Day 2 and 3 - MITOSIS and MEIOSIS

Cell Division
Cell Division
What is it?
Why do Cells do it?
Why is it important
to me?
Mitosis and Meiosis
• Mitosis:
-division of somatic (body)
cells
• Meiosis
-division of gametes (sex cells)
Mitosis
Takes place in Regular Body
Cells
Keeps Cells Living and
Growing
Phases of Mitosis
The Basic Phases of
a Cell’s Life:
•Interphase
•Prophase
•Metaphase
•Anaphase
•Telophase
•Cytokinesis
Interphase
❖ The longest stage of a Cell’s life
❖ Genetic material doubles
❖ Produces all materials required
for growth
❖ Preparation for division
Part of
Interphase is
also known as
the G1 Phase
of the Cell
Cycle
(Growth Phase)
The Second part of
Interphase is known
as the S Phase of
the Cell Cycle
(Synthesis Phase –
when DNA
duplicates)
The third part of the
Cell Cycle, G2, is just
a checkpoint to make
sure the DNA is
correct.
Next step –
Mitosis
Mitosis:
Cell Division
The last part of the Cell

Cycle is called Mitosis
and has 4 phases during
which the cell divides
into 2 cells
Prophase
The Cell begins the division
process
1.The nucleolus disappears,

2.The nuclear membrane
breaks apart
3. The
chromosomes
become visible
4. The spindle
apparatus forms
and attaches to
the centromeres
of the
chromosomes
Metaphase
The Second Phase of
Mitosis
1.The Nuclear membrane

is completely gone
2. The duplicated
chromosomes line up
along the cell's equator.
Anaphase
The third phase of

Mitosis
Diploid sets of daughter

chromosomes separate
They are pushed and

pulled toward opposite
poles of the cell by the
spindle fibers
Spindle Fibers
Telophase
The nuclear
membrane and
nucleoli (nucleus)
reform.
Cytokinesis is
nearly complete,
The Cell Plate
begins to form
The Cell
prepares for finial
division
➢Now there are two!
➢Chromosomes uncoil
➢Spindle fibres disintegrate
➢Centrioles replicate
➢Nucleur membrane forms
➢Cell divides
Cytokinesis – The final stage of Mitosis
The cytoplasm, organelles, and nuclear
material are evenly split and two new
cells are formed.
Cell Plate
The two new cells – each
exactly like the other – are
called Daughter Cells
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
f-ldPgEfAHI&t=17s
Quick Review:
The following slides are drawings of
the stages of Mitosis. On your
notes, please draw each phase and
label it.
Interphase – The Cell spends the majority
of its life here, growing and functioning.
During the S Phase of the Cell Cycle, the
DNA replicates, in anticipation of Mitosis
In Early Prophase of Mitosis the
Chromosomes get small, centrioles
move to the poles of the nucleus, and
spindle fibers develop Chromosomes
consisting of 2
Pair of Sister
Centrioles Chromatids
Spindle Fibers
Late Prophase happens when the
Nuclear Envelope disintegrates
and spindle fibers begin to move
Chromosomes toward the center
of cell. Spindle Fibers
Chromosomes
During Metaphase the Chromosomes line
up across center of the cell, also called the
equator, or Metaphase plate.
Spindle Fibers
Equator, or Metaphase Plate
Chromosomes
In Anaphase the Chromatids that
make up each Chromosome move
apart and travel to opposite ends of
cellular spindle
Daughter Chromosomes
Chromatid
Chromosome
In Telophase an envelope surrounds
each set of Chromatids to form new
Nucleus and the Cytoplasm starts to
divide
Cleavage Furrow
Cytokinesis takes place when the
Cytoplasm divides and two cells with
identical genetic material are formed
Daughter Cells
Quick Review – Place Cells in Mitosis Order
A B C
D E
Interphase Quick Review:
Identify What
happens in each
Prophase
phase of Mitosis:
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Why Do Cells Divide?
The larger a cell
becomes, the more
demands the cell places
on it's DNA.
It also has more trouble

moving enough food
and wastes across its
cell membrane.
Food goes in
The bigger
the cell gets
the harder it
becomes to
move food
and waste
across the
membrane
Waste goes out
Protein Pumps
This happens
because the
surface area
and volume
ratio does not
stay the same
as the cell size
increases.
The cell's ability to
either get
substances from the
outside or eliminate
waste from the
inside is related to
the surface area of
the cell membrane.
(outside)
How much food
and other material
is required, and
how much waste
the cell produces
and has to get rid
of, is related to the
volume of the cell.
(inside)
As a cell gets bigger
there comes a time
when its surface
area is not large
enough to meet the
demands of the cell's
volume and the cell
stops growing.
So, once cells reach
a certain size they
must divide in order
to continue to
function – or they will
no longer be able to
take in nutrients and
eliminate waste.
Why Is Cell Division Important?
1. All Living Things are made of Cells

2. The
Cell is the basic unit of Structure
and Function in Living Things.
3. All Cells come from pre existing
Cells
➢ You are a living organism,
made of cells.
➢ In order to keep living, your cells
must stay alive.
➢ In order for cells to keep living,
they must divide and multiply
Meiosis
Why We Are Who We Are

Meiosis – A Source of Distinction
Why do you share some but not all characters of each parent?
What are the rules of this sharing game?
At one level, the answers lie in

meiosis.
Meiosis does two things -
1) Meiosis takes a cell with two copies of
every chromosome (diploid) and makes
cells with a single copy of every
chromosome (haploid).
This is a good idea if you’re going to combine
two cells to make a new organism. This trick
is accomplished by halving chromosome
number.
In meiosis, one diploid cells produces four
haploid cells.
Why do we need meiosis?
• Meiosis is necessary to halve the
number of chromosomes going into
the sex cells
Why halve the chromosomes in gametes?

• At fertilization the male and female sex
cells will provide ½ of the
chromosomes each – so the offspring
has genes from both parents
2) Meiosis scrambles the specific forms of
each gene that each sex cell (egg or sperm)
receives.
This makes for a lot of genetic diversity. This
trick is accomplished through independent
assortment and crossing-over.
Genetic diversity is important for the evolution

of populations and species.
Meiosis
Parent cell –
chromosome pair
Chromosomes
copied
1st division - pairs split
2nd division – produces

4 gamete cells with ½
the original no. of
chromosomes
Meiosis
Takes place in the Gametes of an organism
People have a Chromosome count of 46
When an egg joins a sperm the count must stay
at 46 to remain human
So, the egg can only have 23 chromosomes,
and the sperm can only have 23 chromosomes
But, the integrity of the organism must be
maintained.
How does this happen?
During Meiosis gamete (sex) cells
undergo a “double division”, maintaining
the DNA, but reducing the chromosomal
count to 23
+ =
Sperm (23) + Egg (23) = Fertilized Cell (46)

Chromosome
Chromosomes at
after S Phase
beginning of Mitosis
After After Meiosis
Mitosis
Original Gamete Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
2 Daughter Cells Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2 Cytokinesis – 4 Gametes

At the end of Meiosis the
individual Gamete cell has
divided from one cell to four.
Males produce 4 viable sperm.
Females produce 1 viable egg
and 3 non functioning polar
bodies.
OOGENESIS
SPERMATOGENESIS
Meiosis ensures
that all living
organisms will
maintain both
Genetic Diversity
and Genetic
Integrity
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=VzDMG7ke
69g

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Cell Division

The last part of the Cell

1.The nucleolus disappears,

1.The Nuclear membrane

The third phase of

Diploid sets of daughter

They are pushed and

Equator, or Metaphase Plate

It also has more trouble

1. All Living Things are made of Cells

Why We Are Who We Are

What are the rules of this sharing game?

At one level, the answers lie in

Why halve the chromosomes in gametes?

Genetic diversity is important for the evolution

1st division - pairs split

2nd division – produces

Sperm (23) + Egg (23) = Fertilized Cell (46)

2 Daughter Cells Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2 Cytokinesis – 4 Gametes

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