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    Transitioning To Ipv6: Address Space Management

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    Nguyễn Tiến
    Transitioning to IPv6 requires a larger address space to accommodate continued growth of Internet-connected devices. IPv6 provides a much larger 128-bit address space compared to IPv32's 32-bit addresses. IPv6 also introduces features like simplified packet headers, autoconfiguration, and built-in security. Network operators can transition to IPv6 through techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation to ensure compatibility with IPv4 during the transition period.

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    Transitioning To Ipv6: Address Space Management

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    Nguyễn Tiến
    66 views36 pages
    Transitioning to IPv6 requires a larger address space to accommodate continued growth of Internet-connected devices. IPv6 provides a much larger 128-bit address space compared to IPv32's 32-bit addresses. IPv6 also introduces features like simplified packet headers, autoconfiguration, and built-in security. Network operators can transition to IPv6 through techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation to ensure compatibility with IPv4 during the transition period.

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    IPv6

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    Transitioning to IPv6 requires a larger address space to accommodate continued growth of Internet-connected devices. IPv6 provides a much larger 128-bit address space compared to IPv32's 32-bit addresses. IPv6 also introduces features like simplified packet headers, autoconfiguration, and built-in security. Network operators can transition to IPv6 through techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation to ensure compatibility with IPv4 during the transition period.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    66 views36 pages

    Transitioning To Ipv6: Address Space Management

    Uploaded by

    Nguyễn Tiến
    Transitioning to IPv6 requires a larger address space to accommodate continued growth of Internet-connected devices. IPv6 provides a much larger 128-bit address space compared to IPv32's 32-bit addresses. IPv6 also introduces features like simplified packet headers, autoconfiguration, and built-in security. Network operators can transition to IPv6 through techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation to ensure compatibility with IPv4 during the transition period.

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    of 36

    Address Space Management

    Transitioning to IPv6

    BSCI v3.0—2-1
    Why Do We Need a Larger
    Address Space?
    • Internet population
    – Approximately 973 million users in November 2005
    – Emerging population and geopolitical address space
    • Mobile users
    – PDA, pen tablet, notepad, and so on
    – Approximately 20 million in 2004
    • Mobile phones
    – Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry
    • Transportation
    – 1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008
    – Internet access in planes, for example, Lufthansa
    • Consumer devices
    – Sony mandated that all its products be IPv6-enabled by 2005
    – Billions of home and industrial appliances
    IPv4 and IPv6

     Currently, there are approximately 1.3 billion usable IPv4 addresses


    available.
    IPv6 Advanced Features

    Larger address space: Simpler header:


    • Global reachability and flexibility • Routing efficiency
    • Autoconfiguration • Performance and forwarding rate
    • Plug-and-play scalability
    • End-to-end without NAT • No broadcasts
    • Extension headers
    Transition richness:
    • Dual stack
    • 6to4 and manual tunnels
    • Translation
    IPv6 Address Representation

    Format:
    • x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x is a 16-bit hexadecimal field
    – Case-insensitive for hexadecimal A, B, C, D, E, and F
    • Leading zeros in a field are optional
    • Successive fields of zeros can be represented as :: only once per address
    Examples:
    • 2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B
    – Can be represented as 2031:0:130f::9c0:876a:130b
    – Cannot be represented as 2031::130f::9c0:876a:130b
    • FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 FF01::1
    • 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 ::1
    • 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 ::
    IPv6 Address Types
    • Unicast:
    – Address is for a single interface
    – IPv6 has several types (for example, global, reserved, link-local, and
    site-local)
    • Multicast:
    – One-to-many
    – Enables more efficient use of the network
    – Uses a larger address range
    • Anycast:
    – One-to-nearest (allocated from unicast address space)
    – Multiple devices share the same address
    – All anycast nodes should provide uniform service
    – Source devices send packets to anycast address
    – Routers decide on closest device to reach that destination
    – Suitable for load balancing and content delivery services
    IPv6 Unicast Addressing

    • Types of IPv6 unicast addresses:


    – Global: Starts with 2000::/3 and assigned by IANA
    – Link local: starts with FE80::/10)
    – Site Local / Unique – local Unicast
    – Loopback (::1)
    – Unspecified (::)
    • A single interface may be assigned multiple IPv6 addresses
    of any type: unicast, anycast, or multicast.
    IPv6 Global Unicast (and Anycast)
    Addresses

    IPv6 has the same address format for global unicast and for
    anycast addresses.
     Uses a global routing prefix—a structure that enables aggregation upward,
    eventually to the ISP.
     Global unicast start with 3 bit 001-> 2000::/3
     Every IPv6-enabled interface contains at least one loopback (::1/128)
    and one link-local address.
     Optionally, every interface can have multiple unique local and global
    addresses.
    Link-Local Addresses

     Link-local addresses have a scope limited to the link and are dynamically
    created on all IPv6 interfaces by using a specific link-local prefix FE80::/10
    and a 64-bit interface identifier.
     Link-local addresses are used for automatic address configuration, neighbor
    discovery, and router discovery. Link-local addresses are also used by many
    routing protocols.
     When communicating with a link-local address, you must specify the outgoing
    interface because every interface is connected to FE80::/10.
    Unique – local Unicast

     Same as the Private IP v4 Address


     Start with FC00::/7
     Before Unique, it is site local and start with FEC0::/10
     Unique is instead of site local
    Multicast

     FF00::/8 is the same with class D in IPv4

    Address Used
    FF02::1 All hosts on the Link
    FF02::2 All Routers on the Link
    FF02::5, FF02::6 OSPFv3
    FF02::9 RIPng
    FF02::A EIGRPv6
    Assigning IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses

     Static assignment
    – Manual interface ID assignment
    – EUI-64 interface ID assignment
     Dynamic assignment
     Stateless autoconfiguration
     DHCPv6 (stateful)
    IPv6 EUI-64 Interface Identifier

     Cisco can use the EUI-64 format for interface identifiers.


     This format expands the 48-bit MAC address to 64 bits by inserting
    “FFFE” into the middle 16 bits.
     To make sure that the chosen address is from a unique Ethernet
    MAC address, the U/L bit is set to 1 for global scope (0 for local
    scope).
    Stateless Autoconfiguration
    DHCPv6 (Stateful)

    DHCPv6 is an updated version of DHCP for IPv4:


    • Supports new addressing
    • Enables more control than stateless autoconfiguration
    • Can be used for renumbering
    • Can be used for automatic domain name registration of hosts
    using dynamic DNS
    IPv6 Routing Protocols

     IPv6 routing types:


    – Static
    – RIPng (RFC 2080)
    – OSPFv3 (RFC 2740)
    – IS-IS for IPv6
    – MP-BGP4 (RFC 2545/2858)
    – EIGRP for IPv6
     The ipv6 unicast-routing command is required to enable
    IPv6 before any routing protocol is configured.
    RIPng (RFC 2080)

    Similar IPv4 features:


    • Distance vector, radius of 15 hops, split horizon, and poison
    reverse
    • Based on RIPv2
    Updated features for IPv6:
    • IPv6 prefix, next-hop IPv6 address
    • Uses the multicast group FF02::9, the all-rip-routers multicast
    group, as the destination address for RIP updates
    • Uses IPv6 for transport
    • Named RIPng
    OSPF Version 3 (OSPFv3) (RFC 2740)

    Similar to IPv4
    • Same mechanisms, but a major rewrite of the internals of the
    protocol
    Updated features for IPv6
    • Every IPv4-specific semantic removed
    • Carry IPv6 addresses
    • Link-local addresses used as source
    • IPv6 transport
    • OSPF for IPv6 currently an IETF proposed standard
    OSPFv3 Differences from OSPFv2

    OSPFv3 protocol processing is per link, not per


    subnet
    • IPv6 connects interfaces to links.
    • Multiple IPv6 subnets can be assigned to a single link.
    • Two nodes can talk directly over a single link, even though they
    do not share a common subnet.
    • The terms “network” and “subnet” are being replaced with “link.”
    • An OSPF interface now connects to a link instead of to a subnet.
    IPv4-to-IPv6 Transition

    Transition richness means:


     No fixed day to convert; no need to convert all at once
     Different transition mechanisms are available:
    – Dual stack
    – Manual tunnel
    – 6to4 tunnel
    – ISATAP tunnel
    – Teredo tunnel
     Different compatibility mechanisms:
    – Proxying and translation (NAT-PT)
    Cisco IOS Dual Stack

    Dual stack is an integration method in which a node has implementation


    and connectivity to both an IPv4 and IPv6 network.
    Cisco IOS Dual Stack (Cont.)

    When both IPv4 and IPv6 are configured on an interface, the interface
    is considered dual-stacked.
    IPv6 Tunneling

    Tunneling is an integration method in which an IPv6 packet is


    encapsulated within another protocol, such as IPv4. This
    method of encapsulation is IPv4.
     Includes a 20-byte IPv4 header with no options and an IPv6 header and
    payload
     Requires dual-stack routers
    Translation—NAT-PT

    • NAT-Protocol Translation (NAT-PT) is a translation mechanism that sits


    between an IPv6 network and an IPv4 network.
    • The job of the translator is to translate IPv6 packets into IPv4 packets and
    vice versa.
    Enabling IPv6 on Cisco Routers

    RouterX(config)#
    ipv6 unicast-routing
     Enables IPv6 traffic forwarding

    RouterX(config-if)#
    ipv6 address ipv6prefix/prefix-length eui-64
     Configures the interface IPv6 addresses
    IPv6 Address Configuration Example
    Configuring Static route for IPv6

    RouterX(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
    RouterX(config)#ipv6 route prefix/prefix-
    length [ip next-hop|output interface]
    Configuring and Verifying RIPng for IPv6

    RouterX(config)#
    ipv6 router rip tag
     Creates and enters RIP router configuration mode

    RouterX(config-if)#
    ipv6 rip tag enable
     Configures RIP on an interface

    show ipv6 rip


     Displays the status of the various RIP processes

    show ipv6 route rip


     Shows RIP routes in the IPv6 route table
    RIPng for IPv6 Configuration Example
    Configuring OSPFv3 in Cisco IOS Software

    • Similar to OSPFv2
    – Prefixes existing interface and EXEC mode commands with
    “ipv6”
    • Interfaces configured directly
    – Replaces network command
    • “Native” IPv6 router mode
    – Not a submode of router ospf command
    Enabling OSPFv3 Globally

    ipv6 unicast-routing
    !
    ipv6 router ospf 1
    router-id 2.2.2.2
    Enabling OSPFv3 on an Interface

    interface Ethernet0/0
    ipv6 address 3FFE:FFFF:1::1/64
    ipv6 ospf 1 area 0
    OSPFv3 Configuration Example

    Router1#
    interface S1/1
    ipv6 address 2001:410:FFFF:1::1/64
    ipv6 ospf 100 area 0

    interface S2/0
    ipv6 address 3FFE:B00:FFFF:1::2/64
    ipv6 ospf 100 area 1

    ipv6 router ospf 100


    router-id 10.1.1.3

    Router2#
    interface S3/0
    ipv6 address 3FFE:B00:FFFF:1::1/64
    ipv6 ospf 100 area 1

    ipv6 router ospf 100


    router-id 10.1.1.4
    Configuring EIGRPv6 for IPv6

    RouterX(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
    RouterX(config)#ipv6 router eigrp AS
    RouterX(config-router)#eigrp router-id id
    RouterX(config-router)#no shutdown

    RouterX(config)#interface interface-id
    RouterX(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp AS
    IPv6 on Windows XP

    C:\> netsh interface ipv6 install


    C:\> netsh
    netsh> interface ipv6
    netsh interface ipv6> add address “Ethernet 2” 2009::1
    netsh interface ipv6> delete address “Ethernet 2” 2009::1
    netsh interface ipv6> show address
    C:\>

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