Answers For Viva

Answers for viva
1. Attenuation –
In physics, attenuation or, in some contexts, extinction is the gradual loss
of flux intensity through a medium.
2. Types of cables-
Single mode fiber: carries just 1 light signal
Multimode fiber: carries multiple light signals
Graded index fiber: carries multiple light signals in concentric circles
3. What is v number-
a normalized frequency parameter, which determines the number of modes of a
step-index fiber
value of v number-
v= 2.405
4. If v no is greater than 2.5 then what type of fiber it is-
Single mode fiber
5. Types of connector-
 ST connector – simplex only, twist-on mechanism. ...
 FC connector – simplex only, screw-on mechanism. ...
 SC connector – simplex and duplex, snap-in mechanism. ...
 FDDI connector – Duplex only, multimode only. ...
 ESCON connector.
6. What is bandwidth-
Bandwidth refers to the amount of data you can transfer in a unit of time, as well as
the range of frequencies used to transmit the data.
7. Fiber manufacturing process-
There are two main steps in the process of converting raw materials into optical
fiber ready to be shipped:
1. manufacturing of the pure glass preform and 2. drawing of the preform.
The basic chemical reaction of manufacturing optical glass is:
SiCl4 (gas) + O2 > SiO2 (solid) + 2Cl2 (in the presence of heat)
GeCl4 (gas) + O2 > GeO2 (solid) + 2Cl2 (in the presence of heat)
The first layers are the core then the cladding is added. After all the layers are
deposited, the bait rod is removed and the preform is headed and collapsed in a
similar way to the MCVD process. The next step in the process of producing
optical fibers is to convert the manufactured preform into a hair-thin fiber.
8. Total internal reflection-
When light traveling in an optically dense medium hits a boundary at a steep angle
(larger than the critical angle for the boundary), the light is completely reflected.
This is called total internal reflection. This effect is used in optical fibers to confine
light in the core.
9. Different types of bending losses –
There are two types of bending i) Macroscopic bending Bending in which
complete fiber undergoes bends which causes certain modes not to be reflected and
therefore causes loss to the cladding. ii) Microscopic Bending Either the core or
cladding undergoes slight bends at its surface.
10.Law of refelction-
The law of reflection states that
the angle of reflection equals
the angle of incidence for any
reflecting object.
The angle of incidence and the angle of
reflection are measured from the trajectory
(of the ball, light, whatever) to
the normal to the surface.
11.Law of refraction-
The amount that a light ray changes its direction depends both on the incident
angle and the amount that the speed changes.
12.Difference between single mode and multimode –
13.Critical angle-
The critical angle is the angle of incidence where the angle of refraction is 90°. The
light must travel from an optically more dense medium to an optically less dense
medium.
14.Dispersion –
Dispersion is the spreading out of a light pulse in time as it propagates down the
fiber. Dispersion in optical fiber includes model dispersion, material dispersion and
waveguide dispersion.
15.Acceptance angle-
the maximum incidence angle of a light ray which can be used for injecting light
into a fiber core or waveguide
16.Numerical aperture-
The Numerical Aperture (NA) of a fiber is defined as the sine of the largest
angle an incident ray can have for total internal reflectance in the core. Rays
launched outside the angle specified by a fiber's NA will excite radiation modes
of the fiber. A higher core index, with respect to the cladding, means larger NA.
17.Advantages of optical fiber-
Greater bandwidth & faster speed
Cheap
Thinner and light-weighted
Higher carrying capacity
Higher carrying capacity
Light signals
Long lifespan
18.Disadvantages of optical fiber-
Low power
Fragility
Distance
19.Applications of optical fiber-
 Medical
 Defense/Government
 Data Storage
 Telecommunications
 Networking
 Industrial/Commercial
 Broadcast/CATV
20.Types of cables-
21.Refractive index-
The index of refraction is a way of measuring the speed of light in a material. Light
travels fastest in a vacuum. The actual speed of light in a vacuum is 300,000
kilometers per second, or 186,000 miles per second. The refractive index of the
core, n1, is always greater than the index of the cladding, n2
Difference between refraction and reflection-
The phenomenon of bouncing back of light rays, to that particular medium itself on
experiencing a different medium is known as reflection. As against the bending of
the light ray to a different medium on striking the boundary of a different surface is
termed as refraction.
In the case of reflection, the medium in which light propagates remains the same.
Whereas in refraction, the medium of propagation gets changed.
Reflection generally takes place in mirrors. Whereas refraction takes place

in lenses in general conditions.
22.What is multiplexer-
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) combines multiple optical signals on a
single fiber by using different wavelengths (also referred to as “colors”) for each
signal. This is particularly useful when minimizing the fiber count is advantageous
e.g. when the fiber is being leased.
23.Pn junction-
A PN junction (that consists of direct band gap semiconductor materials) acts as
the active or recombination region. When the PN junction is forward biased,
electrons and holes recombine either radiatively (emitting photons) or non-
radiatively (emitting heat).
24.Absorption-
ABSORPTION is a major cause of signal loss in an optical fiber and it
is defined as the. portion of attenuation resulting from the conversion
of optical power into another energy. form, such as heat.
25.Wdm-
Multimedia signals can be multiplexed into 1 and sent throug the channel and
demultiplex at the receiver
26.Bitmap error-
Bit Error Rate In telecommunication transmission, the bit error rate (BER) is
the percentage of bits that have errors relative to the total number of bits received
in a transmission. For example, a transmission might have a BER of 10-6,
meaning that, out of 1,000,000 bits transmitted, one bit was in error.

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Reflection generally takes place in mirrors. Whereas refraction takes place

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