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    Lecture 12 Thermal Ii (15 .07.2020)

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    Dr. BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
    The document summarizes a problem involving the expansion of air through a nozzle from an initial pressure and temperature to a lower exit pressure. It provides the given parameters of the problem and outlines the relevant equations for isentropic flow through a nozzle. It then shows the step-by-step working to calculate the maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle, determining the exit temperature, velocities, and final mass flow rate. A second problem is presented involving the expansion of a gas through a convergent-divergent nozzle, with calculations shown to determine the throat and exit areas required for a given mass flow rate.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture 12 Thermal Ii (15 .07.2020)

    Uploaded by

    Dr. BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
    94 views22 pages
    The document summarizes a problem involving the expansion of air through a nozzle from an initial pressure and temperature to a lower exit pressure. It provides the given parameters of the problem and outlines the relevant equations for isentropic flow through a nozzle. It then shows the step-by-step working to calculate the maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle, determining the exit temperature, velocities, and final mass flow rate. A second problem is presented involving the expansion of a gas through a convergent-divergent nozzle, with calculations shown to determine the throat and exit areas required for a given mass flow rate.

    Original Title

    12. LECTURE 12 THERMAL II (15 .07.2020)

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    The document summarizes a problem involving the expansion of air through a nozzle from an initial pressure and temperature to a lower exit pressure. It provides the given parameters of the problem and outlines the relevant equations for isentropic flow through a nozzle. It then shows the step-by-step working to calculate the maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle, determining the exit temperature, velocities, and final mass flow rate. A second problem is presented involving the expansion of a gas through a convergent-divergent nozzle, with calculations shown to determine the throat and exit areas required for a given mass flow rate.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    94 views22 pages

    Lecture 12 Thermal Ii (15 .07.2020)

    Uploaded by

    Dr. BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
    The document summarizes a problem involving the expansion of air through a nozzle from an initial pressure and temperature to a lower exit pressure. It provides the given parameters of the problem and outlines the relevant equations for isentropic flow through a nozzle. It then shows the step-by-step working to calculate the maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle, determining the exit temperature, velocities, and final mass flow rate. A second problem is presented involving the expansion of a gas through a convergent-divergent nozzle, with calculations shown to determine the throat and exit areas required for a given mass flow rate.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 22

    PROBLEM

    ON
    STEAM NOZZLE

    LECTURE 15
    BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
    PROBLEM 13 :
    Air at a pressure of 12 bar and 573 K is expanded isentropically through a nozzle at a
    pressure of 2 bar. Determine the maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle of
    0.00015 𝑚2 area.

    Given Data: 𝑨𝒊𝒓


    1 t 2
    @ state 1; P1 = 12 bar; T1 = 573 K
    @ state 2; P2 = 2 bar
    𝐴2 = 0.00015 𝑚2

    To find:
    Maximum mass flow rate ṁ =?
    Formula
    𝐴2 × 𝐶2
    𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ =
    𝜗2
    𝜋
    𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 (𝐴2 ) = × 𝐷22
    4

    𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 air 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝐶2 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 2000 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

    𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 (ℎ1 ) = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇1

    𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 (ℎ2 ) = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇2


    𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟
    𝛾 𝛾 𝑘𝐽
    𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝2 𝑣2 𝐶𝑝 = 1.005
    𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
    (𝛾−1)/𝛾 𝑘𝐽
    𝑇2 𝑝2
    = 𝐶𝑣 = 0.718
    𝑇1 𝑝1 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

    𝑘𝐽
    𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅 = 0.287
    𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

    𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑅 𝑇1
    𝛾 = 1.4
    Solution:

    𝑇2 𝑝2
    (𝛾−1)/𝛾 P1 = 12 bar
    =
    𝑇1 𝑝1 T1 = 573 K

    𝑇2 2
    (1.4−1)/1.4 P2 = 2 bar
    =
    573 12 𝛾 = 1.4

    𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝑲

    Temperature of air at the exit of nozzle (𝑻𝟐 ) = 𝟑𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝑲


    𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑅 𝑇1 P1 = 12 bar = 12 × 102 𝑘𝑃𝑎

    2 T1 = 573 K
    12 × 10 × 𝑣1 = 0.287 × 573
    𝑘𝐽
    𝑅 = 0.287
    𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

    𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝐶2 = 2000 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

    𝐶2 = 2000 × 1.005 (573 − 343.43)


    𝑇2 = 343.43 𝐾
    𝑘𝐽
    𝐶𝑝 = 1.005
    𝑪𝟐 = 𝟔𝟕𝟗. 𝟑 𝒎/𝒔 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
    𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 = 1.4
    𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝2 𝑣2
    P1 = 12 bar = 12 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2

    12 × 105 × 0.1371.4 = 2 × 105 𝑣21.4 𝑣1 = 0.137 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

    P2 = 2 bar = 2 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2


    0.371 = 𝑣21.4

    𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
    𝐴2 × 𝐶2
    𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ = 𝐴2 = 0.00015 𝑚2
    𝜗2

    𝐶2 = 679.3 𝑚/𝑠
    0.00015 × 679.3
    ṁ =
    0.4926
    𝑣2 = 0.4926 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

    ṁ =0.2068 kg/s

    Answer
    𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 through the nozzle ṁ = 0.2068 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
    PROBLEM 14 :
    A gas expands in a convergent-divergent nozzle from 15 bar to 5 bar, the initial
    temperature being 700°C and the nozzle efficiency is 90%. All the losses take after the
    throat. For 1 kg/sec mass flow rate of the gas, find the throat and exit areas. Take n = 1.4
    and R = 287 J/kg K.
    1 t 2
    Given Data: 𝑮𝒂𝒔
    @ state 1; P1 = 15 bar; T1 = 700°C 𝜂𝑑 = 0.9

    @ state 2; P2 = 5 bar ṁ = 1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠


    𝑛 = 𝛾 = 1.4; 𝑅 = 287 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
    To find:
    Throat area At =?
    Exit area A2 =?
    Formula
    𝐴𝑡 ×𝐶𝑡 𝐴2 ×𝐶2
    𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ = =
    𝜗𝑡 𝜗2

    𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐶2 = 2000[ ℎ1 − ℎt + ℎt − ℎ2 × 𝜂𝑑 ]

    𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝐶2 = 2000 [ 𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑡 + 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇2 × 𝜂𝑑 ]

    𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑡 = 2000 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑡 )

    𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 (ℎ1 ) = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇1

    𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 (ℎt ) = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇𝑡

    𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 (ℎ2 ) = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇2


    𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤,
    𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾
    𝛾𝑅
    𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝2 𝑣2 𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝𝑡 𝑣𝑡 𝐶𝑝 =
    𝛾−1
    (𝛾−1)/𝛾
    𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑇𝑡 𝑝𝑡
    (𝛾−1)/𝛾 𝑅
    = = 𝐶𝑣 =
    𝑇1 𝑝1 𝑇1 𝑝1 𝛾−1

    𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

    𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑅 𝑇1
    𝒏
    𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
    𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
    𝑷𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
    Solution: 𝒏
    𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
    𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟒, 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐢𝐫
    𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
    𝑷𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
    𝟏.𝟒
    𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝟏.𝟒−𝟏
    =
    𝑷𝟏 𝟏. 𝟒 + 𝟏
    𝑷𝒕
    = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖
    𝑷𝟏 @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

    𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖 × 𝑷𝟏

    𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟓

    𝑷𝒕 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓
    (𝛾−1)/𝛾
    𝑇𝑡 𝑝𝑡
    = P1 = 15 bar
    𝑇1 𝑝1
    T1 = 700°C = 973K
    (1.4−1)/1.4
    𝑇𝑡 7.92
    = 𝛾 = 1.4
    973 15

    𝑻𝒕 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 𝑲

    Temperature of gas at the exit of nozzle (𝑻𝒕 ) = 𝟖𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝑲


    (𝛾−1)/𝛾
    𝑇2 𝑝2
    = P1 = 15 bar
    𝑇1 𝑝1
    T1 = 700°C = 973K
    (1.4−1)/1.4
    𝑇2 5
    = P2 = 5 bar
    973 15
    𝛾 = 1.4

    𝑻𝟐 = 𝟕𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝑲

    Temperature of gas at the exit of nozzle (𝑻𝟐 ) = 𝟕𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝑲


    𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑅 𝑇1 P1 = 15 bar = 15 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2

    5 T1 = 973 K
    15 × 10 × 𝑣1 = 287 × 973
    𝑘𝐽 𝐽
    𝑅 = 0.287 = 287
    𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

    𝛾 = 1.4

    𝛾𝑅 1.4 × 287 𝑱 𝒌𝑱
    𝐶𝑝 = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟒. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓
    𝛾−1 1.4 − 1 𝒌𝒈. 𝑲 𝒌𝒈. 𝑲

    𝑅 287 𝑱 𝒌𝑱
    𝐶𝑣 = = = 𝟕𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟓
    𝛾 − 1 1.4 − 1 𝒌𝒈. 𝑲 𝒌𝒈. 𝑲
    𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 = 1.4
    𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝2 𝑣2
    P1 = 15 bar = 15 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2
    5
    15 × 10 × 0.186 1.4
    = 5 × 10 5
    𝑣21.4 𝑣1 = 0.186 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

    P2 = 5 bar = 5 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2


    0.284 = 𝑣21.4

    𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
    𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝐶2 = 2000 [ 𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑡 + 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇2 × 𝜂𝑑 ]

    𝐶2 = 2000 [ 1.0045 973 − 810.8 + 1.0045 810.8 − 710.87 × 0.9]

    𝑘𝐽
    𝐶𝑝 = 1.0045
    𝐶2 = 𝟕𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟏 𝒎/𝒔 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
    T1 = 973 K
    𝑇2 = 710.87 𝐾
    𝜂𝑑 = 0.9
    𝑇𝑡 = 810.8 𝐾
    𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 = 1.4
    𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝𝑡 𝑣𝑡
    P1 = 15 bar = 15 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2
    5
    15 × 10 × 0.186 1.4 5
    = 7.92 × 10 𝑣𝑡1.4 𝑣1 = 0.186 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

    P𝑡 = 7.92 bar = 7.92 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2


    0.1797 = 𝑣𝑡1.4

    𝒗𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
    𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑡 = 2000 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑡 )

    𝒌𝑱
    𝐶𝑡 = 2000 × 1.0045 973 − 810.8 𝐶𝑝 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓
    𝒌𝒈. 𝑲
    𝐓𝟏 = 𝟗𝟕𝟑 𝐊

    𝐶t = 𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝒎/𝒔
    𝑻𝒕 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 𝑲
    𝐴2 × 𝐶2 ṁ = 1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
    𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ =
    𝜗2

    𝐶2 = 711.71 𝑚/𝑠
    𝐴2 × 711.71
    1=
    0.4076
    𝑣2 = 0.4076 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

    𝐴2 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

    Answer

    Exit area of nozzle A2 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐


    𝐴𝑡 × 𝐶𝑡 ṁ = 1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
    𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ =
    𝜗𝑡

    𝐶𝑡 = 570.84 𝑚/𝑠
    𝐴𝑡 × 570.84
    1=
    0.2935
    𝑣𝑡 = 0.2935 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

    𝐴𝑡 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

    Answer

    Throat area of nozzle At = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐


    Thank You

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