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    x - ray سمنار

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    حوراء عارف الموسوي
    This document discusses extraoral dental x-rays, which are films placed outside the mouth. It describes common extraoral films like panoramic and cephalometric x-rays and what structures they examine. Sialograms and dental CT are also covered. The document details the components of extraoral films, including the cassette, intensifying screens made of phosphor layers, and grids that reduce scattered radiation. Extraoral films are larger than intraoral films and not individually packaged.

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    x - ray سمنار

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    حوراء عارف الموسوي
    36 views11 pages
    This document discusses extraoral dental x-rays, which are films placed outside the mouth. It describes common extraoral films like panoramic and cephalometric x-rays and what structures they examine. Sialograms and dental CT are also covered. The document details the components of extraoral films, including the cassette, intensifying screens made of phosphor layers, and grids that reduce scattered radiation. Extraoral films are larger than intraoral films and not individually packaged.

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    x_ray سمنار

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    This document discusses extraoral dental x-rays, which are films placed outside the mouth. It describes common extraoral films like panoramic and cephalometric x-rays and what structures they examine. Sialograms and dental CT are also covered. The document details the components of extraoral films, including the cassette, intensifying screens made of phosphor layers, and grids that reduce scattered radiation. Extraoral films are larger than intraoral films and not individually packaged.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODP, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odp, pdf, or txt
    36 views11 pages

    x - ray سمنار

    Uploaded by

    حوراء عارف الموسوي
    This document discusses extraoral dental x-rays, which are films placed outside the mouth. It describes common extraoral films like panoramic and cephalometric x-rays and what structures they examine. Sialograms and dental CT are also covered. The document details the components of extraoral films, including the cassette, intensifying screens made of phosphor layers, and grids that reduce scattered radiation. Extraoral films are larger than intraoral films and not individually packaged.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as odp, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    EXTRA ORAL X- RAY FILM:

    THE EXTRA ORAL FILM IS ONE THAT IS PLACED


    OUTSIDE THE MOUTH DURING EXPOSURE.
    THESE FILMS ARE USED TO EXAMINE AN AREA IN
    AND AROUND THE JAW THAT CANNOT BE SEEN
    BY INTRA ORAL FILMS SO EXAMINE LARGE
    AREAS OF THE SKULL OR JAWS,
    COMMON EXTRA ORAL FILMS

    Panoramic X-rays: show the entire mouth area — all the teeth
    in both the upper and lower jaws — on a single X-ray

    Cephalometric projections show an entire


    side of the head. This X-ray looks at the
    teeth in relation to the jaw and profile of
    the individual. Orthodontists use this X-
    ray
    • SIALOGRAM :

     uses a dye, which is injected into the salivary glands so


    they can be seen on X-ray film.Dentists might order this
    test to look for salivary gland problems, such as blockages,
    or Sjogren’s syndrome (a disorder with symptoms
    including dry mouth and dry eyes; this disorder can play a
    role in tooth decay).

    Dental computed tomography (CT) is a type


    of imaging that looks at interior structures in
    3-D (three dimensions). This type of imaging
    is used to find problems in the bones of the
    face such as cysts, tumors and fractures.
    EXTRA ORAL FILM PACKAGING
    • EXTRAORAL FILM USED IN DENTAL
    RADIOGRAPHY IS AVAILABLE IN 5X 7 INCH
    AND 8 X 10 INCH SIZE
    Extraoral film is not supplied in film packets. The
    film is stacked in the box much like a deck of
    cards. Because there is no wrapper to protect the
    film from exposure to light, the film must be
    loaded into a cassette in the darkroom
    TYPES OF EXTRA ORAL FILMS
    NON SCREEN FILM:
    These are used without the intensifying screens.
     Film emulsion is sensitive to direct X-ray exposure rather than fluorescent
    light.
     Film has double emulsion like intra oral film but the emulsion is thicker.
     Increased thickness of emulsion make the film need less amount of radiation so
    need less exposure time.
    Screen film: ( Rigid and Flexible )
    Screen film is designed to be sensitive to visible light spectrum.
     Screen films have 3 types: slow screen, medium - speed screen
    and high speed screen.
     The screen film (emulsion) placed between 2 florescent screens in the cassette,
    these made from (tiny calcium tungstate crystals or rare earth elements).
    When exposed to X- ray photons will create a light (blue or green) and this
    light in turn exposes the screen film to produce the image.
    COMPOSITION OF EXTRA ORAL FILM:
    1_CASSETTE: A FLAT, LIGHT-TIGHT CONTAINER IN WHICH X-RAY FILMS ARE PLACED FOR
    EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION AND USUALLY BACKED BY LEAD TO ELIMINATE THE
    EFFECTS OF BACK SCATTER RADIATION, CONTAINING FRONT AND BACK INTENSIFYING
    SCREENS.
    Function
    :
    1. To contain a film
    2. To exclude light 3. To maintain the
    film in close, uniform
    contact with both screens during the
    exposure.
    4. To protect the intensifying screens
    from
    physical damage
    _ INTENSIFYING SCREEN
    THEY ARE USED IN PAIRS AND ARE POSITIONED ON EITHER SIDE OF A DOUBLE
    EMULSION FILM

    Function
    The presence of intensifying screens creates an image receptor
    system that is 10 to 60 times more sensitive to X-rays than the film
    alone.
    Consequently, use of intensifying screens means a substantial
    reduction in the dose of X-radiation to which the patient is
    exposed. Intensifying screens are used with films for virtually all
    extraoral radiography, including
    panoramic, cephalometric, and skull projec-
    tions.
    1_Base: (polyethylene terephthalate). It act as a supportive
    material
    2_Reflecting layer (titanium dioxide): It helps in reflecting back
    on to the phosphor layer any light that is emitted by it 3_Phosphor
    layer (Radiosensitive phosphor salts tiny calcium tungstate
    crystals or rare earth elements are incorporated into this layer of
    the intensifying screen)
    4_Coat (The coat is made up of plastic and It provides protection
    to the underlying phosphor layer).
    COMPOSITION OF INTENSIFYING SCREEN
    3_GRID
    S
    A grid is made up of alternating strips of lead (radiopaque absorbing
    material) and plastic (radiolucent material) spacers.

    The use of grids increases the patient exposure by two-fold. Therefore,


    grids
    should be used only when contrast on a radiograph is really necessary
    The exposure time has to be doubled when using a grid. If the exposure
    time is not changed, the resultant radiograph might show multiple thin
    white lines, which minimize the density of the radiograph
    Function
    The function of a grid is to reduce the amount of
    scattered radiation exiting a subject that reaches the film.
    The grid, which is placed between the subject and the
    film

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