Experimental Study On The Heat Transfer Performance Of

Nanofluid MnFe2O4 - Ethylene Glycol/Water On Double-Pipe

Heat Exchanger
Avita Ayu Permanasari1a), Muhammad Hilmi Rusli1b), Poppy Puspitasari1c), Sukarni Sukarni1d), Mirza Abdillah1e)
1
Mechanical Engineering Study Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang
No.5, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
Corresponding Author : [email protected]

Abstract. The heat exchanger is an example of heat transfer applications in industries that commonly found in
cooling systems and powerplants. The heat exchangers utilise water, oil, and ethylene glycol (EG) as heat transfer
fluids which possess a deficiency in heat transfer characteristics. Nanofluids are expected to improve the heat
characteristics of the fluid used in heat exchangers. This research used MnFe 2O4 nanoparticles with a volume
fraction of 0.05% into the base fluid. The base fluid is a mixture of EG-water with a concentration of 20; 40; 60;
and 80%. This study aims to understand the heat transfer characteristics of the MnFe 2O4 nanofluid to EG-water.
The experiments were carried out on a double-pipe heat exchanger with variations in discharge 0.2; 0.4; and 0.6
l/m. This study is expected to show the best performance of MnFe 2O4 nanofluids with EG-water.
Keyword : MnFe2O4, nanofluids, heat exchanger, double-pipe, EG-water, heat transfer characteristics

1. Introduction
Energy conservation is one of the critical problems of the twenty-first century and becomes one of
the most significant challenges in the near future. The improvement of heat transfer performance in heat
exchange systems is believed to support energy savings. Heat exchangers are equipment used to transfer
or to recover heat from one media to another [1]. Heat transfer fluids provide a condition for energy
exchange in the system and th eir performance is determined on the thermophysical properties such as
thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, and heat capacity. As thermal conductivity affects the heat
transfer coefficient, it determines the ability of the fluid to transfer heat energy. The effort on increasing
the heat transfer coefficient by modifying base fluid compound to nanofluids is expected to optimise the
heat transfer process than that uses the conventional coolant agent, such as water, oil, or ethylene glycol
that possess low thermal conductivity [2].
Nanofluids are nanosuspension particles in fluids that offer better thermal conductivity than other
alkaline fluids. The advantages of utilising nanofluids over conventional liquids are long suspension
stability, no blockage in the system, and less pressure drop due to the smaller number of nanoparticles
content in the fluids [3]. The nanofluids can be used in heat exchangers to alter the temperature and the
fluid phase. The heat transfer occurs in high-temperature fluids to low-temperature fluids [4].
Research discussing a mixture between ethylene glycol and water in the base fluids showed that the
addition of nanoparticles could increase the heat transfer performance and produce nanofluids with high
thermal conductivity and low viscosity compared to pure ethylene glycol [5]. The process of mixing
nanoparticles and basic fluids increases the thermal conductivity, on the other hand, it does not influence
the viscosity which is prominent for the performance of the pumping machine. The higher viscosity will
increase the works of the machine [6]. Based on the research findings, magnetic nanoparticles such as
MnFe2O4 have high thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity generated from the addition of
MnFe2O4 nanoparticles with a concentration of 1% was 0.66 W/moC [7]
Following up the studies mentioned above, 4 (four) different base fluids which have variations
content of ethylene glycol and water were tested. Ethylene glycol and water were selected as a material
compound in base fluids because of their different chemical properties. The variation of ethylene glycol
and water (in percentage) used in this study are 20:80; 40:60; 60:40; and 80:20, respectively. The use of
ethylene glycol and water as the basic fluids are expected to improve the testing results compared to that
only use one type of base fluid. The total concentration of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles used in this study
was 0.05% of the base fluid volume. The discharge used on the nanofluids varied from 0.2; 0.4; and 0.6
litre/minute. This study uses a double-pipe heat exchanger tool and is intended to analyse the influence
of ethylene glycol-water base fluids added with the concentration of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles; and the
variation of nanofluid discharge on the value of heat transfer that occurs in the heat exchanger.

2. Research Methodology

2.1 Heat Exchanger

This experimental study equipped a laboratory scale of a double-pipe heat exchanger. The
schematic of the double-pipe heat exchanger is shown in Figure 1. This heat exchanger uses the
MnFe2O4 nanofluids as a coolant that flows outside the pipe, whereas the hot water flows in the inner
pipe. The type of flow in the heat exchanger is counter flow.

HEAT EXCHANGER
THERMOCOUPLE 2 THERMOCOUPLE 1

T T

THERMOCOUPLE 4 T THERMOCOUPLE 3 T

VALVE 4
VALVE 3

VALVE 2

VALVE 5
FLOWMETER 2 FLOWMETER 1
VALVE 6 VALVE 1

HOT COLD
PUMP PUMP
FLUID FLUID
HOT COLD
TANK TANK

Fig. 1. Working scheme of a laboratory-scale of a double-pipe

heat exchanger
Table 1. Specifications of a laboratory-scale of a double-pipe heat exchanger
Specifications Dimension
Outer pipe diameter 21.45 mm
Outer pipe length 380 mm
Inner pipe diameter 12.25 mm
Inner pipe length 380 mm
Amount of pumping machine(s) 2 pcs
Valve 6 pcs
Flowmeter 2 pcs
Heater 1 pcs
Thermocouple 4 pcs
2.2 MnFe2O4 nanoparticles
MnFe2O4 is one of the nanoparticles that are created from soft ferrite which have high magnetic
properties [8]. The sensitivity of the magnetic properties of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles is higher than that
of other ferrite-based nanoparticles, such as Fe2O4, CoFe2O4, and NiFe2O4 [9]. The addition of
nanoparticles in base fluids corresponds to the increase of thermal conductivity properties and thermal
conductivity [10]. The thermophysical properties of MnFe2O4 (from Sigma Aldrich) is displayed in
Table 2.

Table 2 Thermophysical properties of MnFe2O4 [7]

Material properties Amount Dimension
Purity 99 %
Diameter 50 nm
Thermal conductivity 12.552 W/m.oC
Specific heat 857 J/kg.oC
Density 4870 kg/m3

2.3 Base fluids

The selection of base fluid corresponds to the compatibility of the nanoparticles. It is crucial
because the use of incompatible base fluids will cost the instability of the resulting thermal conductivity
[11]. The researchers used a compound of ethylene glycol-water with 4 (four) concentration, those are
20; 40; 60; and 80%. The thermophysical properties of ethylene glycol from Sigma Aldrich and water
are shown in Table 3 and 4.

Table 3 Thermophysical properties of water [5]

Material properties Amount Dimension
Density 997.1 kg/m3
Specific heat 4184 J/kg. oC
Viscosity 0.0008 kg/m.s
Thermal conductivity 0.603 W/m.oC

Table 4 Thermophysical properties of ethylene-glycol [12]

Material properties Amount Dimension
Density 1113 kg/m3
Specific heat 2386 J/kg. oC
Viscosity 0.0141 kg/m.s
Thermal conductivity 0.254 W/m.oC

2.4 Nanofluid preparation

The nanofluid is made by combining nanoparticles to the base fluid. In this study, the amount of fluid
used is 300 ml [13]. MnFe2O4 is used as the nanoparticles with a volume fraction of 5%. The production
of the nanofluid is divided into 2 (two) major procedures, which are: (1) magnetic stirrer and (2)
ultrasonic sonicator. In magnetic stirrer, the nanoparticles and the base fluid are combined and stirred
using a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes to create nanofluid. Afterwards, in ultrasonic sonicator, the
nanofluid is sonification in sonicator to minimise the aggregation of nanoparticles for 2 hours with 100%
amplitude. In these steps, the researchers produced 4 (four) types of nanofluids with EG-water
concentration of 20; 40; 60; and 80%
 Figure 2. Production of nanofluids

2.5 Thermophysical properties

Thermophysical properties are physical properties of nanofluids as a medium in heat exchanger
covering from density, specific heat, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. Density reflects the ratio of
mass to volume, which is shown in Equation 1.
𝜌𝑛𝑓 = (1 − 𝜑)𝜌𝑏𝑓 + 𝜑𝜌𝑝 (1)

where 𝜌𝑛𝑓 is the density of nanofluid (kg/m3); 𝜌𝑏𝑓 is the density of the base fluid (kg/m3); 𝜌𝑝 is the
density of nanoparticles (kg/m3); dan 𝜑 is the volume fraction of nanoparticles (%).
Specific heat is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of the specific amount of
substance, which is shown in Equation 2.
𝐶𝑝𝑛𝑓 = (1 − 𝜑)𝐶𝑝𝑚 + 𝜑𝐶𝑝𝑝 (2)

where 𝐶𝑝𝑛𝑓 is the specific heat of nanofluid (J/kgoC), 𝐶𝑝𝑚 is the specific heat of base fluid (J/kgoC),
𝐶𝑝𝑝 is the specific heat of nanoparticles (J/kgoC), and 𝜑 is the volume fraction of nanoparticles (%).
Thermal conductivity reflects the ability of substances to conduct heat. The thermal conductivity
formula is shown in Equation 3.
𝑘𝑛𝑓 𝑘𝑝 +2𝑘𝑚 +2𝜑(𝑘𝑝 −𝑘𝑚 )
=[ ] (3)
𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑝 +2𝑘𝑚 +𝜑(𝑘𝑝 −𝑘𝑚 )

where 𝑘𝑛𝑓 is the thermal conductivity of nanofluid (W/m.oC), 𝑘𝑚 is the thermal conductivity of the
base fluid (W/m.oC), 𝑘𝑝 is the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles (W/m.oC), and 𝜑 is the volume
fraction of nanoparticles (%)
Viscosity emphasizes the thickness of fluids. The viscosity is shown in Equation 4.
𝜇𝑛𝑓
𝜇𝑏𝑓
= 1 + 2,5𝜑 (4)

where 𝜇𝑛𝑓 is the viscosity of the nanofluid (kg/m.s), 𝜇𝑏𝑓 is the viscosity of the base fluid (kg/m.s), and
𝜑 is the volume fraction of nanoparticles (%).

2.6 Heat transfer characteristics

This research uses double-pipe heat exchanger with a pumping machine as a fluid drive. The type of
convection used is forced convection. The coefficient of forced convection is calculated within several
steps. The coefficient of convective heat transfer is determined by calculated Prandtl and Reynold
numbers using Equation 5 and 6.
 𝜇.𝐶𝑝
Pr = 𝑘
(5)
𝑣 .𝑑 .𝜌
𝑅𝑒 = (6)
𝜇

where Pr is the Prandtl number, μ is dynamic viscosity (kg/m.s), Cp is the specific heat of fluid (J/kgoC),
k is thermal conductivity (W/moC), Re is the Reynold number, v is fluid velocity (m/s), d is the inner
diameter of pipe (m), ρ is the density of nanofluid (kg/m3).
Convection coefficient is the fluid flow propagation that is shown in the Nusselt number through
Equation 7 and 8 [14].
𝐷
0,068 𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝑃𝑟
𝐿
𝑁𝑢 = 3,66 + 𝐷 (7)
1+0,04(( )𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝑃𝑟) 0,67
𝐿

𝑁𝑢.𝑘
ℎ= 𝐷
(8)

where Nu is the Nusselt number, Re is the Reynold number, Pr is the Prandtl number, h is convection
coefficient (W/m2oC), D is pipe diameter (m), d (W/moC)
The heat exchanger equipped in this research has a round area, so the total heat transfer coefficient
is calculated using Equation 9 [14].
1
𝑈= 𝐷𝑜 (9)
1 𝑙𝑛( )
+ 𝐷𝑖 + 1
ℎ𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 ℎ𝑜

Where U is the total of heat transfer coefficient (W/oC), Do is the outer pipe diameter (m) Di is the inner
pipe diameter (m), hi is the heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids (W/m2oC), k is the thermal conductivity
of nanofluids (W/moC), l is the length of pipe (m) h0 is the heat transfer coefficient of the hot fluid
(W/m2oC).
The ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 is calculated using Equation 10 [14].
∆𝑇1 −∆𝑇2
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = ∆𝑇1 (10)
𝑙𝑛
∆𝑇2

Where ∆𝑇1 is temperature difference on the inlet (oC), ∆𝑇2 is temperature difference on the outlet (oC)
At last, the heat transfer of the flowing fluid is calculated using Equation 11.
𝑞 = 𝑈 × 𝐴 × ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 (11)

where q is heat transfer (Joule), U the total heat transfer coefficient (W/oC), and A is an area of pipe
opening (m2).

3. Results and Discussions

3.1 Nanoparticles Characterisation

The characterisation of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles was carried out using a Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test. The SEM testing is intended to capture the
nanoparticles diameter sizes through photo-scanning analysis using the Image J. The SEM result of
MnFe2O4 nanoparticles is displayed in Figure 3. The magnification used for observation is 100,000x.
Figure 3 shows the measurement of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles at 4 (four) different locations. Based on the
observation, the nanoparticles average size is around 50nm so it satisfies the requirement for
nanoparticles as nanofluid that should be less than 100 nm. The SEM image also visualises a number of
lumped particles that commonly named as agglomeration. The use of nanoparticles as nanofluid
synthesis materials aims to obtain better nanofluid stability due to the use of nano-sized particles reduces
the possibility of agglomeration that leads to sedimentation.

Figure 3. SEM image of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles

The XRD test aims to characterize the crystals of the nanoparticles, including the particle shapes and
the mapping from graph analysis. The highest peak is at an angle between 30-35 with the highest
intensity around 550, and also there is a number of quite high peaks at angle 55 and 65. Figure 4
compares the XRD graphs from the experiment to the Match application database for MnFe2O4
nanoparticles. There is a fit of peak points between the testing nanoparticles with the database so it is
valid that the testing material is MnFe2O4. From the analysis result, the MnFe2O4 nanoparticles have
cubical shape sized 87 nm.

Figure 4. The XRD result of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles

3.2 Thermophysical properties
Nanofluid working parameters required testing and calculation of thermophysical properties such as
density, specific heat, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. Table 5 shows the calculation results of the
thermophysical properties of MnFe2O4 nanofluids.

Table 5 Thermophysical properties of MnFe2O4 nanofluids

Thermal
Density Specific heat Viscosity
Nanofluids conductivity
(kg/m3) (J/kgoC) (Pa)
(W/KgoC)
EG-water (20%) 1209.46 3686.062 0.004194 0.55200
EG-water (40%) 1226.37 3352.574 0.007111 0.46683
EG-water (60%) 1243.28 3019.086 0.010028 0.39260
EG-water (80%) 1260.19 2685.598 0.012945 0.32940

3.3 Heat transfer characteristics

Table 6 Calculation of the Reynolds and the Nusselt numbers

Base fluid
Flow rate concentration Reynolds
Nusselt number(s)
(l/m) EG: water number(s)
(%)
0.2 117.04136 8.758997695
0.4 20:80 234.434195 11.3516734
0.6 351.475555 13.21556935
0.2 70.0021605 9.042535082
0.4 40:60 140.214538 11.72788427
0.6 210.216698 13.64982694
0.2 50.326157 9.321333199
0.4 60:40 100.803444 12.09547769
0.6 151.129601 14.07303697
0.2 39.5169399 9.574182609
0.4 80:20 79.1525492 12.42701917
0.6 118.669489 14.45389327

(a) (b)
Fig. 5. (a) the Reynolds number to flow rate; (b) the Nussel to flow rate
 Figure 5a shows that there is an increase in the Reynolds number as the fluid flow increases. The
highest value of Reynolds number is found in nanofluids with the ethylene-glycol concentration of 20%
and the discharge of 0.6 l/m, which is equal to 351.475, while the lowest value of Reynolds numbers is
found in nanofluids with 80% ethylene-glycol and 0,2 l/m discharge, which is 39,516. The increase in
Reynolds number is caused by the influence of the inertia and viscous forces of the fluid. The fluid
velocity and density affect the resulting force of inertia. Meanwhile, Figure 5b shows that there is an
increase in Nusselt numbers with the increase of fluid flow. The highest value of Nusselt numbers is
obtained in nanofluid with a concentration of ethylene-glycol 20% with a flow rate of 0.6 l/m, that is
equal to 14.453, and the lowest value of Nusselt numbers is observed in ethylene-glycol 80% with flow
rate of 0.2 l/m, which is equivalent to 8.758. Variations in base fluid indicate that fluid convection heat
transfer is more effective when the Reynold number increases. The greater the value of the Reynold
number, the greater the Nusselt number resulted. The detail calculation result of Reynolds and Nusselt
number is shown in Table 6.

Table 7 Convection coefficient and total heat transfer coefficient

Base fluid
Flow rate concentration Convection Overall heat transfer
(l/m) EG: water coefficient coefficient
(%)
0.2 339.2979 3.033103
0.4 20:80 439.7306 3.402415
0.6 511.9325 3.611966
0.2 296.234 2.837097
0.4 40:60 384.2061 3.2115
0.6 447.1691 3.425857
0.2 256.8164 2.631454
0.4 60:40 333.2482 3.007159
0.6 387.7329 3.224533
0.2 221.3149 2.419991
0.4 80:20 287.2605 2.792679
0.6 334.1133 3.010899

(a) (b)
Fig. 6. (a) Convection coefficient to variation of flow rate, (b) Overall heat transfer
coefficient to variation of flow rate
 The convection coefficient is the heat transfer that occurs by convection on a heat exchanger. Figure
6a demonstrates that the increase in convection coefficient will be simultaneously followed by the
increase of flow rate. The greatest convection coefficient is found in 20% ethylene-glycol concentration
with 0.6 l/m discharge, that is 214.42 W/m2.oC. Meanwhile, the lowest convection coefficient is found
in 80% ethylene-glycol with a discharge of 0.2 l/m, which is equal to 31.887 W/m2.oC. The higher
convection coefficients, the coolant flow increases. It is because the convection coefficient is strongly
influenced by the Nusselt number. In the same case, figure 6b shows that the increase in the overall heat
transfer coefficient is accompanied by an increase in the flowing fluid flow. The highest value was
obtained in 20% ethylene glycol nanofluid with 0.6 l/m discharge and 2.5612 W/m2.oC of the overall
heat transfer coefficient, while the lowest values were obtained by nanofluids with 80% ethylene glycol,
0.2 l/m discharge, and 0.5526 W/m2.oC of the overall heat transfer coefficient. The convection and
conduction coefficient increases along with the increase of flowing discharge. As the overall heat
transfer coefficient has a relationship with the convection and conduction coefficients, the result will
increase one to another. Table 7 shows the coefficient of convection and the overall heat transfer
coefficient.

Table 8. Calculated ∆ 𝑇 LMTD and heat transfer

Base fluid
Flow rate concentration
∆ 𝑇 LMTD Heat Transfer
(l/m) EG: Water
(%)
0,2 24,7644065 75,11300146
0,4 20:80 27,74186919 94,38934166
0,6 28,58589187 103,2512794
0,2 25,16978293 71,40910621
0,4 40:60 27,9737132 89,83757331
0,6 28,44775497 97,4579278
0,2 25,46037833 66,99781876
0,4 60:40 28,23758127 84,91489286
0,6 28,59609018 92,20904273
0,2 25,94853275 62,79522003
0,4 80:20 28,49079496 79,56564602
0,6 28,81851671 86,76964243

(a) (b)
Fig. 7. (a) ∆ 𝑇 LMTD to discharge variations; (b) Heat transfer to discharge variations
 Figure 7a shows that there is an increase in ∆ 𝑇 LMTD as the flow rate increases in the nanofluid.
Thermal conductivity greatly influences the increase in ∆ 𝑇 LMTD; the higher the value of the thermal
conductivity, the higher the value of ∆ 𝑇 LMTD. The highest value of ∆ 𝑇 LMTD occurred in nanofluids
with 80% EG with a discharge of 0.6 l/m at 27.444oC; while the lowest value of ∆ 𝑇 LMTD occurred in
nanofluid with a concentration of 20% EG with a discharge of 0.2 l/m at 25.1633oC. Figure 7b shows
that there is an increase in heat transfer in the LMTD method that is influenced by the total heat transfer
coefficient and ∆ 𝑇 LMTD value. The highest value of heat transfer occurs in nanofluid with a
concentration of 20% EG and a discharge of 0.6 l/m, that is 96.6696 J; while the lowest value of heat
transfer occurs in nanofluid with 80% EG and discharge of 0.2 l/m, that is 63.256 J. Tabel 8
menunjukkan hasil perhitungan ∆ 𝑇 LMTD dan heat transfer.

4. Conclusions
 The addition of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles to the base fluid containing ethylene-glycol and water
increases the thermophysical properties of nanofluids significantly.
 The flowrate of nanofluids contributes to increasing the thermophysical properties of nanofluids.
 The MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and flow rates of nanofluids increase the heat transfer characteristics
by the LMTD method
 The best heat transfer was 96.669 J, which was found in the MnFe2O4 to ethylene-glycol: water
nanofluid = 20:80 with a flow rate of 0.6 l/m.

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