Water Level Indicator Using Transistor

A Group Project Report On Water level Indicator using Transistor

Submitted
in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering [ECE]
by

P.BASWAKIRAN:20311A04D0
P.SRIHARI:20311A04D1
B.MYTHREYA:20311A04D2

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Ms .Shafi Unnisa Sye

Associate Professor, Dept. of ECE

SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad – 501 301

1
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the EDC lab project work entitled

“WATER LEVEL INDICATOR USING TRANSISTOR (BC547)” submitted by

P.BASWAKIRAN-20311A04D0
P.SRI HARI -20311A04D1
B.MYTHREYA-20311A04D2

In fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering

[ECE], Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, an autonomous institute under Jawaharlal Nehru

Technological University, Telangana, is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under our guidance

and supervision.

The results embodied in the report have not been submitted to any other University or Institution for

the award of any degree or diploma.

Ms. Shafi Unnisa Syed. Dr.S.P.V.Subbarao

Project coordinator. Professor &HOD, ECE
Associative Professor, ECE

2
 ACKNOWLEDEMENT

We feel great pleasure to acknowledge all those involved in the process of our education and research. In

the first place we would like to record our deep and sincere gratitude to our in-charge ,**** for her

supervision, advice, guidance, and crucial contribution which made her a backbone of the project. Her

understanding, encouraging and personal guidance have provided a good basis for the present project. Her

involvement with her originality has triggered and nourished our intellectual maturity that we will benefit

from, for a long time to come.

We wish to express our gratitude towards our all teachers, who helped us

throughout our course work. We extend our acknowledgement to our lab mates, lan staff, who are directly

or indirectly involved in this project work.

P. BASAWAKIRAN-20311A04D0

P. SRIHARI- 20311A04D1

B. MYTHREYA-20311A04D2

3
 ABSTRACT

Water level indicator is widely used in many industries and houses. People generally worry about the

wastage of water, when the switch ON the motor and forget to OFF them. An Water Level Indicator may be

defined as a system by which we can get the information of any water reservoir. Water level indicator system

are quite useful to reduce the wastage of water from any reservoir, while filling such reservoir. But for

domestic purpose we cannot go for the instruments which use radar or ultrasonic principle that costs high.

Water tank overflow is a common problem which leads to the wastage of water. In this project I am using

the transistor based water level indicator circuit is very useful to indicate the water levels in a tank. Whenever

tank gets filled, we get alerts on particular levels. The LEDs is generally used for indicate the water levels.

If the water level is full, then the circuits beeps through the buzzer notifying that the water level is full.

4
INTRODUCTION
Water level indicator used to express the level of water in water tank and boiler etc.different
types of water level indicator are available in market like mechanical and electronics. They can
apply as their order & condition to the industries and domestic zones. This circuit not only indicates the
amount of water present in the tank but also gives an indication when the tank is full. As the water
continues to fill the tank, the LEDs light up gradually.

Here our aim to demonstrate the simple model which you can make at your home and for your science far.
There are 3 LED available to indicate the different level of water in water glass. This circuit expresses the
level through the lighting of LED. This kind of circuit is not used more because of its silent features.
Generally we used buzzer type circuit. The buzzer type circuit we also shown in this project with the image
there are some few changes in buzzer circuit in compare of above circuit. Right now in the market different
type of circuit are available with excellent quality.

NEED OF WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

Overflow problems.
To prevent wastage of energy.
To prevent wastage of water
Observation.
Attention.
Automatic switch off.

ACTUAL DESIGN OF WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

According to the figure are shown this is actual working circuit of water level indicator here you can see
three wire are used to indicate the different water level of glass through the different colour LED. At the
other side battery connection are shown with the positive and negative sign. And also three transistors are
shown in figure which used to high the signal.

MATERIALS USED

1. Transistor bc547
2. LED’S
3. Resistors (1 k ohm,47 k ohm)
4. Bread board
5. Connecting wires
6. Glass of water
7. Battery

TRANSISTOR BC547

A BC547 transistor is a negative-positive-negative (NPN) transistor that is used for many purposes.
Together with other electronic components, such as resistors, coils, and capacitors, it can be used as the
active component for switches and amplifiers. Like all other NPN transistors, this type has an emitter
terminal, a base or control terminal, and a collector terminal. In a typical configuration, the current
flowing from the base to the emitter controls the collector current. It is a medium gain, general-purpose
transistor purposely for signal generation, audio amplifiers applications and low power consumptions.
5
Usually the frequency is about 250MHz and has a gain of 330. The dc gain and frequency transmission
ensures wide usage.
Other features include
AF amplification
Oscillation
Switching capabilities
TTL logic circuits

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric
current passes through it.
The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single
wavelength. The output form an LED can range from red (at a wavelength of approximately 700
nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400 nanometers). Some LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830
nanometers or longer); such a device is known as an infrared- emitting diode (IRED). An LED or IRED
consists of two elements of processed material called p-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors.
These two elements are placed in direct contact, forming a region called the P-N junction.

FEATURES
Low power requirement
High efficiency
Long life
Fiber optics data transmission
Remote control

6
RESISTORS

Resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic
circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.
Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor. All
other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current through a resistor is inversely
proportional to its resistance, and directly proportional to the voltage across it. This is the well-known
Ohm’s Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain
inductance or capacitance. Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common type in
electronic devices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is
mixed with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this
ratio, the lower the resistance

BREADBOARD

A breadboard is a widely used tool to design and test circuit. You do not need to solder wires and components
to make a circuit while using a bread board. It is easier to mount components & reuse them. Since,
components are not soldered you can change your circuit design at any point without any hassle. It consist
of an array of conductive metal clips encased in a box made of white ABS plastic, where each clip is insulated
with another clips. There are a number of holes on the plastic box, arranged in a particular fashion. A typical
bread board layout consists of two types of region also called strips. Bus strips and socket strips. Bus strips
are usually used to provide power supply to the circuit. It consists of two columns, one for power voltage
and other for ground.

7
BREAD BOARD TIPSING

It is important to breadboard a circuit neatly and systematically, so that one can debug it and get it running
easily and quickly. It also helps when someone else needs to understand and inspect the circuit. Here are
some tips:
Always use the side-lines for power supply connections. Power the chips from the side-lines and not
directly from the power supply.
Use black wires for ground connections (0V), and red for other power connections.
Keep the jumper wires on the board flat, so that the board does not look cluttered.

Route jumper wires around the chips and not over the chips. This makes changing the chips when needed
easier.

You could trim the legs of components like resistors, transistors and LEDs, so that they fit in snugly
and do not get pulled out by accident.

BATTERY

A battery is an electro chemical cell (or enclosed and protected material) that can be charged electrically to
provide a static potential for power or released electrical charge when needed. A battery generally consists
of an anode, cathode and an electrolyte. Common types of commercial batteries and some of their
characteristics and advantages are summarized in the following table. Battery types not shown include the
zinc-air, flooded lead acid, and alkaline batteries.

8
WATER GLASS

This is water glass take as little water tank. As shown in figure there are 4 different colours wire inserted in
the glass. First Black wire used for the ground level to complete the circuit and other there are used for the
different level like low, medium and high. This level can be decided as your requirement.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

9
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

After the connections are made as per the circuit diagram the circuit is then excited by 9V battery. The
positive terminal of the battery is given to bottom of the measuring tank measuring tank that generates the
flow of ions in the liquid present in tank. The base of the three transistors makes contact with the water at
three different levels such as low, medium and high. When the base terminal makes the contact with the
water the current starts to flow from base to emitter terminal. This current flow in the emitter terminal makes
the LED to glow at different levels. If the water level is full, then the circuits beep through the buzzer
notifying that the water level is full.

RESULT: Hence we have done a water level indicator using transistor (BC547)

10
APPLICATIONS

Water level indicator is used in different areas as mentioned below

• Home
• Building
• Textile market
• Power plant industries
• Solar heater
• Water distributor plant
• Stone and marble industries
• Food industries
• Small industries

ADVANTAGES

• Easily indicates when water level is full with a beep sound.

• Low maintanence.
• Compact and elegant design.
• Now n need of checking water level from the roof.
• Ensures no overflows or empty running of pump.
• Fully automatic, which does not require human power.
• Electricity consumed is very low.

CONCLUSION

Thus from the project we conclude that this is one of the most simplest model used as water level indicator
which can be made at your home with very less cost. This setup consumes only 9V therefore it does not
produce an electric shock when we touch the water in the measuring tank.

11
12