Contents

Chapter 1: Paragraph Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2: Unity and Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Chapter 3: Supporting Details: Facts, Quotations, and Statistics . . . . . . . . . 8

Chapter 4: From Paragraph to Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 5: Chronological Order: Process Essays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Chapter 6: Cause/Effect Essays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 7: Comparison/Contrast Essays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Chapter 8: Paraphrase and Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 9: Argumentative Essays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chapter 10: Types of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Chapter 11: Using Parallel Structures and Fixing Sentence Problems . . . 35

Chapter 12: Noun Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Chapter 13: Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Chapter 14: Adjective Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Chapter 15: Participial Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Appendix B: Punctuation Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Appendix E: Research and Documentation of Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Chapter 10: Types of Sentences

Practice 1: Independent and Dependent Clauses (pages 163–164)

Add a period (.) to the following independent clauses: 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14
The following are dependent clauses: 4, 8, 9, 11, 15

Practice 2: Simple Sentences (page 164)

Individual responses.

Practice 3: But versus Yet (page 167)

1. a. yet
b. but
2. a. yet
b. but
3. a. but
b. yet

Practice 4: Compound Sentences with Coordinators (pages 167–168)

A. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. According to the Big Bang Theory, the universe began expanding about 13.7 billion
years ago, and it has been expanding every since.
3. Does the universe have an outer edge, or is it infinite?
4. Scientists predict that intelligent life exists somewhere in the universe, but we have
not been able to find any sign of it yet.
5. Mars probes have photographed rocks with water markings on them, yet there is no
water there now.
6. We may not be able to communicate with other life forms, for we will not know
their language.
7. Instead of taking the psychology final exam, we can write a ten-page research paper,
or we can give a presentation.
8. I want to write a research paper, yet I do not know what to write about.
9. Three weeks before the end of the term, I had not started my paper, nor had I even
chosen a topic.
10. I needed help choosing a topic, so I went to the professor to ask for suggestions.
B. 2. The accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island in the United States
created fears about the safety of this energy source, and the disaster at Chernobyl in
the former Soviet Union confirmed them.
3. Solar heating systems are economical to operate, but the cost of installation is very
high.
4. Energy needs are not going to decrease, nor are energy sources going to increase.
5. Burning fossil fuels causes serious damage to our planet, so we need to develop
other sources of energy.
6. Ecologists know that burning fossil fuels causes holes in the ozone layer, yet people
continue to do it.

30
 7. Developing nations especially will continue this harmful practice, for they do not
have the money to develop “clean” energy sources.
8. All nations of the world must take action, or our children and grandchildren will
suffer the consequences.
C. Individual responses.

Practice 5: Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs (page 170)

A. 2. According to the Big Bang Theory, the universe began expanding about 13.7 billion
years ago; moreover, it has been expanding ever since.
3. Students must pay their tuition and fees before they register for classes; otherwise,
they will have to pay a late fee.
4. Scientists predict that intelligent life exists somewhere in the universe; however, we
have not been able to find any signs of it yet.
5. Mars probes have photographed rocks with water markings on them; nevertheless,
there is no water there now.
6. My roommate scored high on the English placement test; as a result, he is exempt
from taking English classes.
7. Tuition and fees increase every year; for example, tuition this year is $50 more per
unit than it was last year.
8. The class thought the teacher would give a test last Friday; instead, she gave a party.
B. 3. Solar heating systems are economical to operate; however, the cost of installation is
very high.
5. Burning fossil fuels causes serious damage to our planet; therefore, we need to
develop other sources of energy.
6. Ecologists know that burning fossil fuels causes holes in the ozone layer;
nevertheless, people continue to do it.
8. All nations of the world must take action; otherwise, our children and grandchildren
will suffer the consequences.
C. Individual responses.

Practice 6: Compound Sentences with Semicolons (page 171)

A. 1. The practice of yoga strengthens the body and promotes flexibility; it also strengthens
the mind and refreshes the soul.
2. Motherhood causes some women to quit their jobs; others continue working despite
having young children to care for.
3. Three hundred guests attended his wedding; two attended his funeral.
B. Individual responses.

Practice 7: Editing Practice (page 171)

Answers will vary. Sample answers:
Sentences 2 and 3: First of all, robots can perform repetitive tasks without becoming tired or
bored; therefore, they are used in automobile factories to weld and paint.
Sentences 4 and 5: Robots can also function in hostile environments; as a result, they are
useful for exploring the ocean bottom as well as deep outer space.

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 Sentences 8 and 9: For instance, a robot can kill a brain tumor, and it can operate on a fetus
with great precision.
Sentences 11 and 12: However, robots cannot think conceptually, nor can they function
independently.
Sentences 13 and 14: Humans have to program them; otherwise, they are useless.

Practice 8: Complex Sentences (pages 172–173)

SUB
A. 2. When students from other countries come to the United States, they often suffer
from culture shock.
SUB
3. Because financial aid is difficult to obtain, many students have to work part-time.
SUB
4. Please tell me where the student union is.
SUB
5. Engineers, who have an aptitude for drafting and mechanics, must also be artistic
and imaginative.
SUB
6. While the contractor follows the blueprint, the engineer checks the construction in
progress.
SUB
7. Since the blueprint presents the details of the engineer’s plans, it must be interpreted
accurately by the contractor.
SUB
8. Students should declare a major by their junior year unless they have not made up
their minds.
SUB
9. Even though students declare a major now, they can change it later.
SUB
10. The government says that inflation is holding steady.
SUB SUB
11. Economists are concerned that the rate of inflation will double if the government
does not take immediate steps to control it.
B. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. Unless I take twelve units each term, I am not a full-time student.
3. My adviser told me that computer engineering is a popular major.
4. Do you know who taught this course last term?
5. Because I had to look for a part-time job, I could not take as many classes as I
wanted to.
6. I have to leave home at 6:00 in the morning if I want to get to school on time.

32
 7. My math teacher will tell me whether I should take advanced calculus.
8. This is my new friend John, whom I met at the math club meeting last month.
9. When I left my country, I felt both sad and excited.
10. I will take the classes that my college adviser recommends.

Practice 9: Punctuation (page 174)

1. Information and communication technology is reaching out to help people in the poorest
countries improve their lives; for example, fishermen on the Bay of Bengal can now
receive online weather reports that tell them when it is safe to go out.
2. Furthermore, when the fishermen bring in a boatload of fish, they can find out the current
market prices for their fish, which will help them bargain with the middlemen to whom
they sell their catch.
3. The cost of the cheapest computer is at least $200, and since this is more than an
individual fisherman can afford, several fishing villages together can pool their money
and buy one to share.
4. The worldwide reach of the Internet is also providing employment opportunities in
developing countries, and as greater numbers of people learn the technology, these
opportunities will expand.
5. When you call your U.S. bank, you may find yourself speaking to a customer service
representative who is sitting in the Philippines or Puerto Rico, and when you need
technical support for your home computer, you will probably get help from a programmer
in New Delhi.

Practice 10: Combining Sentences in Different Ways (pages 176–177)

A. Answers will vary. Sample answers:

Russian women started to gain equality earlier than women in the United States. In the
former Soviet Union, men and women had access to equal education and job opportunities
since that reflected the Soviet philosophy. After 1937, when the Soviet constitution declared
that women and men had equal rights and responsibilities, women joined the workforce.
Also, because millions of Russian men were away in the military during World War II,
Russian women filled their places at work. Although Soviet women worked full time at their
jobs, they also had the primary responsibility for taking care of the family. As soon as they
finished their work, they had to shop, cook the evening meal, and perhaps wash, iron, or
mend the family’s clothes. U.S. women started to demonstrate that they could do the work of
men during World War II.

B. Answers will vary. Sample answers:

Nonverbal communication, or body language, is used everywhere in the world. It is a very

powerful means of communication, for it communicates much more than spoken words.

33
One example of nonverbal communication is what occurs between parents and child. When
parents smile at their child, they communicate love, acceptance, and reassurance. The child
feels comfortable and safe since the smile signifies approval; therefore, the child is happy
and well adjusted.

Another example of such communication is the image a person shows in public. When a
woman is walking alone on an unfamiliar, possibly dangerous street and wants to appear
confident, she walks quickly even though she may be tired. She walks with her shoulders
straight, her head held high, and her eyes focused straight ahead. If someone is looking at
her, she returns the glance without hesitation. In contrast, a nervous woman appears afraid if
she walks slowly with her shoulders and eyes down.

(No changes to the concluding paragraph.)

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Chapter 11: Using Parallel Structures and Fixing Sentence Problems

Practice 1: Parallelism (pages 181–182)

A. 2. You know you are truly fluent in another language when you can calculate in it
(and) when you begin to dream in it.
3. People often spend as much time worrying about the future (as) planning for it.
4. You can learn a second language in the classroom, at home, (or) in a country where
the language is spoken.
5. My new personal computer is (both) fast (and) reliable.
6. My old typewriter is (neither) fast (nor) reliable.
7. Ann is growing older (but) unfortunately not wiser.
8. Young people buy computers (not only) to do schoolwork (but also) to play games.
9. If industrial nations continue to burn fossil fuels (and) if developing nations
continue to burn their rain forests, the level of CO2 in the atmosphere will continue
to increase.
10. Before the judge announced the punishment, he asked the murderer if he wanted to
speak (either) to the victim’s family (or) to the jury.
11. The criminal (neither) admitted guilt (nor) asked for forgiveness before he was
executed.
B. 2. they can be used
Credit cards are accepted by department stores, airlines, and some gas stations.
3. to miss a sale
You do not need to risk carrying cash or missing a sale.
4. you can
With credit cards, you can either pay your bill with one check or stretch out
your payments.
5. when you stay
You can charge both at restaurants and at hotels. OR You can charge at both
restaurants and hotels.
6. they carry
Many people carry not only credit cards but also cash.
7. do they like paying
Many people want neither to pay off their balance monthly nor to pay interest.
8. to send
Not making any payment or sending in only minimum payments every month is
poor money management.
C. Individual responses.

Practice 2: Rewriting Sentence Fragments (pages 184–185)

A. Complete sentences: 4, 5, 7, 12, 15
Fragments: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14
Corrections will vary. Sample answers:
1. The desire of all humankind is to live in peace and freedom, for example.
2. Second, it is a fact that men are physically stronger than women.

35
 3.The best movie that I saw last year was Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.
6.Although people want to believe that all men are created equal, it is not true.
8.Many of my friends who did not have the opportunity to go to college are unhappy.
9.Working during the morning and attending classes during the afternoon doesn’t
leave much time for fun.
10. Because I do not feel that grades in college have any value, I do not worry if I get a
bad grade.
11. A tsunami that occurred in the Indian Ocean in December 2004 killed more than
200,000 people.
13. This was more than twice the total explosive energy used during all of WWII,
including two atomic bombs, according to one expert.
14. There is evidence that the waves reached a height of 80 feet (24 m) when coming
ashore along the coastline and rose to 100 feet (30 m) in some areas when traveling
inland.
B. “Women Drivers”
Paragraph 1: [Believing that they are far better drivers than women.]
Paragraph 2: [For example, insurance rates.] [Also, the greater percentage of
accidents involving deaths caused by men.] [Although women are criticized for
being too cautious.]
Paragraph 3: [On the one hand, women drivers who regard the automobile as a
convenience.] [Like a washing machine.] [Using it as a weapon when they feel
particularly aggressive.] [Or using it as a status symbol.]
Paragraph 4: [Because of their attitude.] [If they adopt the attitude that an
automobile is merely a convenience.]

Corrected fragments:
Paragraph 1: Believing that they are far better drivers than women, men consider
women drivers incompetent, inattentive, and even dangerous behind the wheel.
Paragraph 2: For example, insurance rates for women are 20 percent lower than they
are for men. Also, the greater percentage of accidents involving deaths are caused by
men. Although women are criticized for being too cautious, they are really just being
safe drivers.
Paragraph 3: On the one hand, women drivers regard the automobile as a
convenience like a washing machine. On the other hand, men regard the automobile
as an extension of their egos, using it as a weapon when they feel particularly
aggressive or using it as a status symbol.
Paragraph 4: All in all, women are safer drivers because of their attitude. Men can
learn to become safe drivers if they adopt the attitude that an automobile is merely a
convenience.

36
Practice 3: Rewriting Choppy Sentences (pages 186–188)
Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. Equal
Main idea? (a) and (b) are equally important.
Relationship: opposites
Electric cars are powered solely by batteries, but the new hybrid vehicles switch
between electricity and gasoline.
3. Not equal
Main idea? (b)
Relationship: contrast (surprising continuation)
Although the government and private agencies have spent billions of dollars
advertising the dangers of smoking, the number of smokers is still increasing.
OR
The government and private agencies have spent billions of dollars advertising the
dangers of smoking; nevertheless, the number of smokers is still increasing.
OR
The government and private agencies have spent billions of dollars advertising the
dangers of smoking, yet the number of smokers is still increasing.
4. Equal
Main idea? (a) and (b) are equally important.
Relationship: Equality
Some students go to a vocational school to learn a trade, and some students go to
college to earn a degree.
5. Not equal
Main idea? (a)
Relationship: (b) and (c) give reasons for the main idea.
The grading system at our college should be abolished because the students do not
like getting grades and the instructors do not enjoy giving them.
6. Equal
Main idea? (a) and (b) are equally important.
Relationship: contrast
Education in a free society teaches children how to think, whereas education in a
dictatorship teaches children what to think.
OR
Education in a free society teaches children how to think; in contrast, education in a
dictatorship teaches children what to think.

Practice 4: Run-On/Comma Splice Sentences (pages 189–190)

A. 1a. A newly arrived international student faces several challenges. For example, he or
she has to cope with a new culture.
b. A newly arrived international student faces several challenges; for example, he or
she has to cope with a new culture.
2a. New York City is very cosmopolitan. People from many cultures and ethnic groups
live there.

37
 b. New York City is very cosmopolitan; people from many cultures and ethnic groups
live there.
c. New York City is very cosmopolitan because people from many cultures and ethnic
groups live there.
d. New York City is very cosmopolitan, for people from many cultures and ethnic
groups live there.
3. Learning a new language is like learning to swim, for it takes a lot of practice.
4. Ask for assistance at the reference desk in the library; a librarian is always on duty.
5. Because skiing is a dangerous sport, you can easily break your leg or your neck.
B. Run-ons: Sentences 1, 2, 4,7.
Comma splices: Sentences 8, 9, 11.
2. Run-on
3. Correct as is
4. Run-on
5. Correct as is
6. Correct as is
7. Run-on
8. Comma splice
9. Comma splice
10. Correct as is
11. Comma splice
Corrections will vary. Sample answers:
2. An encyclopedia is a valuable source of information because it contains summaries
of every area of knowledge.
4. A printed encyclopedia becomes out of date almost as soon as it is published; also,
it is quite expensive to purchase.
7. An editor of an encyclopedia does not write articles; he only collects and edits
articles written by other experts.
8. To find a book on a certain subject, you used to look in a card catalog; moreover, to
find a magazine article on a subject, you used to look in a periodical index.
9. Now, most libraries have thrown away their catalogs, for they have computerized
catalogs that are much more efficient to use and update.
11. If you cannot find any information on a subject, you can always ask a librarian to
help. They are paid to assist students.
C. Paragraph 1
RO: This report showed that more than one-third of the undergraduate grades
awarded in the spring semester 2005 were A’s only 1.1 percent were F’s
CS: The percentage of A’s awarded to graduate students was even higher, almost
two-thirds were A’s.
Paragraph 2
CS: Investigation of the admissions criteria of some graduate and professional
schools indicates that the admissions offices of these schools are discounting high
grades on the transcripts of SMSC students, this means that SMSC is not equal to
an A from other universities.

38
 RO: Grade inflation may, therefore, hurt a student from Stone Mountain State
College who intends to apply to a graduate or professional school he or she may not
be accepted despite a high grade point average.

Corrected paragraphs may vary. Sample answers:

Teachers at Stone Mountain State College give higher grades than teachers at twelve of the
nineteen other colleges in the state college system, according to a recent report from the
State Institutional Research Committee. This report showed that more than one-third of the
undergraduate grades awarded in the spring semester 2005 were A’s; only 1.1 percent were
F’s. The percentage of A’s awarded to graduate students was even higher, for almost two-
thirds were A’s.

While students may be happy to receive high grades, evidence suggests that this trend is
having negative consequences. Investigation of the admissions criteria of some graduate and
professional schools indicates that the admissions offices of these schools are discounting
high grades on the transcripts of SMSC students, which means that an A from SMSC is not
equal to an A from other universities. Grade inflation may, therefore, hurt a student from
Stone Mountain State College who intends to apply to a graduate or professional school
because he or she may not be accepted despite a high grade point average.

Practice 5: Stringy Sentences (page 191)

Answers will vary. Sample answers:
1. After he enrolled in an intermediate calculus class, he found it too easy, so he dropped it
and signed up for the advanced class.
2. Because firstborn children in a family often have more responsibility than their younger
siblings and feel pressure to set a good example, they often become superachievers.
3. Last-born children, on the other hand, often have little responsibility and may be
pampered as the “baby” of the family; however, because they are the smallest, they have
to get people to like them. As a result, they often develop superior social skills.
4. The students in my engineering class could not do the homework, so we got together and
worked for several hours until we finally solved all of the problems.
5. As the lack of rainfall has caused a severe water shortage, people have to conserve water
every day and think of new ways to reuse it. However, the situation is improving.

Editing Practice (page 193)

Problem sentences:
Sentence 1 is a stringy sentence.
Sentences 2 and 7 are comma splices.
Sentences 5, 6 and 15, 16 are choppy.
Sentences 10 and 11 are fragments.
Sentences 8 and 14 have problems with parallelism.

39
Answers will vary. Sample answers:

The United States counts its population every ten years, and each census reveals that the
racial and ethnic mix is changing dramatically. Therefore, by the year 2050, the “average”
person in the United States will not be descended from Europeans; instead, the majority of
U.S. residents will trace their ancestry to Africa, Asia, the Hispanic world, the Pacific
Islands, or the Middle East. Once the United States was a microcosm of European
nationalities; however, today it is a microcosm of the world. The United States is no longer
considered a “melting pot” society by many of its residents. Instead, many people prefer the
term “salad bowl.” They use this term to describe U.S. society, which will soon be
predominantly nonwhite. “Melting pot” implies that the different ethnic groups blend
together into one homogeneous mixture; on the other hand, “salad bowl” implies that
nationalities, like the ingredients in a mixed green salad, retain their cultural identities.

Earlier generations of immigrants believed they had to learn English quickly not only to
survive but also to succeed. Now, many immigrant groups do not feel the same need because
there are many places in the United States where you can work, shop, get medical care,
marry, divorce, and die without knowing English such as Chinatown in San Francisco and
New York and Vietnamese and Mexican neighborhoods in Los Angeles. In addition, many
immigrant groups want their children to know their own culture. Many Hispanics, for
instance, want their children to learn both English and Spanish in school, so they are fighting
for the right to bilingual education in communities where they are in the majority.

40
Chapter 12: Noun Clauses

Practice 1: That Clauses I (page 197)

A. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. Scientists believe that Earth is getting warmer.
3. Environmentalists warn that global warming is harmful to plants and animals.
4. People living near seacoasts and on low-lying islands are worried that their homes
will be flooded.
5. That Earth is getting warmer has been proven.
6. The idea that the moon is made of green cheese is nonsense.
7. Our teacher was very proud that we all passed the test.
B. 2. It is undeniable that ocean levels are rising.
3. It has been well documented that burning fossil fuels is a cause of global warming.
4. It has been proven that Earth is getting warmer. (This sentence will vary.)

Practice 2: That Clauses II (pages 198–199)

Answers will vary. Sample answers:
3. Researchers proved a long time ago that women learn languages more easily than men
do.
4. Scientists reassure men that women’s superior language skills do not mean that women
are more intelligent than men.
5. It has often been observed that men are better at reading maps.
6. It is thought by many scientists that men’s and women’s brains developed different spatial
skills because of the different tasks they performed in prehistoric times.
7. It is known that women are better at remembering the location of objects.
8. Studies have shown that men show superior ability at math and reasoning.

Practice 3: Subjunctive Noun Clauses (pages 200–201)

2. The water department will demand that every individual decrease water use.
3. It is necessary that every family reduce its water use by 40 percent.
4. The water department proposes for city dwellers that everyone limit showers to five
minutes.
5. It is required that farmers cut their water use by 25 percent.
6. It is suggested that farmers install a drip irrigation system.
7. The water department urges that people in the suburbs not use water to wash cars,
sidewalks, or streets.
(Items 8, 9, and 10 require individual responses.) Sample answers:
8. It is important that everyone follow these rules.
9. The water department has asked that everyone cooperate.
10. The water department recommended that the police arrest water wasters.

41
Practice 4: If/Whether Clauses (pages 202–203)
A. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. if the needles are made of stainless steel or of some other metal?
3. whether the needles hurt when they are inserted.
4. if the effectiveness of acupuncture in relieving back pain has ever been documented.
5. whether acupuncture can strengthen the immune system?
6. whether acupuncture uses the body’s energy to promote healing.
7. whether you studied acupuncture in China or in the United States.
8. if you have ever used acupuncture during an operation.
(2 sentences—individual responses)

Practice 5: Question Clauses (pages 204–205)

Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. when the band had last performed in Fog City.
3. how many years they had been together as a group.
4. who wrote their songs.
5. where they practiced on the road.
6. how many songs the band had recorded.
7. which company produced their CDs.
8. how many Grammys
(2 sentences—individual responses)

Editing Practice (pages 207–208)

1Professor Sanchez gave a lecture on transistors last Tuesday. 2First, he explained what
transistors were. 3He said that they were very small electronic devices used in telephone,
automobiles, radios, and so on. 4He further explained that transistors controlled the flow of
electric current in electronic equipment. 5He wanted to know which popular technological
invention could not operate without transistors. 6Most students agreed that it was the
personal computer. 7Professor Sanchez then asked if the students knew how transistors
functioned in computers. 8He said that the transistors were etched into tiny silicon
microchips and that these transistors increased computers’ speed and data storage capacity.
9Then he asked the class when transistors had been invented. 10Sergei guessed that they had

been invented in 1947. 11The professor said that he was correct. 12Professor Sanchez then
asked what the importance of this invention was. 13Many students answered that it was the
beginning of the information age. 14At the end of the lecture, the professor assigned a paper
on transistors. 15He requested that each student choose a topic by next Monday. 16He
suggested that the papers be typed.

42
Chapter 13: Adverb Clauses

Practice 1: Time Clauses (pages 212–213)

A. Answers may vary. Sample answers:

If you are inside, move away from windows, and get under a desk or table or stand in a
doorway 1when) you feel the floor begin to shake. Try to stay calm (while) the earthquake is
happening. Do not move (until) the floor stops shaking. (As soon as) you are sure the
earthquake is over, you may begin to move around. (After) you have checked carefully for
fallen power lines, you may go outside.

B. Individual responses.

Practice 2: Place Clauses (pages 213–214)

A. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
2. Consumers have a tendency to buy more (wherever) credit cards are accepted for
payment of merchandise.
3. You cannot use credit cards (everywhere) you shop.
4. There are a few places of business (where) a credit card is not accepted.
5. Travelers can use credit cards in foreign countries (anywhere) they are accepted.
B. Individual responses.

Practice 3: Distance, Frequency, and Manner Clauses (pages 215–216)

A. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
2. Most people want to move (as far as) they can from polluted cities.
3. We should not consume our natural resources (as wastefully as) we have in the past.
4. Should teenagers have the right to dress (as) they please?
5. No nation in the world can afford to act (as though) global warming were not its
problem.
B. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. You should scream (as loudly as) you can.
3. People say you can overcome stage fright by acting (as if) the audience were not
wearing any clothes.
4. You can learn to sing (as many popular songs as) you can.
5. You can act (as though) you had just closed your eyes for a second to think deeply
about what he was saying.

Practice 4: Reason Clauses (pages 216–218)

A. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
2. (Because) Europeans experienced hardship and deprivation during and after World
War II, they are used to conserving.
3. (Since) coal pollutes the air and gives off a lot of carbon dioxide, most European
nations have switched to natural gas or nuclear power to produce electricity.

43
 4. In the United States, in contrast, 56 percent of the nation’s electricity is generated by
burning coal (as) coal is cheap and plentiful.
5. (Because) the parliamentary system in Europe is different, a European head of
government has more power than a U.S. president to force industry to make
environmentally responsible changes.
B. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
Good News Letters
2. because you have an excellent payment record, we are increasing the limit on your
credit card to $5,000.
3. since you received an excellent evaluation from your supervisor, the company has
decided to offer you a raise.
4. as you proved that you are a good credit risk, we have decided to extend the time
limit for repayment of your loan.
Bad News Letters
1. because you have received your tenth speeding ticket, the company has decided not
to renew your car insurance policy.
2. we are unable to offer you employment at this time since the company is going out
of business tomorrow.
3. we have decided not to extend the time limit for repayment of your loan since you
have made late payments three times in the past year.

Practice 5: Result Clauses (pages 219–220)

A. 2. The Ancient Peru exhibit was (so popular that) it was held over for two weeks.
3. The artifacts were of (such historic value that) anthropologists from several
universities came to study them.
4. The exhibits were (so precious that) a museum guard was posted in every room.
5. Computer graphics allowed the exhibit’s curators to present the lives of ancient
Peruvians (so realistically that) you felt you were actually there.
6. There were (so many exhibits that) we could not see all of them.
B. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. They were shrieking so loudly that the snake became frightened too.
3. It was such a large and heavy snake that it took three of us to hold it.
4. There were so many different kinds of bugs that we could not see all of them.
5. I spent so much time trying to find my assigned insect among the millions that I did
not have much time to draw it.
6. In fact, I was so hungry that I almost ate the bug!

Practice 6: Purpose Clauses (pages 221–222)

A. 2(f), 3(d), 4(b), 5(c), 6(a)
Sentences may vary slightly. Sample answers:
2. For example, an artificial food called “bacon bits” was invented (in order that)
consumers could enjoy the taste of bacon without the fat.
3. Chemicals are added to many food products (so that) the foods will stay fresh
longer.

44
 4. Most farmers use chemical fertilizers and pesticides (in order that) they can increase
crop yields by stimulating growth and keeping bugs away.
5. Some farmers use only natural pest control methods (so that) they can produce
organic crops.
6. People like to buy organic farm produce (in order that) they can avoid food with
chemicals.
B. 1. Most farms use chemical fertilizers and pesticides in order to increase crop yields.
2. Some farmers use only natural pest control methods in order to produce organic
crops.
3. People like to buy organic farm produce in order to avoid food with chemicals.

Practice 7: Contrast Clauses (pages 223–225)

A. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
2. (Although) both the common cold and the flu are caused by viruses, only the flu can
be prevented through immunization.
3. A cold develops gradually, and any fever that develops will be low-grade (101° or
less), (whereas) the flu often comes on abruptly, with a sudden high fever.
4. Ludwig Van Beethoven wrote some of the Western world’s greatest music
(even though) he became totally deaf in midlife.
5. (Even though) South Korea is a small country with few natural resources, it is
becoming an economic superpower.
6. (While) the Northwest rainfall averages hundreds of inches annually, the Southwest
averages fewer than twelve inches per year.
7. (Though) scientists know why earthquakes happen, they are still not able to predict
them.
8. Smokers claim the right to smoke in public places, (while) nonsmokers claim the
right to breathe clean air.
B. Possible answers:
1. while or whereas
2. although, though, or even though
C. Individual responses. Sample answers:
2a. Though it seldom snows in the desert, it snowed in the Sahara last year.
2b. While it seldom snows in the desert, it usually snows in the mountains.
3a. The IT manager did not submit next year’s budget on time, although the boss had
threatened to fire him if he did not.
3b. The IT manager did not submit next year’s budget on time, whereas the Marketing
manager did.
4a. In recent years, Asian medical techniques such as acupuncture have gained
acceptance in the West, even though they were unknown fifty years ago.
4b. In recent years, Asian medical techniques such as acupuncture have gained
acceptance in the West, while Western medicine has lost favor.
5a. Although SUVs are dangerous to drive, they are very popular.
5b. Whereas SUVs are dangerous to drive, station wagons are very safe.

45
Practice 8: Conditional Clauses (page 227)
A. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. If the company does not increase its profits, it will go out of business.
3. The company would increase its profits if it raised prices and cut costs.
4. Unless the company starts to make a profit soon, all of the employees will lose their
jobs.
5. The company president would not have resigned if the company had been more
successful.
6. The vice president will also resign unless she wins the support of the employees.
B. Individual responses.

Editing Practice, Adverb Clauses (pages 228–229)

Corrections may vary. Sample corrections:
1A lot of people enjoy surfing the Net. 2They look for interesting Web sites and chat with

people all over the world. 3However, some people spend so many hours online that they are
Internet addicts. 4Although an average person spends about eight to twelve hours per week,
an addict spends eight to twelve hours per day online. 5Because addicts spend so much time
interacting with the computer, their lives are negatively affected. 6They become social
recluses because they stop going out and talking to people face-to-face. 7They avoid real-life
situations, preferring instead to be in a dimly lit room with only the glowing screen to light
up their lives.
8Internet addiction negatively affects not only the addicts themselves, but also the people

around them. 9For example, John’s marriage to Marta broke up because he insisted on
spending so many hours on the Net. 10As soon as he arrived home from work, he was at his
computer. 11As soon as he finished dinner, he would disappear into his computer room again.
12He paid so little attention to her that she finally divorced him.

13Since college students are especially technologically skilled, they can easily become

nonstop Net-surfers. 14Many colleges provide computers at several locations around campus
so that students can use them at any time day or night. 15As a result, students can spend too
much time surfing the Net instead of “surfing” their textbooks. 16Last semester, nine
freshmen at Berkshire College flunked out because they became Internet addicts. 17In short,
even though the Internet is an excellent source of information and entertainment, we must
not let it take over our lives.

46
Chapter 14: Adjective Clauses

Practice 1: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses (pages 232–233)

(NR) 3. The sun, which in forty minutes can produce enough solar energy to meet
humankind’s needs for a year, is one of Earth’s potential sources of power.
(R) 4. We are at the beginning of a medical computer revolution, according to an
article that appeared in Time magazine.
(R) 5. A medical computer is a machine that analyzes the results of laboratory tests and
electrocardiograms.
(R) 6. A physician who feeds a patient’s symptoms into a computer receives a list of
diseases that fit the symptoms of that patient.
(NR) 7. Laser beams, which are useful in both medicine and industry, were first
predicted in science fiction stories seventy-five years ago.
(R, NR) 8. The country that has the highest per capita income is not the United States,
which is in third place.
(NR) 9. Kuwait, which is a small country in the Middle East, is in first place.
(R) 10. It was a thrilling experience to meet the author of the book that we had been
reading all semester.
(NR) 11. The public is highly critical of the tobacco industry, whose profits have been
increasing in spite of the health risks of smoking.
(NR) 12. Carbohydrates, which are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are
organic compounds.
(R) 13. People who use body language to express themselves are interesting to watch.
(NR) 14. My brother-in-law, who is from Italy, moves his hands a lot when he is talking.
(R) 15. The man whom the president nominated to the Supreme Court is an experienced
and respected judge.
(R) 16. X-ray machines are gradually being replaced by machines that can provide
clearer, more detailed images of the human body, its tissues, and its organs.
(NR) 17. X-ray machines are gradually being replaced by CAT scanners and MRI devices,
which can provide clearer, more detailed images of the human body, its tissues,
and its organs.
(R) 18. The company promised to reimburse everyone who had bought a defective
product.
(R) 19. Students whose grade point averages fall below 2.0 will be placed on probation.
(NR) 20. She plans to marry her childhood sweetheart, whom she has known since they
were five years old.

Practice 2, Relative Pronouns as Subjects (page 235)

A. 2. While he lectured, he showed us a slide that diagrammed the double helix structure
of DNA.
3. Words in English that begin with the consonants th are often difficult for foreigners
to pronounce.
4. Foreigners also have difficulty with English spelling, which is not always consistent
with its pronunciation.
5. Anyone who wants to be a computer programmer must have a logical mind.

47
 6. Fans quickly lose interest in a sports team that loses game after game.
B. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
2. My father, who lives in Athens, is coming to visit me next month.
3. Snowboarding is a sport that has become very popular among young people.
4. My favorite sport is soccer, which is played in more than 175 countries around the
world.
5. The school subject that is the easiest for me is biology.
6. The school subjects that are the hardest for me are English and history.

Practice 3, Relative Pronouns as Objects (pages 236–237)

A. 2. As a young boy, Einstein, who attended schools in Germany, had trouble in
elementary and high school.
3. He did poorly in certain subjects such as history and languages, which he disliked.
(Also: He did poorly in certain subjects (that) he disliked such as history and
languages.)
4. The only subjects (that) he enjoyed were mathematics and physics.
5. He developed theories (that) we use to help us to understand the nature of the
universe.
6. Einstein is best known for his general theory of relativity, which he began to develop
while living in Switzerland.
B. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
1. My mother, whom you met at my sister’s wedding, is from Costa Rica.
2. I did not understand the homework that the teacher assigned.
3. I would never marry someone whom I could not trust.
4. The islands of Hawaii, which I visited last year, suffer occasional hurricanes.
5. The television program that my family enjoys the most is “Seventh Heaven.”

Practice 4: Possessive Adjective Clauses (pages 239–240)

A. Subject Pattern
2. Securities Corporation’s president is a man whose expertise on financial matters is
well known.
3. First National Bank, whose president is a woman, tries to attract female customers.
4. Companies conduct market research to discover trends among consumers, whose
tastes change rapidly.
5. A manufacturer whose costs are lower because of mass production can offer lower
prices.
B. Object Pattern
2. John is dating a girl whose name I keep forgetting.
3. Any company whose logo or symbol consumers easily recognize has a better chance
of success.
4. McDonald’s, whose golden arches most people recognize, has restaurants all over
the globe.

48
 C. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
1. The police found the lost child, whose photograph appeared on every television
news show.
2. My cousin, whose car was stolen, did not have any insurance.
3. Teachers whose classes are boring usually have poor attendance.

Practice 5: Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions (pages 242–243)

A. 2a. Affordable apartments in which young people would like to live are scarce.
b. Affordable apartments that/which young people would like to live in are scarce.
3a. Of course, many young people share apartments, but they have to take care in
choosing the people with whom they will share living space and expenses.
b. Of course, many young people share apartments, but they have to take care in choosing
the people that/whom they will share living space and expenses with.
4a. Living with people to whom you are not related can be stressful, but it can also be
fun.
b. Living with people that/whom you are not related to can be stressful, but it can also
be fun.
5a. In many countries, young people continue to live with their parents in the same
house in which they grew up.
b. In many countries, young people continue to live with their parents in the same
house that/which they grew up in.
6a. In the United States, young people do not want to live with their parents, from
whom they typically declare their independence at age 18.
b. In the United States, young people do not want to live with their parents, whom they
typically declare their independence from at age 18.
B. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
1a. The package that/which I have been waiting for finally arrived.
b. Uncle Charlie, whom we always spend holidays with, is going to spend
Thanksgiving with friends this year.
2a. I have received no response from your Customer Service Department, to which I
wrote ten days ago.
b. The person to whom I sent my résumé called me yesterday with a job offer.

Practice 6: Adjective Clauses with Phrases of Quantity and Quality (page 244)
A. 2. Puerto Rico attracts thousands of visitors, most of whom come for the sunny
weather, the beautiful beaches, and the Spanish atmosphere.
3. Puerto Rico has many historic sites, the most famous of which are in the Old San
Juan area of the capital city.
4. Puerto Rico’s economy, the most important sector of which is clothing
manufacturing, is growing.
5. Puerto Ricans, all of whom are U.S. citizens, have strong ties to the United States.
6. Puerto Rico has three political parties, one of which favors Puerto Rico’s becoming a
state.

49
 B. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
1. The presidential candidate spoke about his qualifications, the most impressive of
which is his long experience in government.
2. The doctors in the free clinic, most of whom are young, work very hard.

Practice 7: Adjective Clauses of Time and Place (page 246)

A. 2. 1989 was the year when/that/Ø the Berlin Wall was torn down.
3. In 1990, when East and West Germany were reunited, Germany became one country
again.
4. East Germany, where people had lived under communist rule, became part of the
Federal Republic of Germany.
5. There was rejoicing in areas where Germans looked forward to reunification with
their fellow citizens.
6. There was anxiety in places where people feared losing their jobs.
B. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
1. My grandmother enjoys telling about the time when she was a young girl.
2. I like to visit my hometown, where I lived my whole life until I went to college.
3. and 4. are individual responses.

Editing Practice: Adjective Clauses (pages 248–249)

El Niño

1 Scientists have been studying an ocean event that is the cause of drastic changes in
weather around the world. 2This event is an increase in the temperature of the Pacific Ocean
that appears around Christmas off the coast of Peru. 3Hence, the Peruvian fishermen who
first noticed it named it El Niño, which means “the Christ child” in Spanish. 4The causes of
this rise in ocean temperatures are unknown, but its effects are obvious and devastating.
5One of El Niño’s far-reaching effects is that it threatens Peru’s vital anchovy harvest,

which could mean higher prices for food. 6The warm water of El Niño keeps the nutrient-
rich cold water that provides anchovies with food down at the bottom of the ocean.
7Anchovies are the primary source of fish meal, which is the main ingredient in livestock

and chicken feed.

8In addition, guano from birds that feed off the anchovies is a major source of fertilizer

for farmers. 9As a result of decreasing supplies of anchovies and guano, the prices of
chicken feed and fertilizer rise. 10This causes farmers, who must pay more for feed and
fertilizer, to charge more for the food they produce. 11The prices of eggs, meat, and even
bread have soared as a result of El Niños in past years.
12El Niño has other global effects. 13It can cause heavy rains, floods, and mudslides

along the coasts of North and South America and droughts in other parts of the world. 14In
the 1982–83 El Niño, West Africa suffered a terrible drought, which caused crop failures and

50
food shortages. 15Lack of rain also created problems for Indonesia, whose forests burned for
months during the 1997–98 El Niño. 16Winds spread smoke from these fires as far north as
Malaysia and Singapore, resulting in choking smog that closed schools and caused
pedestrians to wear masks.
17Indeed, El Niño is an unpredictable and uncontrollable phenomenon of nature that we

need to study and understand in order to prepare for it and perhaps lessen its devastating
effects in the future.

51
Chapter 15: Participial Phrases

Practice 1: -ing Participial Phrases (pages 253–254)

A. 2. The number of students studying robotics is growing.
3. Soon, robots working in assembly plants will be able to follow voice commands.
4a. Having the ability to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation levels, robots
can perform jobs that are too dangerous for humans.
4b. Robots, having the ability to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation levels,
can perform jobs that are too dangerous for humans.
5a. Not needing to eat, sleep, or take breaks, robots can work nonstop.
5b. Robots, not needing to eat, sleep, or take breaks, can work nonstop.

B. 2. In the field of medicine, it will soon be normal to find robots performing surgery.
3. With one kind of robotic device, a human surgeon sitting in front of a video screen
directs the robot.
4. The surgeon controls three robotic arms holding surgical tools above the patient
with joysticks similar to those used in video games.
5. Allowing surgeons to make tiny incisions and to use small tools, robots are very
valuable for surgery on infants.

Practice 2: -ed Participial Phrases (pages 254–255)

A. 2. One company plans to try out a new approach aimed at young adults.
3. The new approach suggests that smokers, often scorned for continuing to smoke
despite health risks, are daring rebels.
4. The company hopes that the image projected by the new marketing campaign will
succeed half as well as the Marlboro Man image succeeded in the 1950s.
5. The Marlboro Man, pictured in hundreds of ads over the years, was a ruggedly
handsome cowboy smoking a Marlboro cigarette. OR The Marlboro Man, a
ruggedly handsome cowboy smoking a cigarette, was pictured in hundreds of ads
over the years.

B. 2. Switzerland, situated between four sometimes warring countries, has tried to remain
neutral throughout its history.
3. Children raised in bilingual families have an advantage over monolingual children.
4. A new treatment for malaria developed by ABC Pharmaceutical Company will soon
be available.
5. Asked to donate food and clothing to the hurricane victims, the public responded
generously.

Practice 3: Perfect Form Participial Phrases (page 256)

A. 2. Ireland, having never chosen a woman leader in its entire history, has elected two
consecutive female presidents in recent years.

52
 OR Having never chosen a woman leader in its entire history, Ireland has elected two
consecutive female presidents in recent years.
3. India and the Philippines, having elected women prime ministers in the past, are
more progressive in this area than the United States.
OR Having elected women prime ministers in the past, India and the Philippines are
more progressive in this area than the United States.
4. Voters in the United States, having had little experience with strong female leaders at
the national level, may never choose a woman president.
OR Having had little experience with strong female leaders at the national level,
voters in the United States may never choose a woman president.
B. 2. The New York Yankees baseball team, having won the World Series more times than
any other team, is the best baseball team in the United States.
3. Janice, having forgotten her house key for the third time in a week, decided to hide
one in a potted plant outside her front door.
4. Having smoked for forty years, my father found it difficult to quit.

Practice 4: Sentence Combining (pages 257–258)

A. e 2. Having lived in Alaska for thousands of years, Eskimos have adapted well to
their harsh environment. OR Eskimos, having lived in Alaska for thousands of
years, have adapted well to their harsh environment.
a 3. A problem being discussed by the Alaskan government concerns the rights of
Alaska’s natives.
c 4. Eskimos wanting to preserve their traditional way of life reject the ways of the
modern world.
b 5. On the other hand, Eskimos wanting to improve their standard of living hope
that they can combine both worlds—old and new.
B. There may be more than one correct combination. Suggested combinations:
g 6. Purchased from Russia in 1867, Alaska became the 49th state of the United
States in 1959. OR Alaska, purchased from Russia in 1867, became the 49th
state of the United States in 1959.
i 7. Negotiated by Secretary of State Seward, the purchase of Alaska was at first
criticized. OR The purchase of Alaska, negotiated by Secretary of State Seward,
was at first criticized.
f 8. Not understanding the value of the purchase, the people of the United States
called it “Seward’s Folly.” OR The people of the United States, not
understanding the value of the purchase, called it “Seward’s Folly.”
h 9. Once connected to Asia by a land bridge, the state is now separated from it by
only a few miles of water. OR The state, once connected to Asia by a land
bridge, is now separated from it by only a few miles of water.

Practice 5: Reducing Adverb Clauses (page 261)

A. 2. I enjoyed living in a big city while studying at the University of Chicago. OR While
studying at the University of Chicago, I enjoyed living in a big city.
3. Before leaving home, I promised my parents that I would return.
4. Being the eldest son, I am responsible for taking care of my parents.

53
 5. Having spent most of their savings to send me and my sisters to college, my parents
may not have enough money for their retirement. OR My parents, having spent most
of their savings to send me and my sisters to college, may not have enough money
for their retirement.
B. 1. Hoping to save labor costs, automobile manufacturers want to replace assembly-
line workers with robots.
2. Labor unions, fearing the loss of jobs for their members, are resisting the
introduction of robots into factories. (Also possible without commas.)
3. Union members, protesting the loss of jobs, went on strike.

Editing Practice: Participial Phrases (page 263)

One of the biggest problems facing humankind in the next few decades is the problem of
global warming. In the past 150 years, global temperatures have risen approximately 1°C
(1.8° F). The year 1998 was the warmest year ever recorded. If temperatures continue to rise,
the consequences could be catastrophic. As Earth’s temperature rises, polar ice will melt,
causing the water level of the oceans to rise. Rising ocean levels, in turn, will cause flooding
along the coasts. Global warming will also cause major changes in climate that will affect
agriculture. For example, crops previously grown in Guatemala may not do so well because
it will become too hot.

Believing that the increase in carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere is the primary cause of
global warming, scientists have urged immediate action to decrease CO2 levels. They have
asked the world governments to write an agreement controlling the amount of carbon
dioxide released into the atmosphere. After signing such an agreement, each government
will have to enforce it. Brazilians, for example, will have to stop burning their rain forests,
and Americans will have to stop driving their gas-guzzling SUVs.

54
Appendix B: Punctuation Rules

Practice 1: Using Commas (pages 281–283)

2. (none)
3. coordinator: Advertising is essential to the free enterprise system, yet it can sometimes
be very annoying.
4. introducer/coordinator: Every minute of the day and night, people are exposed to ads on
television, on billboards, in the newspapers, and in magazines.
5. coordinator/tag: You cannot even avoid advertising in the privacy of your own car or
your own home, for advertisers have begun selling their products in those places, too.
6. introducer: In the last few years, advertising agencies have started to hire young people
to hand out circulars on street corners and in parking lots.
7. coordinator: You can often find these circulars stuck on your windshield, thrust through
the open windows of your car, stuffed in your mailbox, or simply scattered on your front
doorstep.
8. introducer: Because Americans are exposed to so much advertising, they have become
immune to it.
9. introducer/coordinator: As a result, advertisers have to make louder commercials, use
brighter colors, and hire sexier models to catch the public’s attention.
10. (none)
11. (none)
12. tag: Sex is used in many cigarette and liquor ads, for example.
13. coordinator: The women in such ads are often dressed in revealing clothes and are
surrounded by handsome men, and the men in such ads are always extremely handsome
and virile.
14. introducer: As everyone knows, smoking and drinking do not make you sexy or virile.
15. introducer/coordinator: On the contrary, drinking makes you fat, and smoking makes
you sick.
16. introducer: Recently, smoking was banned in most public places in the United States.
17. coordinator: Many people opposed the law, but it finally passed.
18. coordinator: Smoking is now prohibited in hospitals, airports, stores, offices, and
restaurants.
19. inserter: In many countries, however, smoking is still allowed.
20. tag: Antismoking groups want to ban smoking in those countries, too.

Practice 2: Using Semicolons and Commas (pages 284–285)

A. 2. (1) Grace works for a prestigious law firm; she is their top criminal lawyer.
3. (3) My favorite leisure-time activities are going to movies, especially musicals;
reading novels, especially stories of love and adventure; listening to music, both
rock and classical; and participating in sports, particularly tennis and volleyball.
4. (2) The future of our wild animals is uncertain; for example, illegal shooting and
chemical poisoning threaten many birds.
5. (2) Homework is boring; therefore, I never do it.

55
 6. (2) The freeways are always crowded during the busy rush hours; nevertheless,
people refuse to take public transportation.
7. (1) The Smiths’ marriage should succeed; they share the same interests.
8. (2) Hoping that he would pass the course, he stayed up all night studying for the
final exam; unfortunately, he overslept and missed the test.
9. (1) In general, I enjoy my English class; the amount of homework our teacher
assigns is definitely not enjoyable, however.
10. (3) If you are a college student, an average day is filled with challenges: you have to
avoid running into Professor Jones, whose class you missed because you
overslept; you have to race across the campus at high speed to reach your next
class, which is always at the other side of the campus; and you have to secretly
prepare your homework assignment during class, hoping all the time that the
teacher will not catch you.
B. 1. My bus was late; therefore, I missed my first class.
2. The politician was discovered accepting bribes; as a result, his political career was
ruined.
3. My father never cries; in fact, he never shows any emotion at all.
4. The restaurant was closed; consequently, we went home to eat.
5. Some people feel that grades are unnecessary; on the other hand, some people feel
that grades motivate students.
6. Technology is changing our lives in harmful ways; for example, the computer is
replacing human contact.
7. The computer dehumanizes business; nevertheless, it has some real advantages.
8. Writing essays is easy; it just takes a little practice.
9. North Americans love pets; every family seems to have at least one dog or cat.
10. The life expectancy of North Americans is increasing; for example, the life
expectancy of a person born in 2000 is 77.2 years, which is an increase of almost 30
years since 1900.
11. Your proposal is a good one; however, I do not completely agree with your final
suggestion.
12. Efficiency is a highly prized quality among North Americans; it has almost attained
the status of a moral attribute.
C. Individual responses.

Practice 3: Using Punctuation Marks (page 287)

A. 1. The library offers many special services: the Student Learning Center, where students
can receive individual tutoring; special classes, where they can improve their math,
reading, writing, and computer skills; and group study rooms, where they can meet
with classmates to discuss assignments.
2. Dear Dr. Patterson: Dear Jacob, Dear Mr. Carter:
3. To check a book out of the library, you should follow this procedure: write down the
call number of the book, find the book, take it to the circulation desk, fill out the
card, and show your student I.D.

56
 4. The principal sources of air pollution in our cities are factories, airplanes, and
automobiles.
5. I have a dental appointment at 3:30 today. Please pick me up at 3:00.
B. Individual responses.
C. Paris: A Visitor’s Guide to Restaurants

Practice 4: Using Quotation Marks (page 289)

Individual responses.

Editing Practice: Punctuation (pages 289–290)

1 People are more likely to live long enough to get old in wealthy countries than in poor
countries. 2In rich countries, people have nutritious food, modern medical care, good
sanitation, and clean drinking water, but poor countries lack these things. 3As a result, the
mortality rate, especially infant mortality, is very high. 4Citizens of Ethiopia and Yemen,
which are two of the world’s poorest countries, have an average life expectancy of 35–39
years. 5Citizens of Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, Iceland, and Sweden, in
contrast, have an average life span of more than 80 years. 6Japan has the highest; Yemen has
the lowest. 7One exception is Saudi Arabia, one of the world’s wealthiest nations. 8Having an
average life expectancy of 45–49 years, Saudi Arabians live about as long as Bangladeshis
and Cambodians. 9Surprisingly, the United States is not among the highest rated nations,
having an average life expectancy of only 77 years.
10Compared to other mammals, humans have a relatively long life span. 11The average

life span of elephants is 70 years; of dogs, 18 years; of cats, 14 years; and of horses, 20
years. 12The life spans of other species are as follows: eagles, parrots, and owls, 60 years;
parakeets, 12 years; guppies, 5 years; and box tortoises, 100 years. 13Some plants such as
trees live much longer than animals. 14Redwood trees, for example, live more than 3,000
years, and bristlecone pine trees can live over 4,000 years.
15The life expectancy of people who live in industrialized societies is increasing rapidly;

in fact, it has doubled in the past one hundred years. 16When comparing males and females,
one finds that women generally live longer than men. 17The oldest person in the world until
recently was a French woman, Jeanne Calment. 18At her death, Madame Calment was both
blind and deaf but had not lost her sharp wit, for which she had become quite famous.
19Asked what kind of future she expected, she replied, “A very short one.” 20Bragging about

her smooth skin, she said, “I’ve only had one wrinkle in my life, and I’m sitting on it.”

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Appendix E: Research and Documentation of Sources

Practice 1: Evaluating Sources (pages 305–306)

Print sources: Put check marks next to #1, 3, 5, 6.
Internet sources: Put check marks next to #1, 2, 4, 6.

Practice 2: Preparing a Works-Cited List (page 311)

C orliss, Richard, and Michael D. Lemonick. “How to Live to B e 100.” Time 30 Aug. 2004:

40–48.

H enderson, Robert W. Learning Disorders. C hicago: Morris & Burns, 2005.

Kibby, Michael W. “Dyslexia.” World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World B ook, Inc.

DD MMM. YYYY (date of access) <http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/

wb/Article?id=ar171010>.

O ’ C onnor, Anahad. “Biology of Dyslexia Varies with C ulture, Study Finds.” New York Times 7

Sep. 2004: D7.

“Tattoos and Permanent Makeup.” U.S. F ood and Drug Administration C enter for F ood

Safety and Applied Nutrition. 1 July 2004. DD MMM. YYYY (date of access)

<http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/cos-204.html>.

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