Ge204 (Ethics) - Notes

MORAL STANDARD regardless of what the majority decides
or says.
 Moral, from a Latin Word “mor” or
“mores” which means custom or a 5. Publicity
particular way and manner of acting or
behaving. It is synonymous to ethics - if they will serve as basis or guidelines
because they literally have the same of our actions, they must be made
meaning. It can be defined as the public for us to follow. Keeping them a
practical science of the morality or secret is defeating its purpose why they
human act or conduct and of good of are created. Moral standards are what
life. you think is good and noble, why keep
it a secret?
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL STANDARD
6. Practicability
1. Presceptivity
- Moral standards should be achievable
- refers to the practical, or action- guiding by human beings. It should not be a
nature of morality. It tries to influence burden for the people to follow.
the people on how to act according to a
certain rules of conduct. An example of NON-MORAL STANDARD
this are the injunction or imperatives:  It refers to rules that are unrelated to
“Do not steal”, “Love thy neighbor”, moral or ethical considerations. This
“Do not kill” to name a few. includes rules of etiquette, fashion
2. Impartiality standards, rules in games, and various
house rules.
- it means that moral standards should
apply to everyone regardless of its Example:
status in life. Impartiality in morality - following or violating some basketball
are being equal to all. Self interest in rules may matter in basketball games
morality has no place. but does not necessarily affect one’s
3. Overridingness life or wellbeing.
- it means that moral standards are more SEVEN-STEP MORAL REASONING

powerful than other standards. They 1. Stop and think
are not the only standard but they 2. Clarify goals
should be prioritized. 3. Determine facts
4. Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority 4. Develop options
5. Consider consequences
- moral standards should stand on their 6. Choose
own logic not depending on the 7. Monitor and modify
majority. Something is right or wrong
3 LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA DIFFERENT TYPES OF FREEDOM
WHAT IS MORAL DILLEMA  Freedom is to be alive

 Freedom of Belief
 It is a situation which a difficult choice
 Freedom of Religion
has to be made between 2 or more
 Freedom to express oneself
choices of action, either of which entails
a transgressing moral principle. WHAT IS MORAL?
3 LEVELS OF MORAL DILLEMA  Is concerned with the principles of right

or wrong behaviour and the goodness
1. Individual Moral Dilemma
or badness of human character.
 Those experienced or resolved in a  The word moral comes from a Latin
personal level word "mos,” meaning "custom”, Which
 You can resolve this moral dilemma on broadly defined in contemporary
your own English as having to do with right and
wrong conduct.
2. Organizational Moral Dilemma
WHAT IS CULTURE AND HOW DOES IT
 Refers to ethical cases encountered and DEFINE OUR MORAL BEHAVIOR
resolved by social organization like
Business, Medical Field, and Public WHAT IS CULTURE?
sector
1. Culture can be defined as all the
 They can resolve this moral dilemma
ways of life including arts, beliefs
with the help of other people.
and institutions of a population that
3. Structural Moral Dilemma is passed down from generation to
generation. Culture has been called
 Refers to cases involving network of "the way of life for an entire
institutions and operative theoretical society." As such, it includes codes
paradigms. of manners, dress, language,
 Ethical standards are universal or religion, rituals, and art. Norms of
general. behaviour, such as law and
 Encompasses multi-sectorial institutions morality, and systems of belief.
and organizations.
HOW DOES CULTURE DEFINE OUR
FREEDOM AS THE FOUNDATION FOR MORAL MORAL BEHAVIOR?
ACT
2. Culture influences our behaviours in
WHAT IS FREEDOM? diverse ways. It is because the
culture is the people’s way of life.
 Is the power or right to act, speak, or Culture includes the social ethics,
think as one wants without hindrance principles, or morals seen in the
or restraint. society.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE Non- Material Culture
1. Culture is learnable  Refers to the intangible things produced

by a culture. It speaks of the parts of
 It doesn’t matter how old a person is; culture you cannot touch, feel, hold, or
you can learn a different culture, either touch.
consciously or unconsciously.
 Learned behaviour come in two ways. ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
These types are overt and covert.
 Norms, languages, artifacts, symbols,
2. Culture is abstract and values contribute to the elements
of culture. The combination of cultural
 It is a fact that culture is something that elements produces a unique way of
you cannot see or touch, thereby living in society.
making it abstract.
3. Culture is a designed cultivated behaviour
 Culture, from its definition, shows that

you learn behaviours. Culture patterns
and aligns with someone’s behaviour or
perhaps, one’s behaviour is dependent
upon another.
4. Culture is an outcome of behavior
 Cultural knowledge is the outcome of

behaviour. The individual begins to
learn how to handle certain.
5. Culture is dynamic
 The dynamic nature of culture is proof

that is liable to change as it interact
with other cultures. The integration of
different people makes it very simple
for culture to change as a result of
constant interaction with other
cultures.
TYPES OF CULTURE
Material Culture
 Refer to the tangible things that society

makes.

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MORAL STANDARD regardless of what the majority decides

- it means that moral standards are more SEVEN-STEP MORAL REASONING

WHAT IS MORAL DILLEMA  Freedom is to be alive

3 LEVELS OF MORAL DILLEMA  Is concerned with the principles of right

1. Culture is learnable  Refers to the intangible things produced

3. Culture is a designed cultivated behaviour

 Culture, from its definition, shows that

4. Culture is an outcome of behavior

 Cultural knowledge is the outcome of

 The dynamic nature of culture is proof

 Refer to the tangible things that society

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