe husbandof her youth [Samael] and descendsto earth and
fornicateswith men who sleep here below, in the uncleannessof emission. And from
them are born demons, spirits,and Lilin, and they are called "the plagues of mankind."
In doing so, Lilith takes the shape of a woman or a virgin.40
However, Lilith is well able to seduce men not only in their sleep but also awake.
Once she succeeds, she turns from a beautiful seductress into a cruel fury, and kills
her victim :
She adorns herself with many ornamentslike a despicableharlot, and takes up her
position at the crossroadsto seduce the sons of man. When a fool approachesher, she
grabs him, kisses him, and pours him wine of dregs of viper'sgall. As soon as he drinks
it, he goes astray after her. When she sees that he has gone astray after her from the
path of truth, she divests herself of all ornamentswhich she put on for that fool. Her
ornamentsfor the seductionof the sons of man are: her hair is long and red like the
rose, her cheeks are white and red, from her ears hang six ornaments,Egyptian chords
hang from her nape (and) all the ornamentsof the Land of the East, her mouth is set
like a narrowdoor, comely in its decor, her tongue is sharp like a sword, her words are
smooth like oil, her lips are red like a rose and sweetened by all the sweetness of the
world, she is dressedin scarlet,and she is adorned with forty ornamentsless one. Yon
fool goes astrayafter her and drinks from the cup of wine and commitswith her fornica-
tions and strays after her. What does she thereupondo? She leaves him asleep on the
couch, flies (to heaven), denounces him, takes leave, and descends.That fool awakens
and deems he can make sport with her as before, but she removes her ornamentsand
turns into a menacingfigure, and stands before him clothed in garmentsof flaming fire,
inspiringterrorand making body and soul tremble,full of frighteningeyes, in her hand
a drawnsworddrippingbitterdrops.And she kills that fool and castshim into Gehenna.41
Lilith attempted to play this trick on Jacob, but she was no match for him:
"Jacob went to her and came to her place . . . and saw all the ornaments of her
 Patai, Lilith 303
house, but escaped from her, whereupon her male, Samael, attacked him and fought
him but could not prevail upon him."42
Even when a man wishes to engage in lawful sexual intercourse with his wife
the menace of Lilith is present:
And behold,that hard shell [i.e., embodimentof evil], Lilith, is always presentin the
bedlinenof man and wife when they copulate,in order to take hold of the sparksof the
drops of semen which are lost-because it is impossible (to perform the marital act)
without such (a loss of sparks-and she createsout of them demons, spiritsand Lilin....
But there is an incantationfor this, to chase away the Lilith from the bed and to bring
forth pure souls . . . (namely:) in that moment, when a man copulates with his wife,
let him directhis heartto the holinessof his Master,and say:
In the name of God.
O you who are wrappedin velvet [Lilith],
You have appeared.
Release,Release!
Neither come nor go!
(The seed) is not yours,
Nor in yourinheritance.
Go back,go back!
The sea rages,
Its wavescall you.
I hold on to the Holy One,
Wrapmyselfinto the King'sholiness.
Then let him coverhis head and his wife for one hour ... 43
The counterpart of these efforts to protect men from the nocturnal enticements
of Lilith the succuba is a magic incantation whose purpose is precisely the opposite:
to obtain a succuba for the night with the help of that other demon-queen, Igrath
bath Mahalath. The formula is contained in a fifteenth century text which reads
as follows:
"I adjure you, Ograth [i.e., Igrath] bath Mahalath,queen of the demons, with the
great,strongand terribleName, and with the name of his holy angels, and with the name
of Bilar the heroic, king of the demons [the Arabic form of the name] that you send
to me X daughter of Y, the beautiful maiden from among your maidens who follow
you, whose number is like the number of the days of the year, and with the name of
Metratronand Sandalphon,AAA NNN SSS." And this must be done either on the eve
of Sundayor one the eve of Wednesday.And one must have a separateroom, and white
and clean bed and clothes, and the room and the bed should be fumigated with aloe
wood. And the knowledgeablewill understand.44

LILITHTHECHILD-KILLER

Following her rejection by the Cherubim, Lilith remained in the depths of the
sea until Adam and Eve sinned, "when the Holy One, blessed be He, brought her up,
and she obtained power over all those children-the "small faces" of mankind-
who deserved to be punished because of the sins of their fathers. She roams all over
the world, then approaches the gates of the Garden of Eden and observes the
Cherubim watching over the gates. She sits down there, next to the flame of the
sword, since it was from that flame that she originated. When the flame turns
around (indicating that the world has entered into a phase of punishment), she
rushes off and again goes roaming all over the world to seek out the children who
deserve to be punished. And she smiles at them and kills them... ."45
304 Vol. 77, No. 306 Journal of American Folklore Oct.-Dec., I964
After the completion of her raids on mankind, Lilith returns to the cities of the
sea, her headquarters. Only when ultimately God destroys the Evil Kingdom of
Rome, will she move there to take up her abode in the eternal ruins.46
In the meantime, Lilith "goes out into the world and seeks out children, and she
sees the children of mankind and attaches herself to them to kill them and to draw
herself into their souls. And as she is about to go into such a soul, three holy spirits
[i.e., the three angels Senoy, Sansenoy, and Semangelof] appear there, and they soar
toward her and take that soul from her and place it in front of the Holy One,
blessed be He, and there (the children) study in front of him."47
Thus, even if the angels are unable to save the child's life, they at least save its
soul. To make sure that one's child is in no way harmed by Lilith, one must perform
the act of procreationitself in holiness:
If a man is in a state of holiness, he has no fear of her (Lilith), because the Holy
One, blessedbe He, sends those three holy angels whom we mentioned,and they watch
over the child (which is being conceived) and she cannot harm him.... But if a man
is not in a state of holiness,and he draws out a soul from the side of uncleanness,then
she comes and plays with that child, and if she kills it, she penetratesthat soul and never
leaves it.48

Some forms of unholiness in sexual intercourse are described by R. Naphtali as

follows:
Lilith, God preserveus, has dominion over childrenwho issue from him who couples
with his wife in candlelight,or with his wife naked, or at a time when he is forbidden
to have intercoursewith her. All the children who issue from such unions, Lilith can
kill any time she wishes, because they are delivered into her hands. And this is the
secret of the children'ssmiling when they are small-because of Lilith who plays with
them.49
The myth of Lilith the child-killer remained a potent factor in the lives of tra-
dition-bound Jews down to the nineteenth century. To protect the newborn boy-
child against Lilith, they would draw a circle with natron or charcoal on the wall
of the birthroom and write into it: "Adam and Eve. Out Lilith!" At the same time,
they would write the names of the three angels, Senoy, Sansenoy, and Semangelof,
on the door of the room.50
If children laugh in their sleep, or if they laugh while they are awake but alone,
this is a sign showing that Lilith is playing with them, and especiallywhen this happens
on the night of the new moon. Whoever notices that they laugh, will do well to hit
them on their nose with his finger and say: "Go hence, Pelonith (i.e., Lilith), you have
no portion or inheritancehere, you have no satisfactionhere!" Then let him recite the
entire'Wihi nocam'prayer,and do thus threetimes....51
Solomon's dominance over Lilith, which became an integral part of Medieval
Jewish and Muslim Arab demonology, retained an important role in Middle Eastern
Jewish exorcisms as recently as the early twentieth century. Raphael Ohana writes
in his collection of magical remedies:
In another manuscriptbook I found written the following: Protectionfrom Lilith.
Write a seal of King Solomon, peace be upon him, who adjured Lilith that when she
would see his seal she and her cohortswould flee, and that she would have no permission
to hurt him. And if it be placedon a house, she would not enter it, neither she nor any
one of her band. And if it be engravedupon pure silver, it is even better.And this is its
shape:52
 Patai, Lilith 305

The same magic Seal of Solomon also protects the sick against Lilith, if it is
ascertainedthat she caused the ailment.53
The same book contains two further suggestions as to methods one can employ
in order to safeguarda woman from Lilith:
And if you place a needle close to the wick in the lamp which is in the house of the
woman in childbed, she will be safe from the entry of Lilith. Also, if she take the
measurewhich is used to measurethe wheat, and place it close to the bed, and if Lilith
is there, she will sit on that measure and will not move from her place until they
removethat measurefrom there.From a Babylonianmanuscriptbook.54
LILITH AND NAAMAH
Lilith's companion in many of her evil exploits is Naamah, another high-ranking
she-demon. Her origin is obscure, but as her name Naamah, "the Charmer," indi-
cates, she is a demoness of extraordinary,irresistiblebeauty.
In the earlier, Talmudic-Midrashic, mythology, Naamah is still taken to have
been a flesh-and-blood woman, the daughter of Lamech and Zillah, and sister of
Tubal-Cain,55who earned her name by enticing men with the sweet sensual sounds
of her cymbals to worship idols, although according to the lone opinion of R. Abba
bar Kahana, she was a pious and well mannered woman who became Noah's wife.56
Naamah is still a human female according to those myths which tell about her role
in seducing the sons of God. She was so beautiful that she led the angels astray, and
from her union with the angel Shamdon or Shomron, sprang Ashmodai, who was
destined to become the king of the devils.57
From being the human mother of Shamdon's demonic brood, Naamah was
transformed by the Kabbala into a semi-human, deathless being, who, like Lilith,
fulfils the double task of seducing men and strangling children in their sleep. She
was so beautiful, that
the sons of man, and even the spiritsand demons, went astrayafter her. R. Yishaq said:
Those sons of God, cAza and cAza'el,went astray after her. R. Shimconsaid: She was
the mother of the demons, for she came from the side of Cain, and she, together with
Lilith, was appointedover the askara (strangulation)of children. R. Abba said to him:
Did you not say that she was appointedto play with people? He answered:True, she
comes and plays with people, and at times she bears them spirit-children,and to this day
this is her task. R. Abba said: (Since we know that the demons) die like humans, how
can she still be alive? He answered: Right, but Lilith and Naamah, and Igrath the
daughterof Mahalathwho came from their side, all continue to live until the Holy One,
306 Vol. 77, No. 306 Journal of American Folklore Oct.-Dec., I964
blessedbe He, eradicatesthe spiritof uncleannessfrom the world....
Come and see: This Naamah was the mother of demons and from her side come all
those demons who lie with men and take the spirit of desire from them, and she makes
sportwith the men (in theirsleep) and causesthem to emit seed.58
Naamah and her brother Tubal-Cain were descendants of Cain, and the latter
was, of course,the son of Satan by Eve:
In the hour when Adam with the supernalimage, with the holy image, descended,
and those of Above and Below saw him, they all approachedhim and made him king
over this world. After the Serpentcame upon Eve and injected his impurity into her,
she gave birth to Cain. From there descendedall the generationsof the sinful in the
world, and also the demons and spirits came from there. Therefore,all the spirits and
demons are half human, while their other half comes from the supernalangels. Also, all
the other spiritswhich were born of Adam are, likewise, half from Below and half from
Above. After they were born of Adam, he begot on those spiritsdaughterswho resembled
the beautyof thoseAboveand the beautyof thoseBelow....
And there was one male who came into the world from the spirit of Cain's side and
he was called Tubal-Cain.And a female came with him after whom the creatureswent
astray,and she was called Naamah. From her came other spirits and demons, who hang
in the air and announcethings to those otherswho are found below. And this Tubal-Cain
broughtweaponsof killing into the world. And this Naamah ... is alive to this day and
her dwelling is among the waves of the Great Sea."59
In the darkness of the night great monsters pursue Naamah: they are Afrira and
Qastimon, the two chieftains of the demonic world who
swim about in the Great Sea, and, when night falls, fly away from there and come to
Naamah, the mother of the demons, after whom the early divinities went astray.They
try to approachher, but she leaps away six thousandparasangs,and takes on many forms
in the eyesof men, in orderto seducethem.60
Once Naamah arrivesin our own world,
she makes sport with the sons of man, and conceivesfrom them through their dreams,
from the desireof man, and she attachesherselfto him. She takes the desire,and nothing
more, and from that desire she conceivesand brings forth other kinds (or demons) into
the world. And those sons whom she bears from men visit the women of humankind
who then conceive from them and give birth to spirits. And all of them go to the first
Lilith and she bringsthem up....
At times it happens that Naamah goes forth in the world in order to have inter-
course with the sons of man, and a man is found in bounds of desire with her and
awakensfrom his sleep and gets hold of his wife and lies with her, and his urge stems
from that desire which he had felt in his dream. In such a case the child which is
procreatedcomes from the side of Naamah, because in her desire he was conceived.
When Lilith comes and sees this child, she knows what happened,and she attachesher-
self to him and rears him like those other children of Naamah, and she comes to him
many times but does not kill him.... For each time when the moon renewsitself in the
world Lilith comes and visits all those whom she rears,and makes sport with them and
thatman suffersdamageat that time.61
While Lilith and Naamah thus have become unmistakably evil spirits, at least
one other time in history they assumed human form-when, in order to try Solo-
mon's wisdom, they assumed the form of two prostitutes and went to Solomon ask-
ing for his judgment in their quarrelover the surviving child:
 Patai, Lilith 307
Then came two harlotsto King Solomon,and they were Lilith and Igrath [according
to other sources: Lilith and Naamah]. Lilith, who strangles the children because she
cannot set up for herself, from one of them, a screen to be a hiding place for her(?).
And the other is Igrath .... One night David was asleep in the camp in the desert, and
in his dreamIgrathcoupledwith him and boreAdad [identicalwith Hadad the Edomite].
And when they asked him "What is your name?" he answered,"My name is Ad, Ad is
my name" (Ad sh'mi in Hebrew), and they called him Ashm'dai. He is Ashmodai, the
King of the demonswho deprivedSolomonof his kingdom... 62
King Solomon, it may be remarked here, "had dominion over the demons,
spirits and Lilin, and knew the language of each . . . and when his heart was
merry with wine, he would command the wild animals, the fowl of heaven, and
the creeping things of the earth, as well as the demons, spirits and Lilin, to dance
before him."63
It was because of Solomon's power over the demons that he was able to resist
the Queen of Sheba, who was none other than Lilith.64 In the Targum to Job I:I5
the name Sheba, meaning the Sabaens, is translated as "Lilith, queen of Zemargad."

LILITH AND SAMAEL

As we have seen, according to a Zoharic myth Lilith and Samael emerged in an
androgynous form out of the "dregs of wine" of the divine punitive power.65
Another version, which was also current in Kabbalistic circles in the Middle Ages,
is silent as to Lilith's provenance, but makes her Samael's wife, and the first among
his four wives, to boot. Bahya ben Asher ibn Halawa (died in I340), the early
fourteenth century KabbalisticBible commentator,reportsthe myth as follows:
Four women were the mothers of demons: Lilith, Naamah, Igrath, and Mahalath.
Each one of them has her own hosts and classesof spirits of uncleanness,and they have
no number. And it is said that each of them rules on one of the four tequfot [i.e., the
vernal equinox, the summer solstice, the autumnal equinox, and the winter solstice] of
the year, when they gather on a lofty peak near the Mountains of Darkness. Each of
them rules on her tequfa from the hour of sunset until midnight, they and all their hosts.
But King Solomon ruled over all of them and called them (his) slaves and slave-women,
and used them according to his will. And these four women are the wives of Esau's
heavenlypatron (i.e., Samael), and following his example,Esau himself took four wives
as explainedin the Pentateuch.66

Nathan Spira (died in 1662), in his Tubh haAretz, transmits an interesting

variant of the same theme. The four women become the "rulers," in the sense of
heavenly patrons, of four kingdoms:
Know that there are seventy heavenly patrons,one appointedover each nation, and
they all are under the rule of Samael and Rahab. And behold, Rahab was given as his
share all the bordersof Egypt which measures400 by 400 parasangs.And Samael was
given four kingdoms, and in each of them he has a concubine.The names of his concu-
bines are: Lilith, whom he took as his consort and she is the first one; the second is
Naamah; the third, Even Maskith; and the fourth, Igrath the daughter of Mahalath.
And the four kingdoms are: first, the kingdom of Damascus in which is found the
House of Rimmon; second, the kingdom of Tyre which is opposite the Land of Israel;
third, the Kingdom of Malta which formerlywas called Rhodus; and fourth, the King-
dom called Granata,and some say that it is the Kingdom of Ishmael. And in each of
thesefour Kingdomsdwellsone of the four aforementionedconcubines.67
308 Vol. 77, No. 306 Journal of American Folklore Oct.-Dec., I964
Mixed Egyptian-Arab-demonic descent is attributed to Igrath in a late version
of the myth of the four she-demons who rule over the tequfot: When Ishmael grew
up, his mother Hagar took him an Egyptian wife,
the daughterof Kasdiel the Egyptian sorcerer,and when Ishmael divorced her, as com-
mandedby his father,she was pregnantand gave birth to Mahalath.And the motherand
the daughter remainedtogether in that desert which was full of sorcery,and a demon
named Igrathielruled over it. And this demon was attractedto Mahalathwho was very
beautiful, and she conceived and bore a daughter whom she called Igrath, after that
demon. Thereafter Mahalath left the desert and became the wife of Esau. And her
daughter Igrath remained in the desert, and she, Naamah, Pelonith [i.e., Lilith], and
Negac rule over the four tequfot [i.e., two equinoxes and the two solstices]. Pelonith
[Lilith] fornicateswith all men, Naamah only with the gentiles, Negac only with Israel,
and Igrath is sent out to do harm on the nights precedingWednesdaysand Saturdays.
But of thosewho fearGod it is said, "AndNegacwill not approachyour tents."68
The marriage between Samael and Lilith was arranged by the "Blind Dragon"
who, in Kabbalistic mythology, is the counterpart On High of "the dragon that is
in the sea."69"There is a dragon of Above who is the Blind Prince, and he functions
as the intermediary between Samael and Lilith, and his name is Taniniver ("Blin-
dragon") .... It is he who arranges the match between Samael and Lilith..."70
Blindragon's place in the mystical hierarchy of demons is described as follows:
Asimon (a demon) rides on Naamah, and Naamah rides on Igrath the daughter of
Mahalath,and this Igrath rides on severalkinds of spirits and bands of midday-demons;
and from the left there is the shape of a serpent riding on a blind dragon, and this
dragon rides on Lilith the wicked, may she be destroyedquickly in our days, amen."71
However, the marriage of Samael and Lilith was not allowed to prosper. God
was apprehensive lest they fill the world with their demonic brood, and, to prevent
this, he castratedSamael, also known as the "Angel Satan,"or the "Other God." This
mythologem, found in several seventeenth century Kabbalistic books,72 is based on
the identification of "Leviathan the slant serpent and Leviathan the tortuous ser-
pent"73with Samael and Lilith respectively, and on the reinterpretation of the old
Talmudic myth according to which God castratedthe male Leviathan and killed the
female in order to prevent them from coupling and thereby destroying the earth.
Leviathan the tortuous, or crooked, serpent is, to the Kabbalists, Lilith, "who seduces
men to follow crooked paths."74Once Samael was castrated,Lilith, since "she could
no longer couple with her husband," satisfied her desire by fornicating with men
who experience nocturnal emissions.
In another fifteenth or sixteenth century Kabbalistic text the Midrashic statement
that God "cooled" the female Leviathan is reinterpreted to mean that God made
Lilith barren,so that she cannot bear offspring "but is mere fornication."75

THE Two LILITHS

The idea that there are many Liliths is, as we have seen, very old. In the Baby-
lonian incantation texts there appear male Lili-s, in addition to the female Liliths,
who are the heirs to the third millennium B.C. Sumerian male and female demons
similarly named. It remained, however, for the thirteenth century Kabbalists to
split the person of Lilith herself into two and to distinguish between an Elder and
a Younger Lilith.
 Patai, Lilith 309
In the writings of R. Isaac Hacohen, the Spanish Kabbalist who flourished about
the middle of the thirteenth century, we read that the Lilith who was born an-
drogynously with Samael and who became the wife of that "Great Prince and Great
King of all the demons," is Lilith the Elder. In addition to Samael, other demons as
well are the bedfellows of this Lilith the Elder who-and this is most remarkable-
"is a ladder on which one can ascend to the rungs of prophecy."This can mean only
one thing: that Lilith can help those whom she favors-or who gain mastery over
her-to rise towards, or actually attain, prophetic powers. Another numinous figure
introduced into this mythology is Qafsefoni, the Prince and King of Heaven, whose
wife is Mehetabel76the daughter of Matred. The daughter of this mysterious couple
is Lilith the Younger. There seems, however, to be some confusion between Lilith
the Younger and Lilith the Elder, because it is the latter who is called Sefonit
("Northerner"), which would make her, and not Lilith the Younger, the daughter
of Qafsefoni:
Know that all the jealousy and quarrel between the Princes of Quarrel and the
Prince of Peace . . . is on account of Samael and Lilith who is called Northerner
(Sefonit), (as it is written) "Out of the North the Evil One shall break forth."77Both
of them (Samael and Lilith) were born in a spiritualbirth as androgynes,corresponding
to Adam and Eve, below and above two twin figures. And Samael and Lilith the Elder
who is the same as Sefonit, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil is the epithet for
both. . .78
The same author also asserts that "on rare occasions Qafsefoni couples with, and
adheres to, and loves a creature whose name is Lilidtha," who, in a mysterious way,
resembles Hagar the Egyptian; but whether this Lilidtha is identical with Qafsefoni's
own daughter, Lilith the Younger, cannot be established.
Lilith the Younger became the wife of Ashmodai, King of the demons, and out
of this union sprang the great prince Harba di Ashm'dai ("Ashmodai's Sword"),
who rules over 80,ooo demons of destruction, and numerous other demon offspring.
However, "Lilith the Younger who has the form of a beautiful woman from head
to navel and from the navel downward is flaming fire-like mother like daughter-"
aroused the desire of Samael. This caused intense jealousy between Samael and
Ashmodai as well as constant fighting between Lilith the Younger and Samael's
wife, Lilith the Elder.79
Some threecenturiesafterIsaacHacohen,MosesCordovero(I522-I570), head of
the Safed Kabbalists, retells the myth of the two Liliths with the addition of a few
interesting details: Lilith the Elder, he says, has 480 bands of demons under her
command, the number being derived from the numerical value of the letters
L Y L Y T (30, I0, 30, Io, 400) making up the name Lilith. On the day of Atone-
ment Lilith the Elder marches out into the desert and, being the demon of screaming
-her name is taken as if derived from the verb Y L L, to scream-spends the day
there screaming. Samael, however, also has a concubine named Mahalath the
daughter of Ishmael.80 She has 478 bands of demons at her disposal-again the
letters of her name give the clue to this number (M H L T = 40, 8, 30, 400)-and
"she goes and sings a song and a paean in the Holy Tongue. And when the two
meet, they fight, on the Day of Atonement, there in the desert, and they taunt each
other, until their voices rise to heaven and the earth trembles under their voices. And
all this is arranged by God so that they should not make accusations against Israel
while they pray (on the Day of Atonement)...."
310 Vol. 77, No. 306 Journal of American Folklore Oct.-Dec., I964
Lilith the Younger is helped in her fight against Lilith the Elder by her own
mother Mehetabel.81
The mythological motif of enmity between Lilith and her fellow-demonesses,
and the resulting advantage for Israel on the Day of Atonement, is treated by other
sixteenth-century Kabbalists as well. Abraham Galante (died I560), an important
Safed Kabbalist and contemporary of Moses Cordovero, recounts the entire story
of the annual encounter in the desert between Lilith and Mahalath, but gives a
somewhat different characterization to one of the two chief she-demons: Mahalath,
according to him, is shown by her name to have been a compulsive dancer: as she
marches into the desert at the head of her bands of destructive angels, "she goes and
dances and gyrates in ringdances" until she and Lilith fall upon each other in a
fierce battle.82
Lilith's bands, and presumably Lilith herself as well, were imagined in this
period as being covered with hair from head to foot, including their faces, but
having a bald head. Their fourteen names, derived directly from the older incanta-
tion texts,83 are: Lilin, Abito, Abizo, Amo(z)rpho, Haqash, Odam, (I)kephido,
Ailo, Tatrota, Abniqta, Shatrina, Kalubtza, Tiltoi, Pirtsha.84
But, to return to the two Liliths, this idea is put forward in a different form by
Hayyim Vital (I543-I620), a Safed Kabbalist and chief disciple of Isaac Luria. He
explains that the original "Lilith the stiff-necked" was the "garb,"that is the husk,
the outer and evil part, of Eve, the wife of Adam. But, he goes on to say, "there is
an even more external (i.e., more evil) Lilith, who is the wife of Samael." In the
sequel it is not clear whether Vital speaks of the first or the second Lilith when he
says that "there was an angel who was expelled from heaven and he was called
"the flame of the revolving sword,"85and at times he is an angel and at times a
demon called Lilith. And since the female rules at night, and the demons rule at
night, she is called Lilith (i.e., "Nocturnal").86
The notion that Lilith rules at night goes back to the Zohar where the Biblical
expression "dread in the nights" (pahad ba-leloth)87 is explained as "Samael and
his female," i.e., Lilith.88 What is more interesting, however, in Vital's thinking is
that he regarded the Lilith and the angel as interchangeable, as appearing once in
the shape of one and once in that of the other, as made tangible by the flame of the
revolving sword. We shall recall that in the sixth century A.D. Nippur incantation
texts the same numen is called once "Lilith Buznai" and once "angel Buznai."89
The same idea underlies a passage contained in the Zoharic literature itself which
reads: "Come and see: The Shekhina is at times called the Mother, at times the
Slave-Woman (i.e., Lilith), and at times the King's Daughter."90
In other words, circumstances determine whether one and the same feminine
divine essence assumes the form of a good or an evil numen. And, since circum-
stances constantly change, the goddess appears once as good, once as evil. In a
different formulation of the idea, Lilith appears as the "nakedness"of the Shekhina,
that aspect of her which preponderates in the period of Israel's exile: "When Israel
was exiled the Shekhina too went into exile, and this is the nakedness of the
Shekhina. And this nakedness is Lilith, the mother of a mixed multitude."g9

LILITH'STRIUMPHANDEND

The hour of Lilith's greatest triumph and the high point in her career came
with the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple. When that catastrophe took place,
 Patai, Lilith 311
the King [God] sent away the Matronit and took the slave-woman [Lilith] in her
place.... Who is this slave-woman?She is the Alien Crown whose first-bornGod slew
in Egypt .... She used to sit behind the hand-mill, and now this handmaid is heir to
her mistress.2 Rabbi Shimeon cried and said: "The King without the Matronit is not
called King; the King who attached himself to the slave-woman,to the handmaid of
the Matronit, where is his honor?.... He lost the Matronit and attached himself to the
Other Place which is called slave-woman.... And this slave-woman was destined to
rule overthe Holy Landof Below,as the Matronitformerlyruledoverit...."93
The Zoharic idea that the most terrible outcome of the destruction of the Temple
and the Exile of Israel was that because of them God was forced to accept Lilith as
his consort in place of the Matronit, was further elaborated by R. Shelomo Alqabes
(ca. 1485-I505), the Safed Kabbalist and famous author of the Sabbath-song
Lekha Dodi ("Come, my friend"). In his mystical philosophy Alqabes attributes
it to the sins of Israel that the Shekhina, Israel's mother, had to leave her husband,
God, who is Israel's father, and go into exile together with her children. As a result
of this separation, God the father consorted with "the slave-woman," i.e., Lilith,
and she became the Mistress of His house. The situation was similar to that of a
man who had a good wife, the mother of his sons, and then, in his wrath, he turned
away from her and went in to her handmaid and she conceived and bore him a son.
"And it is known that there is no glory for a man except with his wife who was
destined for him, but not by adhering to handmaids . . . through which he himself
is reduced to a lower rung." Likewise, after the Shekhina in exile
"descendedto be with us ... her rival (Lilith) angersher greatly,and she sobs and sighs
because her husband (God) does not throw his light upon her . . . Her joy has fled
because she sees her rival in her house, deriding her, to the extent that the Mistress
becamea handmaidand the handmaidMistress.And when our Father sees our Mother
lying in dust and sufferingbecauseof our sins, He too becomesembitteredin his heart,
and He descendsto save her and make the strangerscease violating her. And now, can
there be anybody who sees these things without rending his heart to repent and thus
to return our Mother to her place and to her palace? .... 94

While thus the Zohar and the later Kabbalistswho were influenced by it attributed
God's degradation through coupling with Lilith to the cosmic consequences of the
destruction of the Temple, the pre-Zoharic gnostic Kabbalists, such as Moses of
Burgos, placed the same divine Fall in the very days of Creation. For, they main-
tained, just as on earth below Lilith and Samael procreated demons and spirits with
Adam and Eve, so in the Upper Realm "a spirit of seduction issued forth from
Lilith" and seduced God the King, while Samael managed to have his will on the
Shekhina.95
Whatever the beginnings of this connubium between God and Lilith, it is to
continue until the coming of the Messiah will put an end to it:
A voice is appointedto announceto the Matronitand say "Rejoicegreatly,O daughter
of Zion, shout, O daughter of Jerusalem,behold, thy King cometh unto thee, he is
righteous and victorious, lowly and riding upon an ass."96 .... For he would be riding,
until that time, in a place which is not his, in an alien place . . . and would remain
lowly . . ., for until that time the Righteous One would remain without righteousness,
but at that time (he and the Matronitwill again) couple with each other and he will
become "righteousand victorious"because he will no longer dwell in the Other Side
[i.e., will no longer be tied to Lilith]. . . . And God will restore the Matronit to her
place as in the beginning. And what will the rejoicing be? Say, the rejoicing of the
King and of the Matronit.The rejoicingof the King over returningto her and separating
 3I2 Vol. 77, No. 306 Journal of American Folklore Oct.-Dec., 1964
from the slave-woman,and the rejoicing of the Matronitover coupling again with the
King."97
Those Messianic days will mark not only the reunion of God and the Matronit
and the rejection of Lilith, but also the end of Lilith's existence. For, although Lilith
has existed ever since the sixth day of Creation, she is not immortal. In the Days
to Come, when Israel will take revenge on Edom, both she, and the Blind Dragon
who arrangedthe match between her and Samael, will be killed.98
CONCLUSION
It is difficult to evaluate the position of Lilith in Jewish religion and her signifi-
cance for the Jewish believer. The very fact that as late as the eighteenth or even
the nineteenth century the belief in her not only survived but remained a potent
factor in religious consciousness and conduct, is in itself surprising. That these
beliefs, and, in all probability, the practices as well, retained essentially the same
form in which they first appeared four thousand years previously in Sumer, is
remarkable. A citizen of Sumer in 2500 B.C. and an East European Hassidic Jew
in I8oo A.D. had very little in common as far as the higher levels of religion were
concerned. But they would have readily recognized as most familiar each other's
beliefs about the pernicious machinations of Lilith, and each other's apotropaic
measuresresortedto in order to drive her away or escape her enticements.
It is interesting, moreover, to note that both in ancient Sumer and in Kabbalistic
Judaism Lilith's career ran very similar courses. She started out in both faiths as a
lowly she-demon, whose activities were confined to the nether realms of existence,
who was associated with impure nocturnal animals, and who pulled man down to
her own base level. Then, in both religions, she succeeded in working herself up,
as it were, to higher rungs on the scales of numina, until she became an undoubted
goddess in Sumer and the consort of God in Kabbalism. Yet with all these advances
in her career, the basic qualities of her personality never changed: she remained the
beautiful seductress who joined lonely men in their nocturnal unrest, enjoyed their
sex and bore them demonic offspring, while at the same time she found enough
time to play her lethal games with children, causing them to laugh happily in their
sleep and then strangling them mercilessly so as to get hold of, and array herself in,
their innocent souls. There can be little doubt that a she-demon who accompanied
mankind-or at least a part of mankind-from earliest antiquity to the threshold
of the Age of Enlightenment must be a projection, or objectification,of human fears
and desires which, in a deeper sense, are identical with those oft-mentioned "plagues
of mankind" said in Kabbalistic Literature to be the offspring of Lilith, but recog-
nized by us as her psychogenic progenitors.

NOTES
I. Thorkild Jacobsen,The Sumerian King List (Chicago, I939), i8, n. 37, and 90, n. I3I.
2. BrunoMeissner,Babylonienund Assyrien(Heidelberg, I925), ii. 20I.
3. Ebeling, Reallexikon der Assyriology, ii. I o.
4. Samuel N. Kramer, Gilgamesh and the Huluppu-Tree (Chicago, I939), 1-2. The same
story was told in the missing part of Tablet xii of the BabylonianGilgamesh epic dating from
the seventh century B.C.; cf. Alexander Heidel, The Gilgamesh-Epicand Old TestamentParallels
(Chicago, 1946), 94.
5. Emil G. Kraeling, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research67 (Oct. 1937),
I6-I8.
6. Cf. William F. Albright, Bull. of the Amer. Schools of Oriental Research76 (December,
1939), 9.
 Patai, Lilith 3I3
7. Isaiah 34:I4.
8. BabylonianTalmud (hereafter:B.) Nidda 24b.
9. B. Erubin ioob.
Io. Rashi to B. SanhedrinIo9a.
ii. These names, as shown by Moses Gaster, Studies and Texts, 1252 ff., are derived from
Byzantine magic names such as Sisynios, Synithoros, and the like; cf. also H. A. Winkler,
Salomo und die Karina (Stuttgart, I93I).
12. Alpha Beta di Ben Sira, ed. Eisenstein, Otzar Midrashim, 47; cf. M. Gaster, MGWJ 29
(i88o), 553 ff.; Numbers Rabba16.25;Zohar i. 34b.
I3. B. Erubin i8b; Genesis Rabba 20.II, pp. I95-96; 24,6, p. 236; Tanhuma Genesis, Buber
20; etc.
14. B. Shabbath I5ia.
15. James A. Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur (Philadelphia, 1913),
77-78,and cf. 75-76which are paraphrasedor summarizedabove.
I6. Montgomery,155-56,bowl no. 8.
17. Hosea 2:5.
i8. JehudaL. Zlotnik,Ma'aseYerushalmi(Jerusalem,I946), 33.
19. Zlotnik, 66-67.
20. Cf. G. Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (New York, 1961), 40ff. In an
Arabic incantation text against the Qarina (the Muslim equivalent of Lilith), King Solomon
is said to have called his vezir and cousin Asaf ibn Barakhia, in whose name we recognize
Joshua ben Perahia, and commanded him to write an amulet, to ward off the demoness and
all her helpers,cf. Winkler, i8.
2I. Gottheil, whose transcript was published by Montgomery, reads Yahweh Qadmonah
Hayin Lilith. It seems to me, however, that these words should be read whawah qadmonah hus
Lilith, giving the famous Jewishmagical incantationformula as translatedabove.
22. Montgomerymisunderstoodthis name. In later Jewish magic it has become a common-
place to arrange a formal sale of a child whose life was threatenedby an evil spirit, and to call
him Mercado,i.e., "The Sold One," if a boy, and Mercada,if a girl.
23. Montgomery,258 if. My translation.A very similar incantation is reprinted in as recent
a popular remedy-bookas Raphael Ohana'sMar'eh haYeladim, (Jerusalem,I908), 6ib.
24. Cf. Montgomery, 252-53.
25. Qalqut Reubenito Genesis 2:2I, p. 68.
26. Zohar iii. iga, and i. 34b.
27. Zohar i. I48a, Sitre Torah.
28. Gershom Sholem, "KabbalothR. Ya'aqobh weR. Yitzhaq," Madda'e haYahaduthvol. II
(JerusalemI927), 25I, 260.
29. GenesisI:3.
30. Zohar i. i9b. with I. Tishby'scommentsin his Mishnat Hazohar,i. 372.
3I. B. Sukka 5b.
32. Zohar i. i9b.
33. Zohar i. 34a.
34. Zohar i. igb.
35. Cf. above,p. 300, where "LilithBuznai"is mentioned.
36. MidrashAbkir; Zohariii. 76b; Yalqut Reubenito Genesis4:8, p. 95.
37. R. Napthali,Emeq Hamelekh (Amsterdam,I648), I79-I8oa.
38. Cf. Bahya ben Asher ibn Halawa (d.134o), Commentaryto the Pentateuch (in Hebrew;
Venice, 1546), i5d; Manasseh ben Israel (I604-1667), Nishmat Hayyim (Amsterdam, I652),
114b,ch. 12 of the Third Maamar;Emeq Hamelekh, 23c-d,chapter42.
39. Zohar i. i9b.
40. Emeq Hamelekh, I03a; cf. the Yiddish book Hanhagath Hassidim we'Anshe Ma'asse
(Frankfurt a.M., 1700), I6a-I7a.
41. Zohar i. I48a-b, Sitre Torah.
42. Zohar i. I48b, Sitre Torah.
43. Emeq Hamelekh, Shaar Tiqqune haTeshubhah, ch. II, p. I9c.
44. Cf. G. Scholem, Tarbis, XIX (1948), I75ff.
45. Zohar i. i9b. The turn of the flame is reminiscent of the turning of the Cherubim
themselves: according to the Talmudic view (B. Baba Bathra 99a) when the Cherubim turned
their faces toward each other, this showed that Israel obeyed the will of God; when Israel
sinned the Cherubimturned their faces away from each other.
46. Zohar iii. i9a.
47. Zohar iii. 77a.
48. Zohar iii. 77a.
49. Emeq Hamelekh 84b.
50. Meqore Minhagim, 9if., and Raphael Ohana 5oa.
314 Vol. 77, No. 306 Journal of American Folklore Oct.-Dec., I964
51. Mar'eh haYeladim 50b, quoting Liqqute Gure ha'Ari; cf. also Sepher Zekhirah 53b;
Grunwald, Mitteil. zur jiid. Volkskunde, viii, 62; similar beliefs and practices among other
peoples, cf. Wuttke, Der deut. Volksaberglaube,386; Ploss, Das Kind, ii.85i; Nyberg, Kind und
Erde, 222; Robert Graves and Raphael Patai, Hebrew Myths (New York, 1964), Io.4.
52. Ohana, 94a.
53. Ohana,94a-b.
54. Ohana,94a-b.
55. Cf. Genesis 4:I9, 22.
56. Genesis Rabba 23.3, p. 224, and parallel sources.
57. Pirqe R. Eliezer acc. to reading of Nahmanides on Gen. 4:2; cf. Midrash Hagadol
i.II8; Zohar i. 55a; Zohar Ruth 99a, beginning with the words R. Nehemia patah; Agadat
Bereshit (introd.) 38; Louis Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, I.I50; V. 171: Menahem Zioni b.
Meir of Speyer (I5th century), SepherZioni (Cremona, I560), I4b.
58. Zohar i. 56a; cf. Igb.
59. Zohar iii. 76b.
60. Zohar i. 9b.
61. Zohar iii. 76b-77a.
62. G. Scholem, Tarbis XIX (1948), 172; cf. also Midrash Tehillim 72, Buber, p. 324; Yalqut
Reubeni to Genesis 4:8, p. 95, quoting Sepher Mishkan ha'Eduth. The reference to Hadad the
Edomite is found in i Kings II:I4, 17.
63. Targum Sheni to Esther i :3.
64. Cf. Scholem,Tarbis,XIX (1948), 169.
65. Cf. above, 300.
66. Bahya on Genesis (Venice, I546), I5d; cf. also Isaac Karo, Toldoth Yitzhak (Mantua,
1558), to Genesis, I6a; Yalqut Reubeni Reubeni Gadol (Wilmersdorf, i68I), 53C (Parashat
Toldoth); Aharon Shemuel, Nishmat Hayyim (Hanau, I6I7), II4b (Maamar Gimel, ch. 12).
67. Venice, I655, I9c.
68. Psalm 9I:Io; Mar'ehYaYeladimioa-b, quoting MahariTaitazak.
69. Isaiah 27:I.
70. Moses Cordovero, Pardes Rimmonim (Cracow, I591), Gate 25, ch. 5, i86d.
71. Emeq Hamelekh, 84b, cf. I4ob.
72. Cf. e.g. Emeq Hamelekh, I4ob and Bezalel b. Solomon of Kobrin, 'Amudeha Shiv'ah
(Dusseldorf, 1693), 5ic-d.
73. Isaiah 27:I.
74. Emeq Hamelekh, 84c, I03a, I2Ib, I30a; Zohar ii, io8b.
75. Emeq Hamelekh, 84a; Scholem, Tarbis, XIX (1948), 173.
76. Cf. Genesis36:39.
77. Jeremiah I:I4.
78. R. IsaacHacohen,thirteenthcentury;cf. Scholem,Tarbis,V, I94.
79. Cf. Gershom Scholem, "KabbalothR. Ya'aqobh weR. Yitzhaq," Madda'e haYaHaduth,
II (Jerusalem, I927), 251, 255, 258, 260-61.
80. Cf. Genesis 28:9.
8I. Moses Cordovero, Pardes Rimmonim (Cracow, I591), Gate 25, ch. 5, i86d; Gate 26, ch.
8, i88d.
82. Abraham Galante, Sepher Qol Bokhim (Venice, 1589), I5, to Lamentations I:5.
83. Cf. above, 299.
84. Emeq Hamelekh, I4ob.
85. Genesis3:34.
86. Hayyim Vital, Sepher 'Es Hayyim (Koretz, I784), I29d.
87. Cant.3:8.
88. Zohar ii. i63b.
89. Cf. above, 300.
90. Zohar Hadash Tiqqunim (Warsaw:Levin-Epstein,no date), II7a top.
9I. Zohar i. 27b.
92. Proverbs 30:23.
93. Zohar iii. 69a.
94. Shlomo Alqabes,B'rith haLevi,ch. 7, cf. ch. 6.
95. G. Scholem, Tarbis, V, 50, 194-95; I. Tishby, Mishnat Hazohar, i. 299.
96. Zechariah9:9.
97. Zohar iii. 69a.
98. Emeq Hamelekh, 84d.
Theodor Herzl Institute
New York