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Disaster Readiness &

Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 2
Effects of Disaster

Compiler/Contextualizer: VIVIAN E. EMPING

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 First Quarter
Week 2-Module 2
Effects of Disaster

Content Standard : The learners demonstrate understanding of the

nature of disasters and effects of disaster.

Performance Standard : The learners should be able to relate the concept

of disaster with daily life.

Competency/Code : 1. Describe the effects of disasters on one’s life;

2. Analyze disaster from the different perspective
(physical, psychological, socio-cultural, economic,
political and biological).

Learning Outcomes : Present common hazard found in their immediate

environment that might turn out into disaster.

What I Know

Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a

separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a serious or sudden event that causes widespread human, material,

economic or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
A. Hazard B. Disaster C. Risk D. Exposure
2. A government agency that is tasked to prepare for and respond to natural
calamities like typhoons and earthquakes.
A. NDRRMC B. DOST C. PAG ASA D. PHILVOCS
3. All the following are examples of emotional effects of a disaster except.
A. fatigue B. shock C. irritability D. guilt

4. In this point of view, disaster is assessed in terms of physical damages like

number of affected families and to the extent of agricultural damaged.
A. Political Perspective C. Environmental Perspective
B. Economic Perspective D. Physical Perspective

5. Disasters frequently result to the following except______.

A. Displacement of populations
B. Damage to the ecological environment
C. Destruction of a population’s homeland
D. Sustained public attention during the recovery phase
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6. “Delivery of government services to constituent can be a plus or a minus factor in
disaster risk reduction and management”, this statement is____.
A. True B. False C. Maybe D. cannot be determined

7. When disaster is analyzed based on how people respond and having as a parameter
their social conditions and cultural settings, this perspective is considered as .
A. Political Perspective C. Environmental Perspective
B. Economic Perspective D. Socio-Cultural Perspective

8. Which of the following does not belong to the group?

A. Cognitive: confusion C. Emotional: shock
B. Food scarcity: price rise D. Physical: fatigue

9. Which of the following groups of people are more vulnerable in the event
of disaster?
A. Men, boys, old people C. Men, women, boys
B. Women, children, old people D. None of the above

10. Influx of refugees affect the community after a disaster for this can ____.
I. disrupt the accessibility of health care and education.
II. strengthen the economic planning of the community.
III. decrease the likelihood of equal distribution of clean water and food
supplies
IV. increase the traumatic experience of survivors.
A. I, III B. II, IV C. I, II D. III, IV

11. Nations armed conflict would lead to forced migration and a long-term refugee
problem, what notable effect of disaster this would be belong to?
A. Health Risk C. Displaced Populations
B. Food Scarcity D. Emotional aftershocks

12. All of these are notable effects of disaster to human life except__.
A. Food Scarcity C. Displaced Population
B. Public Health Needs D. Economic Growth

13. Impaired concentration: Cognitive Effects; Helplessness: __________.

A. Physical Effects C. Interpersonal Effects
B. Emotional Effects D. Physical Effects

14. In Covid-19 crisis, migrant agricultural workers are particularly vulnerable because
they face risks in their transport, these is an example of what notable disaster effects?
A. Displaced population C. Public Health Needs
B. Emotional aftershocks D. Food scarcity

15. The poorest are the most vulnerable to disasters because they are ______.
I. often pushed to settle on the most marginal lands
II. have least access to prevention, preparedness, and early warning
III. least resilient in recovering from disasters
IV. supported with networks, insurance, and alternative livelihood options
A. I, II, III, IV B. I, II, III C. I, II D. I

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 Lesson Effects of Disaster and
1 Disaster in Different
Perspectives

What I Need to Know

The module contains the following lessons for discussion:

 Effects of Disaster
 Disaster from Different Perspectives

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 describe the effects of disasters on one’s life;
 analyze disaster from the different perspectives (physical, psychological, socio-
cultural, economic, political, and biological; and
 present common hazard found in your immediate environment that might turn out
into disaster.

What’s In
Natural process that is taking place on earth oftentimes results to adverse
effects on humans. Geophysical, Meteorological, Hydrological, Climatological and
Biological process if not properly anticipated these might turn into natural
disasters.
According to a 2014 report by the United Nations, since 1994, 4.4 billion
people have been affected by disasters, which claimed 1.3 million lives and cost
US$2 trillion in economic losses. Natural disasters affect the number of people
living below the poverty line, increasing their numbers by more than 50 percent
in some cases. The problem is getting worse; up to 325 million extremely poor
people are expected to live in the 49 most hazard-prone countries by 2030
according to a report published by ChildFund International 2013.

Now let us review if you have remembered our lesson in Module 1 Concept of
Disaster.

Classifying Disaster
Instruction: Classify if is it a Natural Disaster or Man-Made Disaster. Write
your answer in your answer sheet.
1. Agricultural diseases and pests 6. Civil unrest
2. Power interruption/blackout 7. Sinkholes
3. Heat waves 8. Cyber attacks
4. Covid-19 Pandemic 9. Bomb explosion
5. Tectonic earthquakes 10. Tsunamis

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 What’s New

Looking at the photo at the left, how

would you feel if you are there?

What do you think is the effect it

brought to survivors of such event?

.
Do you think people living in disaster-
stricken area can cope without
outside help?
Image: Aftermath of Super typhoon Yolanda
Source: youtube.com

What Is It

Effects of Disaster

Impacts of disaster may vary from one country to another, the level of severity
may differ from their exposure and vulnerability, location and situation may also affect
the degree of impact a disaster brought about, and no country is immune to disaster
may it be natural disaster or man-made disaster. Loss of lives, destruction of properties,
unrepairable damages to infrastructures, disruption of economicactivities, interruption
of essential service like healthcare, electricity, water, transportation, and
communication would seriously affect the social and psychological well-being of an
affected individual and economic growth of the country.

The following are the most notable effects of disaster to human life
according to the research reported by ChildFund International posted on
2/6/2013:

1. Displaced Populations
This is one of the most immediate effects of disaster, this occurs when countries
conflict with other countries or might have been ravage by powerful forces of
nature, people will decide to abandon their place and seek refuge to other
places. The influx of people may affect the delivery of basic services like
education, health care, food supplies and availability potable drinking water.

2. Heath Risks
Secondary effects of disaster might be damaging like severe flooding may
result to stagnant water that allows breeding of dengue-causing mosquitoes.
Without emergency relief from various organization outside community
death tolls can rise even after the immediate danger has passed. Affected
individual who are temporarily staying in evacuation shelters might be getting
sick due to crowded place, inadequate food and medicine supplies and
limited facilities like toilets and bath.

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 3. Food scarcity
After a disaster, food often becomes scarce. After a strong typhoon or
earthquake crops are destroyed and supplies will be limited, so prices of basic
commodities will increase thus reducing the purchasing power and increasing
malnutrition. In the current covid-19 pandemic where government imposes
lockdown to severely hit community, the no work no pay employees was greatly
affected. We can see it in the news on national television were some jeepney
drivers who are displaced are in the streets begging for money to buy food for
their family.

4. Emotional aftershocks
Disasters can be particularly traumatic to children, when confronted with
scenes of destruction and death of friends and loved ones many children will
develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD (post-traumatic stress
disorder is a serious psychological condition resulting from extreme trauma
and if left untreated children can be prone to psychological damage and
emotional distress. Psychological debriefing is very crucial in threating
survivors of a disaster.

Disaster in Different Perspectives

Looking at the picture in the left,

how do you feel about it?

Do you think this is relevant in the

current situation of our country?

What impact does the current

Image: Economic Perspective of Disaster pandemic brought into your life?

Disasters posed different challenges either to individual or to a

nation. The National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan (NDRRMP)
2011-2018 (Philippines) is a road map on how DRRM shall contribute to be
gender-responsive and rights-based sustainable development highlight
include the need for institutionalizing DRRM policies, structures,
coordination mechanisms and programs with continuing budget
appropriation on DRR from national down to local. To draft better
government policies for disaster risk reduction management disaster must
be analyzed in different perspectives.

The following are the different perspective where disaster is being analyzed:

1. Physical Perspective
From this view disaster is defined as a phenomenon that can cause damage
to physical elements such as buildings, infrastructure, including people and
their properties. Physical effects are most visible and quantifiable effects of a
disaster. Physical damages are essential consideration in data recording for
disaster assessment. The number of affected family are considered like how
many are displaces, injured, or died. Damages to essential and critical facilities
like collapsed bridges, broken roads, destruction of power lines and
communication facilities must be accounted and reported. It is also put into
consideration the extend damage it brought to agricultural industry like washed
rice fields, crop losses etc.

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2. Psychological Perspective
It has already been documented that human-made/technological disasters may
have different and more marked consequences than natural disasters Researches shows
that disasters can cause serious mental health consequences for victims (Galea, et. al).
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are common among victims of disasters and if left
untreated would cause emotional consequences this could be:

Emotional effects –examples are shock, irritability, blame, guilt, difficulty feeling
loved, sadness and etc.
Cognitive effects – example of which are impaired concentration, disbelief,
confusion, nightmares, dissociation, grief or sadness, etc.
Physical effects- examples are fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia, reduced immune
response, headaches, gastrointestinal upsets and the likes.
Interpersonal effects – increased relational conflict, social withdrawal, impaired
work performance, distrust, feeling abandoned and many more.
3. Socio-Cultural Perspective
Disaster is analyzed based on how people respond having as
parameter their social conditions and cultural settings. Human beings will
develop some basic skills and traits in respond to a particular environment
they lived. Japan as we all know are constantly experiencing earthquake,
grown in such an environment Japanese have developed a culture of
earthquake preparedness. Every child in Japan is given training for disaster
prevention at home, schools, and offices which given them lessons for useful
measures and steps taken during a disaster (Suchita Tripathi).

4. Economic Perspective
One salient component in assessing the impact of disaster from this
view is defining direct economic cost and indirect losses. Direct economic
cost is the value of what has been damaged or destroyed (Quebral, V.).
Disaster loss is assessed in terms of injuries and death, destruction of fixed
assets and infrastructure, disruptions in the flow of goods and services
adversely effecting economic factors like Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
growth rates, indebtedness levels and fiscal deficits of a nation ignoring the
social loss (Gupta, R & Barman, A.)

5. Political Perspective
Delivery of government service to constituents can be a plus or minus
factor in disaster risk reduction and management. Government
interventions should be present in all phases of disaster risk reduction
management: 1. Prevention, 2. Mitigation, 3. Preparedness, and 4. Recovery.
Failure in all these areas will affect the recovery of those affected (Quebral,
V.)

6. Environmental Perspective
According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
environmental degradation, settlement patterns, livelihood choices and
behaviour can all contribute to disaster risk, which in turn adversely affects
human development and contributes to further environmental degradation.
The poorest are the most vulnerable to disasters because they are often pushed
to settle on the most marginal lands and have least access to prevention,
preparedness, and early warning. In addition, the poorest are the least resilient
in recovering from disasters because they lack support networks, insurance,
and alternative livelihood options.

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 What’s More
Instructions: Identify 2 common hazards (e.g. earthquake, tsunami,
typhoon, covid-19, etc.) found in your community. State at least 2
possible effects on population, health, food supplies and on peoples’
emotion when this strikes in your community. Copy the table in your
answer sheet and write legibly.

No. Hazard Effects on Effects on Effects on Effects on

population peoples’ food peoples’
health supplies emotion
1.

2.

Let’s Talk about it

Instructions: Research about the Bohol earthquake and be able to analyzed
this disaster in different perspectives by providing answers/opinion in the guide
questions provided for you. Write your answer legibly in your answer sheet. For
those who cannot access the net, the NDRRMC Situation Report Paper is
provided for your reference. See attachment at the end of this module.
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/10/30/ndrrmc-situation-report-on-the-effects-of-the-earthquake-in-
bohol-october-30-2013- 600-a-m/)

Image: Bohol Earthquake

Source: google.com
Guide questions:
Physical Perspective:
a. How many families were reported dead in Bohol? How about the
reported missing persons in Bohol?
b. How many families displaced in Bohol? Are there evacuation
centers in the affected area?
Psychological Perspective:
a. Is there and agency that conducted the psychosocial processing
stress debriefing? Is this important?
Socio-Cultural Perspective:
a. Was there help from organization outside Bohol? Do you think
Bohol can cope without help agency and organizations outside
Bohol? Explain

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 Political Perspective:
a. Was there a collaboration of different government agency in
response to Bohol quake? Can you name this agencies and
what did they contribute?
Environmental Perspective:
a. Bohol is known for world class tourism destination, do you
think after the quake it is the same scenic views we will see?
Explain

What I Have Learned

Concept Map
Instructions: Create a concept map showing the effects and perspectives of
disaster. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

What I Can Do

Let’s have our share of responsibility

Instructions: In the table below list some few things you can do to help to
lessen the effects of disaster that might be or have been experienced by your
family. Copy the table in your answer sheet and write your answer in the
answer sheet.

Situation Before During After

Covid -19
pandemic
Earthquake

Assessment

Instruction: Read each question carefully and choose the letter of the
correct answer. Write your answer in your answer sheet.

1. Which of the following groups of people are more vulnerable in the event of
disaster?
A. Men, boys, old people C. Men, women, boys
B. Women, children, old people D. None of the above

2. Disasters frequently result in all the following except____.

A. displacement of populations
B. damage to the ecological environment
C. destruction of a population’s homeland
D. sustained public attention during the recovery phase

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3. Which of the following scenarios below would result to food scarcity after a disaster?
A. People abandoning their homes and seek shelter in other regions.
B. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is common to victims of disasters.
C. Airborne and waterborne diseases is a threat in evacuation centers.
D. Destroyed crops and loss of agricultural supplies would result to increase
prices of basic commodities.

4. “Delivery of government services to constituent can be a plus or minus factor in

disaster risk reduction and management”, this statement is____.
A. True B. False C. Maybe D. can’t be determined

5. Psychological effects of disaster includes cognitive effects, which of the following

examples listed below is considered as cognitive effect?
A. irritability B. memory impairment
B. fatigue D. feeling abandoned

6. Assessment of disaster on the number of affected families, collapsed buildings,

damaged of infrastructure are being considered into what perspective of disaster?
A. Physical B. Psychological C. Socio-Cultural D. Political

7. When disaster is analyzed based on how people respond, having as a parameter

their social conditions and cultural settings, what perspective is being looked into?
A. Political Perspective C. Environmental Perspective
B. Economic Perspective D. Socio-Cultural Perspective

8. In this point of view disaster is assessed in terms of direct economic cost and
indirect losses.
A. Physical Perspective C. Political Perspective
B. Economic Perspective D. Environmental Perspective

9. Which of the following is considered as effects of disaster?

I. Food scarcity III. Displaced population
II. Environmental IV. Socio-Cultural
A. I, III B. II, IV C. I, II D. III, IV

10. Disaster is analyzed in an economic perspective in terms of ____.

I. damages to critical and essential facilities
II. destruction of fixed assets
III. disruption in the flow of goods and services
IV. how people respond based on their socio-cultural settings
A. I and IV B. III and IV C. I and III D. II and III

11. Disaster loss is assessed in terms of injuries and death, destruction of

fixed assets and infrastructure, disruptions in the flow of goods and
services adversely effecting economic factors like Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) growth rates, disaster is best analyzed in_____.
A. Physical Perspective C. Psychological Perspective
B. Socio-Cultural Perspective D. Economic Perspective

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12. Every child in Japan is given training for disaster prevention at home,
schools, and offices which given them lessons for useful measures and
steps taken during a disaster, what disaster perspective is being looked
at this scenario?
A. Physical Perspective C. Psychological Perspective
B. Socio-Cultural Perspective D. Economic Perspective

13. The poorest are the most vulnerable to disasters because they have least access to
prevention, preparedness, and early warning.
A. True B. Not True C. Cannot be determined D. Undecided

14. Damages to essential and critical facilities like collapsed bridges, broken roads,
destruction of power lines and communication facilities must be accounted and
reported, in this scenario disaster was analyzed in what perspective?
A. Physical Perspective C. Psychological Perspective
B. Socio-Cultural Perspective D. Economic Perspective

15. The following are emotional consequences of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

except__.
A. Cognitive Effects C. Interpersonal Effects
B. Physical Effects D. Intercultural Effects

Additional Activities

Let us be prepared all the time!

Instructions: Create an emergency card for you and your family, a
template is provided as an example.

EMERGENCY INFORMATION CARD

Name of son/daughter: __________________________________________
Address:____________________________ Zip Code:
Name of Mother : ________________________________________
Name of Father: ___________________________________________

List two 2 relatives who will assume temporary care for your son/daughter if you
cannot be reach:
1. Name; 2. Name:
Address: ___________ Address:
Cell No.: Cell No. :

Parent Signature over printed name

Congratulations!
You’re done with Module 2 for this quarter!

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REFERENCES
Online sources:
 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) 2011‐
2028.
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/41/NDRRM_Plan_2011-
2028.pdf
 Implementing rules and regulations of Republic Act. No. 10121.
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/95/Implementing_Rules_and_Regulartion_RA_10121.pdf
 Asian Disaster Preparedness Center 2012 Annual Report.
https://www.adpc.net/igo/category/ID85/doc/2013-p63Vn0-
ADPC-ADPC_Annual_report_2012_Final_Print_Rev4.pdf 
 Disasters Through a Different Lens.https://www.unisdr.org/files/20108_mediabook.pdf 
 Post-traumatic
stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the
WorldMental Health Surveys. Bromet, EJ et.al. published online August 30, 2016.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5432967/ 
 Suchita Tripathi. DISASTER AND ITS SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPLICATION: A STUDY WITH
CULTURE AND PERSONALITY APPROACH OF ANTHROPOLOGY (WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO DISASTER IN JAPAN. Department of Anthropology and Tribal
DevelopmentGuru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur, 495009 (C.G.)
India. https://www.academia.edu/23472003/DISASTER_AND_ITS_SOCIO-
CULTURAL_IMPLICATION_A_STUDY_WITH_CULTURE_AND_PERSONALITY_APPROACH_OF_ANTHROPOL
OGY_ WITH_SPECIAL_REFERENCE_TO_DISASTER_IN_JAPAN
 The Epidemiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Disasters . Sandro Galea, Arijit
Nandi,David Vlahov. Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 27, Issue 1, July 2005, Pages 78–
91, https://academic.oup.com/epirev/article/27/1/78/520813
 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Disasters. Bonnie L. Green PhD, Jacob D.
Lindy Md.Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Volume 17,Issue 2, June 1994, pages 301-
309. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0193953X18301163#!
 Rajib Gupta and Arup Barman. Socio-Economic Perspective of Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery 
– Understanding Socio-Technological Means of Sustainability. Assam University-Department of
Business Adminstration. February 29, 2012.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2013069
 Environment and Disaster Risk Emerging Perspective. UNISDR working group on environment and
disaster. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Interantional Environment House Geneva,
Switzerland. https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/env_vulnerability.pdf 
 The devastating impact of Natural Disasters. ChildFund International.
Posted2/6/2013. https://www.childfund.org/Content/NewsDetail/2147489272/ 
: https://busyteacher.org/teaching_ideas_and_techniques/emergency/earthquakes-worksheets/

Answer Key

What’s In

1. Natural disaster 2. Man-Made disaster 3. Natural Disaster

4. Natural Disaster 5. Natural Disaster 6. Man-Made Disaster

7. Natural Disaster 8. Man-Made Disaster 9. Man-Made Disaster

10. Natural Disaster

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