Name: Espinosa, Danica C.

Date: March 05, 2021

Grade & Section: 11- Charity Strand: HUMSS

I.
MELC: Analyzes the arguments used by the writer/s in manifestoes/ CS_EN11/12A-
EAPPIIa-d-3
Sub-competencies/Sub-tasks:
1. Define what argument is.
2. Choose a stand on certain topic/issue.
3. Determine how arguments are being presented.
4. Write an argument on a specific topic/issue.

I. What Should You Know

It is usually a main idea, often It is a claim or set of claims with

called a “claim” backed up with reasons and evidence offered as
evidence that supports the idea. support.

ARGUMENT
It refers to a reasoned attempt to
convince the audience to accept a
particular point of view about a
It is a line of reasoning meant to
debatable topic (J.H. Scott, Assistant
demonstrate the truth or
Professor in California State
falsehood of something.
University, Northridge).

support something we think has merit - a position, point of view, a

program, an object
Persuade someone that something would be beneficial to do (or not
Argument can to do) - a particular course of action
Convince someone that something is true, likely to be true or
be used to: probable – a fact, an outcome
Show someone the problem or difficulties with something – a
theory, an approach , a course of action
Reason with someone to get them to change their mind or their
practices
The most basic form of argument is a claim (or conclusion) that is justified. What makes something an
argument is that the claim is supported by at least one reason.

Example of an argument:

Drinking enough water daily is good for your health as it cleans out your liver and reduces the
level of toxins in your blood.

It is the claim of the These are the reasons that

argument support the claim
There are also two ways on how you are going to present your argument. Take a look at the illustration
below.
 With Without
Homewo O Homewo
Rainy INDUCTIVE
Sunny REASONING – is done by starting from specific to general, thus
rk R rk
School O in argumentation,
School drawing from the examples and representations in the
Days R conclusion
Days or the generalization would serve as the paper’s argument or reason.
Example: Fair trade agreement has raised the quality of life for coffee
producers, so fair trade agreements could be used to help other farmers
as well.

KINDS OF
LOGICAL
REASONING

DEDUCTIVE REASONING – is the opposite of inductive reasoning whereby

general statements or premises are given first followed by a specific case or
application that states the paper’s argument or reason.
Example: Genetically modified seeds have caused poverty, hunger and a decline
in biodiversity everywhere they have been introduced, so there is no reason the
same thing will not occur when genetically modified corn seeds are introduces
in Mexico.

Danica C. Ej

II. Let Us Apply What You Know

Activity 1:
Express your stand by choosing from the following statements and then think of your reasons to support
your choice.
What are the reasons of your Choice?
1. To have a fine weather and we can do
our task when it's P.E.
2.so we won't get wet or catch cold when it's
cold.
3.so we can make it to school without floods
in way to school.

What are the reasons of your Choice?

1.We don't have enough credit to purchase
Have no Have no
internet cell
a internet connection.
O
access R phone 2.we can't use that because we don't have
much gadgets or computer.
3.we can still load our sim.so we can
connect to internet.

What are the reasons of your Choice?

1.To have an extra points in my subject and
have an higher grade.
2.proof that iam studying and listening to
the teacher.
3.so we can have a time to study home and
to recall our lesson.

What are the reasons of your Choice?

1.Its the only choice I have because I don't
Online Modular have gadget to use or internet to connect.
Learning O
learning 2.I can have time to do the chores in home
R
anytime.
3.i don't have a distraction in studying like
poor internet connection or noisy
background.
Activity 2:
Determine whether the following are INDUCTIVE REASONING or DEDUCTIVE REASONING.
Write IR for Inductive and DR for Deductive on blank provided before each number.
DR 1. All reptiles ever examined are cold-blooded. Dinosaurs resemble reptiles in many ways. So
dinosaurs were cold-blooded.
IR 2. I heard lots of barking last night. The neighbor’s dog must’ve been pretty upset about something,
since he rarely barks.
DR 3. Based on a survey of 2200 randomly selected likely voters, 56.2% indicate that they will vote for the
incumbent in the upcoming election. Therefore, approximately 56% of the votes in the upcoming election will
be for the incumbent.
IR 4. No book in English begins numbering its pages on a left-hand page. This is a book in English;
therefore, it will begin its numbering on a right-hand page.
IR. 5. On a National Geographic map, no two adjacent nations appear shaded with the same color. Brazil is
shaded green on this map, and it is a National Geographic map. Only two nations in South America are not
adjacent to Brazil. So at mosphree South American nations on this map are shaded green.

III. Let Us Strengthen Your Understanding

Writing Activity 1:

Write a basic form of an argument based on the issue/s presented on the given headlines. Use the rubric
as your guide in writing your argument.

Argument: The implementation of national ID is a big use for people especially when Using it in
transactions with national government Agencies local government so natural institution It may also huge so
identify voters schools and employees as well as to avail of senior citizens benefits.

Argument: They banned talking or answering phone call In LR2 Because they want to prevent this bread of
virus pray it's a good idea for me somehow it's a big prevention in possible droplet prevention.

Argument:
The salary off and entry level nurse should really raised because They deserve it They're working for our
country and for their father the exacting their life to work.

II.
MELC: Writes various kinds of position paper (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIa-d-5)
Sub-competencies/Sub-tasks:
1. Define position paper
 I. What Should You Know

A position paper presents an arguable opinion about an issue. The goal of a position paper is to
convince the audience that your opinion is valid and worth listening to. Ideas that you are
considering need to be carefully examined in choosing a topic, developing your argument, and
organizing your paper. It is important to support your argument with evidence to ensure the validity
of your claims as well as to refute the counter claims to show you are well informed about both
ideas.

Issue Criteria
To take a side on a subject, you should first establish the arguability of the topic that interests you.
Ask yourself the following questions to ensure that you will be able to present a strong argument:
 Is it a real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty?
 Can you distinctly identify two positions?
 Are you personally interested in advocating one of these positions?
 Is the issue narrow enough to be manageable?

Analyzing an Issue and Developing an Argument

Once your topic is selected, you should do some research on the subject matter. While you may
already have an opinion on your topic and an idea about which side of the argument you want to
take, you need to ensure that your position is well supported. Supporting evidence includes the
following:
 Factual Knowledge - Information that is verifiable and agreed upon by almost everyone.
 Statistical Inferences - Interpretation and examples of an accumulation of facts.
 Informed Opinion - Opinion developed through research and/or expertise of the claim.
 Personal Testimony - Personal experience related by a knowledgeable party.

Once you have made your pro and con lists, compare the information side by side. Considering
your audience, as well as your own viewpoint, choose the position you will take.
Considering your audience and determining your viewpoint
In considering the audience, ask yourself the following questions:
 Who is your audience?
 What do they believe?
 Where do they stand on the issue?
 How are their interests involved?
 What evidence is likely to be effective with them?

In determining your viewpoint, ask yourself the following:

 Is your topic interesting?
 Can you manage the material within the specifications set by the instructor?
 Does your topic assert something specific and propose a plan of action?

Do you have enough material to support your opinion?

 Transitions
LOGICAL TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION
RELATIONSHIP
Similarity also, in the same way, just as ... so too, likewise, similarly

Exception/Contrast but, however, in spite of, on the one hand ... on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless,
notwithstanding, in contrast, on the contrary, still, yet

Sequence/Order first, second, third, ... next, then, finally

Time after, afterward, at last, before, currently, during, earlier, immediately, later, meanwhile, now,
recently, simultaneously, subsequently, then

Example for example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate

Emphasis even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly

Place/Position above, adjacent, below, beyond, here, in front, in back, nearby, there

Cause and Effect accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus

Additional Support or Evidence additionally, again, also, and, as well, besides, equally important, further, furthermore, in addition,
moreover, then

Conclusion/Summary finally, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, in the end, in the final analysis, on the whole, thus, to
conclude, to summarize, in sum, in summary 

II. Let Us Apply What You Know

Identify the correct transitional device to be used in each blank. Choose your answer from the box.

When Because In addition Besides Whenever

Whereas They Nevertheless Because of These For example
A. Animals use various means to protect themselves. Color is one that is widely used as a protective
device. For instance, some birds display brightly colored feathers
1- Whenever they are threatened. These are designed to frighten away the enemy. 2- besides to
color, some animals emit a peculiar smell for the same purpose.
3- because of these_, form may be used to conceal the animal. Some insects,
4- whereas conceal themselves by making themselves resemble plants of flowers. In this way, 5-
they are hardly visible because they can merge into their surroundings. Other animals adopt regular
patterns of behavior 6 in addition they are frightened. Some pretend to be dead 7-nevertheless
others just come forward and stand still. 8- for example buffaloes were almost eliminated in the 19th
century 9-because their lack of resistance to hunters.

Because of While Despite Because On the contrary Therefore However

B. If you lead a busy life, you are probably not getting enough vitamin C. Given the choice, most of us
would rather relax with a cup of coffee, instead of peeling an orange.1.despite. the cold and flu
season is not over yet. Especially at this time of the year, vitamin C is not just a necessity, but
essential for helping maintain the immune system. 2- because of the experts’ acknowledgement
that there is no real substitute for real fruit, our company discovered a new way to maximize the
benefits of taking a daily dose of vitamin C. Redaxon makes this possible with a capsule. 3- while an
orange a day may give the body a sudden burst of vitamin C, the effects do not last long- no matter
how it is consumed. Vitamin C cannot be stored in the body for a long period of time 4- because its
solubility in water. So, how does Redaxon Slow Release Work? Each capsule contains hundreds of
coated pellets made up of Vitamin C. These pellets dissolve safely and gradually into your system;
 7- However, they provide a continuous and steady source of vitamin C over a period of eight hours.
This will help you to maintain the body’s natural defenses and resistance to infection.

III. Let Us Strengthen Your Understanding

Write G if the practice is a good one; write W if not and provide a brief explanation for it. Write
your answer on the space before each number.
G 1. Patrick considers all possible views on the issue at hand.
W 2. Alex says that the issue is a crucial component of a position paper.
W 3. Brendon thinks that an issue is debatable if it cannot be answered by yes or no.
G 4. Pete conducts an audience analysis to help him write a more persuasive position paper.
W 5. Katy boasts about her credentials to establish her credibility as a writer.
G 6. Jack primarily uses opinions in supporting his arguments.
G 7. Nicki uses statistical data in supporting her arguments.
G 8. Brandon believes that the main goal of a position paper is to inform readers.
G 9. Jamie uses emotional appeal in all of his position papers because it is the best type of appeal.
G 10. Matt restates his position in the concluding paragraph.

References:

Book

Barrot, J. & Sipacio, P.J. (2017). CommunicateToday: English for Academic & Professional Purposes for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines.

III
MELC: Determines the objectives and structures of various kinds of reports
Sub-competencies/Sub-tasks:
1. Define what is a report
2. Characterize different types of reports

I. What Should You Know

A Report is any informational work made with an intention to relay information or recounting certain events in
a presentable manner. It is often conveyed in writing, speech, television, or film. It is always written in a
sequential manner in order of occurrence.

Types of Report
A. Formal Report
It is the collection and interpretation of data and information. It is complex and used at an official level.
It is written after careful planning and data gathering. It is more prolonged and requires in-depth research.

Types of Formal Report:

1. Informational Report
It presents results so readers can understand a particular problem or situation.

Informational report might:

 Present information on the status of current research or of a project
 Present an update of the operation in your division
 Explain how your organization or division does something
 Present the results of a questionnaire or research

2. Analytical Report
It presents results, analyze those results, and draw conclusion based on those results. It attempts
to describe why or how something happened and then to explain what it means.
 3. Recommendation Report
It presents result and conclusions that support the recommendations. It advocates a particular course of
action.

B. Informal Report
It is natural and casual in style and do not require a lot of planning. It differs from the formal report in
length and formality. It is written according to organization style and rules. It is usually more controversial in
tone and typically deals with everyday problems and issues addressed to a narrow readership inside the
organization.

Types of Informal Report:

1. Progress Report
It is a document that explains in detail how far you’ve gone towards the completion of a project.
It outlines the activities you’ve carried out, the tasks you’ve completed, and the milestones you’ve
reached vis-à-vis your project plan.

2. Sales Report
It gives an overview of the state of the sales activities within a company. It shows the different trend
happening in the sales volume over a certain time, but also analyzes the different steps of the sales
funnel and the performance of sales executives.

3. Personnel Evaluation Report

It is designed to evaluate the performance of each salaried employee. Everyday worked, every
assignment completed gives the supervisor a chance to observe how well duties are performed.

4. Financial Report
It is a formal record of the financial activities and position of a business, person, or other entity.
5. Credit Report
It is a record of a borrower’s credit history from a number of sources, including banks, credit
card companies, collection agencies, and government.

C. Internal Report
It is written for and stays within a certain organization or group of people.

D. External Report
It is written for distribution outside the organization, such as a news report in the newspaper about an
incident.

E. Routine Report
It is prepared and presented as a routine work and at a regular period of time.

F. Special Report
It is prepared and presented on the basis of some inquiry or investigation both by a single individual or
by a committee specially formed and entrusted with the duty.

G. Vertical Report
It is written for your management or mentees. It travels upwards or downward the hierarchy.

H. Lateral Report
It is a report travelling between units of the same organization level.

II. Let Us Apply What You Know

 Fill-in the table below by listing down the different types of reports. Number 1 is already given for you:
Types of Reports Sub-Types
1. Formal Report 1. Informational Report
a. Informal report 2. Analytic Report
b. Analytic report 3. Recommendation. Report
c. Recommendation report
2. Informal Report 1. Progress Report
a. Progress Report 2. Sales Report
b. Sales Report 3. Personal Evaluation Report
c. Personal evaluation Report 4. Financial Report
d. Financial Report 5. Credit Report
e. Credit Report
3. Internal Report
4. External Report
5. Routine Report
6. Special Report
7.Vertical Report
8.Lateral Report

III. Let Us Strengthen Your Understanding

Read each item and analyze what type of report is described. Write your answer on the blanks before
each number. Number 1 is already given for you.

_Routine Report 1. It is prepared and presented as a routine work and at a regular period of time.
Vertical Report 2. It is written for your management or mentees. It travels upwards or downward the hierarchy.
External Report3. It is written for distribution outside the organization, such as a news report in the newspaper
about an incident.
Sales Report 4. It gives an overview of the state of the sales activities within a company.
Internal Report5. It is written for and stays within a certain organization or group of people.
Lateral Report 6. It is a report travelling between units of the same organization level.
Informal Report7. It is usually more controversial in tone and typically deals with everyday problems and
issues addressed to a narrow readership inside the organization.
Formal Report 8. It is complex and used at an official level.
Personal Evaluation Report 9. It is designed to evaluate the performance of each salaried employee.
Recommendation Report10. It presents result and conclusions that support the recommendations. It advocates
a particular course of action.

IV.
MELC GR11Q2: Gathers information from surveys, experiments, or observations
CS_EN11/12A-EAPPIIe-j-11
Sub-competencies/Sub-tasks:
1. Define surveys, experiment and observational
2. Classify how a survey, observational and experiments different from each other
3. Identify the errors committed in conducting survey and tell how to correct it

I. What Should You Know

References are important to prove the reliability of a study. Gathering evidences from the
conducted survey or experiment verified its reliability. However, as a researcher you should know how
to gather evidences and interpret the result of the survey conducted .
This module shows Collecting Data from survey, experiment and observation and to give ample
of guidance simulation is included.
  Survey is a gathering method that is utilized to collect, analyze and interpret the views of a group of
people from a target population.

A survey methodology is guided by principles of statistics from the moment of creating a sample, up to
the time of survey results’ analysis and interpretation. From simple polls regarding political beliefs to
opinions regarding a new product versus another. The survey method is proven to be an effective
technique to gather necessary information.

A survey is used to investigate characteristics of a population. It is frequently used when the subjects are
people, and questions are asked of them. When designing a survey, you must be very careful of wording (and
sometimes ordering) the questions so that the results are not biased.
Even when random sampling is used for a survey, the survey’s results can have errors. Some of the
sources of errors are:

Biased questions: • The wording of questions in a survey can influence the way people respond to the
questions. Survey questions need to be worded in a neutral, unbiased way.
Interviewer effect: • If the questions in a survey are being asked by an interviewer, the person being
interviewed may give inaccurate responses to avoid being embarrassed. For instance, if the questions
involve sensitive issues, the person may not tell the truth, or if the questions involve complex or
unfamiliar issues, the person may resort to guessing.
Nonresponse: • Some people may be difficult or impossible to contact, or they may simply refuse
to participate once contacted. If nonresponse rates are higher for certain subgroups of a population, such
as the elderly, then those subgroups will be underrepresented in the survey results.

 Experiment, a researcher assigns a treatment and observes the response. Sometimes, a control group (a
group receiving no treatment or a placebo) may be used to compare the effectiveness of a treatment.
Experimental study can provide the strongest evidence about the existence of a cause-effect
relationship
In an experiment, the condition is created by imposing a treatment on the sample. For instance,
an experiment might be conducted by having a group of people with eczema take a vitamin E pill daily,
and then observing whether their symptoms improve. In the experiment, taking the vitamin E pill is the
treatment, and improvement of symptoms is the characteristic of interest.

 Observational study, a researcher measures and observes the variables of interest without changing
existing conditions.
Observational study attempt to understand cause and effect relationship. However, unlike
experiments the researcher is not able to control (1) how the subject are assigned to group (2) which
treatments each group receives.
An observational study can be used to determine whether an existing condition, called a factor,
in a population is related to a characteristic of interest

II. Let Us Apply What You Know

a. Detecting Errors
Identify the error and then Explain why the results of each survey are likely to be inaccurate and then
suggest a way to improve the accuracy of the survey.

Mrs. Ruben, the owner of a business, conducts one-on-one interviews with a random sample of employees to
have them rate how satisfied they are with different aspects of their jobs.

Mrs. Ruben should do more accurate and well planned survey every employee should have their own
schedule and time so the employee will have a ordered and well planned action and in the survey Mrs.
Ruben should ask more question about the experience and their thoughts about the company and its
superiors and how they run the business Mrs. Ruben should also think more deep and accurate question
about her company.

In a random sample of town residents, a survey asks, “Are you in favor of a special tax levy to renovate the
dilapidated town hall?”
In asking people randomly or asking strangers in a public place they should ask for permission as of the
question in survey the person should ask more efficient question about the topic and what are the things
you should consider in surveying a form or a gathering data.
III. Let Us Strengthen Your Understanding

Explain whether each situation is an experiment or an observational study. The first problem has been
completed for you
1. A park ranger measures the change in height of all trees of a similar species and age over a month. Half the
trees are within a quarter of a mile from a large lake and half are further away.
Observational study; the park ranger gathers data without controlling the individuals or applying a
treatment.
2. A park ranger plants 10 trees within a quarter of a mile from a large lake and 10 trees of a similar species
and age further than half of a mile from the lake. He then measures the growth of all trees over a month.
Observational study: The reasercher measure the gworth to gather data and observe the other species and
he didnt aplly any treatment.

3. A caretaker at a zoo records the sleeping habits of the wildcats at the zoo for a month.
Experimental study: the caretaker observing and treating animals to gather otlr record data about the
observation.

4. A Researchers measure the cholesterol of 50 subjects who report that they eat fish regularly and 50 subjects
who report that they do not eat fish regularly.
Observational study: The reasercher measured the subject and observe to gather all the information.

5. Researchers have 100 subjects with high cholesterol take fish oil pills daily for two months. They monitor
the cholesterol of the subjects during that time.
Experimental study: the reasercher observe and treat to have a data and to control the life of the fish.