PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

IN
ENGINEERIN G MATHEMATIC
MATHEMATICSS
 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
IN
ENGINEERIN
ENGINEERINGG MATHEMATIC
MATHEMATICSS
For
B.E. / B.Tech. 1st Year (I & II Semesters)
(Volume-I)

By
Dr. T.C. GUPTA
M.A., Ph. D
Deputy Director-General (Retired),
Indian Council of Medical Research
Ansari Nagar, New Delhi
Formerly Scientist,
Defence Research and Development Organisation,
New Delhi

UNIVERSITY SCIENCE PRESS

(An Imprint of Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd.)
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 Copyright © 2012 by Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. No
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 CONTENTS

Chapters Pages

1. Infinite Series ... 1

2. Matrices and Its Applications ... 70
3. Applications of Differentiation ... 139
4. Partial Differentiation ... 274
5. Applications of Single Integration ... 383
6. Multiple Integration ... 407
7. Vector Calculus ... 468
8. Ordinary Differential Equations and Its Applications ... 505
9. Laplace Transforms and Its Applications ... 642
10. Partial Differential Equations ... 707
11. Applications of Partial Differential Equations ... 763

(v)
 PREFACE
I have no words to express my gratitude towards my worthy students on account of
whose keen interest and continuous suggestions this book is appearing in its present form as
the new Revised Second Edition (Part-I) Keeping in view the changes done by Some Universities
in the Syllabus of First and Second Semesters, I have revised it thoroughly to make a
Comprehensive Book by rearranging some topics/chapters, adding new and important problems
and all the questions asked/set in the previous university examinations.
The response to the First Edition of this book (All the three Volumes for respective
Semesters), has been overwhelming and very encouraging which amply indicates that this
book has proved extremely useful and helpful to all the B.E./B.Tech. students of Engineering
colleges and Institutes throughout the country. Obviously it has helped them to be better
equipped and more confident in solving the problems asked in several university examinations.
All the problems have been solved systematically and logically so that even an average
student can become familiar with the techniques to solve the mathematical problems
independently. Mathematics has always been a problematic subject for the students, hence
they have been depending and relying upon private tuitions and coaching academies. It is
hoped that this book in its new form will provide utmost utility to its readers.

—Author

(vii)
 SYMBOLS
Greek Alphabets

A α Alpha I ι Iota P ρ Rho

B β Beta K κ Kappa Σ σ Sigma
Γ γ Gamma Λ λ Lambda T τ Tau
D δ Delta M µ Mu Y υ Upsilon
E ε Epsilon N ν Nu Φ ϕ Phi
Z ζ Zeta Ξ ξ Xi X χ Chi
H η Eta O ο Omicron Ψ ψ Psi
Θ θ Theta Π π Pi Ω ω Omega
∃ There exists V For all

Metric Weights and Measures

LENGTH CAPACITY
10 millimetres = 1 centimetre 10 millilitres = 1 centilitre
10 centimetres = 1 decimetre 10 centilitres = 1 decilitre
10 decimetres = 1 metre 10 decilitres = 1 litre
10 metres = 1 decametre 10 litres = 1 dekalitre
10 decametres = 1 hectometre 10 decalitres = 1 hectolitre
10 hectometres = 1 kilometre 10 hectolitres = 1 kilolitre

VOLUME AREA
1000 cubic centimetres = 1 centigram 100 square metres = 1 are
1000 cubic decimetres = 1 cubic metre 100 ares = 1 hectare
100 hectares = 1 square Kilometre

WEIGHT ABBREVIATIONS
10 milligrams = 1 centigram kilometre km tonne t
10 centigrams = 1 decigram metre m quintal q
10 decigrams = 1 gram centimetre cm kilogram kg
10 grams = 1 decagram millimetre mm gram g
10 dekagrams = 1 hectogram kilolitre kl are a
10 hectograms = 1 kilogram litre l hectare ha
100 kilograms = 1 quintal millilitre ml centiare ca
10 quintals = 1 metric ton (tonne)
 1
Infinite Series

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE

1. Convergent, Divergent and Oscillating Sequences:

A Sequence {an} is said to be convergent or divergent if Lt an is finite or not finite

n →∞

respectively.
1 1 1
For example, consider the sequence , , , ...
2 22 23

1 1
Here an = , Lt a = Lt n = 0 which is finite.
n n→∞ n
2 n → ∞ 2
⇒ The sequence {an} is convergent.
Consider the sequences {n2} or {– 2n}.
Here an = n2 or – 2n
Lt an = ∞ or – ∞.
n →∞

⇒ Both these sequences are divergent.

If a sequence {an} neither converges to a finite number nor diverges to + ∞ or – ∞, it is called an
Oscillatory sequence.
Oscillatory sequences are of 2 types:
(i) A bounded sequence which does not converge, is said to oscillate finitely.
n
For example, consider the sequence {(– 1) }.
n
Here an = (– 1) . It is a bounded sequence because there exist two real numbers k and K (k ≤ K)
such that k ≤ an ≤ K ∀ n ∈ N.
{an} = {– 1, 1, – 1, 1, – 1, ......} ⇒ – 1 ≤ an ≤ 1

Now Lt a2n = Lt ( − 1)2n = 1

n →∞ n→∞

Lt a2n +1 = Lt ( − 1)2n +1 = – 1
n →∞ n →∞

Thus Lt an does not exist ⇒ The sequence does not converge. Hence this sequence oscil-
n →∞

lates finitely.
(ii) An unbounded sequence which does not diverge, is said to oscillate infinitely.
Note: When we say Lt an = l, it means
n →∞

Lt a2n = Lt a2n +1 = l.
n →∞ n →∞

1
2 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2. Infinite Series: If {un} is a sequence of real numbers, then the expression u1 + u2 + ... + un + ...
[i.e., the sum of the terms of the sequence, which are infinite in number] is called an infinite
∞
series, usually denoted by ∑ un or more briefly, by Σun.
n =1

3. Partial Sums: If Σun is an infinite series where the terms may be +ve or –ve, then Sn = u1 + u2
+ ... + un is called the nth partial sum of Σun. Thus, the nth partial sum of an infinite series is the
sum of its first n terms. S1, S2, S3, ... are the first, second, third, ... partial sums of the series. Since
n ∈ N (set of natural numbers), {Sn} is a sequence called the sequence of partial sums of the
infinite series Σun. Therefore, to every infinite series Σun, there corresponds a sequence {Sn} of its
partial sums.
4. Behaviour of an Infinite Series: An infinite series Σun converges, diverges or oscillates (finitely
or infinitely) according as the sequence {Sn} of its partial sums converges, diverges or oscillates
(finitely or infinitely).
5. Geometric Series: The geometric series 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... to ∞
(i) converges if – 1 < x < 1 i.e., |x| < 1
(ii) diverges if x ≥ 1
(iii) oscillates finitely if x = – 1
(iv) oscillates infinitely if x < – 1
6. Theorem: If a series Σun is convergent, then
Lt un = 0.
n →∞

However, converse of the above theorem is not always true i.e., the nth term may tend to zero as
n → ∞ even if the series is not convergent.
Thus Lt un = 0 ⇒ Σun may or may not be convergent.
n →∞

Also Lt un ≠ 0 ⇒ Σun is not convergent.

n →∞

7. A positive term series either converges or diverges to + ∞.

8. There are six different comparison tests which can be used to examine the nature of infinite
series. These are described in detail in question number 18 of this chapter.
9. General procedure for testing a series for convergence is given under question 127, depending
upon the type of series whether it is alternating, positive term series or a power series.
1. Give an example of a monotonic increasing sequence which is (i) convergent (ii) divergent.

SOLVED PROBLEMS

1 2 3 n
Sol. (i) Consider the sequence , , , ..., , ...
2 3 4 n +1
1 2 3
Since < < < ... , the sequence is monotonic increasing.
2 3 4
n n 1
an = , lim an = lim = lim = 1, which is finite.
n + 1 n →∞ n →∞ n + 1 n →∞ 1
1+
n
∴ The sequence is convergent.
(ii) Consider the sequence 1, 2, 3, ..., n, ....
Since 1 < 2 < 3 < ... < n < ..., the sequence is monotonic increasing,
INFINITE SERIES 3

an = n, lim an = lim n = ∞
n →∞ n →∞

∴ The sequence diverges to +∞.

2. Give an example of a monotonic decreasing sequence which is (i) convergent (ii) divergent.
1 1 1
Sol. (i) Consider the sequence 1, , , ... , ...
2 3 n
1 1
Since 1 > > > ..., the sequence is monotonic decreasing.
2 3
1 1
an = , lim an = lim = 0
n n →∞ n →∞ n

∴ The sequence converges to 0.

(ii) Consider the sequence –1, –2, –3, ..., –n, ...
Since –1 > –2 > –3 > ..., the sequence is monotonic decreasing.
an = –n, lim an = lim ( −n ) = − ∞
n →∞ n →∞
∴ The sequence diverges to – ∞.
3. Discuss the convergence of the sequence {an}, where
n 1 1 1 n +1
(i) an = (ii) an = 1 + + + ... + n (iii) an = .
n2 + 1 3 32 3 n

n
Sol. (i) Here, an =
n2 + 1

n +1 n (n + 1)(n2 + 1) − n(n2 + 2n + 2)
∴ an + 1 – an = − =
2
(n + 1) + 1 2
n +1 (n2 + 2n + 2)(n2 + 1)

−n 2 − n + 1
= <0∀n ⇒ an + 1 < an
(n2 + 2n + 2)(n2 + 1)
⇒ {an} is a decreasing sequence
n
Also, an = > 0 ∀ n ⇒ {an} is bounded below by 0.
n2 + 1
ä {an} is decreasing and bounded below, it is convergent.
1
n n
lim an = lim = lim =0
n →∞ n →∞ n2 + 1 n →∞ 1
1+
n2
∴ The sequence {an} converges to zero.
1 1 1
(ii) Here, an = 1 + + 2 + ... + n
3 3 3
= sum of (n + 1) terms of a G.P. whose first term is 1 and
1
common ratio is
3
 1 
1 1 − n + 1 
 3  a(1 − r n )
= ∵ Sn =
 1 1 −r
1 − 3 
 
4 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

3 1 
= 1 − n +1 
2  3 
1 1 1 1
Now, an + 1 = 1 + + + ... + n + n + 1
3 32 3 3
1
∴ an + 1 – an = >0∀n ⇒ an + 1 > an ∀ n
3n + 1
⇒ {an} is an increasing sequence.
3 1  3 3
Also, an = 1 − n + 1  < ∀ n ⇒ {an} is bounded above by .
2  3  2 2
ä {an} is increasing and bounded above, it is convergent.

lim an 3 1  3 3
= lim 1 − n + 1  = (1 − 0) =
n →∞ n →∞ 2  3  2 2
3
∴ The sequence {an} converges to .
2
n +1
(iii) an =
n
n + 2 n +1 −1
∴ an + 1 – an = − = <0∀n
n +1 n n( n + 1)
⇒ an + 1 < an ∀ n
⇒ {an} is a decreasing sequence.
n +1 1
Also, an = =1 + >1 ∀ n
n n
⇒ {an} is bounded below by 1.
ä {an} is decreasing and bounded below, it is convergent.

 1
lim an = lim 1 +  = 1
n →∞ n →∞  n
∴ The sequence {an} converges to 1.
4. What is an infinite series ? When does it converge, diverge or oscillates (finitely or infinitely) ?
Sol. If {un} is a sequence of real numbers, then the expression u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un + ... (i.e., the
sum of the terms of the sequence, which are infinite in number) is called an infinite series. The
∞
infinite series u1 + u2 + ... + un + .... is denoted by ∑ un or more briefly, by Σun.
n =1

To every infinite series Σun , there corresponds a sequence {Sn}, where Sn = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un is
called the partial sum of its first n terms.
The infinite series Σun converges, diverges or oscillates (finitely or infinitely) according as the
sequence {Sn} of its partial sums converges, diverges or oscillates (finitely or infinitely)
(i) Series ∑ un is convergent if lim Sn = finite.
n→∞

(ii) Series ∑ un is divergent if lim Sn = + ∞ or – ∞

n→∞

(iii) Series ∑ un oscillates finitely if {Sn} is bounded and neither converges nor diverges.

(iv) Series ∑ un oscillates infinitely if {Sn} is unbounded and neither converges nor diverges.
INFINITE SERIES 5

1 1 1 1
5. Discuss whether the following series converges or otherwise, + + + ... + + ... ∞
1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n + 1)

1 1 1
Sol. Here, un = = −
n(n + 1) n n + 1
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, ....n, we have
1 1 1 1 1
u1 = 1 − , u2 = − , u3 = −
2 2 3 3 4
1 1 1 1
u4 = − , .... un = −
4 5 n n +1
1
Adding, Sn = 1 −
n +1

lim Sn = 1 – 0 = 1
n→∞

⇒ {Sn} converges to 1 ⇒ Σ un converges to 1.

∞
1
6. Examine the convergence of the series ∑ n(n + 2)
.
n =1

1 1 1 1 1 1  1  1 1   1 1 
Sol. Let, un = = − =  −  =  − + − 
n(n + 2) 2n 2(n + 2) 2  n n + 2  2  n n + 1   n + 1 n + 2  

Putting n = 1, 2, 3, .... n, we obtain

1  1   1 1  1  1 1   1 1  
u1 =  1 −  +  −   , u2 =  −  +  −  
2  2   2 3  2  2 3   3 4  

1  1 1   1 1  
u3 =  −  +  −   , ....................................
2  3 4   4 5  

1  1 1   1 1 
un =  − + − 
2  n n + 1   n + 1 n + 2  

1  1  1 1 
Adding, Sn = 1 − + − 
2  n + 1   2 n + 2 

lim Sn = 1 1 − 0 + 1 − 0 
n→∞ 2 2 
3
= , a finite quantity.
4
∞
3
⇒ the given sequence <Sn> converges to
4
. Hence the given infinite series ∑ un converges
n =1

3
to .
4
6 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∞ n −1
3
7. Show that the series ∑  4  converges to 4.
n =1

n −1
3
Sol. Let un =  
4
then Sn = u1 + u2 + u3 + ..... + un
 n
3 
1 1 −    n
3 3
2
3
n −1
  4    3 
= 1+ + + ... +   = = 4 1 −   
4  4  4 1−
3 
  4  
4
lim Sn = 4[1 – 0] [ä if |x| < 1, then xn → 0 as n → ∞]
n→∞
= 4, a finite quantity.
∞
⇒ the sequence <Sn> converges to 4. Hence the given series ∑ un converges to 4.
n =1
2 2 2 2
8. Examine convergence or otherwise of the series, 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n + ...
n( n + 1) (2n + 1)
Sol. Sn = 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2 =
6
lim Sn = +∞
n→∞

⇒ <Sn> diverges to + ∞
⇒ the given series diverges to + ∞.
9. Show that the series –1 – 2 – 3 – ... – n – ... diverges to – ∞.
Sol. Sn = – 1 – 2 – 3 .... – n = – (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n)
n( n + 1)
= −
2
lim Sn = – ∞ ⇒ <S > diverges to – ∞.
n→∞ n

⇒ the given series diverges to – ∞.

∞
10. Examine the convergence or otherwise of the series ∑ ( − 1 )n − 1
n =1

Sol. Sn = 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 + .... to n terms

= 1 or 0 according as n is odd or even.
The subsequence <S2n – 1> converges to 1 while the subsequence <S2n> converges to 0.
⇒ <Sn> is not convergent.
Since <Sn> is bounded, ∴ <Sn> oscillates finitely
∞
⇒ ∑ ( − 1)n − 1 oscillates finitely.
n =1

11. Test the convergence of the series 5 – 4 – 1 + 5 – 4 – 1 + 5 – 4 – 1 + ... to ∞.

Sol. Here Sn = 5 – 4 – 1 + 5 – 4 – 1 + 5 – 4 – 1 + ... to n terms
= 0, 5 or 1 according as the number of terms is 3m, 3m + 1,
3m + 2.
Clearly, Sn does not tend to a unique limit. Since <Sn> is bounded, it oscillates finitely.
∴ the given series oscillates finitely.
INFINITE SERIES 7

∞
12. Show that the series ∑ n ( − 1)n oscillates infinitely.
n =1

Sol. Here, Sn = – 1 + 2 – 3 + 4 – 5 + 6 + ... + to n terms

 n +1
−  , if n is odd
2 
=  
 n
 , if n is even
2
The subsequence <S2n – 1> diverges to – ∞, while the subsequence <S2n> diverges to + ∞
∴ <Sn> oscillates infinitely.
∞
⇒ ∑ n ( − 1)n oscillates infinitely.
n =1

1 1 1
13. Test the nature of the series 1 + + + + .... + ∞ .
2 4 8

1
Sol. Here, un =
2n − 1

 n
1  
1 1 −   
1 1 1 1   2    1 
Sn = 1 + + + + ... n − 1 = = 2 1 − n 
2 4 8 2 1  2 
1−
2

lim Sn = 2(1 – 0) = 2, a finite quantity.

n→∞

⇒ The sequence <Sn> converges to 2.

∞
⇒ The infinite series ∑ un converges to 2.
n =1

14. Test the nature of the series – 1 – 8 – 27 – 64 – .... ∞

Sol. Sn = – 1 – 8 – 27 – 64 – ... – n3 = – (13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + ... + n3)
2
 n(n + 1) 
= −  (Sum of cubes of n natural numbers)
 2 

n2 2 n4  2 1 
= − (n + 2n + 1) = − 1 + n + 2 
4 4  n 

lim Sn = – ∞ ⇒ <S > diverges to – ∞

n→∞ n

∴ The given series diverges to – ∞.

1 1 1
15. Examine the series 1 − + − + ... ∞ for its nature.
5 5 2 53
8 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 1 1
Sol. The given series is 1 − + 2 − 3 + ... ∞
5 5 5
1 1
It is a geometric series with common ratio r = − . Since |r| = < 1, the given series is convergent.
5 5
16. Test the nature of the series 7 – 4 – 3 + 7 – 4 – 3 + 7 – 4 – 3 .... ∞
Sol. Here, Sn = 7 – 4 – 3 + 7 – 4 – 3 + 7 – 4 – 3 + ... to n terms
= 0, 7 or 1 according as the number of terms is 3m, 3m + 1,
3m + 2.
Clearly, Sn does not tend to a unique limit. Since <Sn> is bounded, it oscillates finitely.
⇒ the given series oscillates finitely.
17. Prove that the series
∞
1 1 1 1
∑ n
= 1 + + + ... + + ... does not converge using Cauchy’s general principle of convergence.
2 3 n
n =1

Sol. Cauchy’s General Principle of Convergence is that necessary and sufficient condition for the
∞
infinite series ∑ un to converge is that given ε > 0, however small, there exists a positive
n =1
integer m such that
um + 1 + um + 2 + ..... + un < ε ∀ n > m
∞
1
Let us suppose that the given series ∑ n
is convergent.
n =1

1
Let us take ε=
2
By Cauchy’s general principle of convergence, there exists a positive integer m such that

1 1 1 1
+ + ... + < ∀n>m
m +1 m + 2 n 2

1 1 1 1
or + + .... + < ∀n>m ...(1)
m +1 m + 2 n 2
By taking n = 2m in (1), we observe that
1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1
= + + .... + > + + .... + = =
m +1 m + 2 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2

1 1 1 1
i.e., + + .... + > where n = 2m > m.
m +1 m + 2 n 2
This contradicts (1).
∴ Our supposition is wrong.
Thus, the given series does not converge.
18. What are the various comparison tests which can be used to examine the nature of infinite series ?
Sol. Following tests may be used to find the nature of infinite series :
Test I. If Σun and Σvn are two series of positive terms and Σvn is convergent and there is a positive
constant k such that un ≤ kvn, ∀ n > m, then Σun is also convergent.
INFINITE SERIES 9

Test II. If Σun and Σvn are two series of positive terms and Σvn is divergent and there is a positive
constant k such that un > kvn, ∀ n > m, then Σun is also divergent.
Test III. If Σun and Σvn are two positive term series and there exist two positive constants H and
un
K (independent of n) and a positive integer m such that H < < K ∀ n > m, then the two series
vn
Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
Test IV. Let Σun and Σvn be two positive term series :
un
(i) If lim = l (finite and non-zero), then Σu n and Σv n both converge or diverge
n→∞vn
together.
un
(ii) If lim = 0 and Σvn converges, then Σun also converges.
n→∞ vn

un
(iii) If lim = ∞ and Σvn diverges, then Σun also diverges.
n→∞ vn
Test V. Let Σun and Σvn be two positive term series.
un v
(i) If > n ∀ n > m and Σvn is convergent, then Σun is also convergent.
un + 1 vn + 1

un v
(ii) If > n ∀ n > m and Σvn is divergent then Σun is also divergent.
un + 1 vn + 1

1 1 1 1 1
Test VI. The series ∑ n p =
1 p
+
2 p
+
3 p
+ ... +
np
+ ..... ∞ converges if p > 1 and diverges if p ≤ 1

This series is also called Hyper Harmonic series or P-series. This test is an important test
for comparison.
3 4 3 4
19. Test the convergence of the series: + + + + .... ∞
5 5 2 53 54
Sol. Given series is
3 4 3 4
+ + + + .... ∞
5 52 53 54

3 3  4 4 
=  + 3 + .... ∞  +  2 + 4 + ... ∞  = Σun + Σvn (say)
5 5  5 5 
1
Now Σun is a G.P. with common ratio which is numerically less than 1.
52
∴ Σun is convergent.
1
Further Σvn is also a G.P. with common ratio = which is numerically less than 1.
52
∴ Σvn is convergent.
Hence the given series viz. Σ(un + Σvn) is also convergent.
1 3 5
20. Examine the convergence of the series : + + + ...
1.2 .3 2 .3 .4 3 .4 .5
10 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 1 1
n2 −  2−
2n − 1  n n
Sol. Here, un = = =
n(n + 1)(n + 2)3  1 2 2  1 2
n 1 +  1 +  n  1 +  1 + n 
 n  n   n  
1 1
Let us compare this series with 2 i.e., Σun with Σvn, where Σvn = 2
n n
1
un 2−
Now, = n
vn  1 2
1 + n  1 + n 
  
1
2−
u n 2
lim n = lim = = 2.
n → ∞ vn n→∞  1 2  (1)(1)
 1 + 1 +
 n   n 
which is finite and non-zero.
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1 1
Since Σvn = Σ is of the form Σ p with p = 2 > 1.
n2 n
∴ Σvn is convergent. Hence, this emplies Σun is convergent.
1 1 1
21. Test the convergence of the series : 1 + 2 /3
+ 2 /3
+ + ... ∞
4 9 16 2 / 3
Sol. Given series can be written as
1 1 1
1+ 2 2/3
+ 2 2/3
+ 2 2/3
+ ... ∞
(2 ) (3 ) (4 )
1 1 1 1 1 1 4
1
=
2 4/3
3
+ 4/3
4
+ 4/3
n
+ 4/3
n
+ ... ∞ = ∑ 4/3
= ∑ p with p =
3
>1
∴ By p-series test (Q. 18, Test VI), the given series is convergent.

1 1 1
22. Examine the convergence of the series : + + + ....
1+ 2 2 + 3 3 + 4

1 1
Sol. Here un = =
n + n +1  1
n 1 + 1 + 
 n 

1
Let us compare Σun with Σvn, where vn =
n
un 1
=
vn 1
1+ 1+
n
un 1 1 1
∴ lim = lim = = which is finite and non-zero.
n→∞ vn
1 n→∞ 1 +1 2
1+ 1+
n
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1 1 1
Since Σvn = Σ is of the form Σ with p = .
n 1/ 2
n p 2
∴ Σvn is divergent ⇒ Σun is divergent.
INFINITE SERIES 11

1 2 3 n
23. Test the convergence of the series : + + + .... + + ...
4 6 8 2 ( n + 1)

n 1
Sol. un = =
2(n + 1)  1
2 1 + 
 n
1 1
lim un = lim ≠0 =
n→∞ n→∞
 1 2
2 1 + 
 n
⇒ Σun does not converge. Since the given series is a series of +ve terms, it either converges or
diverges. Since it does not converge, it must diverge.
Hence, the given series is divergent.

1 22 33 44
24. Examine the convergence of the series : 1 + 2
+ 3
+ 4
+ + .... (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
2 3 4 55
Sol. As addition or deletion of a finite number of terms does not alter the nature of the series,
st
ignoring 1 term of the series, we have
nn nn nn 1
un = n +1
= n
= n
= n +1
(n + 1) (n + 1) (n + 1)  1  1  1
n 1 +  nn . 1 +  n 1 + 
 n  n  n
1
Let us take vn = ,
n
un 1 1 1
lim = lim n +1
= lim n
×
n→∞ vn  1 n→∞
 1  1
1 + n  1 + n  1 + n 
     

 n 
1  1
= ∵ lim 1 +  = e 
e  n → ∞  n 
This is finite and non-zero.
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.

1 1
Since Σvn = Σ is of the form Σ p with p = 1. ∴ Σvn is divergent
n n
Thus, Σun is divergent.

n +1 − n
25. Examine the convergence of the series ∑ np
.

n +1 − n
Sol. Here, un =
np
Rationalising numerator and denominator

n +1 − n n +1 + n
un = ×
np n +1 + n
12 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 1
= = 1
 n +1  p+  1 
n p . n  + 1  n 2  1 + + 1 
 n  n
 
1
Let us take vn = 1
p+
n 2

un 1 1
lim = lim = , which is finite and non-zero.
n→∞ vn n→∞ 1 2
1 + +1
n
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1 1 1
Since Σvn = Σ is convergent if p + > 1 and divergent if p + ≤ 1 (Test VI, Q. 18)
p+
1 2 2
n 2
1 1
i.e., convergent if p > and divergent if p ≤ .
2 2
1 1
∴ Σun is convergent if p > and divergent if p ≤ .
2 2
1
26. Test the convergence of the series : (n3 + 1)3 − n . (M.D.U. May 2007 )

1
Sol. Here un = (n3 + 1) 3 − n

 1 1  1 
 n3  1 + 1  3  − n  1 3 n  
1 +
1 3
− 1 
=   = n  1 + − n =  
  n3   3  n3  
   n   

 1 1  
 1 1 3  3 − 1  1 
2 
n 1 + . 3 +  
=
3 n 2!  3  − 1
 n  
 
 
(Using binomial expansion)
n 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
= 3 
− . 3 .... = 2  3 − 9 . 3 ....
n 3 9 n  n  n 
1
Take, vn =
n2
un 1 1 1  1
∴ lim lim  − . 3 ....  = , which is finite and non-zero.
=
n→∞ vn 3 9 nn→∞  3
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1 1
Since Σvn = is of the form Σ p with p = 2 > 1. ∴ Σvn is convergent
n2 n
Thus, Σun is convergent.
INFINITE SERIES 13

∞
1
27. Examine the convergence of the series ∑ x n + x −n , x > 0.
n =1

1 xn
Sol. Here, un = n −n
= 2n
x +x x +1
Case I : When 0 < x < 1, take vn = xn
un 1 1
∴ lim = lim 2n
= =1 [∵ x 2n → 0 as n → ∞ ]
n →∞ vn n →∞ x +1 0 +1
which is non-zero and finite. ∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together
But Σvn = Σxn = x + x2 + x3 is an infinite geometric series with common ratio x < 1.
∴ Σvn is convergent. Thus, Σun is convergent.
1
Case II : When x > 1 so that 0 < <1
x
1
xn n
un = = x
x 2n +1 1 + 1
x 2n
1
Take, vn =
xn
un 1 1
∴ lim == =1
lim
n→∞ vn1 1 + 0
n→∞
1 + 2n
x
which is non-zero and finite. ∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together
1 1
But Σvn = Σ n
is an infinite geometric series with common ratio <1.
x x
∴ Σvn is convergent. Thus, Σun is convergent.
1
Case III : When x = 1, un =
2
1
lim un = ≠ 0 . Therefore, Σun is divergent. Hence Σun converges for x < 1 and x > 1 but diverges
n→∞ 2
for x = 1.
∞
1 1
28. Show that ∑ n sin n converges.
n =1

1 1
Sol. Here, un = sin
n n
1
sin
Since lim n = 1, take v = 1
n→∞ 1 n
n2
n
1 1 1
sin sin
u n n n
Then, lim n = lim = lim =1
n → ∞ vn n→∞ 1 n→∞ 1
n2 n
which is finite and non-zero.
14 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.

1 1
Since Σvn = Σ 2
is of the form Σwith p = 2 > 1.
n np
∴ Σvn is convergent. Thus, Σun is convergent.
∞
1
29. Examine the series ∑ .
n = 2 log n

Sol. We know that log n ≤ n ∀ n ≥ 2

1 1
∴ ≥ ∀n≥2
log n n
1
Since Σ is a divergent series
n
∞
1
∴ By comparison test ∑ log n is divergent. [Reference Test II, Q. 18]
n=2

2 −1 3 −1 4 −1
30. Test the convergence of the series + + + ....
33 − 1 43 − 1 53 − 1

 1 1 
n  1 + − 
n +1 −1  n n 
Sol. Here, un = =
(n + 2)3 − 1   2
3
1 
n3   1 +  − 
 n n3 

1 1
1+ −
n n
= 3
 2 1 
n5/ 2 1 +  − 3 
 n n 

1
Take, vn = 5
n2

1 1
1+−
u n n = 1 + 0 − 0 =1
lim n = lim 3
n → ∞ vn n→∞
 2 1 (1 − 0)3 − 0
 1 + −
 n  n3
which is finite and non-zero.
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1 1 5
Since Σvn = Σ is of the form Σ p with p = > 1 . [Ref. Test VI, Q. 18]
n5 / 2 n 2
∴ Σvn is convergent. Thus, Σun is convergent.
2 3 4 5
31. Test the convergence or divergence of the series, + + + + ... ∞ . (M.D.U., May 2008)
1p 2p 3p 4p
n +1
Sol. Here, un =
np
INFINITE SERIES 15

n 1
∴ Now, let vn = or be series for comparison (auxiliary series)
np n p −1

un n +1 1
∴ = or 1+
vn n n
un  1
∴ lim = lim 1 +  = 1
n→∞ vn n→∞  n
which is finite and non-zero.
Hence, Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1
But Σvn = Σ is
np −1
(i) convergent if p – 1 > 1 i.e., p > 2. (ii) divergent if p – 1 ≤ 1 i.e., p ≤ 2.
∴ Σun converges if p > 2 and diverges if p ≤ 0.
1 1 1 1
32. Test for convergence the series + + + .... + 2 + ...
2 5 10 n +1

1 1
Sol. Here, un = 2 and let us take Σvn = Σ
n +1 n2

un n2 1
= 2
=
vn n +1  1 
1 + 2 
 n 

un 1
lim = = 1 (finite and non-zero)
lim
n →∞ vn
 1 n →∞
 1 + 
 n2 
Hence Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1
But Σvn = Σ is convergent (p = 2 > 1), therefore Σun is also convergent.
n2

 2 
33. Discuss the nature of the series, Σun = Σ  .
 5n + 1 
2 1
Sol. Here, un = and let, Σvn = Σ
5n +1 n
1
∴ vn =
n
un 2n 2
= =
vn 5n + 1  1
5 + n 
 
un 2 2
∴ lim = lim =
vn
n→∞ n→∞  1 5
5 + n 
 
which is a finite non-zero quantity. ∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1
But Σvn = Σ is known to be divergent. ⇒ Σun is also divergent series.
n
16 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∞
1
34. Test the convergence of the series ∑ n p ( n + 1) p . (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
n =1

1 1
Sol. Here, un = or un =
n p (n + 1) p  1
p
n 2 p 1 + 
 n

1
Take, vn =
n2 p
un 1 1
∴ lim = lim = =1
n→∞ vn n→∞
 1
p
(1 + 0) p
1 + n 
 
which is finite and non-zero. ∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.

1
Now, Σvn = Σ will be convergent for 2p > 1 and divergent for 2p ≤ 1.
n2 p
(Please See Q. 18, Test VI ; Hyper Harmonic series or P series test).

1 1
Hence Σun i.e., the given series will converge for 2p > 1 or p > and will diverge for p ≤ .
2 2

∞
n
35. Test the convergence or divergence of the series ∑ n2 + 1 .
n =1

n
Sol. Here, un =
n2 + 1

n n n 1
= × = =
n2 + 1 n n ( n2 + 1) 3/ 2  1 
n 1 + 2 
 n 
1
Let us take vn = for the comparison series Σvn.
n3/ 2
un 1
⇒ =
vn 1
1+
n2

un 1 1
⇒ lim = lim = = 1 (finite and non-zero)
n→∞ vn n→∞ 1 1+0
1+ 2
n
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.

1 1 3
Σvn = Σ is of the form Σ , where p = > 1 is convergent by P-series test.
n 3/2
n p 2
(Test VI, Q. 18).
Hence Σun i.e., the given series is also convergent.
INFINITE SERIES 17

2n3 + 5
Q. 36. Examine the series ∑ 4n5 + 1 for convergence or otherwise.

 5 
2n3 + 5 1 + 
 2n3 
Sol. Here, un = 5
=
4 n + 1 2 1 + 1  n 2
 
 4n5 
1
Let vn =
n2
5
1+
un 2n3
∴ =
vn  1 
2 1 + 
 4 n5 

un 1 1
⇒ lim = = (finite and non-zero)
n→∞ vn 2(1 + 0) 2
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1
But Σvn = Σ is convergent (p series, p = 2 > 1)
n2
Hence, the given series Σun is also convergent.

1 1 1
37. Test the convergence or divergence of the series + + + .... ∞
1.2 .3 2 .3 .4 3 .4 .5

1 1
Sol. Here, un = or un =
n(n + 1) (n + 2) 3 1 2
n 1 +  1 + 
 n  n

1
Let us take vn =
n3
un 1
∴ =
vn  1 2
1 + n   1 + n 
  
un 1
lim = = 1 (finite and non-zero)
n→∞ vn (1 + 0) (1 + 0)
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1 1
But the series Σvn = Σ is of the form Σ p , where p = 3 > 1 and converges.
n3 n
∴ Σun i.e., the given series is also convergent.

1 2 3 4
38. Examine the series for convergence or otherwise + + + + .... ∞
5 7 9 11

n n 1
Sol. Here, un = = or
2n + 3  3  1
 3 
2n 1 +
 2n  2n 2 1 + 2n 
 
18 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1
Let us take vn =
n
un 1
∴ =
vn  3 
2 1 +
 2n 
un 1 1
lim = = (finite and non-zero)
n→∞ vn 2(1 + 0) 2
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1 1 1
But Σvn = Σ is of the form Σ p where p = < 1 and is divergent. (See Test VI, Q. 18)
n n 2
∴ The given series i.e., Σun is also divergent.

39. Test the series for convergence or divergence. ∑( n4 + 1 − n4 − 1 )

(M.D.U., Dec. 2005 ; May 2009)
1 1
1 1
 1 2  1 2
Sol. Here, un = (n4 + 1) 2 − (n4 − 1) 2 = n2 1 + 4  − n2 1 − 4 
 n   n 
 1 1
 1 2  1 2
= n2 1 + 4  − 1 − 4  
 n   n 
 

 1 1    1 1  
  − 1   1  2 − 1   − 1 2  
2
= n2 1 +
1 2 2
+   . 1 + ...  − 1 + +  .
 4  ...  
 2n4 2! n8   2n4 2! n 
   
   
(Using Binomial Expansion)
 1 1   1 1 
= n2   1 + 4
− 8 + ...  − 1 − 4 − 8
− ...  
 2n 8n   2n 8n 

2  1  1 1
= n 2 . 4  = 2 ∴ Σun = Σ
 2n  n n2
1
which is of Σ , p = 2 > 1 and is convergent.
np
Alternatively :
We may rationalise the un and apply the comparison test to examine the given series for conver-
gence as follows :

un = n4 + 1 − n 4 − 1 > 0 ∀ n
∴ The given series is a series of positive terms.

n4 + 1 − n4 − 1
Also, un = × n4 + 1 + n4 − 1
n4 + 1 + n4 − 1

n4 + 1 − n 4 + 1 2
= =
4
n +1 + n −1 4  1 1 
n2  1 + 4 + 1 − 4 
 n n 
INFINITE SERIES 19

1
For sufficiently large n, un behaves like 2
n
1
Let us take vn =
n2
 
u  
 2  2
∴ lim n = lim  = =1
n → ∞ vn n→∞ 1 1 1 +1
 1+ + 1 − 
 n4 n4 
which is finite and non-zero.
Therefore, by comparison test, the series Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1
Since Σ is convergent, the given series is convergent.
n2

40. Test the convergence or divergence of the series ∑( n2 + 1 − n . ) (M.D.U. Dec., 2006)

Sol. Here, un = n2 + 1 − n
1 1
2  1 2
= (n + 1) 2 − n = n 1 + 2  − n
 n 

 1 1  
 1  2 − 1 1 
= n 1 + +
2  . + ...  = 1 − 1 + ....
2 4
 2n 2 ! n  2n 8n3
 
 

1  1 
= 1 − + ...
2n  4n2 
1
Let us take vn =
n
un 1  1  1 1
∴ lim = lim 1 − + ... = (1 − 0) =
n→∞ vn n→∞ 2  4n 2  2 2
which is finite and non-zero.
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1
But Σvn = is divergent (p = 1). Hence the given series i.e., Σun is divergent.
n
1 1+2 1+2 +3
41. Test the convergence or divergence of the series : 2
+ 2 2
+ + .....
1 1 +2 1 + 22 + 32
2

n (n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n 2
Sol. Here, un = 2 or un =
1 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2 n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
6
(Using formulae for sum and sum of squares of n natural numbers)
20 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

3
⇒ un =
2n + 1
1
Take vn =
n
un 3n 1  6n + 3 − 3 
∴ lim = lim = lim .  
n→∞ vn n→∞ 2n + 1 n → ∞ 2  2n + 1 

1  3  1 3
= lim . 3 −  = (3 − 0) =
2  2n + 1  2 2
which is finite and non-zero. ∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1
But Σvn = Σ is divergent.
n
∴ Σun or the given series is divergent.
42. State D’Alembert’s Ratio Test. Use it to test the convergence of the series

12 .2 2 2 2 .3 2 3 2 .4 2 4 2 .5 2
+ + + + ....
1! 2! 3! 4!
Sol. D’Alembert’s Ratio Test is that
un + 1
If Σun is a positive term series and lim = l , then
n→∞ un
(i) Σun is convergent if l < 1
(ii) Σun is divergent if l > 1.
The test fails if l = 1; i.e., no conclusion can be drawn about the convergence or divergence of the
series. The series may converge or it may diverge.
In practice, D’Alembert’s Ratio Test is used in the following form :
un
When Σun is a positive term series and lim = l , then Σun is convergent if l > 1 and is
n→∞ un + 1
divergent if l < 1.
Let us use this test to examine the convergence or otherwise of the given series :

12 .22 22 .32 32 .42

+ + + ...
1! 2! 3!
n2 (n + 1)2
un =
n!
(n + 1)2 ( n + 2)2
∴ un + 1 =
(n + 1) !
un n2 . (n + 1)2 (n + 1) ! n2 . (n + 1) . n !
= . =
un + 1 n! ( n + 1)2 ( n + 2)2 n ! (n + 2)2
 1 1
n3 .  1 +  1+
 n n
= 2
=n. 2
2  2  2
n . 1 +   1+ 
 n  n
INFINITE SERIES 21

 1
un 1 + n 
lim = lim n .   = ∞ >1
n → ∞ un + 1 n→∞ 2
 2
1 + 
 n
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Σun is convergent.

1 1 1 1
43. Examine the convergence of the series : + + + ..... + n − 1 + ...
2 3 5 2 +1

1 1
Sol. Here, un = , ∴ un+1 =
2n − 1 + 1 2n + 1

 1  1
2n 1 + n  1+ n
un 2n + 1  2  2
⇒ = = = 2.
un + 1 2n − 1 +1  1  1
2n − 1 1 + n − 1  1 + n −1
 2  2
 1 
2 1 + n 
un  2 
∴ lim = lim = 2 >1
n → ∞ un + 1
n→∞  1 
1 + n − 1 
 2 
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, the given series Σun is convergent.

2p 3p 4p
44. Test the series 1 + + + + .... ( p > 0 ) for convergence or otherwise.
2! 3! 4!

np
Sol. Here, un =
n!

(n + 1) p
∴ un+1 =
(n + 1) !

un n p . (n + 1) ! n p . (n + 1) . n ! np
⇒ = = p −1
=
un + 1 n ! (n + 1) p
n ! (n + 1) . (n + 1) (n + 1) p − 1

un np n
⇒ = p −1
= p −1
un + 1  1  1
n p − 1 1 +  1 + n 
 n  

un n
∴ lim = lim p −1
= ∞ >1
n→∞ un + 1 n→∞
 1
1 + n 
 
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, the series Σun is convergent.
∞
3 .6 .9. .... 3n 5n
45. Examine the series ∑ 4 .7 .10. .... (3n + 1) . 3n + 2 for convergence by applying D’Alembert’s Ratio
n =1
Test.

3.6.9. .... 3n 5n
Sol. Here, un = .
4.7.10. .... un + 1 . 3n + 1 3n + 2
22 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

3.6.9. .... 3n . (3n + 3) 5n + 1

un + 1 = .
4.7.10. .... un + 1 . (3n + 1) (3n + 4) 3n + 5

 4  5 
1+ 1+
un (3n + 4) (3n + 5) . 1  
3n    3n  1
∴ = = .
un + 1 (3n + 3) (3n + 2) . 5  1 2  5
 1 + 1 +
 n   3n 

un 1 .1 1 1
lim = . or <1
n→∞ un + 1 1 .1 5 5
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, the series Σun is divergent.

12 . 2 2 12 .2 2 .3 2
46. Test the convergence of the series 1 + + + .... ∞
1.3 .5 1.3 .5 .7

12 .22 .32 ..... n2

Sol. Here, un =
1.3.5.7.9 ... (4n − 5) (4n − 3)
It is seen that in the denominator, 2 new factors are added with every term and un has (2n – 1)
factors in the denominator.

12 . 22 . 32 .... n2 (n + 1)2
un + 1 =
1 . 3 . 5 . 7 . 9 ... (4n − 5) (4n − 3) (4n − 1) (4n + 1)

1
16 −
un (4n − 1) (4n + 1) 16n2 − 1 n2
∴ = = =
un + 1 (n + 1)2 (n + 1)2
 1
2

1 + n 
 

1
16 −
un n 2 16 − 0
lim = lim 2
= = 16 > 1
n → ∞ un + 1 n→∞
 1 (1 + 0)2
1 + n 
 
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Σun is convergent.

n
47. Examine the series ∑ 2
. x n . (x > 0)
n +1

n
Sol. Here, un = . xn
2
n +1

n +1
∴ un + 1 = . xn +1
2
( n + 1) + 1

2 2
1+ +
un n n2 + 2n + 2 1 1 n n2 . 1
⇒ = . . = .
un + 1 n +1 n2 + 1 x 1 1 x
1+ 1+ 2
n n
INFINITE SERIES 23

2 2
1+ +
un 1 n n2 . 1
lim = lim .
n → ∞ un + 1 n→∞ 1 1 x
1+ 1+ 2
n n

un 1
⇒ lim =
n→∞ un + 1 x
1 1
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Σun converges if > 1, i.e., x < 1 and diverges if < 1 or x > 1.
x x
When x = 1, the test fails.
n n 1 1
When x = 1, un = 2
= = .
n +1  1  n 1
n 2 1 + 2  1+ 2
 n  n
1 un 1
Let us take vn = . Then lim = lim = 1 , which is finite and non-zero.
n n→∞ vn n → ∞ 1
1+ 2
n

1
∴ By Comparison test, Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together. But Σvn = Σ is divergent as
n

1 1
it is of the form Σ (p = < 1). ∴ Σun is divergent.
np 2
Hence, the given series Σun
(i) converges if x < 1
(ii) diverges if x ≥ 1.
Note : Two tests have been applied here to examine the nature of the given series.

1 x2 x4 x6
48. Discuss the convergence or otherwise of the series for x > 0 : + + + + .....
2 1 3 2 4 3 5 4

(M.D.U., Dec., 2008)

2n − 2
x
Sol. Here, un =
(n + 1) n

x 2n
∴ un + 1 =
(n + 2) n + 1

2
(n + 2) n + 1 1+
un 1 n 1 1
= . = . 1+ . 2
un + 1 (n + 1) n x2 1 n x
1+
n
un 1
∴ lim =
n→∞ un + 1 x2
1 1
By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test Σun converges if > 1 i.e., x2 < 1 and diverges if < 1 i.e.,
x2 x2
2
x >1
24 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 1
When x2 = 1, un = =
(n + 1) n  1
n3 / 2 1 + n 
 
1 un 1
Take vn = , lim = lim = 1 , which is finite and non-zero. By comparison test, Σun is
n 3/2
n→∞ vn n → ∞ 1
1+
n
1
convergent since Σvn is of the form Σ (p = 3/2 > 1).
np
Hence the given series is convergent if x2 ≤ 1 and divergent if x2 > 1.
49. Examine the convergence or divergence of the series

2 6 14 3 2n + 1 − 2 n
1+ x + x2 + x + .... + n + 1 . x + .... (x > 0).
5 9 17 2 +1

Sol. Leaving a side the first term (because addition or deletion of a finite number of terms does
not alter the nature of the series), here we have

2n + 1 − 2
un = . xn
2n + 1 + 1

2n + 2 − 2
∴ un + 1 = . xn +1
2n + 2 + 1

 2   1 
2n + 1 1 − n + 1  2n + 2 1 + n + 2  1
un 2n + 1 − 2 2n + 2 + 1 1  2 .  2 .
= n +1 . . =
un + 1 2 + 1 2n + 2 − 2 x n +1  1  n+2  2  x
2 1 + n + 1  2 1 − n + 2 
 2   2 

1 1
1− 1 + n +1
un n
2 . 2 1 1
lim = lim . =
n → ∞ un + 1 1 1
1 + n +1 1 − n +1 x x
n→∞

2 2

1 1
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Σun converges if > 1 i.e., x < 1 and diverges if < 1 i.e., x > 1.
x x

 1 
2n + 1 1 − n 
2n + 1 − 2  2 
When x = 1, un = =
2n + 1 + 1 2n + 11 + 1 
 
 2n + 1 

lim un = 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ Σun does not converge. Being a series of positive terms, it must diverge.
n→∞

Hence Σun is convergent if x < 1 and divergent if x ≥ 1.

Note : Here lim un = 1 . Now it may be noted that necessary condition for convergence of a series
n→∞

Σun is that lim un = 0 . However, the converse is not true always i.e., the nth term may tend to
n→∞
INFINITE SERIES 25

zero as n → ∞ even if the series is not convergent. Thus lim un = 0 is a necessary condition but
n→∞

not a sufficient condition for convergence of Σun. As a corollary, if limit of un (when n → ∞) ≠ 0, Σun
is not convergent.

Hence in this question, lim un = 1 ≠ 0 indicates that the given series Σun is not convergent.
n→∞

If Σun is a series of positive terms, it must be divergent when limit of un is non-zero as n → ∞ . The
student is strongly advised to remember this result while examining nature of any series for its
convergence or divergence, especially when the ratio test fails.
1 2 3
50. Test for convergence the series : + + + ....
1 + 2 1 + 2 2 1 + 23

n
Sol. Here, un =
1 + 2n

n +1
∴ un + 1 =
1 + 2n +1

 1 
n +1 2n + 1 1 + n + 1 
un n 1+2  2 . 1
∴ = . =
un + 1 1 + 2n n +1  1   1
2n 1 + n  1 + n 
 2   

un 2 .1 .1 .
lim = = 2 >1
n→∞ un + 1 1 .1 .
Hence, the given series is convergent.
51. Test for convergence the series 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 + ... (x > 0)
n–1
Sol. Here, un = (2n – 1) x
∴ un + 1 = (2n + 1) xn

1
2−
un 2n − 1 1 n .1
= . =
un + 1 2n + 1 x 1 x
2+
n

 1
un 2 − n  1 1
lim lim  . =
=
n → ∞ un + 1 n→∞  1 x x
2 + n 

1 1
The given series converges if > 1 , i.e., x < 1 and diverges if < 1 , i.e., x > 1 by using D’Alembert’s
x x
Ratio Test.
When x = 1, Ratio Test fails.
un = 2n – 1

lim un = lim (2n − 1) = ∞ ≠ 0

n→∞ n→∞
26 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ The given series is divergent for x = 1.

Hence Σun is convergent for x < 1 and is divergent when x ≥ 1.
52. Test for convrgence the positive term series :

α + 1 ( α + 1) ( 2 α + 1) ( α + 1) ( 2 α + 1) (3 α + 1)
1+ + + + ...
β + 1 (β + 1) ( 2 β + 1) (β + 1) ( 2 β + 1) (3 β + 1)

Sol. Leaving the first term, we have

( α + 1) (2α + 1) .... (nα + 1)

un =
(β + 1) (2β + 1) .... (nβ + 1)

( α + 1) (2α + 1) .... (nα + 1) [(n + 1) α + 1]

∴ un + 1 =
(β + 1) (2β + 1) .... (nβ + 1) [(n + 1) β + 1]

 1 1
1+ β+
un (n + 1) β + 1  n n
= =
un + 1 (n + 1) α + 1  1 1
1 + n  α + n
 

 1 1
u 1 + n  β + n β
lim n   =
∴ = lim
un + 1 n→∞  1 1 α
 1 + α +
 n  n

β β
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Σun converges if > 1 i.e., β > α > 0 and diverges if < 1 i.e.,
α α
β < α or α > β > 0. When α = β, the Ratio Test Fails. When α = β, un = 1 or lim un = 1 ≠ 0 .
n→∞

⇒ Σun does not converge. Being a series of positive terms, Σun must be divergent. Hence the
given series is convergent if β > α > 0 and divergent if α ≥ β > 0.
53. Discuss the convergence and divergence of the series

 1  1
(i) ∑ (n + 1)1 / 3 − n3  (ii) ∑ sin n
 

1
1 1
1
1 1  
 1 3   1 3 
Sol. (i) Here, un = (n + 1)1/ 3 − n3 = n3 1 + − n 3 = n 3 1 + − 1
   n 
 
 n   

 1 1   
1  1 1  3 − 1 1  
 3
 1 + . +  .
= n3 + ... − 1
 3 n 2! n2  
  
  

1
 1 1  1 1 1 
= n3  − 2 + ....  = 2  − + .... 
 3n 9n   3 9n 
n3
INFINITE SERIES 27

1 un 1 1 
Let us take vn = . Applying the comparison test, we have lim = lim  − + ... 
n2 / 3 n→∞ vn n→∞ 3 9n 
1
= (finite and non-zero quantity). Therefore, both the series Σun and Σvn either converge
3
or diverge together.
1 1 2
But Σvn = Σ is of the form Σ , where p = < 1, which is divergent.
n 2/3
n p 3
⇒ Σun is also divergent.
1
(ii) Here, un = sin
n
1
Let vn =
n

 1
u  sin n   sin x 
Now, lim n = lim  1  = lim   =1
n → ∞ vn n→∞
  x →0  x 
 n 
1
where, = x
n
1
But Σvn is a divergent series (form Σ , p = 1)
np
1
Therefore Σun = Σ sin is also divergent series.
n
2! 3! 4!
54. Discuss the convergence or divergence of the series 1 + + + + .... ∞
22 33 44

n!
Sol. Here, un =
nn

(n + 1) !
∴ un + 1 =
(n + 1)n + 1

un n ! ( n + 1)n + 1 n ! ( n + 1) ( n + 1)n (n + 1)n 1

n
⇒ = n
= n
= n = 1 + 
un + 1 n . (n + 1) ! n . (n + 1) . n ! n  n
n
un  1
∴ lim = lim 1 +  = e > 1
n→∞ un + 1 n→∞  n
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Σun is convergent.
2 2 2 2
1  1.2   1 . 2 .3   1 . 2 .3 .4 
55. Test for convergence the series :   +   +  +  + .... ∞
3
   3 . 5   3 . 5 .7   3 . 5 .7 . 9 
(M.D.U., May 2009)
2
 1.2.3. .... n 
Sol. Here, un =  
 3.5.7. .... (2n + 1) 
28 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2
 1.2.3. .... n .( n + 1) 
un + 1 =  
 3.5.7. .... (2n + 1) (2n + 3) 
2
 3 
4 n2 1 +
un (2n + 3)2  2n 
∴ = =
un + 1 (n + 1)2  1
2
n 2 1 + 
 n
2
 3 
4 . 1 +
un  2n 
or = 2
un + 1  1
1 + n 
 
 2
3  
 1 +  
un  2n  
lim = lim 4 .  2 
= 4 >1
n → ∞ un + 1 x →∞
 1 + 1  
 n  
 
∴ Σun is convergent by D’Alembert’s Ratio Test.

n 2 ( n + 1 )2
56. Test the convergence of the series ∑ n!
.

n2 (n + 1)2
Sol. Here, un =
n!
(n + 1)2 ( n + 2)2
∴ un + 1 =
(n + 1) !
 1  1
n3  1 +  n 1 + 
un n2 (n + 1) ! n2 (n + 1)  n  n
= = = =
un + 1 n ! (n + 2)2 (n + 2)2 2  2
2
 2
2
n 1 +   1 +
 n  n 
 1
n 1 + 
un  n
lim = lim 2
= ∞ >1
n → ∞ un + 1 n→∞ 2

1 + 
 n
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Σun is convergent.
Hence, the given series is convergent.
n
57. Examine the convergence of the series ∑ n2 + 1 . x n , x > 0.

n
Sol. un = . xn
n2 + 1
n +1
un + 1 = . xn +1
(n + 1)2 + 1

un n . (n + 1)2 + 1 1 n(n2 + 2n + 2) 1

∴ = . = .
un + 1 (n2 + 1) (n + 1) x (n + 1) (n2 + 1) x
INFINITE SERIES 29

 2 2 
n3  1 + + 2 
 n n  1
= .
3  1 1  x
n 1 +  1 + 2 
 n n 

 2 2 
un 1 + n + 2  1 1
n 
∴ lim = lim  . =
n → ∞ un + 1 n→ ∞  1 1  x x
1 + n  1 + 2 
  n 

1
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Σun is convergent if > 1 i.e., x < 1 and diverges when x > 1.
x
When x = 1, Ratio Test fails. For x = 1, we have
n 1 1
un = = , let us take vn =
n2 + 1  1 
n 1 + 2 
n
 n 

un  1 
∴ lim = lim 
1  =1
n→∞ vn n→∞
 1 + 2 
 n 
which is finite and non-zero.
∴ By Comparison test, both Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1 1
Since Σvn = Σ is of the form Σ p ( p = 1) , it is divergent.
n n
∴ Σun is divergent when x = 1.
Hence Σun is convergent when x < 1 and divergent when x ≥ 1.

 n2 1 
58. Test the convergence of the series : ∑  2 n + .
n 2 


n2 1
Sol. Let us assume that un = , u′n =
2n n2

un n2 2n + 1 2
Now, = n
. =
un + 1 2 (n + 1)2  1
2

1 + n 
 

un 2
lim = = 2 >1
n→∞ un + 1 (1 + 0)2
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Σun is convergent ...(1)
1 1
Now let us consider the series Σu′n , u′n =
is of the form Σ p , where p = 2 > 1 and is conver-
n2 n
gent by applying Comparison Test. ∴ Σu′n is convergent ...(2)
 n2 1 
⇒ By (1) and (2), Σ(un + u‘n ) or Σ  + is convergent i.e., the given series is also convergent.
 2n n2 
 
30 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

59. Examine the convergence or otherwise of the series : x + 2x2 + 3x3 + 4x4 + .... ∞
Sol. In the given series Σun ,
n
un = nx
un + 1 = (n + 1) xn + 1
un n 1 1
⇒ = = .
un + 1 (n + 1) x  1 x
1 + n 
 

un 1 1 1
∴ lim = lim . =
n→∞ un + 1 n→∞  1 x x
1 + n 
 
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test Σun is convergent when x < 1 and is divergent when x > 1
But the Ratio Test fails if x = 1.
n( n + 1)
When x = 1, un = n, Σun = Σn =
2

lim un = lim n = ∞ ≠ 0
n→∞ n→∞

⇒ Σun does not converge. Being a series of positive terms, it must diverge.
∴ Σun is divergent for x ≥ 1 and is convergent when x < 1.

x x 2 x3 xn
60. Test the series 1 + + + + ... + 2 + ... ∞
2 5 10 n +1

xn
Sol. un =
n2 + 1
xn +1
un + 1 =
(n + 1)2 + 1
 2 2 
un x n . (n2 + 2n + 2) 1 + n + 2  1
 n 
∴ = = .
un + 1 x n + 1 . (n2 + 1) 
1 +
1  x
 
 n2 
 2 2 
un 1 + n + 2  1 1
 n 
∴ lim = lim . =
n → ∞ un + 1 n→∞  1  x x
1 + 2 
 n 
1
By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, the series Σun converges when > 1 or x < 1 and is divergent for
x
1
< 1 or x > 1. The Ratio Test fails when x = 1.
x
1 1
When x = 1, un = or
n2 + 1  1 
n2  1 + 2 
 n 
1 un 1
Let us take vn = ∴ =
n2 vn 1
1+ 2
n
INFINITE SERIES 31

un  1 
lim = lim   = 1 , which is finite and non-zero. By Comparison test Σun is convergent
n→∞ vn n→∞ 1
 1 + 2 
 n 
1
since Σvn = Σ (p = 2 > 1) is convergent.
n2
Hence Σun converges for x ≤ 1 and Σun diverges for x > 1.
∞
xn
61. Test the series ∑ ( 2n) ! for its convergence or otherwise.
n =1

xn
Sol. un =
(2n ) !

xn +1 xn + 1
un + 1 = =
(2n + 2) ! (2n + 2) (2n + 1) (2n) !

 1 1 
4n 2  1 +  1 +
un (2n + 2) (2n + 1)  n  2n 
∴ = =
un + 1 x x
 1 1 
4n 2 1 +  1 +
un  n  2n 
lim = lim
n → ∞ un + 1
n→∞ x
= ∞>1
Hence by D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Σun is convergent.

4 4 . 12 4 . 12 . 20
62. Examine the series + + + ... ∞ .
18 18 . 27 18 . 27 . 36

Sol. In the given series, it is observed that in the numerator with every term, one factor (8) is
th
added. In an A.P. where a = 4, d = 8, n term is given by a + (n – 1)d, i.e., 4 + 8(n – 1) or 8n – 4.
Hence in the numerator of the nth term, factor 4(2n – 1) will appear.
⇒ Numerator will be 4.12.20. ..... 4(2n – 1)
Similarly, the denominator will be 18.27.36. ..... 9n + 9 ....
4 .12.20. .... 4(2n − 1)
Thus, un =
18.27.36. .... 9(n + 1)
4 .12.20. .... 4(2n − 1) . 4(2n + 1)
un + 1 =
18.27.36. .... 9(n + 1) . 9(n + 2)

 2
9 1 + 
un 9(n + 2)  n
∴ = or
un + 1 4(2n + 1)  1 
8 1 +
 2n 

 2
9 1 + 
un  n 9
∴ lim = lim = >1
n → ∞ un + 1
n →∞  1  8
8 1 +
 2n 
which implies that by D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, the given series Σun is convergent.
32 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

n3 − n + 1
63. Text the convergence of the series ∑ n!
.

n3 − n + 1
Sol. Here, un =
n!

(n + 1)3 − (n + 1) + 1
un + 1 =
( n + 1) !

 1 1 
n3 1 − 2 + 3  (n + 1)
un (n3 − n + 1) (n + 1)  n n 
∴ = =
un + 1 n3 + 3n2 + 2n + 1 3 3 2
n 1 + + 2 + 3 
1 
 n n n 

 1 1 
un 1 − 2 + 3  (n + 1)
 n n 
∴ lim = lim = ∞ >1
n → ∞ un + 1 n→∞  3 2 1 
 1 + + +
 n n2 n3 
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, the given series Σun is convergent.

∞ n2
 n 
64. What is Cauchy’s Root Test ? Use this test to examine the convergence of the series ∑   .
n =1 n + 1 

Sol. Cauchy’s Root Test states that if Σun is a positive term series and lim (un ) n = l , then
n→∞
(i) Σun is convergent if l < 1 (ii) Σun is divergent if l > 1.
When l = 1, the test fails i.e., no conclusion can be drawn about the convergence or divergence of
the series.
n2
 n 
In the given series, un =  
n +1
1/ n
1  n2  n −n
  n    n   n +1
∴ (un )n =  =   =
 n + 1    n + 1   n 

 
−1
 n
1 1 
(un )n =  1 +  
 n  

1 −1
 n
lim (un ) n 1  1
= lim 1 +   = e −1 = < 1 ( ∵ e = 2.7)
n →∞ n →∞ 
 n  
 e
∴ By Cauchy’s Root Test, the given series Σun is convergent.
∞
(n + 1)n
65. Examine the series ∑ nn + 1
. x n for convergence.
n =1
n
(n + 1)n . x n  (n + 1) x  1
Sol. Here, un = =  .n
nn + 1  n 
INFINITE SERIES 33

1
(n + 1) . x 1  1 1
⇒ (un ) n = . 1/ n = 1 +  x . 1/ n
n n  n n
1  
  1   1 
⇒ lim (un ) n =  lim 1 +  x   lim 1 
n→∞ n → ∞  n   n→∞
 n n 
 1 
1
∵ lim n n = 1
= (1 + 0) x . = x  
1 
n→ ∞

∴ By Cauchy’s Root Test, Σun is convergent if x < 1 and divergent when x > 1. When x = 1, this
test fails.
n
(n + 1)n 1 ( n + 1)n 1  1
Now when x = 1, un = n +1
= . = . 1 + 
n n nn n  n
n
1 un  1
Let us take vn = , = 1 + 
n vn  n
n
un  1
lim = lim 1 +  = e
n →∞ vn n→∞  n
which is finite and non-zero.
∴ By Comparison Test, Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1 1
Since Σvn = Σ is of the form Σ p with p = 1, Σvn is divergent.
n n
⇒ Σun is divergent.
Hence Σun is convergent if x < 1 and divergent if x ≥ 1.
2 3
1 2 3  4 
66. Test the series + x +   x 2 +   x 3 + ..... ( x > 0 ) .
2 3 4  5 
n
 n +1 n
Sol. Here, un =   x
n + 2

 1
1
n +1 1 + n  . x
⇒ (un )n = .x =
n+2  1 + 2

 n

 1
1
1 + n.x = x
⇒ lim (un )n = lim  
n→ ∞  1 + 2

 n
∴ By Cauchy’s Root Test, Σun is convergent if x < 1 and divergent if x > 1. The test fails when x = 1.
n
 1
 n +1 1 + n 
n
 
For x = 1, un =   = n
n + 2  2
1 + n 
 
34 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

n
 1
1 + n  e 1
lim un lim   = ≠0
⇒ = 2 or
n→∞ n→∞
 2
n/2  e2 e
 1 +  
 n 

Since lim un ≠ 0 , Σun can’t converge. Being a series of positive terms, it must diverge.
n→∞

Hence the given series is convergent if x < 1 and divergent if x ≥ 1.

−1 −2 −3
 22 2   33 3   44 4 
67. Test the series  2 −  +  3 − 
2
+ 4 −  + ... . (M.D.U., May 2007)
1 1  2  3
 3 

−n
  n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 
Sol. Here, un =    − 
 n  n 

1 −1
 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 
⇒ (un )n =   − 
 n  n 

−1 −1
 n +1
1
1  1   n
1  1  1 
⇒ (un )n =  1 +  − 1 +   =  1 +  .  1 +  −  1 +  
 n  n    n  n  n  

1 −1
 n
lim (un ) n 1  1  1 
= lim 1 +  1 +  − 1 +  
n→∞ n → ∞ 
 n  n  n  

−1 1
= ( e.1. − 1) = <1 (∵ e = 2.7)
e −1
∴ By Cauchy’s Root Test, Σun is convergent.
1 1 1
68. Discuss the convergence of the series 1 + 2
+ 3
+ ... + + ... .
2 3 nn
1
1 1
Sol. Here, un = or (un ) n =
nn n
1
1 
∴ lim (un ) n = lim   = 0 < 1
n→∞ n→∞ n
Hence the given series is convergent.
n2
 1
69. Discuss the convergence and divergence of the series ∑  1 + n  .

n2
Sol. Here, un = 1 + 1 
 n
1 n
 1
∴ (un ) n = 1 + 
 n
INFINITE SERIES 35

1 n
 1
⇒ lim (un ) n lim 1 +  = e > 1
=
n→∞ n→∞  n
Therefore, the given series by Cauchy’s Root Test, is divergent.
70. Test the series for convergence and divergence,
4 9 n2
1 2 3   n 
. x +   . x 2 +   . x 3 + ... +   . x n + ... .
2 3
  4
  n + 1
n2
 n 
Sol. Here, un =   . xn
n +1
1 n n
 n   1  x
∴ (un ) n =   .x = 1
.x =
n +1
n
1 +   1
 1 +
 n
 n 
1
x x
∴ lim (un ) n = lim n
=
n→∞ n→∞
 1 e
1 + n 
 
x x
The given series converges if < 1 i.e., x < e and diverges if > 1 i.e., x > e.
e e
Cauchy’s Root Test fails when x = e.
n2
 n 
For x = e, un =   − en
n +1

Now, lim un ≠ 0
n→∞

Therefore, the given series diverges at x = e.

Hence the given series converges for x < e and diverges for x ≥ e.
− n3 / 2
 1 
71. Discuss the convergence of the series ∑  1 + n  .

−n3 / 2 − n3 / 2 n3 / 2
 1   n +1  n 
Sol. Here, un = 1 + =   =

n n   n + 1 
   
1
 n3 / 2  n n
1
  n   =  n 
∴ (un )n =     
 n +1  n +1
 
n
1  n 
or (un ) n =  
 n +1
−1
1
1  1 
n
lim (un )n = lim = lim 1 +  
n→∞ n→∞ n n → ∞  n 
 1   
1 + 
 n
1
= e–1 or <1 (∵ e 2.7)
e
∴ By Cauchy’s Root Test, Σun is convergent.
36 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

x1 x 2 x3
72. Test the convergence or divergence of the series 1 + + 2 + 3 + ... ( x > 0 ) .
2 3 4
Sol. Here, (Leaving the first term), we have
xn
un =
( n + 1)n
1
x
∴ (un )n =
n +1
1
 1 
⇒ lim (un ) n = lim  .x =0 (∵ x > 0)
n→∞ n→∞ n +1
1

∴ lim (un ) n = 0 < 1. Hence by Cauchy’s Root Test, Σun is convergent.

n→∞

73. What are the other Tests of Convergence which may be used when the Ratio Test Fails.
Sol. (A) Raabe’s Test :
 u 
If Σun is a series of positive terms and lim n  n − 1  = l , then the series is conver-
 
n→∞
 un +1 
gent if l > 1 and divergent if l < 1.
This test fails when l = 1.
Note : Raabe’s test is used when D’Alembert’s Ratio test fails and when in the ratio
un
test, does not involve the number e.
un +1
un
When involves e, we apply logarithmic test after the ratio test and not Raabe’s
un +1
Test.
(B) Logarithmic Test :
un
A positive term series Σun converges or diverges according as lim n log > 1 or < 1.
n→∞ un + 1
un
The test fails if lim n log =1.
n→∞ un + 1
This test is applied after the failure of Ratio Test and generally when in Ratio test,
un
involves e.
un + 1
(C) Gauss Test :
un
If for the series Σun of positive terms, can be expanded in the form
un + 1

un λ  1 
= 1+ +O 2
un + 1 n n 
then Σun converges if λ > 1 and diverges if λ ≤ 1.
Note : The test never fails as we know that the series diverges for λ = 1. Moreover the
un
test is applied after the failure of Ratio Test and when it is possible to expand in
un + 1
1
powers of by Binomial Theorem or by any other method.
n
INFINITE SERIES 37

(D) Cauchy’s Integral Test :

If for x ≥ 1, f(x) is a non-negative, monotonic decreasing function of x such that
∞
f(n) = un for all positive integral values of n, then the series Σun and the integral ∫ f (x )
1

converge or diverge together.

∞
If x ≥ k, then Σun and ∫ f ( x ) dx converge or diverge together.
k

12 12 32 12 32 52
74. Discuss the convergence of the series 2
+ 2
. 2
+ 2
. . + ... . (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
2 2 4 2 42 62

12 .32 .52 . .... (2n − 1)2

Sol. Here, un =
22 .42 .62 . .... (2n)2

12 .32 .52 . .... (2n − 1)2 . (2n + 1)2

un + 1 =
22 .42 .62 . .... (2n)2 (2n + 2)2
2
 1
4 n 2 1 + 
un (2n + 2)2  n
∴ = =
un + 1 (2n + 1)2  1 
2
4 n2 1 + 
 2n 
2
 1
1 + n 
un   =1
∴ lim = lim 2
n→∞ un + 1 n→∞
 1 
1 + 2n 
 
Hence the Ratio Test fails.
 u   (2n + 2)2   (2n + 2)2 − (2n + 1)2 
n  n − 1 = n  − 1 = n  
 un + 1   (2n + 1)
2
  (2n + 1)2 
 

 3 
4n 2 1 +
(4n + 3) 4n2 + 3n  4n 
= n = = → 1 as n → ∞
(2n + 1)2 (2n + 1)2 2 1 
2
4n 1 +
 2n 
∴ Raabe’s test also fails.
When D’Alembert’s Ratio test fails, we can directly use Gauss Test.

2
 1
1 + n  2 −2
un   = 1 + 1  1 + 1 
Now, = 2    
un + 1  1   n  2n 
1 + 2n 
 

 2 1  2 3 
= 1 + + 2 + ...  1 − + 2
− ... 
 n n  2n 4 n 
38 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

un 1 1  3
or = 1+ + 1 − 2 + 4  + ...
un + 1 n n2  

1 1 1  1 
= 1+ − + ... = 1 + + O  2 
n 4n2 n n 

un λ  1 
Comparing it with =1 + + O  2  we have λ = 1. Thus by Gauss Test, the series Σun
un + 1 n n 
diverges.
1 1 .3 1 .3 .5
75. Discuss the convergence of the series : + + + ....
2 2 . 4 2 . 4 .6

1.3.5. .... (2n − 1)

Sol. Here, un =
2.4 .6. .... 2n

1.3.5. .... (2n − 1) (2n + 1)

∴ un + 1 =
2.4 .6. .... 2n . (2n + 2)

1
1+
un 2n + 2 n →1
∴ = = as n → ∞
un + 1 2n + 1 1 + 1
2n
∴ Ratio Test fails.
 u   2n + 2  n 1
Now, n  n − 1 = n − 1 = =
 2n + 1  2n + 1 1
 un + 1  2+
n
 u  1
∴ lim n  n − 1 = <1
n→∞ u
 n + 1  2
Hence by Raabe’s Test, Σun diverges.

x 1 x3 1 .3 x5 1 .3 .5 x7
76. Examine the convergence of the series + . + . + . + .... ∞ , (x > 0)
1 2 3 2 .4 5 2 . 4 .6 7
(M.D.U., May, 2008)
Sol. Neglecting the first term, we have

1.3.5. ........ (2n − 1) x 2n + 1

un = .
2.4 .6. ........ 2n 2n + 1

1.3.5. ........ (2n − 1) (2n + 1) x 2n + 3

and un + 1 = .
2.4 .6. ........ 2n . (2n + 2) 2n + 3

un (2n + 2) (2n + 3) 1
∴ = .
un + 1 (2n + 1) (2n + 1) x 2

 1  3   1 3 
2n 1 +  . 2n 1 + 1 + n  1 + 2n 
 n  2n  1  . 1
= . =  
 1   1  x2  1   1  x2
2n 1 + . 2n 1 + 1 + 2n  . 1 + 2n 
 2n   2n     
INFINITE SERIES 39

un 1 1
⇒ lim = 1. or as n → ∞ .
n→∞ un + 1 x 2
x2
1 1
∴ By Ratio Test, Σun is convergent if > 1 i.e., x2 < 1 and divergent if < 1 i.e., x2 > 1.
x2 x2
2
If x = 1, then Ratio Test fails.

2 un (2n + 2) (2n + 3) 4n2 + 10n + 6

When x = 1, we have = 2
=
un + 1 (2n + 1) 4n 2 + 4n + 1

 u   4n2 + 10n + 6  6n2 + 5n

lim n  n − 1  = lim n 
 4n 2 + 4n + 1
− 1 
 = lim
  n → ∞ 4n 2 + 4 n + 1
 un + 1
n→∞ n→∞
  

5
6+
n 6 3
= lim = = >1
n→∞ 4 1 4 2
4+ + 2
n n
∴ By Raabe’s Test, the series converges.
2 2
Hence Σun is convergent if x ≤ 1 and divergent if x > 1.
x 2! 2 3! 3 4! 4
77. Discuss the convergence of the series : 1 + + . x + 3 . x + 4 . x + .....
2 32 4 5
(M.D.U., May, 2006, 2007)
Sol. Neglecting the first term, we have
n! (n + 1) !
un = . x n , un + 1 = . xn +1
(n + 1)n (n + 2)n + 1

un n ! (n + 2)n + 1 1
⇒ lim = lim .
n→∞ un + 1 n→∞ (n + 1)n ( n + 1) ! x
n +1
 2
nn + 1  1 + 
1  n  1
= lim n
. .
n→∞
n  1 (n + 1) x
n . 1 + 
 n
n
 2  2
1 + n  1 + n  1 e 1 e
2
   . = . =
= lim n
n→∞
 1  1 x e x x
1 + n  1 + n 
  

 a 
 n
n
  a 1 + a  a  = ea 
 ∵ lim  1 + = lim 
 n→∞  n  n→∞  n   
   
e e
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio test, the series converges if > 1 or if x < e and diverges if < 1 or if
x x
un
x > e. If x = e, the ratio test fails since lim =1 .
n→∞ un + 1
40 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

n +1
 2
1 + n  1
un  
When x = e, = n +1
.
un + 1  1 e
1 + n 
 
un
Since the expression involves the number e, we do not apply Raabe’s Test but apply loga-
un + 1
rithmic test.
un  2  1
∴ log = (n + 1) log 1 +  − (n + 1) log 1 +  − log e
un + 1  n  n

  2  1 
= (n + 1) log 1 +  − log 1 +   − 1
  n  n 

 2 1 4 1 8  1 1 1 
= (n + 1)  − . 2 + . 3 − ...   −  − 2
+ 3 + ... 
 n 2 n 3 n   n 2n 3n 

1 3  3 1 3
= (n + 1)  − 2 + ... − 1 = 1 − + − + ... − 1
 n 2n  2n n 2n2

1 3
= − − + .....
2n 2n2

un  1 3  1
∴ lim n log = lim n  − − 2 + .... = − < 1
n→∞ un + 1 n→∞  2n 2n  2
∴ By log test, the series diverges.
Hence the given series Σun converges for x < e and diverges when x ≥ e.

a + x ( a + 2x )2 ( a + 3x )3
78. Test the following series for convergence : + + + .... ∞
1! 2! 3!

( a + nx )n
Sol. Here, un =
n!

[ a + (n + 1)x ]n + 1
∴ un + 1 =
(n + 1) !

un ( a + nx )n (n + 1) !
⇒ = .
un + 1 [ a + (n + 1) x ]n + 1 n!

n n
 a   a 
nn . 1 + 1 + nx 
 nx  1   1
= n +1
. = n +1
.
 a  x 
n
1  a  x
(n + 1)n 1 +  1 + n  . 1 + ( n + 1) x 
 ( n + 1) x     
INFINITE SERIES 41

a
 nx  x
 1 + a  a 
 nx  
un   1 ea / x 1
∴ lim = lim . = =
n→∞ un + 1 n→∞ a
x e . ea / x . x ex
( n + 1) x  x
n 
 1   a  a 
1 + n  .  1 + (n + 1) x  
    


1 1
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, the series converges if > 1 i.e., if x < and diverges when
ex e
1 1 1
< 1 or x > . If x = , the test fails.
ex e e
1
When x = , we have
e
n
 ae 
e . 1 +
un  n 
= n +1 .
un + 1 
n
1  ae 
1 + n  1 + n + 1 
   
un
Since involves e, we will use logarithmic test after the Ratio Test has failed.
un + 1

 ae 
n 
  
e 1 + 
un   n  
∴ log = log  n +1 
un + 1 n
 1 + 1  1 + ae  
  n   n + 1
 
    

 ae   1  ae 
= log e + n log 1 + − n log 1 +  − ( n + 1) log 1 + 
 n   n  n +1

 ae a 2e2 a 3e3  1 1 1 
= 1 + n .  − 2
+ 3
−....  − n  −
 2
+ 3
− ... 
 n 2n 3n   n 2n 3n 

 ae a 2e 2 a 3e 3 
− ( n + 1)  − 2
+ 
 n + 1 2( n + 1) 3( n + 1)3 

 a 2e 2 a 3 e 3   1 1   a 2e 2 a 3e 3 
= 1 +  ae − + 2
− ...  − 1 −

+ 2
− ...  − ae − + 
 2n 3n   2n 3n   2( n + 1) 3( n + 1)2 

un  a 2e 2 a 3e 3   1 1   a e
2 2
a 3e3 
⇒ log = − + − ...  +  − + ...  +  − + ...
un + 1  2n 2  2
  2( n + 1) 3( n + 1)
2
 3n   2n 3n 

un  a 2e 2 a 3e3  1 1   a 2e 2 n a 3e3 . n 
⇒ n . log = − + − ...  +  − + ...  + . − + ...
un + 1  2 3 n   2 3n 
n + 1 3( n + 1) 2
    2 
42 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 a 2e 2 a 3e3  1 1 
=  − + − ...  +  −
  2 3n
+ ... 
 2 3 n  

 a 2e 2 1 a 3e 3 1 
+ . − . + ...
 2  1 3(n + 1)  1 
 1 + n  1 + n  
   
un  a 2e 2  1  a 2 e 2 
⇒ lim n log = − + +  ( ∵ the last term vanishes when n → ∞ )
n→∞ un + 1  2  2  2 

1
<1 =
2
∴ By Logarithmic test, the series is divergent. [Please See Q. 73 (B)]
1 1
Hence the given series converges for x < and diverges for x ≥ .
e e
79. Examine the series for convergence : x2 (log 2)q + x3 (log 3)q + x4 (log 4)q + .... ∞.

x n + 1 [ log ( n + 1)]
q
Sol. Here, un =

x n + 2 [ log ( n + 2)]
q
∴ un + 1 =
q
  1 
log n 1 +
1  n  
q
un 1  log (n + 1)  
⇒ = .  = .
un + 1 x  log (n + 2)  x   2 
 log n 1 + n  

q
q  
  1  1 1
log n + log 1 +   log n + − + ... 
1   n  1  n 2n 2

= . = . 2 
x   2  x 2 1  2 
 log n + log 1 + 
n   log n + −   + ... 
  n 2 n 
Dividing the numerator and denominator by log n and taking limit as n → ∞ , we get
q
 1 1 
1+ − + ... 
un 1  n log n 2n2 log n 1
lim = lim .   =
n →∞ un + 1 n →∞ x  2 2  x
 1 + n log n − n2 log n + ... 
 
1 1
∴ By Ratio test, the given series Σun converges if > 1 i.e., if x < 1 and diverges if < 1 or x > 1.
x x
However, if x = 1, the Ratio Test fails. When x = 1, we have
q
 1 1 
un 1 + n log n − 2n2 log n + .... 
=  
un + 1  1+ 2 2 
 − 2 
 n log n n log n 
q −q
  1 1    2 2 
= 1 +  − 2 + ...   1 +  − 2 + ...  
  n log n 2n log n     n log n n log n  
INFINITE SERIES 43

Expanding by Binomial Theorem, we have

un   1 1  
= 1 + q  − 2 + ...  + ...
un + 1  n log n 2n log n
  
  2 2  
1 − q  − 2 + ...  + ...
  n log n n log n  
un  1 2 
= 1+q  + ...
un + 1  n log n n log n 
un q
= 1− + .....
un + 1 n log n
un q
or −1 = − + (terms containing squares and higher powers of n and
un + 1 n log n log n in the denominator.)

 u  q
⇒ n  n − 1 = − + (terms containing n, n2; (log n)2, (log n)3, .... in the
 un + 1  log n
  denominator.)

 u 
⇒ lim n  n − 1  = 0 < 1.
n→∞  un + 1 
 
∴ By Raabe’s Test, the series Σun is divergent.
Hence the given series converges for x < 1 and diverges for x ≥ 1.
un
Note : Raabe’s test has been used here when for x = 1, D’Alembert’s Ratio Test failed and
un + 1
did not involve the number e.
80. Discuss the convergence of the series :
α( α + 1) β(β + 1) 2 α( α + 1) ( α + 2 ) β(β + 1) (β + 2 )
x+ .x + (M.D.U., Dec., 2005)
1 . 2 . γ ( γ + 1) 1 . 2 . 3 . γ( γ + 1) ( γ + 2)
Sol. Ignoring the first term, we have
α( α + 1) ..... ( α + n − 1) β(β + 1) ..... (β + n − 1) n
un = .x
1.2.3. .... n . γ( γ + 1) .... ( γ + n − 1)

α . β α( α + 1) ..... ( α + n − 1)( α + n) β(β + 1) ..... (β + n − 1) (β + n) n + 1

un + 1 = 1+ .x
1. γ 1.2.3. .... n( n + 1). γ( γ + 1) ( γ + 2) .... ( γ + n − 1) ( γ + n)

 1 γ
1+ 1+
un (n + 1) ( γ + n ) 1  n   n  1
∴ = . = .
un + 1 ( α +n) (β + n ) x  α β x
1 + n  
1+
n 

un 1
⇒ lim =
n→∞ un + 1 x
1 1
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, the series Σun converges if > 1 i.e., if x < 1 and diverges if <1
x x
un
or if x > 1. If x = 1, lim = 1, therefore the Ratio Test fails.
n→∞ un + 1
44 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

un
Putting x = 1 in , we have
un + 1

 1 γ
un 1 + n  
1+
n 

=
un + 1  α β
1 + n  
1+
n 

−1 −1
un  1 γ α  β
⇒ = 1 + n  1 + n   1 + n  1 + n  (Expand by Binomial Theorem)
un + 1      

 1 γ α α2  β β2 
= 1 + n  1 + n  1 − n + 2 + ...  1 − n + 2 ... 
   n  n 

 1 γ γ  α β αβ α 2 β2 
= 1 + n + n + 2  1 − n − n + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... 
 n  n n n 

1  1 
= 1+ (1 + γ − α − β) + 0  2 
n n 
∴ By Gauss Test, the series Σun converges if 1 + γ – α – β > 1 i.e., if γ > α + β and diverges if 1 + γ
– α – β ≤ 1 i.e., if γ ≤ α + β.
Thus the given series converges if x < 1 and diverges if x > 1. If x = 1, then the series converges if
γ > α + β and diverges when γ ≤ α + β.

2 2 . x 2 33 . x3 4 4 . x 4 5 5 . x 5
81. Discuss the convergence of the series x + + + + + ... ∞
2! 3! 4! 5!
(M.D.U., May 2009)

nn . x n
Sol. Here, un =
n!

(n + 1)n + 1 . x n + 1
un + 1 =
(n + 1) !

un nn . x n . (n + 1) ! nn . (n + 1) . n ! 1
∴ = n +1 n +1 = n
.
un + 1 n ! (n + 1) .x n ! (n + 1) (n + 1) x

un nn 1 1
or = = .
un + 1 (n + 1)n . x  1
n
x
1 + n 
 
un 1
⇒ lim =
n→∞ un +1 ex
1 1
Thus by Ratio test, the given series converges for x < and diverges for x > . But it fails for
e e
1
x= . Let us now try logarithmic test.
e
un e
= n
un + 1  1
1 + n 
 
INFINITE SERIES 45

un  1
∴ log = log e e − n log 1 + 
un + 1  n

1 1 1  1 1
= 1 − n  − 2 + 3 − ...  = − 2 + ....
 n 2n 3n  2n 3n

 u  1
∴ lim  n log n  = , which is less than one. Therefore, by logarithmic test the series diverges.
n→∞  un + 1  2

1 1
Hence the given series converges for x < and diverges for x ≥ .
e e
82. Test for convergence the series

22 22 .4 2 2 2 . 4 2 .6 2
+ + + ... ∞
3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 5 .6 3 . 4 . 5 .6 .7 . 8

22 .42 .62 ..... (2n)2

Sol. Here, un =
3.4 .5 .... (2n + 2)

22 .42 .62 .... (2n)2 . (2n + 2)2

un + 1 =
3.4.5. .... (2n + 2) . (2n + 3) (2n + 4)

un 22 .42 .62 ... (2n)2 3.4 .5. .... (2n + 2) (2n + 3) (2n + 4)
∴ = .
un + 1 3.4 .5. .... (2n + 2) 22 .42 .62 ... (2n)2 . (2n + 2)2

 3 4 
(2n + 3) (2n + 4)  2 + n   2 + 2n 
  
= =
(2n + 2)2  2
2

2 + n 
 

 3 4 
2 +  2 + 
un n  2n  
∴ lim = lim   =1
n→∞ un + 1 n→∞  2
2 
   
2 + n 
   
Hence the D’Alembert’s Ratio Test fails and we apply Raabe’s Test.
 u   (2n + 3) (2n + 4)  n (6n + 8)
Now, n  n − 1 = n − 1 =
 un + 1


  (2n + 2) 2
 (2n + 2)2

 4  4
n . 2n  3 +  3 +
 n  n 
= 2
= 2
 1   1
4 n 2 1 +  2 1 +
 n   n 

  4 
 u   3 +  
 n  3
∴ lim n  n − 1  =
  lim   2
= >1
n→∞
 un + 1  n→∞
  1  2
 2 1 + n  
 
∴ The given series converges by Raabe’s Test.
46 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 1. 2 1 . 2 .3 3
83. Discuss the convergence of the series x+ . x2 + . x + .... ∞ , (x > 0)
3 3 .5 3 . 5 .7

1.2.3. ... n
Sol. Here, un = . xn
3.5.7. ... (2n + 1)
1.2.3. ... n . ( n + 1)
un + 1 = . xn +1
3.5.7. ... (2n + 1) (2n + 3)

 3
un (2n + 3) 1 2 + n  1
.  .
∴ = =
un + 1 ( n + 1) x  1 x
1 + n 
 

 3
un 2 + n  1 2
lim lim  . =
∴ =
n → ∞ un + 1 n→∞  1 x x
1 + n 
 
2 2
The given series converges if > 1 i.e., x < 2 and diverges if < 1 i.e., x > 2.
x x
The test fails at x = 2.
un (2n + 3)
When x = 2, =
un + 1 2(n + 1)

 u   2n + 3  n
∴ n  n − 1 = n − 1 =
 un + 1   2n + 2  2n + 2
 

 u   n  1
∴ lim n  n − 1  = lim n   = (< 1)
 
n→∞
 un + 1  n→∞  2n + 2  2

Thus the given series diverges when x = 2. Hence the given series converges when x < 2 and
diverges when x ≥ 2.

(n − 1)n − 1
84. Test the convergence of the series ∑ nn
.

( n − 1)n − 1 nn
Sol. Here, un = and un + 1 =
nn (n + 1)n + 1
n −1 n +1
 1  1
n −1 n +1 n n − 1 1 −  . n n + 1 . 1 + 
un (n − 1) ( n + 1)  n  n
∴ = . =
un + 1 nn nn n 2n

n −1 n +1 n −1 n
un 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ = 1 −  
. 1 +  = 1 −  
. 1 + 

. 1 + 
un + 1  n  n  n  n  n
 n
un  1  1  1 
∴ n log = n (n − 1) log 1 −  + log 1 +  + log 1 +  
un + 1   n  n  n  
INFINITE SERIES 47

n
  1 1 1   1 1 1 
= n (n − 1)  − − 2 − 3 + ...  + log 1 +  +  − 2 + ...  
  n 2n 3n   n  n 2n 

n
 1 1   1 1 1 
= n  − 1 + − + ...  + log 1 +  +  − 2 + ...  
 n 2n   n  n 2n 

 n
lim n log
un 1 1   1 1 1 
∴ = lim n  − 1 + − + ...  + log 1 +  +  − + ...  
n→∞ un +1 n 2n n  n 2n
2
    
n→∞

 3  3
= lim n  − 1 + + 1 + ... = > 1 [ ∵ log e = 1 ]
n→∞  2n  2
Hence the given series converges.

2 . x 3 2 . x 2 43 . x3 54 . x4
85. Test the convergence of the series 1 + + + + + ...
2! 3! 4! 5!

nn − 1 . x n − 1 (n + 1)n . x n
Sol. Here, un = and un + 1 =
n! (n + 1) !

un nn − 1 (n + 1) ! 1 nn − 1 1 1 1
∴ = n
. = . = .
un + 1 n ! (n + 1) x (n + 1)n − 1 x  1
n −1
x
1 + n 
 
  1 
 1 +  
un n  1
⇒ lim = lim   =
n →∞ un + 1 n →∞  n
ex
 x 1 + 1  

  n  
1
∴ The series is convergent when > 1 i.e., ex < 1 and divergent when ex > 1.
ex
1
When ex = 1 or x = , D’Alembert’s Ratio Test fails. We apply logarithmic test now since the
e
expression un/un + 1 involves the number e.
un  nn − 1   e 
lim n log = lim n log  n −1
e  = lim n log  n −1 
n →∞ un + 1 n →∞  (n + 1)  n →∞  1 
 1 + n  
  
  1 
= lim n log e − (n − 1) log 1 +  
n →∞   n 
 1 1 1 
= lim n 1 − (n − 1)  − 2 + 3 − ...  
n →∞   n 2n 3n 
 (n − 1) (n − 1) 
lim n − (n − 1) +
= − + ...

n →∞ 2n 3n2 
3 1 n −1  3
= lim  − − + ... = > 1
n → ∞ 2 2n 3n2  2
As such the given series is convergent when x = 1/e.
Hence the series is convergent when ex ≤ 1 and divergent when ex > 1.
48 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

x 2 x3 x4 x5
86. State, with reason, the value of x for which the series x − + − + − ..... converges.
2 3 4 5
(M.D.U., Dec., 2005, May 2009)

xn n xn + 1
Sol. Here, un = ( − 1)n − 1 . and un + 1 = ( − 1) .
n n +1
un + 1 −n
∴ = .x
un n +1

un + 1 1
lim = lim |x |=|x |
n→∞ un n→∞ 1
1+
n
∴ By Ratio Test, the given series converges for |x| < 1 and diverges for |x| > 1.
Let us examine when x = ± 1.
1 1 1 1
Putting x = 1, the series becomes 1 − + − + − ........
2 3 4 5
which is an alternating series and is convergent. Putting x = – 1, the series becomes
 1 1 1 1 
− 1 + + + + ........  , which is a divergent series as can be seen by comparison with series
 2 3 4 5 
1
Σ p , p = 1. Hence the given series converges for – 1 < x ≤ 1.
n

xn
87. Discuss the convergence of the series Σ , x > 0. (M.D.U., May, 2005)
n

xn xn + 1
Sol. Here, un = and un + 1 =
n n +1

un xn n + 1  1 1
∴ = . = 1+ .
un + 1 n x n + 1  n x

un  1 1 1
lim = lim 1 +  . =
n→∞ un + 1 n→∞  n x x
1
∴ By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Σun converges if > 1 i.e., for x < 1 and diverges if x > 1.
x
1 1
When x = 1, un = . Take vn =
n n
un
lim = 1, which is finite and ≠ 0.
n→∞ vn
∴ By Comparison test Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together. But Σvn is divergent. Hence Σun
is divergent when x = 1.
∴ The given series is convergent when x < 1 and divergent when x ≥ 1.
n
n + 1
88. Discuss the convergence of the series ∑  3n 
. (M.D.U., May, 2005)
INFINITE SERIES 49

n n
n +1 1 1 
Sol. un =  3n  =  3 + 3n 
   
1 1 1
∴ (un ) n = +
3 3n
1
1 1  1
lim ( un ) n = lim  +  = <1
n→∞ n→∞  3 3n  3
∴ By Cauchy’s Root Test, the given series Σun is convergent.
1 1 1
89. Test the convergence of the series + + + ....∞ . (M.D.U., May, 2005)
1. 2 2 .3 3 .4

1 1 1
Sol. un = = =
n(n + 1)  1 1
n2 1 +  n 1+
 n n
1
Let us compare it with vn =
n
un 1
=
vn 1
1+
n
un  1 
⇒ lim lim =  = 1 (finite and ≠ 0)
n→∞ vn  1 + 1 
n→∞

 n
∴ Σun and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1 1
Since Σvn = Σ is of the form Σ p (where p = 1), it is divergent.
n n
⇒ Σun is divergent.

1 x 2 1 .3 .5 x 4 1 . 3 . 5 .7 . 9 x 6
90. Discuss the convergence of the series 1 + . + . + . + ... ∞ .
2 4 2 . 4 .6 8 2 . 4 .6 . 8 . 10 12
(M.D.U., Dec., 2006)
2n
1.3.5. .... (4n − 3) . x
Sol. Here, un =
2.4 .6. ... (4n − 2) . 4n

1.3.5. .... (4n − 3) (4n − 1) (4n + 1) x 2n + 2

un + 1 = .
2.4 .6. ... (4n − 2) 4n . (4n + 2) 4n + 4
un (4n + 2) (4n + 4) 1
⇒ = .
un + 1 (4n − 1) (4n + 1) x 2

 1  1
un 1 + 2n  1 + n  1 1
∴ lim = lim    . =
n → ∞ un + 1 n→∞  1  1  x2 x2
1 − 4n  1 + 4n 
  
1
∴ Σun is convergent if > 1 i.e., if x2 < 1 and it is divergent if x2 > 1. However when x2 = 1, the
x2
Ratio Test fails.
50 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

When x2 = 1, we have
un (4n + 2) (4n + 4)
=
un + 1 (4n − 1) (4n + 1)
9
 u   (4n + 2) (4n + 4)  n(24n + 9) 24 + n
n  n − 1 = n − 1 = =
 un + 1   (4n − 1) (4n + 1)  16n2 − 1 1
  16 − 2
n
 9 
  u   24 + n  24 3
lim n  n − 1   = lim   = or >1
n → ∞   un + 1  n→∞  1  16 2
   16 − 2
 n 
∴ By Raabe’s Test, the series converges.
2 2
Hence Σun is convergent if x ≤ 1 and is divergent when x > 1.
1
91. Test for convergence the series ∑ n2 + 1 .
1
Sol. Here, un = = f (n)
n2 + 1
1
∴ f (x) =
x2 + 1
For x ≥ 1, f (x) is +ve and monotonic decreasing.
∴ Cauchy’s Integral Test is applicable [Reference Question 73 (D)].
∞ ∞
dx −1
∞ π π π
Now, ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ x 2 + 1 = tan x  =
1
− =
2 4 4
= finite
1 1

∞
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx converges and hence by Integral Test, Σun also converges.
1

∞
1
92. Show that the series ∑ np converges if p > 1 and diverges if 0 < p ≤ 1.
1

1
Sol. Here, un = = f (n)
np

1
∴ f (x) =
xp
For x ≥ 1, f(x) is +ve and monotonic decreasing.
∴ Cauchy’s Integral Test is applicable.
Case I : When p ≠ 1
∞ ∞
∞
1 −p  x−p +1 
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ x p dx = ∫ x dx =  
 − p + 1 
1 1 1

Sub-case 1. When p > 1, p – 1 is +ve, so that

∞ ∞
1  1  1 1
∫ f ( x ) dx = −
p − 1  x p − 1 1
=−
p −1
(0 − 1) =
p −1
= finite
1
INFINITE SERIES 51

∞
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx converges ⇒ Σun is convergent.
1

Sub-case 2. When 0 < p < 1, 1 – p is +ve, so that

∞
1  1 − p ∞ 1
∫ f ( x ) dx =
1− p 
x 1 = 1 − p ( ∞ − 1) = ∞
1

∞
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx diverges ⇒ Σun is divergent.
1

1
Case II : When p = 1, f (x) =
x
∞ ∞
1
∫ x dx = [log x ]1
∞
∫ f ( x ) dx = = ∞ − log 1 = ∞ − 0 = ∞
1 1

∞
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx diverges ⇒ Σun is divergent.
1
Hence Σun converges if p > 1 and diverges if p ≤ 1.
∞
1
93. Examine convergence of the series ∑ n (log n ) p
, (p > 0). (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
n=2

1
Sol. Here, un = = f (n )
n(log n) p
1
∴ f (x) =
x (log x ) p
For x ≥ 2, p > 0, f (x) is +ve and monotonic decreasing.
∞ ∞
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral Test, ∑ un and ∫ f ( x ) dx converge or diverge together.
n=2 2

Case I. When p ≠ 1
∞ ∞ ∞
1  (log x )− p + 1 
−p
∫ f ( x ) dx
=
x ∫ (log x ) .
dx = 
 − p + 1  2

2 2

Sub-case 1. When p > 1, p – 1 is +ve, so that

∞ ∞
−1  1  −1  1 
∫ f ( x ) dx =
p −1

(log x ) p −1 
=
p −1
0 −
 (log 2) p −1 

2  2
1
= = finite
( p − 1) (log 2) p − 1
∞ ∞
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx converges ⇒ ∑ un converges.
2 n=2

Sub-case 2. When p < 1, 1 – p is +ve, so that

∞
1  ∞ 1
∫ f ( x ) dx = (log x )1 − p  = [ ∞ − (log 2)1 − p ] = ∞
2
1− p 2 1− p
52 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∞ ∞
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx diverges ⇒ ∑ un diverges.
2 n=2

1
Case II. When p = 1, f (x) =
x log x
∞ ∞ ∞
dx 1/ x
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ x log x = ∫ log x dx = [log log x ] = ∞ – log log 2 = ∞
2 2 2

∞ ∞
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx diverges ⇒ ∑ un diverges.
2 n=2

Hence, Σun converges if p > 1 and diverges if 0 < p ≤ 1.

1
94. Using the integral test, discuss the convergence of the series : ∑ (n + 1) 2 . [M.D.U., May, 2008]

1
Sol. Here, un =
( n + 1)2
1
∴ f(x) =
( x + 1)2
For x ≥ 1, f(x) is +ve and monotonically decreasing.
∴ Cauchy’s Integral Test is applicable.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1  ( x + 1)−1   −1  1
Now,
∫ f (x ) dx = ∫
1 1
( x + 1)2
dx = 
 − 1

1
= 
 ( x + 1)

1
= − (finite)
2

∞
⇒
∫ f ( x ) dx
1
converges and hence by integral test Σun also converges.

95. State Leibnitz’s Test on Alternating series.

n–1
Sol. The alternating series Σ(– 1) un = u1 – u2 + u3 – u4 + .... (un > 0 ∀ n) converges if

(i) un > un + 1 ∀ n and (ii) lim un = 0 .

n→∞

Notes : 1. The alternating series will not be convergent if any one of the two conditions is not
satisfied.

2. When lim un ≠ 0 , the alternating series is oscillatory.

n→∞

1 1 1
96. Examine the convergence of the series : 1 − + − + ......
2 3 4
Sol. It is an alternating series Σ(– 1)n – 1 un

1 1
(i) un = , un + 1 =
n n +1

1 1
∵ ! ීn ∴ un > un + 1 ∀ n
n n 1
INFINITE SERIES 53

1
(ii) lim un = lim =0
n →∞ n →∞ n
∴ Both the conditions of Leibnitz’s Test are satisfied. Hence, the given series is convergent.

( − 1)n − 1 . n
97. Test the convergence of the series ∑ 2n − 1
.

( − 1)n − 1 . n 1 2 3
Sol. The given series is ∑ 2n − 1
= − + − ... .
1 3 5
n–1
It is an alternating series Σ(– 1) un.
n n +1
(i) un = , un + 1 =
2n − 1 2n + 1

1
un – un + 1 = > 0 ∀ n ⇒ un > un + 1 ∀ n
4n 2 − 1

n 1 1
(ii) nlim un = lim = lim = − ≠0
→∞ n→∞ 2n − 1 n → ∞ 2 − 1 2
n
Here the second condition of Leibnitz’s Test is not satisfied. Hence the given series is not
convergent. It is oscillatory.
1 1 1 1
98. Test the convergence of the series − (1 + 2 ) + 3 (1 + 2 + 3 ) − 3 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) + ...
23 33 4 5
Sol. It is an alternating series Σ(– 1)n – 1 un
1 1 n( n + 1) 1 n
(i) un = 3
. [1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n] = 3
. = .
(n + 1) (n + 1) 2 2 (n + 1)2

1 n +1
un + 1 = .
2 (n + 2)2

1  n n +1 
un – un + 1 =  2
− 
2  ( n + 1) ( n + 2)2 

1 n(n + 2)2 − (n + 1)3 1 n2 + n − 1

= . 2 = . >0∀n
2 (n + 1) (n + 2) 2 (n + 1)2 (n + 2)2

⇒ un > un + 1 ∀ n

n
(ii) lim un = lim .
n→∞ n→∞ 2(n + 1)2
2
Dividing numerator and denominator by n on right hand side, we have
1
lim un lim n =0
= 2
n→∞ n→∞ 1

2 1 + 
 n
Since both the conditions of Leibnitz Test are satisfied, the given series is convergent.
54 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

3 4 5
99. Examine the convergence of the series 2 − + − + .... .
2 3 4
Sol. It is an alternating series Σ(– 1)n – 1 un
n +1 n+2
(i) un = and un + 1 =
n n +1

n + 1 n + 2 (n + 1)2 − n (n + 2) 1
un – un + 1 = − = = >0∀n
n n +1 n(n + 1) n(n + 1)

⇒ un > un + 1 ∀ n

lim un n +1  1
(ii) = = lim 1 +  = 1 ≠ 0
lim
n→∞ n n→∞
n → ∞  n
Since the second condition of Leibnitz’s Test is not satisfied, the series is not convergent.
log 2 log 3 log 4
100. Show that the series − + + ... converges.
22 32 42

log (n + 1)
Sol. The given series is an alternating series Σ(– 1)n – 1 un with un = ∀ n ≥1
( n + 1)2

log x
Now consider the function f (x) = ,x>0
x2

1
x2 . − 2x log x 1
x 1 − 2 log x
f ′(x) = = < 0 if 1 – 2 log x < 0 or log x >
x4 x3 2
⇒ if x > e1/2, f ′(x) < 0
⇒ f (x) is monotonically decreasing for x > e
In particular f ( n + 1) > f ( n + 2) ∀ n ≥ 1

i.e., un > un +1 ∀ n

log (n + 1)  ∞
Also, lim un = lim Form ∞ 
n→∞ n→∞ (n + 1)2  

1
n +1 1
= lim = lim
n → ∞ 2( n + 1) n → ∞ 2( n + 1)2

Thus both the conditions of Leibnitz’s Test are satisfied. Hence the given series is convergent.
∞
( −1)n − 1 . x n
101. Discuss the convergence of the series ∑ n(n − 1)
, 0 < x < 1.
n=2

∞
Sol. The given series is an alternating series ∑ ( − 1)n − 1 un with
n=2

xn
un = , 0 < x < 1, n ≥ 2
n( n − 1)
INFINITE SERIES 55

xn +1
⇒ un + 1 =
(n + 1)n

xn  1 x 
∴ un – un + 1 =  − 
n n −1 n +1

x n  (n + 1) − (n − 1) x  x n  n(1 − x ) + (1 + x ) 
=   = n  
n  (n − 1) ( n + 1)   n2 − 1 
Since 0 < x < 1 ∴ xn, (1 – x) and (1 + x) are all positive.
Since n ≥ 2 ∴ n2 – 1 > 0
Thus un – un + 1 > 0 ⇒ un > un +1 ∀ n ≥ 2
1
Also, lim un = lim . xn = 0 × 0 = 0 [ ∵ 0 < x <1]
n→∞ n→∞ n( n − 1)
Both the conditions of Leibnitz’s Test are satisfied.
Hence, the given series is convergent.
1 1 1
102. Test the convergence of the series 1 − + − + ...
32 52 7 2
Sol. The terms of the series are alternatively positive and negative and also each term is
numerically less than the preceding term, i.e.,
un >un + 1 for all n ...(1)
1
Also, un =
(2n − 1)2
1
∴ lim un = lim =0 ...(2)
n→∞ n→∞ (2n − 1)2
From the conditions (1) and (2), the given series converges.

x2 x3 x4
103. Test the convergence of the series : x − + ... ∞ .
+ −
22 32 42
Sol. Here, we shall first apply D’ Alembert’s Ratio Test.

xn x n +1
un = ( −1)n −1 · and un + 1 = ( −1)n ·
n2 (n + 1)2
un + 1 1 1
=− .
un  1
2
x
1 + n 
 
un +1 −1 . x 1
= 2
= 2
· |x |
un  1  1
1 + n  1 + n 
   
un +1 1
∴ lim = lim x = x
n→∞ un n→∞
 1
2

1 + n 
 
Therefore, the given series converges when x < 1 and diverges for x > 1.
56 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

When x = 1, D’Alembert’s Ratio Test fails.

Now when x = 1, the series can be shown to be convergent by Leibnitz’s Test.

104. When is a series absolutely convergent and when is it called conditionally convergent? Test whether
1 1 1
the following series is absolutely convergent or conditionally convergent : 1 − + − + ...
22 32 42
Sol. If a convergent series whose terms are not all positive, remains convergent when all its
terms are made positive, then it is called an absolutely convergent series, i.e., the series Σ un is
said to be absolutely convergent if Σ un is a convergent series. A series is said to be conditionally
convergent if it is convergent but does not converge absolutely.
1 1 1
In the given series 1 −+ − + ... which is an alternating series, each term is less than the
22 32 4 2
preceding term numerically.
1
Moreover un = , which → 0 as n → ∞. Hence the given series satisfies both the conditions of the
n2
test on alternating series and so the given series converges.
Again when all the terms of the series are made positive, the series becomes
1 1 1 1
Σ un +=1 ++ + ... = Σ 2
22 32 4 2 n
which we know is a convergent series. Thus the given series converges absolutely.
∞
( −1)n −1
105. Examine for absolute convergence or conditionally convergence the series ∑ .
n =1 2n − 1

∞
( −1)n −1
Sol. ∑ = Σ( −1)n −1 . un (say)
n =1 2n − 1

1 1 1
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, ... the series becomes 1 − + − + ... .
3 5 7
The series is clearly an alternating series.
1
(i) The terms go on decreasing numerically and (ii) lim un = lim =0
n→∞ n→∞ 2n − 1
∴ By Leibnitz’s Test, the series converges.
But when all terms are made positive, the series becomes,
1 1 1
Σ un =1 + + + + ...
3 5 7
1
Here, un = . Take vn = 1
2n − 1 n

un n  1  1
∴ lim = lim = lim = = finite ≠ 0
n→∞ vn n→∞ 2n − 1 n → ∞  2 − 1  2
 
 n

1
Hence by comparison test, series Σ un and Σvn behave a like. But Σvn = Σ is a divergent series.
n
( ∵ p = 1 here)
INFINITE SERIES 57

∴ Σ un also diverges.

Since the given series converges and the series of absolute terms diverges, therefore the given
series converges conditionally.

1 1 1
106. Test the following series for convergence and absolute convergence : 1 − + − + ...
2 2 3 3 4 4
Sol. The given series is
∞ ∞
1 1
∑ un = ∑ ( −1)
n −1
·
n n
= ∑ ( −1)n −1·
n 3/2
= ∑ ( −1)n −1 an
n =1 n =1

It is an alternating series.
1
Here, an = > 0 ∀n
n3 / 2
1
an + 1 =
(n + 1)3/ 2
1 1
Since > ∀n, ∴ an > an+1 ∀n
n3/ 2 (n + 1)3 / 2
1
Also, lim an = lim =0
n→∞ n3 / 2
n→∞

∴ By Leibnitz’s test, the series Σun is convergent

1 1  3 
Now, un = , ∴ Σ un = Σ is convergent. ∵ p = 2 > 1 
n3 / 2 n3 / 2  
Hence the series Σun is absolutely convergent.

1 1 1 1
107. Test for convergence and absolute convergence the series − + − + ...
1 . 3 2 .4 3 .5 4 .6
Sol. The given series is
∞ ∞ ∞
1
∑ un = ∑ ( −1)n −1 · = ∑ ( −1)n −1 · an
n(n + 2) n = 1
n =1 n =1

It is an alternating series.
1 1
Here, an = > 0 ∀n and an + 1 =
n(n + 2) ( n + 1) (n + 3)

1 1 2n + 3
∴ an – an + 1 = − = > 0 ∀n
n( n + 2) (n + 1) (n + 3) n(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
⇒ an >an+ 1 ∀n
1
Also, lim an = lim =0
n→∞ n→∞ n(n + 2)
∴ By Leibnitz’s test, the series Σun is convergent
1 1
Now, un = =
n(n + 2) 2 2
n 1 + 
 n
58 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 un 1
Take, vn = , lim = lim =1
n 2 n→∞ vn n→∞ 2
1+
n
which is non-zero and finite.
∴ By comparison test, Σ un and Σvn converge or diverge together.
1
Since Σvn = Σ converges ( ∵ p = 2 > 1), Σ un also converges.
n2
Hence the given series Σun is absolutely convergent.
108. Test for convergence and absolute convergence the series :
1 1 1
1− (1 + 2 ) + 3 (1 + 2 + 3 ) − 3 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) + ...
23 3 4
Sol. The given series is
n(n + 1)
∞ ∞ ∞
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n 2
∑ un = ∑ ( −1) ·
n −1
n3
= ∑ ( −1)n −1
·
n =1 n =1 n =1 n3
∞ ∞
n +1
= ∑ ( −1)n −1 · 2n 2
= ∑ ( −1)n −1 · an
n =1 n =1
It is an alternating series.
n +1 n+2
Here, an = 2
, an +1 =
2n 2(n + 1)2

n +1 n+2 (n + 1)3 − n2 (n + 2)
an – an+1 = − =
2n2 2(n + 1)2 2n2 (n + 1)2

n2 + 3n + 1
or an – an + 1 = >0 ∀n.
2n2 (n + 1)2
⇒ an >an + 1 ∀n

Also, lim an = lim n + 1 = lim 1  1 + 1  = 0

n→∞ n → ∞ 2n2 n→∞ 2n n2 
∴ By Leibnitz’s test, the series Σun is convergent.
 1
n 1 +  1 + 1
n +1 n
Now, un = =  2 = n
2n2 2n 2n
1
Take, vn =
n
un 1 1 1
lim = lim 1+  =
n→∞ vn n→∞ 2  n 2
which is non-zero and finite.
1
∴ By comparison test, Σ un and Σv n converge or diverge together. Since Σvn = Σ
n
diverges ( ∵ p = 1).
Σ un also diverges. Hence given series Σun is conditionally convergent.
INFINITE SERIES 59

∞
( −1)n
109. Test ∑ n(log n )2
for convergence and absolute convergence.
n=2

Sol. The given series is

∞
( −1)n
∑ un = ∑ n(log n)2 = ∑ ( −1)n . an
n=2
It is an alternating series.
1 1
Here, an = , an +1 =
n(log n )2 (n + 1) [log (n + 1)]2
Clearly, an >an + 1 ∀ n ≥ 2
1
Also, lim an = lim =0
n→∞ n→∞ n(log n )2
∞
∴ By Leibnitz’s Test, the series ∑ un is convergent.
n=2

1 1
Now, un = = f (n ) ∴ f(x) =
n(log n)2 x (log x )2
For x ≥ 2, f(x) is positive and monotonic decreasing.

∞ ∞
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral Test, ∑ un and ∫ f ( x ) dx converge or diverge together.
n=2 2

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
dx 1  (log x )−1   −1  1
Now, ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ x (log x )2 = ∫ (log x )−2 · dx =   =   =
2 2 2
x  −1  2  log x  2 log 2
which is a finite quantity and non-zero.
∞
⇒ The integral ∫ f ( x ) dx is convergent.
2
∞
⇒ The series ∑ un is convergent.
n=2
∞
Hence the given series ∑ un is absolutely convergent.
n=2

∞
( −1)n − 1· n
110. Test the series ∑ 5n
.
n =1

∞
Sol. The given series is ∑ un = ∑ ( −1)n −1· an . It is an alternating series.
n =1

n n +1
Here, an = , an +1 =
5n 5n +1
n n +1 5n − ( n + 1) 4n − 1
an – an+1 = − n +1
= n +1 = > 0 ∀n.
5n
5 5 5n + 1
⇒ an >an + 1 ∀n
60 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

lim an = lim n  ∞
Also, n→∞ n → ∞ 5n
Form ∞ 
 

n
= lim =0 [L-Hospital’s Rule]
n→∞ 5n· log 5

∞
∴ By Leibnitz’s Test, the series ∑ un is convergent.
n =1

n n +1
Now, un = , un +1 =
5n 5n +1
un 5n 5
lim = lim = lim =5 > 1
n→∞ un +1 n +1
n→∞ n → ∞ 1
1+
n
∴ By ratio test, the series Σ un is convergent.
Hence the given series Σun is absolutely convergent.
∞ 1 
1
111. Test ∑ ( −1)n −1  2 + 2
( n + 1) 
for convergence and absolute convergence.
n =1 n
Sol. The given series is
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 
∑ un = ∑ ( −1)n −1  2 +  =
(n + 1)2 
∑ ( −1)n −1 an
n =1 n =1 n n =1
It is an alternating series.
1 1
Here, an = + > 0 ∀n.
n2 (n + 1)2
1 1
an + 1 = +
(n + 1)2 (n + 2)2

1 1 4n + 4
an – an + 1 = − = > 0 ∀n
n2 ( n + 2)2 n2 (n + 2)2
⇒ an >an + 1 ∀n

1 1 
Also, lim an = lim  2 + =0
n→∞ n → ∞ n (n + 1)2 
∞
∴ By Leibnitz’s Test, the series ∑ un is convergent.
n =1

1 1 1 1 2
Now, un = + < + = ∀n
n2 (n + 1)2 n2 n2 n2
2 1
Since the series Σ 2
=2Σ is convergent ( ∵ p = 2 > 1), by comparison test Σ un is also
n n2
convergent.
Hence the given series is absolutely convergent.
sin x sin 2x sin 3x
112. Prove that the series − + − ... converges absolutely. (M.D.U., Dec., 2006)
13 23 33
INFINITE SERIES 61

Sol. The given series is

∞ ∞
sin nx
∑ un = ∑ ( −1)n −1 n3
n =1 n =1

sin nx 1 1
Since un = ≤ ∀n and Σ converges.
n3 n3 n3
∴ By comparison test, the series Σ un converges
⇒ The given series converges absolutely.

x x2
113. Discuss the convergence of the series 1 + + + ... for all values of x.
1! 2 !
Sol. The given series is
∞ ∞
x n −1
∑ un = ∑ (n − 1)!
n =1 n =1

x n −1 xn
Here, un = and un +1 =
(n − 1)! n!
n −1
un x n! n
∴ = × = for x ≠ 0
un +1 (n − 1)! x n x

un n
lim = lim = ∞ for x ≠ 0
n→∞ un +1 n→∞ x

∞
∴ By Ratio test, the series ∑u
n=1
n is convergent for x ≠ 0.

When x = 0, the series becomes 1 + 0 + 0 + ... and is convergent.

Thus Σ un is convergent for all x.

⇒ The given series is absolutely convergent for all x.
Since every absolutely convergent series is convergent therefore, the given series is convergent
for all x.
Note : Here Σun is convergent for all x.

lim un +1 = 0 ⇒ xn
⇒ n→∞
lim = 0 for all x.
n → ∞ n!

x3 x5
114. Discuss the convergence and absolute convergence of the series x − + − ..., x being real.
3 5

Sol. The given series is

∞ ∞
x 2n −1
∑ un = ∑ ( −1)n −1 · 2n − 1
n =1 n =1

( −1)n −1· x 2n −1 x 2n +1
Here, un = , un + 1 = ( −1)n·
2n − 1 2n + 1
62 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1
un 2n −1 1+
x 2n + 1 2n + 1 1 n· 1
∴
un +1
= × = ·
2n − 1 x 2n +1 2n − 1 x 2
=
2
1 x2 (∵ x
2
= x2 )
1−
2n
1
un 1+
lim = lim 2n · 1 = 1
n→∞ un +1 n→∞ 1 x2 x2
1−
2n
∞
∴ By ratio test, the series ∑ un is convergent.
n =1

1 1
If 2
> 1 i.e., if x2 < 1, i.e., if –1 < x < 1 and divergent if 2 < 1 i.e., if x2 > 1 i.e., if x > 1 or
x x
x < –1.
Ratio test fails when x2 = 1.
When x2 = 1, we have
1
un 1+ −1
2n  1  1 
= 1 = 1 +  1 − 2n 
un +1 1−  2n  
2n
 1  1  1 
= 1 + 1 + + O  2 
 2n   2n  n 

1  1 
=1 + + O 2 
n n 
∴ By Gauss test, the series Σ un is divergent.
2
Hence the given series is not absolutely convergent when x = 1.
When x = 1, the series becomes
1
Σun = ∑ ( −1)
n −1
·
2n − 1
= ∑ ( −1)n−1 · vn
It is an alternating series.
1 1
Here vn = ,v =
2n − 1 n +1 2n + 1
Since 2n – 1 <2n + 1 ∀n
1 1
∴ > ∀n
2n − 1 2n + 1
or vn >vn + 1 ∀n

1
Also lim vn = lim =0
n→∞ n → ∞ 2n −1
∴ By Leibnitz’s test, the series is convergent.
When x = –1, the series becomes
2n − 1
Σun = Σ(−1)n −1 · (−1) = Σ(−1)n −1 ·
−1
2n − 1 2n − 1
n −1 1
= −Σ(−1) ·
2n − 1
INFINITE SERIES 63

1
Since Σ(−1)n −1 · is convergent as shown above Σun is also convergent.
2n − 1
Hence Σun is convergent if –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and absolutely convergent if –1 < x < 1.
115. Test the convergence of the series
∞
( −1)n ( x + 1)n
∑ 2 n · n2
n =1

( −1)n ( x + 1)n (−1)n +1 · ( x + 1)n + 1

Sol. Here, un = and un + 1 =
n
2 ·n 2
2n +1 · (n + 1)2
n
un x +1 2n + 1 · (n + 1)2
= n 2
× n +1
un +1 2·n x +1
2 2
 n +1  1  1 1
= 2·   · x + 1 = 2· 1 + n  · x + 1
 n   
un 2
lim  1 1 2
∴ = lim 2· 1 +  · =
n→∞ un +1 n→∞  n  x + 1 x +1
2
∴ By Ratio test, the series Σ un is convergent if > 1 , i.e., if x + 1 < 2 .
x +1
i.e., if –2 < x + 1 < 2, i.e., if –3 < x < 1.
2
Also Σ un is divergent if <1
x +1

i.e., if x + 1 > 2 i.e., if x + 1 > 2 or x + 1 < –2

i.e., if x > 1 or x < –3.
Ratio test fails when x = 1 or x = –3.
When x = 1,
( −1)n· 2n (−1)n
Σun = ∑ =∑ = ∑ ( −1)n · vn
2n · n2 n2
It is an alternating series.
1 1
Here, vn = , vn +1 =
n2 (n + 1)2
Clearly, vn > vn +1 ∀n

1
Also, lim vn = lim =0
n→∞ n → ∞ n2

∴ By Leibnitz’s test, Σun is convergent.

When x = –3,
( −1)n· ( −2)n (−1)2n 1
Σun = ∑ n 2
=∑ 2
=∑
2 ·n n n2
which is convergent.
Hence the given series is convergent if –3 ≤ x ≤ 1.
116. For what values of x, is the following series convergent :

x 2 x3 x4 x5 (M.D.U., Dec., 2005)

x− + − + − ...
2 3 4 5
64 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

xn x n +1
Sol. Here, un = (−1)n −1 · and un + 1 = ( −1)n ·
n n +1
un +1 x .n
=−
un n +1
un +1  1 
lim = lim  x
n→∞ un n→∞  1 
 1 +  
  n  
By Ratio Test the given series converges for x < 1 and diverges for x > 1.
1 1 1 1
When x = 1, the series becomes 1 − + − + − ... , which is an alternating series and is
2 3 4 5
convergent.
 1 1 1 1 
When x = –1, the series becomes − 1 + + + + + ...  , which is divergent series as can be seen
 2 3 4 5 
1
after comparison with p ( p = 1).
n
Hence the given series converges for –1 < x ≤ 1.
2 3 4
x x x
117. For what values of x is the series x − + − + ... convergent. (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
2 3 4
Sol. The given series is
∞ ∞
( −1)n −1 · x n
∑ un = ∑ n
n =1 n =1

n n +1
xn x x
un = or and un +1 =
n n n +1
un n +1 1 1 1
∴ = · = 1+ ·
un +1 n x n x

un 1
lim =
n→∞ un +1 x
∴ By Ratio Test, the series Σ un is convergent.

1 1
If > 1 , i.e., if x < 1 , i.e., if –1 < x < 1 and divergent if < 1 , i.e., if x > 1 , i.e., if x > 1 or
x x
x < –1.
Ratio test fails when x = 1 .
∴ i.e., when x = 1 or –1.
1 1 1
When x = 1, the series becomes 1 − + − + ...
2 3 4
which is an alternating series and is convergent.
When x = –1, the series becomes
∞
 1 1 1  1
− 1 + + + + ...  = − ∑ .
 2 3 4  n =1 n

which is divergent by p-series test (p < 1).

Hence the given series converges for –1 < x ≤ 1.
INFINITE SERIES 65

5 7 9 11
118. Discuss the convergence of the series − + − + ...
2 4 6 8
Sol. The terms of the given series are alternatively positive and negative.
2n + 3 2n + 1
un = , un −1 =
2n 2n − 2
2n + 3 2n + 1 6
∴ un – un –1 = − =− <0 (for n > 1)
2n 2n − 2 4n(n − 1)
i.e., un <un – 1 for n > 1.
2n + 3  3 
lim un = lim
= lim 1 + =1 ≠ 0
2nn→∞ n →∞ 2n  n→∞
Hence by Leibnitz’s Test, the given series is oscillatory.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
119. Test whether the series 1 + − − + + − − + ... is convergent or not.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 1 1 1 1
Sol. The series of absolute terms is 1 + 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ ... which is obviously convergent.
2 3 4 5 6
∴ The given series is absolutely convergent and hence it is convergent.
120. Test whether the series
1 1 1 1
3
− 3
(1 + 2 ) + 3
(1 + 2 + 3 ) − 3
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) + ... ∞ is conditionally convergent.
2 3 4 5
n −1 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + n)
Sol. Here, un = ( −1) ·
(n + 1)3

n −1 n(n + 1) n −1 n n −1
= ( −1) · 3
= (−1) · = (−1) · an (say)
2(n + 1) 2(n + 1)2
n n +1
an = , an +1 =
2(n + 1)2 2(n + 2)2
2
1
 n n +1  1 (n + n − 1)
⇒ an – an + 1 = − = · >0
 2  2 (n + 1)2 (n + 2)2
2
 (n + 1) (n + 2)2 
i.e., an > an + 1 or an + 1 < an.

1 n
Also, lim an = lim =0
n→∞ 2 n → ∞ (n + 1)2
Therefore, by Leibnitz’s Test, series Σan and so Σun is convergent.
1 n
Also, un = · .
2 (n + 1)2

1
Taking vn = .
n

un 1  n2  1
⇒ lim = lim  2 = ≠0
n→∞ vn 2 n → ∞  n + 1  2
66 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 1 
Since Σvn is divergent  Σ series test; p = 1  Σ un is also divergent.
p
 n 

i.e., Σun is convergent but Σ un is divergent.

Thus the given series Σun is conditionally convergent.

1 1 1
121. For which values of x, the following series converges + + + ... ∞
1 − x 2(1 − x )2 3(1 − x )3

1 1
Sol. Here, un = , un +1 =
n(1 − x )n (n + 1) (1 − x )n +1

un +1 n · (1 − x )n 1  n  1
lim = lim = lim =
n→∞ un n→∞ (n + 1)· (1 − x )n +1 1 − x n → ∞  n + 1  1 − x

1
By ratio test, Σun converges for < 1 , i.e., 1 − x > 1 , i.e., for –1 > 1 – x > 1 or x < 0 and
1−x
x > 2.
Let us examine the series for x = 0 and x = 2.
1 1 1
For x = 0, the given series becomes 1 + + + + ... + ... + ...∞
2 3 4
which is a divergent harmonic series.
n
For x = 2, the given series becomes −1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − ... + (−1) + ... ∞
2 3 4 n
It is an alternating series which is convergent by Leibnitz’s Test
Since un <un – 1 for all n

and lim un =0.

n→∞
Hence the given series converges for x < 0 and x ≥ 2.
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1) ... (n − r + 1) r −1
122. Examine the binomial series 1 + nx + x + ... + · x for convergence
2! r!
for x < 1.

n(n − 1) ... (n − r) r −1
Sol. Here, ur = · x
(r − 1)!
n(n − 1) ... (n − r + 1) n
ur + 1 = · x
r!
ur +1 n − r +1  n +1 
∴ lim = lim · x = lim  − 1 · x
r→∞ ur r→∞ r r →∞ r 
=–x for r > n + 1
Hence the series converges for x < 1.
∞
cos nx
123. State Weierstrass’s M-Test. Use it to show that the series ∑ np
for all real x and p > 1, is
n =1
uniformly convergent.
INFINITE SERIES 67

∞
Sol. Weierstrass’s M-Test is that a series ∑ un (x ) of functions converges uniformly and absolutely
n =1
∞
on an interval I if there exists a convergent series ∑ Mn of positive constants such that
n =1

un ( x ) ≤ M n ∀ n ∈ N and ∀ x ∈ I .
cos nx
Here un(x) = p
n
cos nx cos nx 1
∴ un ( x ) = p
= p
≤ p
(= M n ) ∀ x ∈ R
n n n
∞ ∞
1
Since ∑ Mn = ∑
n =1 np n =1
is convergent for p > 1, the given series by M-Test, is uniformly convergent for all real x and
p > 1.
∞
sin(x 2 + nx )
124. Show that the series ∑ n(n + 2 )
is uniformly convergent for all real x.
n =1

2
sin(x + nx )
Sol. Here, un(x) =
n(n + 2)

sin(x 2 + nx ) sin(x 2 + nx )
∴ un ( x ) = =
n(n + 2) n(n + 2)

1 1
≤ < (= M n ) ∀ x ∈ R
n(n + 2) n2
∞
∞ 1
Since ∑ Mn =
n2
∑
n =1 n =1
is convergent, therefore, by M-test, the given series is uniformly convergent for all real x.
∞
1
125. Show that the series ∑ n p + nq . x 2 is uniformly convergent for all real x and p > 1.
n =1

1
Sol. Here, un(x) =
n + nq . x 2
p

Since x2 ≥ 0 for all real x, nq . x2 ≥ 0.

1 1
⇒ np + nq . x2 ≥ np ⇒ p q 2 ≤ p
n +n .x n
1 1
∴ un ( x ) = p q 2
≤ (= M n ) ∀ x ∈ R
n +n · x np
∞ ∞
1
Since, ∑ Mn np
= ∑
n =1 n =1
is convergent for p > 1 therefore by M-test the given series is uniformly convergent for all real x
and p > 1.
68 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1
126. Show that the following series converge uniformly in any interval ∑ n3 + n 4 . x 2 for all real x.

Sol. For all values of x,

3 4 2 3
n + n . x >n (∵ x 2 ≥ 0)

1 1
∴ < (= Mn).
n + n4 . x 2
3
n
3

1
But ΣM n = ∑ 3
n
is the p-series with p = 3 > 1 and is convergent.
1
∴ By M-test, the given series ∑ n3 + n4· x 2 converges uniformly in any interval.

127. Describe the general procedure for testing a series for convergence.
Sol. First see whether the given series is
(i) a series with terms alternatively positive and negative;
∞
(ii) a series of positive terms excluding Power Series of the form ∑ an x n or
n=0
∞
(iii) a Power Series ∑ an x n .
n=0
For alternating series (i), apply the Leibnitz’s Test (Reference Q. 95).
For a series (ii), first find un and if possible evaluate limit un. If limit un ≠ 0, the series is diver-
1
gent. If limit un = 0, compare Σun with Σ p
and apply the comparison tests.
n

un
If the comparison tests are not applicable, apply the Ratio Test. If limit = 1 , i.e., the Ratio
un +1
Test fails, apply Raabe’s Test. If Raabe’s Test fails for a similar reason, apply Logarithmic test. If
this test also fails, apply Cauchy’s root test.

a 
For the power series (iii), apply the Ratio Test limit  n +1  which has an interval of convergence
 an 

−1 1
< x < . The series diverge for values of x outside this interval.
l l
If the Ratio Test fails, examine the series as in case (ii) above.
The above is a general procedure which the student is advised to follow for testing an infinite
series for its convergence.
128. Comment whether there is any relation between absolute and uniform convergence of a series.
Sol. There is no relation between absolute and uniform convergence. A series may converge
absolutely but not uniformly while another series may converge uniformly but not absolutely.

1 1 1
For example, the series 2
− 2
+ 2
− ...
x +1 x +2 x +3
may be seen to converge uniformly but not absolutely, while the series
INFINITE SERIES 69

2 2 2
x x x
x2 + + + + ...
x2 +1 ( x 2 + 1)2 ( x 2 + 1)3
can be shown to converge absolutely but not uniformly.
129. Examine the geometric series 1 + x + x2 + ... + xn – 1 + ... ∞ for uniform convergence in the interval

 1 1
 − 2 , 2 .
 
Sol. Sum of the first n terms i.e., Sn(x) is given by

2 n −1 1 − xn
Sn(x) = 1 + x + x + ... + x =
1−x
n
1−x 1
and S(x) = limit = for x < 1
n→∞ 1−x 1−x

n
xn xn x
∴ S ( x ) − Sn ( x ) = = =
1−x 1−x 1−x
n
which will be < ε, if x < ε (1 − x ).

N
Choose N such that x = ε (1 − x )

or N = log
[ε(1 − x )]
log x

1 1
Obviously, N increases with the increase of x and in the interval − ≤ x ≤ , it assumes a
2 2
maximum value
log ( ε 2 ) 1
N′ = at x =
1  2
log  
2
for a given ε.
 1 1
Thus s( x ) − sn ( x ) < ε for all n ≥ N for every value of x in the interval  − ,  .
 2 2

 1 1
Hence the geometric series converges uniformly in the interval  − ,  because by definition
 2 2
the series Σun(x) is said to be uniformly convergent in the interval (a, b), if for a given ε > 0, a
number N can be found independent of x, such that for every x in the interval (a, b),
S( x ) − Sn ( x ) < ε for all n > N.
Note: The geometric series though convergent in the interval (–1, 1), is not uniformly convergent
in this interval, since we cannot find a fixed number N for every x in this interval
[because N (= log [ε (1 – x)]/log x ) → ∞ as x → 1].

ooo
 2
Matrices and Its Applications
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE
1. Matrix: A matrix is defined as a rectangular array (or arrangement in rows or columns) of sca-
lars, the numbers being enclosed by brackets [ ] or ( ) subject to certain rules of operations. If mn
numbers (real or complex) are arranged in the form of a rectangular array A, having m rows
(horizontal lines) and n columns (vertical lines), then A is called an m × n matrix. Each of the mn
numbers is called an element of the matrix. An m × n matrix is also called a matrix of order m × n
and is written as A = [aij]m × n or A = {aij}, where i = 1, 2, 3, ..., m; j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n.
Each element has 2 suffixes indicating the row and the column in which the element lies.
2. Real Matrix: A matrix is said to be real if all the elements are real numbers.
3. Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns, is
called a square matrix otherwise it is said to be a rectangular matrix. The elements of a square
matrix are called its diagonal elements and the diagonal along which these elements lie, is
called the principal diagonal. The sum of the diagonal elements of a square matrix, is called its
trace. Thus, trace of a square matrix A of order n is given by:
n
a11 + a22 + a33 + ... + ann = ∑ aij , where A = [aij]
i =1

4. Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix in which all non-diagonal elements are zero, is called a
diagonal matrix.
5. Identity Matrix: A scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is unity, is called a unit ma-
trix or identity matrix.
i.e., A = [aij]n × n is a unit matrix

if aij = {0 when i ≠ j
1 when i = j
A unit matrix of order n is denoted by In or simply I.
6. Product of Two Matrices: Two matrices A and B are said to be conformable for the product AB
if the number of columns in A (called the pre-factor) is equal to the number of rows in B (called
the post-factor).
Thus, if the orders of A and B are m × n and p × q respectively, then
(i) AB is defined if n = p
(ii) BA is defined if q = m.
Let A = [aij]m × n, B = [bij]n × p be two matrices conformable for the product AB, then AB is defined
as the matrix C = [cij]m × p,
where cij = ai1b1j + ai2b2j + ... + ainbnj
n
= ∑ aikbkj .
k =1

i.e., (i, j)th element of AB = sum of the products of the elements of ith row of A with the correspond-
ing elements of jth column of B.

70
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 71

7. Properties of Matrix Multiplication:

(i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general i.e., AB ≠ BA.
(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative i.e., (AB)C = A(BC)
(iii) It is distributive with respect to matrix addition i.e., A(B + C) = AB + AC.
(iv) If A and I are square matrices of the same order, then AI = IA = A.
8. Transpose of a Matrix: Given a matrix A, then the matrix obtained from A by changing its
rows into columns and columns into rows is called the transpose of A and is denoted by A′ or AT.
(i) (A′)′ = A (ii) (AB)′ = B′A′ (iii) (A + B)′ = A′ + B′
9. Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A = {aij} is said to be symmetric if A′ = A i.e., if the transpose
of the matrix is equal to the matrix itself.

 −1 2 3  a h g 
 2 5 6  and  h b f 
 3 6 4 g f c 
   
are symmetric matrices.
10. Orthogonal Matrix: A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix if AA′ = A′A = I.
11. Adjoint of a Square Matrix: It is the transpose of the matrix obtained by replacing each ele-
ment of A by its co-factor in |A|, briefly written as adj. A.
12. Inverse of a Square Matrix: If AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse (or reciprocal) of A,
–1
or A .
The inverse of a square matrix if it exists, is unique. The necessary and sufficient condition
for a square matrix A to have its inverse, is that A is non-singular i.e., |A| ≠ 0. Inverse of A is
–1
denoted by A .
Thus, B = A–1 and AA–1 = A–1A = I.
adj. A
Also, A–1 = ; |A| ≠ 0.
|A|
Note: (i) If A and B are two non-singular square matrices of the same order then (AB)–1 = B–1 .
A–1.
(ii) If A is a non-singular square matrix then so is A′ and (A′)–1 = (A–1)′.
13. Gauss-Jordan Method: This is a method to obtain inverse of a matrix by using elementary row
transformations to reduce it to the unit matrix.
14. Rank of a Matrix: Let A be any m × n matrix. It has square sub-matrices of different orders. The
determinants of these square sub-matrices are called minors of A. If all minors of order (r + 1) are
zero, but there is at least one non-zero minor of order r, then r is called the rank of A, written as
ρ(A) = r.
(i) If A is a null matrix, then ρ(A) = 0
(ii) If A is not a null matrix, then ρ(A) ≥ 1.
(iii) If A is a non-singular n × n matrix, then ρ(A) = n.
(iv) If A is an m × n matrix, then ρ(A) ≤ minimum of m, n.
To Determine Rank of a Given Matrix:
Method I: Start with the highest order minor (or minors) of A. Let their order be r. If any one of
them is non-zero, then ρ(A) = r. If all of them are zero, start with minors of next lower order (r – 1)
and so on till you get a non-zero minor. The order of that minor is the rank of A.
However, this method usually involves a lot of computational work since we have to evaluate
several determinants.
Method II: We generally find the rank of a matrix by reducing it to echelon form in which:
(i) All entries below the leading element are zero.
(ii) The number of zeros before the first non-zero element in a row is more than the number of
such zeros in the previous row.
72 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 0 2 
For example, A = 0 3 0  is in echelon form.
0 0 4 
 

1 0 2 
whereas B = 0 3 0  is non-echelon.
0 3 4 
 
Method III: Normal Form Method:
If A is an m × n matrix and by a series of elementary (row or column or both) operations, it can be
put into one of the following forms (called normal or canonical forms):

Ir 0  Ir 
 0 0  ,  0  , [ Ir 0] , [Ir ]
   
where Ir is the unit matrix of order r.
Since the rank of a matrix is not changed as a result of elementary transformations, it follows
that ρ(A) = r because rth order minor |Ir| = 1 ≠ 0.
This method is also called sweep out method or pivotal method.
15. For an m × n matrix A, method to find square matrices P and Q of orders m and n
respectively such that PAQ is in the normal form:
Write A = IAI
Reduce the matrix on L.H.S. to normal form by affecting elementary row and/or column transfor-
mations. Every elementary row (column), transformation on A must be accompanied by the same
transformation on the pre-factor (post-factor) on R.H.S. Please see Q’s 28 and 29 as examples.
16. Solution of a System of Linear Equations
(i) Consider 3 equations in 3 unknowns in matrix notation as AX = B
where A is called the co-efficient matrix,
X is called the column matrix of unknowns and
B is the column matrix of constants.
If B = O, the matrix equation AX = B reduces to AX = O.
Such a system of equations is called a system of homogeneous linear equations.
If B ≠ O, it is a system of non-homogeneous linear equations.
(ii) For a homogeneous linear equations system AX = O, X = O is always a solution called
Trivial solution. Therefore, such a system is always consistent.
A system of homogeneous linear equations has either the trivial solution or an infinite
number of solutions. If ρ(A) < number of unknowns, system has an infinite number of non-
trivial solutions. If ρ(A) = no. of unknowns, the system has only the trivial solution.
(iii) For AX = B, the system is
(a) inconsistent if ρ[A : B] ≠ ρ(A)
(b) has a unique solution if ρ[A : B] = ρ(A) = number of unknowns.
(c) has an infinite number of solutions if ρ[A : B] = ρ(A) < no. of unknowns.
The matrix [A : B] in which the elements of A and B are written side by side, is called the aug-
mented matrix.
(iv) If A is a non-singular matrix, then the matrix equation AX = B has a unique solution.
17. Characteristic Equation and Cayley-Hamilton Theorem:
(i) If A is a square matrix of order n, we can form the matrix A – λI, where λ is a scalar and I
is the unit matrix of order n.
|A – λI| = 0 is called the characteristic equation of A.
On expanding the determinant, the characteristic equation can be written as a polynomial equation
of degree n in λ of the form
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 73

(– 1)n λn + k1 . λn–1 + k2 . λn–2 + ... + kn = 0

The roots of this equation are called the characteristic roots or latent roots or eigen values
of A.
Note 1. Sum of the eigen values of a matrix A is equal to trace of A which in turn is the sum
of its diagonal elements.
2. Corresponding to each eigen value, the homogeneous system (A – λI)X = 0 has a non-zero

 x1 
x 
solution X =  2  which is called an eigen vector.


 xn 

3. If X is a solution of (A – λI)X = 0 then so is kX where k is an arbitrary constant. Therefore, the

eigen vector corresponding to an eigen value is not unique.
(ii) Cayley-Hamilton Theorem: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
This theorem gives another method for computing the inverse of a square matrix.
Note: Since this method expresses the inverse of a matrix of order n in terms of (n – 1) powers
of A, it is most suitable for computing inverses of large matrices.

SOLVED PROBLEMS

LM
0 1 2 OP
MN PQ
1. Find the inverse of the matrix A, A = 1 2 3 by Gauss-Jordan Method.
3 1 1
(M.D.U. Dec., 2007)

Sol. Writing the given matrix side by side with unit matrix I3, we get
LM
0 1 2
1 0 0 OP
MN
[A : I3] = 1 2 3
0 1 0 Operating R12
3 1 1
0 0 1 PQ
L 1 2 3
0 1 0O
~ M0 1 2
1 0 0P Operating R – 3R
MN3 1 1
0 0 1PQ 3 1

L 1 2 3
0 1 0OP
~ M0
MN0 − 51 − 82

01 − 03 01PQ Operating R – 2R , R + 5R
1 2 3 2

L 1 0 − 1
− 2 1 0OP
~ M0 1
1
MN0 0 2
5 − 3 1PQ
2
1 0 0 Operating
2
R 3

LM 1 0 − 1
− 2 1 0OP
~ M0 1
MM0 0 21

51 − 30 10PPP Operating R + R , R – 2R
1 3 2 3

N 2 2 2Q
LM 1 0 0
1 − 1 1 OP
M
~ M0 1 0
−4
2
3 − 1 P ≡ [I : A ]
2 2

MM 0 0 1
5 − 3 1 PPP
–1
3

N 2 2 2 Q
74 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM 1 − 1 1 OP
A = M− 4
MM 5 33 − 11PPP .
2 2 2
∴ –1

MN 2 − 2 2 PQ
L x y OP = LM x 6OP + LM 4
2. Find x, y, z and w if 3 M
x+ y OP
N z wQ N− 1 2wQ N z + w 3
.
Q
Sol. The given equation is
LM3x 3y OP LM
x+4 6+ x+ y OP
N3 z 3w
=
Q N
− 1 + z + w 2w + 3 Q
Equating the corresponding elements on both sides,
3x = x + 4, 3y = 6 + x + y, 3z = – 1 + z + w, 3w = 2w + 3
⇒ x = 2, 2y = 6 + x, 2z = – 1 + w, w=3
⇒ x = 2, y = 4, z = 1, w=3
Hence x = 2, y = 4, z = 1 and w = 3.

LM 1 −2 3 OP
1 0 2 LM OP
3. If A =
MN− 23 PQ MN PQ
3 − 1 and B = 0 1 2 . Find the products AB and BA. Show that AB ≠ BA.
1 2 1 2 0

LM 1 − 2 3OP LM 1 0 2OP LM 41 41 −102OP

Sol. AB =
MN− 23 31 − 21PQ MN01 21 02PQ = MN− 1 5 − 4PQ
L1 0 2O L 1 − 2 3OP LM− 5 0 7OP
BA = M0 1 2P M 2
MN1 2 0PQ MN− 3 31 − 21PQ = MN− 45 45 31PQ
Orders of AB and BA are the same (3 × 3) but their corresponding elements are not equal.
Hence AB ≠ BA.
4. Prove that the product of the matrices
LM cos θ 2
cos θ sin θ
and
OPcos 2 φ LM
cos φ sin φ OP
Ncos θ sin θ 2
sin θ Q
cos φ sin φ N
sin 2 φ Q
π
is a null matrix, where θ and φ differ by an odd multiple of .
2
LM cos θ cos θ sin θOP LM cos φ cos φ sin φOP
2 2
Sol.
Ncos θ sin θ sin θ Q Ncos φ sin φ sin φ Q
2 2

L cos θ cos φ + cos θ sin θ cos φ sin φ cos θ cos φ sin φ + cos θ sin θ sin φOP
2 2 2 2
= M
Ncos θ sin θ cos φ + sin θ cos φ sin φ cos θ sin θ cos φ sin φ + sin θ sin φQ
2 2 2 2

Lcos θ cos φ (cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ) cos θ sin φ (cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ)OP
= Msin θ cos φ (cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ)
N sin θ sin φ (cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ) Q

Lcos θ cos φ cos (θ − φ) cos θ sin φ cos (θ − φ)O

= Msin θ cos φ cos (θ − φ) sin θ sin φ cos (θ − φ) P
N Q
π
∵ θ – φ = an odd multiple of
2
0 0 LM OP
∴
N
cos (θ – φ) = 0 = 0 0 = O2 × 2 .
Q
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 75

LM 1 −2 3OP
5. Evaluate A2 – 3A + 9I if I is the unit matrix of order 3 and A = MN− 23 1 2 PQ
3 −1 .

Sol. A2 = A × A
LM 1 − 2 3OP LM 1 − 2 3OP L− 12 − 5 11O
MN− 23 31 − 21PQ MN− 23 31 − 21PQ = MMN −117 114 − 61PPQ
=

L− 12 − 5 11OP LM 1 − 2 3OP LM1 0 0OP

A – 3A + 9I = M 11
MN − 7 114 − 61PQ − 3 MN− 23 31 − 21PQ + 9 MN00 01 01PQ
∴ 2
3

L− 12 − 5 11OP LM 3 − 6 9OP LM9 0 0OP

= M 11
MN − 7 114 − 61PQ − MN− 69 93 − 63PQ + MN00 90 09PQ
L − 12 − 3 + 9 − 5 − (− 6) + 0 11 − 9 + 0OP LM− 6 1 2OP
= M
MN− 7 −11(−−96) ++ 00 114 −− 93 ++ 09 1−− 6(−−36) ++ 09PQ = MN 52 48 − 43PQ .
L 3 − 4O
6. By Mathematical induction, prove that if A = M 1 − 1P , then A = M n
L1 + 2n − 4n OP , where n is any
N Q N 1 − 2nQ
n

positive integer.
LM1 + 2n − 4n OP
Sol. An =
N n 1 − 2nQ
= M
L1 + 2 . 1 − 4 . 1 OP = LM3 −4 OP
When n = 1, A1
N 1 1 − 2 . 1Q N 1 −1
=A
Q
⇒ The result is true when n = 1.
Let us assume that the result is true for any positive integer k i.e.,
LM1 + 2k − 4k OP
Let Ak =
N k 1 − 2k Q ...(1)

LM1 + 2k − 4k OP LM3 −4 OP
Now Ak+1 = Ak . A =
N k 1 − 2k Q N1 −1 Q
LM3 (1 + 2k) − 4k − 4 (1 + 2k) + 4kOP = LM3 + 2k − 4 − 4kOP
=
N 3k + 1 − 2k − 4k − (1 − 2k) Q N 1 + k − 1 − 2k Q
L1 + 2(k + 1) − 4 (k + 1) OP
= M k+1
N 1 − 2(k + 1)Q
⇒ The result is true for n = k +1. Hence by mathematical induction, the result is true for all
positive integers n.
1 3 2 LM OP
MN PQ
3 2
7. Prove that A – 4A – 3A + 11 I = 0, where A = 2 0 − 1 .
1 2 3

1 3 LM2 OP LM 1 3 2OP LM9 7 5 OP

Sol.
MN
A2 = 2 0 − 1
1 2 3 PQ MN21 02 − 31PQ = MN81 4 1
9 9 PQ
LM9 7 5O L 1 3 2O L28 37 26 OP
= M1 1P M2 0 − 1P = M10
9PQ MN 1 2 3PQ MN35 PQ
A3 4 5 1
N8 9 42 34
76 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM28 37 26OP LM9 7 5OP LM 1 3 2OP LM1 0 0OP

– 3A + 11 I = M10 5
N35 42 34PQ MN8 9 9PQ MN 1 2 3PQ MN0 0 1PQ
∴ A3– 4A2 1 − 4 1 4 1 − 3 2 0 − 1 + 11 0 1 0

LM28 − 36 − 3 + 11 37 − 28 − 9 + 0 26 − 20 − 6 + 0 OP
= M 10 − 4 − 6 + 0 5 − 16 − 0 + 11
N 35 − 32 − 3 + 0 42 − 36 − 6 + 0 34 − 36 − 9 + 11PQ
1− 4 + 3 + 0

LM0 0 0OP
= M0 0 0P = 0.
N0 0 0Q
8. By Mathematical Induction, prove that if A = M 4
L11 − 25OP , then A = LM1 + 10n − 25n OP .
N − 9Q N 4n 1 − 10nQ
n

A = M 4n
L1 + 10n − 25n OP
Sol.
N n
1 − 10nQ
L
A = M 4.1
1 + 10.1 – 25.1 O L11 − 25O
N – 10.1PQ = MN 4 − 9PQ = A
When n = 1, 1
1
⇒ The result is true when n = 1
Let us assume that the result is true for any positive integer k i.e.,
LM1 + 10k − 25 k OP
Let Ak =
N 4k 1 − 10 k Q
LM1 + 10k − 25 kOP LM11 − 25 OP
Now, Ak+1 = Ak . A =
N 4k 1 − 10 kQ N4 −9 Q
LM11 (1 + 10k) − 100k −25 (1 + 10k) + 9 (25k)OP
=
N 44k + 4 (1 − 10k) −100k − 9 (1 − 10k) Q
L11 + 10k − 25 − 25kOP = LM1 + 10(k + 1) − 25(k + 1) OP
= M 4k + 4
N − 10 k − 9 Q N 4( k + 1) 1 − 10(k + 1)Q

L1 + 10 (k + 1) − 25 (k + 1) OP
= M 4(k + 1)
Ak + 1
N 1 − 10 (k + 1)Q
⇒ The result is true for n = k +1. Hence by mathematical induction, the result is true for all
positive integers n.
LMcos α sin α OP cos nα sin nα LM OP
N Q N Q
n
9. If A = − sin α cos α , show that A = − sin nα cos nα , when n is a positive integer.

(M.D.U., 2006)
LM
cos nα sin nα OP
Sol.
N
An = − sin nα cos nα
Q
L cos α
= M− sin α
sin α OP
When n = 1, A1
N Q
cos α = A
⇒ The result is true when n = 1.
Let us assume that the result is true for any positive integer k i.e.,
LM cos kα sin kα OP
Let
N
Ak = − sin kα cos kα
Q
Now, Ak +1 = Ak . A
LMcos kα sin kα OP LM cos α sin α OP
N
= − sin kα cos kα
Q N− sin α cos α Q
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 77

LM
cos kα . cos α − sin kα sin α cos kα sin α + sin kα . cos α OP
N
= − sin kα cos α − cos kα sin α − sin kα . sin α + cos kα . cos α
Q
L cos (kα + α)
= M− sin ( kα + α)
sin (kα + α) OP LM
cos ( k + 1) α sin ( k + 1) α OP
N Q N
cos (kα + α) = − sin ( k + 1) α cos ( k + 1) α Q
⇒ The result is true for n = k + 1.
Hence by mathematical induction, the result is true for all positive integers n.
LM
cos nα sin nα OP
N Q
Hence An = − sin nα cos nα is true.

LM
x + 3 2y + x 0 −7 OP LM OP
N
10. Find the values of x, y, z and a which satisfy the matrix equation z − 1 4a − 6 = 3 2a .
Q N Q
Sol. Equating the corresponding elements on both sides, we get
x + 3 = 0, 2y + x = – 7, z – 1 = 3, 4a – 6 = 2a
⇒ x = – 3, y = – 2, z = 4, a=3

LM3 − x 2 2 OP
11. For what values of x, the matrix
MN −22 4− x 1
− 4 −1− x PQ
is singular ? (M.D.U., May, 2005, 2007)

Sol. If the matrix is singular, the determinantal value is zero.

3− x 2 2
i.e., ⇒ 2 4−x 1 =0
−2 − 4 − 1− x
L.H.S. = (3 – x) [(4 – x) (– 1 – x) + 4] – 2 [2 (–1 – x) + 2] + 2 [– 8 + 2 (4 – x)]
= (3 – x) (x2 – 3x) + 4x – 4x = x (3 – x) (x – 3) = – x (x – 3)2
⇒ x = 0, 3.
12. Matrix A has x rows and x + 5 columns. Matrix B has y rows and 11 – y columns. Both AB and BA
exist. Find x and y.
Sol. As AB exists, x + 5 = y ...(1)
If BA exists, number of columns in B should be equal to number of rows in A.
i.e., 11 – y = x ...(2)
Solving (1) and (2) for x and y ;
11 – (x + 5) = x or 6 – x = x
2x = 6 ⇒ x=3
∴ y=x+5=8
Hence x = 3, y = 8.
LM
1 −1 OP 3 1 LM OP
13. If A + B = 3
N 0 , Q N Q
A – B = 1 4 calculate the product AB.

Sol. On adding the matrices A – B from A + B, we get

LM OP i.e., A = LM2 0OP
4 0
N Q
2A = 4 4
N2 2Q
On subtracting matrix A – B from A + B, we get
L − 2 − 2O L− 1 − 1O
2B = M 2 − 4P i.e., B = M 1 − 2P
N Q N Q
L2 0O L− 1 − 1O L− 2 − 2O L1 1O
AB = M2 2P M 1 − 2P = M 0 − 6P = – 2 M0 3P .
Hence
N QN Q N Q N Q
78 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM
1 2 3 4 OP
2 1 0 LM OP
3 1 0 5MN PQ
1 0 1 MN PQ
14. If A = 2 0 1 2 and B = 3 2 1 find AB or BA whichever exists.

Sol. It is observed that A is 3 × 4 matrix and B is 3 × 3 matrix. Hence AB does not exist.
⇒ BA exists.
LM
2 1 0 OP LM1 2 3 4OP L 4 4 7 10O
2 0 1 2 or BA = M10 7 11 21P .
∴ MN
BA = 3 2 1
1 0 1 PQ MN3 1 0 5PQ MN 4 3 3 9 PQ
LM
1 2O L 2 1O L− 3 1O
N
15. If A = − 2 3PQ , B = MN 2 3PQ and C = MN 2 0 PQ verify that AB(C) = A(BC) and
A(B + C) = AB + AC.
LM OP LM2 1OP LM−3 1OP = LM 1 2OP LM−4 2OP = LM−4 6OP
1 2
Sol.
N Q N2 3Q N 2 0Q N−2 3Q N 0 2Q N 8 2Q
A (BC) = −2 3 ...(1)

L 1 2O L2 1O L6 7O
AB = M−2 3P M2 3P = M2 7P
N Q N Q N Q ...(2)

L6 7O L− 3 1O L− 4 6O
AB(C) = M2 7P M 2 0P = M 8 2P = A(BC)
N QN Q N Q ...(3)

L 1 2O L− 3 1O L 1 1O
AC = M− 2 3P M 2 0P = M12 − 2P
N QN Q N Q
L6 7O L 1 1O L 7 8O
AB + AC = M2 7P + M12 − 2P = M14 5P
∴
N Q N Q N Q ...(4)

L 1 2O L2 − 3 1 + 1O L 1 2O L− 1 2O
A(B + C) = M− 2 3P M2 + 2 3 + 0P = M− 2 3P M 4 3P
Now
N QN Q N QN Q
L 7 8O
= M14 5P = AB + AC. Hence Proved.
N Q ...(5)

L 0 − tan α / 2OP , show that I + A = (I – A) LMcos α − sin αOP . (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
16. If A = Mtan α / 2
N 0 Q Nsin α cos αQ
LM 1 − tan α OP
L O L 1 0
I + A = M0 1P + Mtan α / 2
0 − tan α /2 OP = M α 2
P
Sol.
N Q N 0 Q Mtan 1 P
N 2 Q
LM 1 tan α OP
I–A= M
MN– tan α2 1 PPQ
2

LM 1 tan α OP
Lcos α − sin αOP = M α 2 P LMcos α − sin αOP
(I – A) Msin α cos α Q M – tan
N N 2 1 PQ N
sin α cos α Q

LM cos α + sin α . tan α − sin α + cos α . tan α OP

= M
MN− tan 2 . cos α + sin α sin α . tan 2 + cos αPPQ
2 2
α α

Since we know that

2 tan α / 2 1 − tan 2 α / 2
sin α = and cos α =
1 + tan 2 α / 2 1 + tan 2 α / 2
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 79

1 – tan 2 α / 2 2 tan α / 2 1 + tan 2 α / 2

∴ cos α + sin α . tan α/2 = + . tan α / 2 = = 1.
1 + tan 2 α / 2 1 + tan 2 α / 2 1 + tan 2 α / 2

and – sin α + cos α . tan α /2 =

− 2 tan α / 2
+
e
tan α / 2 1 − tan 2 α / 2 j
2 2
1 + tan α / 2 1 + tan α / 2

− 2 tan α / 2 + tan α / 2 − tan3 α / 2

=
1 + tan 2 α / 2

α LM
1 + tan 2
α OP
− tan
2 N 2 Q = – tan α/2.
=
LM 2 α OP
N 1 + tan
2 Q
Hence,
LMcos α − sin αOP = LMtan 1α / 2 − tan1α / 2OP = I + A. Hence shown.
(I – A)
Nsin α cos αQ N Q
L 3 1O
17. If A = M− 1 2P , show that A – 5A + 7 I = 0, where I is a matrix of order 2.
N Q
2

L 3 1O L 3 1O L 8 5O
A = M − 1 2 P M − 1 2 P = M − 5 3P
Sol. 2
N QN Q N Q
L 8 5O L 3 1O L1 0O
A – 5A + 7I = M− 5 3P – 5 M− 1 2P + 7 M0 1P
∴ 2
N Q N Q N Q
L 8 − 15 + 7 5 − 5 + 0O L0 0O
= M− 5 + 5 + 0 3 − 10 + 7P = M0 0P = 0. Hence shown.
N Q N Q
LM 2 5 − 7 OP
18. Express M− 9
N 15 − 13 6PQ
12 4 as the sum of a lower triangular matrix and an upper triangular matrix

with zero leading diagonal.

LM a 0 0OP
Sol. Let L = M b c 0P be the lower triangular matrix and
Nd e f Q
LM0 p qOP
U = M0 0 r P
N0 0 0Q
be the upper triangular matrix with zero leading diagonal such that
LM 2 5 − 7OP LM a 0 0OP LM0 p qOP
MN−159 − 1213 6PQ MN d e f PQ MN0 0 0PQ
4 = b c 0 + 0 0 r

LM 2 5 − 7OP LM a p qOP
⇒ MN−159 − 12
13 6PQ MN d e f PQ
4 = b c r

Equating the corresponding elements on the two sides, we get

2 = a, 5 = p, – 7 = q, – 9 = b, 12 = c, 4 = r,
15 = d, – 13 = e, 6=f
2 LM
0 0 OP 0 5 −7 LM OP
∴ L= −9 MN
12 0
15 − 13 6 PQ and U = 0 0 4 .
0 0 0 MN PQ
80 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

5 −2 LM
1 OP
19. Factorise the matrix A, A = 7
3 7 MN
1 −5
4 PQ into the form LU, where L is lower triangular with
each diagonal element one and U is upper triangular matrix.
LM 1 0 0 OP LMd e f OP
L= M
N b c 1 PQ
Sol. Let a 1 0 , U = M0 g h P
N0 0 p Q
LM5 −2 1O L 1 0 0O L d e f O
1 − 5 P = M a 1 0 P M 0 g hP
MN73 7 4 PQ MN b c 1PQ MN 0 0 pPQ

LM d e f O
R.H.S. = M +h P
Nbd be + cg bf + ch + pPQ
ad ae + g af

Equating the corresponding elements on the two sides, we get

5 = d, – 2 = e, 1 = f, 7 = ad, 1 = ae + g,
– 5 = af + h , 3 = bd, 7 = be + cg, 4 = bf + ch + p
7 19
⇒ d = 5, a = 7/5, 1= (– 2) + g ⇒ g =
5 5
e = – 2, f = 1,
7 7 −32
(1) + h = – 5 or h = – 5 – or h =
5 5 5
3 3
b= or
d 5
3 FG IJ ⇒
19 41 19c 41
7=
5 H K
(– 2) + c
5 5
=
5
⇒ c=
19
41 F 32 I
3
4 = (1) +
5
G− J + p
19 H 5 K
17 41 × 32
=− + p
5 19 × 5
41 × 32 17 41 × 32 + 19 × 17 1635 327
or p= + = = =
19 × 5 5 19 × 5 95 19
Hence d = 5, e = – 2, f=1
7 19 32
a= , g= , h= −
5 5 5
3 41 327
b= , c= , p=
5 19 19
LM 1 0 0
OP LM OP
M7 P MM05 −2 1
PP
L = M5 0P 19 32
1 −
⇒
MM 3 P and U=
MM 5 5
.
PP
1PP
41 327
MN 5 19 Q MN0 0
19 PQ
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 81

20. Find the rank of the matrix

LM 1 2 3 0 OP LM 2 3 4 −1 OP
(i) MM 32 4
2
3 2
1 3 PP (ii) MN− 54 2 0 −1 .
5 12 − 1 PQ (M.D.U., May 2008, 2009)
N6 8 7 5 Q
LM1 2 3 0 OP
A = M3 PP
2 4 3 2
Sol. (i) is a 4 × 4 matrix.
MN6 2
8
1
7
3
5 Q
∴ ρ(A) ≤ 4.
Operating R4 – (R3 + R2 + R1)
LM1 2 3 0 OP
A = M3 PP
2 4 3 2
3 Operating R2 – 2R1, R3 – 3R1,
MN0 2
0
1
0 0 Q
LM 1 2 3 0 OP
~ MM0 PP
0 0 –3 2
– 4 – 8 3 Operating R23
N0 0 0 0 Q
LM 1 2 3 0O
3P
~ MM0 2P
0 –4 –8

N0
0 –3
0 0
P
0Q
The only 4th order minor is zero.
The third order minor
1 2 3
0 – 4 – 8 = 1 (– 4) (– 3) = 12 ≠ 0, ∴ ρ (A) = 3.
0 0 –3
Hence rank of the matrix A is 3.
LM 2 3 4 −1 OP
(ii) A= MN− 45 5 12 − 1 PQ
2 0 − 1 is a 3 × 4 matrix.

∴ ρ(A) ≤ 3.
Operating C14
LM− 1 3 4 2 OP
A ~ M− 1 2 0
PQ
5 Operating R – R , R – R
N− 1 5 12 − 4 2 1 3 1

LM− 1 3 4 2 OP
~ M 0 −1 −4
PQ
3 Operating R + 3R , R + 2R
N0 2 8 −6 1 2 3 2

0 −8 LM− 1 11O
~ M 0 3P
0PQ
−1 −4
0 0 N0
All the third order minors are zero.
Second order minor
−1 0
0 − 1 = 1 ≠ 0, ∴ ρ(A) = 2.
82 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

21. Reduce the following matrices to normal form and hence find their ranks :

LM 8 1 3 6 OP LM 2 3 −1 −1 OP
(ii) MM 3 PP
1 −1 − 2 −4
(i) M 0 3
PQ
2 2 (M.D.U., Dec., 2009) 1 3 −2 .
N− 8 −1 −3 4
N6 3 0 −7 Q
(U.P.T.U., 2007, M.D.U., May 2008, 2009)

LM 8 1 3 6 OP 1
Sol. (i) Let A= M 0 3 2 2
PQ Operating C1
N− 8 − 1 −3 4 8

LM 1 1 3 6O
~ M 0 2P
4PQ
3 2 Operating R3 + R1
N− 1 − 1 −3

LM1 1 3 6 OP
~ M0 3 2 2
PQ Operating C2 – C1, C3 – 3C1, C4 – 6C1
N0 0 0 10

LM1 0 0 0O
~ M0 3 2 2P 1
10PQ
Operating C2
N0 0 0 3

LM1 0 0 0O
~ M0 1 2 2P
10PQ
Operating C3 – 2C2, C4 – 2C2
N0 0 0
LM1 0 0 0O
~ M0 1 0 0P 1
10PQ
Operating C4
N0 0 0 10

LM1 0 0 0O
~ M0 1 0 0P
1PQ
Operating C34
N0 0 0
L1 0 0
0 OP
~ M0 1 0
MN0 0 1 PQ

0 = [I3 : O]

0
which is the required normal form
ρ (A) = 3.

LM2 3 −1 −1 OP
A = M3 PP
1 −1 −2 −4
(ii) Let
MN6 1
3
3 −2
0 −7 Q
Operating R12

LM 1 −1 −2 −4 OP
~ M3 PP
2 3 −1 −1
MN6 1
3
3 −2
0 −7 Q
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 83

Operating C2 + C1, C3 + 2C1, C4 + 4C1,

LM 1 0 0 0 OP
A~ M PP
2 5 3 7
MN63 4 9 10
9 12 17 Q
Operating R2 – 2R1, R3 – 3R1, R4 – 6R1,
LM 1 0 0 0 OP
A ~ M0 PP
0 5 3 7
MN0 4 9 10
9 12 17 Q
Operating R2 – R3, R4 – 2R3,
LM 1 0 0 0 OP
A ~ M0 PP
0 1 −6 −3
MN0 4 9 10
1 −6 −3 Q
Operating C3 + 6C2, C4 + 3C2,
LM1 0 0 0 OP
~ M0 PP
0 1 0 0
MN0 4 33 22
1 0 0 Q
Operating R3 – 4R2, R4 – R2,

LM1 0 0 0 OP
~ M0 PP
0 1 0 0
MN0 0 33 22
0 0 0 Q
1 1
Operating C3, C ,
33 22 4
LM1 0 0 OP
0
~ M0 PP
0 1 0 0
MN0 0
0
1
0
1
0 Q
Operating C4 – C3,

LM 1 0 0
0 OP
LM OP
~ MM 0 PP
0 1 0
0 I3
O

MM0
0

1
0 =   
   O
O PP MN PQ
N 0 0
0 Q
which is the required normal form.
∴ ρ(A) = 3.

LM1 2 −2 3 1 OP
A= M PP
1 3 −2 3 0
22. Determine the rank of : .
MN12 4 −3 6 4
1 −1 4 6 Q
84 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. Operating R2 – R1, R3 – 2R1, R4 – R1

LM 1 2 −2 3 1 OP
A ~ M0 PP
0 1 0 0 −1
2 Operating R4 + R2
MN0 0
–1
1 0
1 1 5 Q
LM 1 2 −2 3 1 OP
~ M0 PP
0 1 0 0 −1
2 Operate R4 – R3
MN0 0
0
1 0
1 1 4 Q
LM 1 2 −2 3 1 OP
~ M0 PP
0 1 0 0 −1
MN0 0
0
1 0
0 1
2
2 Q
∴ Rank (A) = 4.
23. Find the rank of the following matrices:

L1 3 4 5 OP LM 6 1 3 8OP
(i) M1 (ii) M 4 2 6 −1
PP
.
MN1 2 6 7
PQ MN16
10 3 9 7
5 0 10
4 12 15 Q
Sol. (i) Since it is a 3 × 4 matrix, the rank is ≤ 3.
Operating R2 – R1, R3 – R1, we get

LM 1 3 4 5 OP
MN00 −1
PQ
2 2 Operate R3 + 2R2
2 −4 5

1 LM
3 4 5 OP
MN
~ 0 −1 2 2
0 0 0 9 PQ
1 3 5
Now 0 – 1 2 = – 9 ≠ 0 ; ∴ Rank = 3.
0 0 9

LM 6 1 3 8 OP
A = M10 PP
4 2 6 −1
(ii)
MN16 3 9 7
4 12 15 Q
Operate R4 – R1 – R3, R3 – R2 – R1
LM6 1 3 8OP
~ M0 PP
4 2 6 −1
∴ Rank ≤ 2
MN0 0
0
0
0
0
0 Q
6 1
Since = 8 ≠ 0, Rank = 2.
4 2
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 85

LM
3 −3 4 OP
MN
24. If A = 2 − 3 4 ,
0 −1 1 PQ
(i) Find A–1 (ii) Show that A3 = A–1.
(M.D.U., 2006, 2007, 2009, and U.P.T.U., 2005, 2008)

LM
3 −3 4 a1 b1 OP LM c1 OP
Sol. (i)
MN
A = 2 − 3 4 = a2 b2
0 −1 1 a3 b3 PQ MN c2
c3 PQ
3 −3 4
| A | = 2 − 3 4 Operating C2 + C3
0 −1 1

3 1 4
= 2 1 4 Expanding by 3rd row
0 0 1
= 1.
∵ | A | = 1 ≠ 0, ∴ A–1 exists.
−3 4 −3 4
A1 = = 1, A2 = – = – 1,
−1 1 −1 1
−3 4 2 4
A3 = = 0, B1 = – =–2
−3 4 0 1

3 4 3 4
B2 = = 3, B3 = – =–4
0 1 2 4

2 −3 3 −3
C1 = = – 2, C2 = – = 3, C3 = 3 − 3 = – 3
0 −1 0 −1 2 −3

LM
A 1 B1 C1 OP
∴
MN
adj A = transpose of A 2 B2 C2
A 3 B3 C3 PQ
LA A A OP L 1 − 1 0O
= MB B
MNC C CB PQ = MMN−− 22 33 −− 43PPQ
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3

L 1 − 1 0OP
adj A = M− 2
1
A–1 =
|A| MN− 2 33 −− 43PQ (∵ | A | = 1)

L3 − 3 4O L3 − 3 4O L 3 − 4 4OP
= A × A = M2 − 3 4 P M 2 − 3 4 P = M 0 − 1
(ii) A2
MN0 − 1 1PQ MN0 − 1 1PQ MN− 2 2 − 03PQ
L 3 − 4 4OP LM 3 − 4 4OP L1 0 0 OP
=A ×A = M 0 −1
A4
MN− 2 2 − 03PQ MN− 02 − 21 − 03PQ = MMN00 01 PQ
2 2
0
1
⇒ A4 = I
Now, A4 = I ⇒ A . A3 = I = A . A3
⇒ A3 is inverse of A i.e., A3 = A–1. Hence shown.
86 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM
1 2 −1 OP
1 0 0 LM OP
25. If A = 3 0
4 5MN0 0 1 3 MN
2 and B = 2 1 0 , verify that (AB)′ = B′A′.
PQ PQ (M.D.U., May, 2009)

LM
1 2 −1 OP LM1 0 0OP LM 5 1 − 3OP
Sol.
MN
AB = 3 0
4 5
2
0 PQ MN02 11 03PQ = MN143 52 06PQ
L 5 3 14O
(AB)′ = M 1 2 5P
MN− 3 6 0PQ
L 1 2 0O L 1 3 4 O
B′ = M0 1 1P , A′ = M 2 0 5P
MN0 0 3PQ MN− 1 2 0PQ
L1 2 0O L 1 3 4O L 5 3 14O
B′A′ = M0 1 1P M 2 0 5P = M 1 2 5P
MN0 0 3PQ MN− 1 2 0PQ MN− 3 6 0PQ
Hence (AB)′ = B′A′ is verified.

LM 1 1 3 OP
26. Find the inverse of
MN− 21 3 −3 .
−4 −4 PQ (U.P.T.U., 2009 and M.D.U., May, 2008)

Sol. The determinant of the given matrix is

1 1 3 a1 b1 c1
∆= 1 3 − 3 = a2 b2 c2 (say)
−2 −4 −4 a3 b3 c3
If A1, A2, .... be the co-factors of a1, a2, ... in ∆, then A1 = – 24, A2 = – 8, A3 = – 12, B1 = 10, B2 = 2,
B3 = 6, C1 = 2, C2 = 2, C3 = 2.
Thus, ∆ = a1A1 + a2A2 + a3A3 = – 8

A1 A2 LM A3OP LM
− 24 − 8 − 12 OP
and adj A = B1 B2
C 1 C2 MN PQ
B3 =
C3
10
2
2
2MN 6
2 PQ
Hence the inverse of the given matrix A

LM 3 1
3OP
1L
− 24 −8 − 12O M 2
PP
= − M 10 6P = M− 5
adj A 1 3
8M 2 2PQ M 4
2
=
∆
N 2
MM− 1
−
4
1
−
4
1
.
PP
N 4 −
4
−
4 PQ
27. Determine the rank of the following matrices :

L1 2 3 OP LM0 1 −3 −1 OP
(i) M 1 (ii) M 1 0 1 1
. PP
MN2 4 2
PQ MN31 1 0 2
6 5
1 −2 0 Q
Sol. (i) Operate R2 – R1 and R3 – 2R1 so that the given matrix
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 87

LM
1 2 3 OP
MN
~ 0 2 − 1 = A (say)
0 2 −1 PQ
Obviously, the 3rd order minor of A vanishes. Also its 2nd order minors formed by its 2nd and 3rd
1 3 LM OP
rows are all zero. But another 2nd order minor is 0 − 1 = – 1 ≠ 0.
N Q
∴ ρ(A) = 2. Hence the rank of the given matrix is 2.

LM0 1 −3 −1 OP
A~ M PP
1 0 0 0
(ii) Given matrix Operating C3 – C1, C4 – C1
MN 1
3 1 −3 −1
1 −3 −1 Q
Now operating R3 – R1 and R4 – R1, we get

LM0 1 −3 −1 OP
~ M PP
1 0 0 0
MN 1
3 0
0
0
0
0
0 Q
Operating R3 – 3R2, R4 – R2

LM0 1 −3 −1 OP
~ M0 PP
1 0 0 0
MN0 0
0
0
0
0
0 Q
Operating C3 + 3C2, C4 + C2

LM0 1 0 0 OP
~ M PP
1 0 0 0
= A (say)
MN00 0
0
0
0
0
0 Q
4th order minor of A is zero. Also every 3rd order minor of A is zero. But of all the 2nd order minors,
only
0 1
= – 1 ≠ 0. ∴ ρ (A) = 2.
1 0
Hence rank of the given matrix is 2.

1 LM
1 2 OP
28. For the matrix A = 1 2
MN PQ
3 find non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in the
0 −1 −1
normal form. Hence find the rank of A.
(M.D.U., 2005, 2006, 2008)
Sol. We write A = IAI

LM 1 1 2 OP
1 0 0 LM
1 0 0 OP LM OP
i.e.,
MN01 2
PQ
3 = 0 1 0 A 0 1 0
−1 −1 0 0 1 0 0 1MN PQ MN PQ
We shall affect every elementary row (column) transformation of the product by subjecting the
pre-factor (post-factor) of A to the same.
88 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Operate C2 – C1, C3 – 2C1 (subjecting post-factor on R.H.S. to same operations)

LM 1
0 0 1 OP LM 0 0 OP LM 1
−1 −2 OP
MN01
1
−1 −1
1 = 0
0 PQ MN 1 0 A
0 1 PQ MN001
0
0
1 PQ
Operate R2 – R1 (subjecting the pre-factor on R.H.S. to same operations)

LM 1 0 0 OP1 0 0 LM OP LM
1 −1 −2 OP
MN00 1
PQ
1 = −1 1 0
−1 −1 0 0 1 MN PQ A 0
0
1
0
0
1MN PQ
Operate C3 – C2 (subjecting the post-factor on R.H.S. to same operation)
LM 1
0 0 1 0 0OP LM1 −1 −1 OP LM OP
MN00
1 0 = −1 1 0 A 0
−1 0 0 0 1 PQ MN
0
1 −1
0 1 PQ MN PQ
Operate R3 + R2 (subjecting the pre-factor on R.H.S. to same operation)
LM1 OP LM
0 0 1 0 0O L1 −1 −1 OP
0P A M0
MN00 PQ MN
1 0 = −1 1
0 0 −1 1 1PQ
MN0 1 −1
0 1 PQ
LI O O
which is of the normal form M O OP
2
N Q
L 1 0 0 OP LM OP
P = M− 1
1 −1 −1
Hence
MN− 1 1 1 PQ
1 0 ,Q= 0
0
1 −1
0 1 MN PQ and ρ(A) = 2.

2 1 −3 − 6 
29. For the matrix A = 3 −3 1 2 find non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in the
1 1 1 2
 
normal form. Hence find the rank of matrix A.
(M.D.U., May 2008, Dec., 2009 and U.P.T.U., 2007)
Sol. We write A3 × 4 = I3AI4
1 0 0 0
2 1 −3 −6  1 0 0  
0 1 0 0
3 −3 1 2  = 0 1 0  A 
1 1 1 2  0 0 1  0 0 1 0 
    0 0 0 1 

Operating R1 ↔ R3
1 0 0 0
1 1 1 2 0 0 1 
3 −3 1 2  = 0 1 0  A 
0 1 0 0
2 
1 −3 − 6    0 0 1 0 
  1 0 0  0 0 0 1 

Operating R2 → R2 – 3R1, R3 → R3 – 2R1,
1 0 0
0
1 1 1 2 0 0 1 
  0 1 0
0
0 −6 −2 −4  = 0 1 −3 A 
0 −1 −5 −10   1 0 −2  0 0 0 
1
    0 0 0
1

Operating C2 → C2 – C1, C3 → C3 – C1, C4 → C4 – 2C1
 1 −1 −1 −2 
1 0 0 2 0 0 1 
0 1 0 0
0 −6 −2 −4  = 0 1 −3  A  
0 −1 −5 −10   1 0 −2  0 0 1 0 
    0 0 0 1 

MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 89

Operating R3 ↔ R2
 1 −1 −1 −2 
1 0 0 0 0 0 1  
0 −1 −5 −10  =  1 0 −2  A 0 1 0 0 
 0 −6 − 2 − 4    0 0 1 0
  0 1 −3  0 0 0 
1

Operating R3 → R3 – 6R2
 1 −1 −1 −2
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 
0 1 0 0
0 −1 −5 −10  =  1 0 −2 A  
0 0 28   −6 1 9  0 0 1 0 
 56    0 0 0 1
Operating R2 → –R2, we have
 1 −1 −1 −2
1 0 0 0  0 0 1  
0 1 5 10  =  −1 0 −2 A 0 1 0 0 
0 0 28 56   −6 1 9  0 0 1 0 
    0 0 0 1

Operating C4 → C4 – 2C3, C3 → C3 – 5C2
 1 −1 4 0 
1 0 0 0  0 0 1  
0 1 0 0  =  −1 0 2  A 0 1 −5 0 
0 0 28 0   −6 1 9  0 0 1 −2
    0 0 0 1

1
Operating R4 → R4
28
 
0  1 −1 4 0 
1 0 0 0 0 1  
 0 1 0 0  =  −1  0 1 −5 0 
0 2 A
0 0 1 0    0 0 1 −2
   −3 1 9  
0 0 0 1
 28 28 28 
⇒ [I3 : 0] = PAQ

 
0  1 −1 4 0 
0 1  0 −1 −5 0 
 2 ,Q=
where P =  −1 0 0 0

 1 −2 
 −3 1 9 
 28 0 0 0 1
28 28 
and Rank of matrix A is 3.

LM1 2 0 OP
MN PQ
30. If A = − 1 3 4 , find adj A.
−2 5 6

1 2 0 a1 b1 c1
Sol. Here |A|= − 1 3 4 = a2 b2 c2 , say
−2 5 6 a3 b3 c3

3 4 −1 4
∴ A1 = = – 2, B1 = – =–2
5 6 −2 6

1 2 −1 3
C2 = – = – 9, C1 = = 1, C3 = 5
−2 5 −2 5
2 0 1 0
A2 = – = – 12, B2 = = 6, A3 = 8, B3 = – 4
5 6 −2 6
90 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM − 2 −2 1 OP
Thus the matrix of co-factors is
MN− 128 6 −9
−4 5 PQ
LM
− 2 − 12 8 OP
Hence adj A = − 2
1 −9MN
6 −4 .
5 PQ
LM
2 3 4 OP
MN PQ
31. Find the inverse of matrix 4 3 1 by elementary row operations.
1 2 4
Sol. Writing the given matrix side by side with unit matrix of order 3, we get

LM2 3 4
1 0 0 OP
MN41 3 1
0 1 0
2 4
0 0 1 PQ
Operate R13,

LM
1 2 4
0 0 1 OP
MN
~ 4 3 1
0 1 0
2 3 4
1 0 0 PQ
Operating R2 – 4R1, R3 – 2R1,

1 2LM 4
0 0 1 OP
MN
~ 0 − 5 − 15
0 1 − 4
0 −1 −4
1 0 −2 PQ
− R2
Operating , – R3, we get
5

LM 1 2 4
0 0 1 OP
~ M0 PP
1 4
1 3
0 −
MN0 1 4
−1
5
0
5
2 Q
Operating R1 – 2R2, R3 – R2,

LM 1 0 −2

2
0
–3 OP
M 5 5
PP
~ M0
1 4
MM 1 3
0 −
5
1
5
6
PP
MN0 0 1
−1
5 5 PQ
Operating R1 + 2R3, R2 – 3R3,

LM 1 0 0
−2
4 9 OP
M 5 5
PP
~ M0
4 14
MM 1 0
3 −
5
1
−
5
6
PP
MN0 0 1
−1
5 5 PQ
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 91

Thus the inverse of the given matrix is

LM− 2 4 9 OP
MM 5
4 14
5
PP
1 LM− 10 4 9 OP
MM 3 −
5
1
−
5
6
i.e.,
PP
5 MN −155 − 4 − 14 .
1 6 PQ
MN − 1 5 5 PQ
32. Solve the system of equations
2x1 + x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 6
6x1 – 6x2 + 6x3 + 12x4 = 36
4x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 – 3x4 = –1
2x1 + 2x2 – x3 + x4 = 10. (M.D.U., May 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009)
Sol. In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as AX = B where

LM2 1 2 1 OP LM x OP LM 366OP
1

A= M
6 −6 6 12
,X= PP MM xx PP , B = MM− 1PP
2

MN2
4 3 3 −3
2 −1 1 Q MN x PQ N 10Q
3
4
Augmented matrix
LM2 1 2 1 : 6 OP
[A : B] = M PP
6 −6 6 12 : 36
MN2
4 3 3 −3
2 −1 1
: −1
: 10 Q
Operating R2 – 3R1, R3 – 2R1, R4 – R1,
LM2 1 2 1 : 6 OP
~ M PP
0 −9 0 9 : 18
MN00 1 −1 −5
1 −3 0
: − 13
: 4 Q
1
Operating – R ,
9 2
LM2 1 2 1 : 6 OP
~ M0 PP
0 1 0 −1 : −2
MN0 1 − 1 − 5 : − 13
1 −3 0 : 4 Q
Operating R1 – R2, R3 – R2, R4 – R2,
LM2 0 2 2 : 8 OP
~ M PP
0 1 0 −1 : −2
MN00 0 − 1 − 4 : − 11
0 −3 1 : 6 Q
1
Operating R4 – 3R3, R,
2 1
LM 1 0 1 1 : 4 OP
MM00 1 0 −1
0 −1 −4
: −2
: − 11 PP
N0 0 0 + 13 : 39 Q
92 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1
Operating R1 + R3, R4 ,
13
LM 1 0 0 −3 : 7 OP
~ M0 PP
0 1 0 −1 : −2
MN0 0 − 1 − 4 : − 11
0 0 1 : 3 Q
Operating R1 + 3R4, R2 + R4, R3 + 4R4,
LM 1 0 0 0 : 2 OP
~ M0 PP
0 1 0 0 : 1
MN0 0 −1
0 0
0
1
:
:
1
3 Q
Operating (– 1) R3,
LM 1 0 0 0 : 2 OP
~ M PP
0 1 0 0 : 1
MN00 0
0
1
0
0
1
: −1
: 3 Q
Hence x1 = 2, x2 = 1, x3 = – 1, x4 = 3.
33. Using matrix method, show that the equations
3x + 3y + 2z = 1
x + 2y + 0.z = 4
0.x + 10y + 3z = – 2
2x – 3y – z = 5
are consistent and hence obtain the solutions for x, y and z.
Sol. In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as AX = B, where
LM3 3 2 x OP 1
LM OP LM OP
A = M1 2
PP
0 ,X= y ,B= 4
MN PQ MM PP
MN02 10 3
−3 −1
z
Q
−2
5 N Q
Augmented matrix
LM3 3 2 : 1 OP
[A : B] = M PP
1 2 0 : 4
Operating R12
MN2 0 10 3
−3 −1
: −2
: 5 Q
LM 1 2 0 : 4O
1P
~ M0 − 2P Operating R – 3R , R – 2R
3 3 2 :
MN2 10 3
−3 −1
:
: 5Q
P 2 1 4 1

LM 1 2 0 : 4O
− 11P
~ M0 − 2P Operating R + 3R , R – 2R
0 −3 2 :
MN0 10 3
−7 −1
:
: − 3Q
P 3 2 4 2

LM 1 2 0 : 4O
− 11P
~ M
− 35P
0 −3 2 :
Operating R – 2R , R + 3R , R + R3
MN00 1 9
−1 −5
:
: 19Q
P 1 3 2 3 4
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 93

LM 1 0 − 18 74 OP
~ M0 PP
0 0 29 − 116 1
− 35 Operating R23, 4 R4
MN0 1
0
9
4 − 16 Q
LM 1 0 − 18 74 O
− 35P
~ M0 29 − 116P Operating R
0 1 9
+ 18R4, R2 – 9R4, R3 – 29R4
MN0 0
0 1 − 4Q
P 1

LM 1 0 0 : 2O
1P
~ M0 0P Operating R
0 1 0 :
MN0 0
0
0 :
1 : − 4Q
P 34

LM 1 0 0 : 2O
1P
~ M0 1 : − 4P
0 1 0 :
MN0 0
0 0 : 0Q
P
ρ(A) = ρ(A : B) = 3 = number of unknowns.
⇒ The given system of equations is consistent and the unique solution is x = 2, y = 1, z = – 4.
34. For what values of λ and µ do the system of equations
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + λ z = µ
have (i) no solution
(ii) unique solution
(iii) more than one solution ? (U.P.T.U., 2007, M.D.U., May 2008, 2009, Dec., 2009)
Sol. In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as AX = B, where

LM
1 1 1 x OP6 LM OP LM OP
MN PQ
A = 1 2 3 , X = y , B = 10
1 2 λ z µ
MN PQ MN PQ
Augmented matrix

LM1 1 1 : 6 OP
MN PQ
[A : B] = 1 2 3 : 10 Operating R2 – R1, R3 – R1,
1 2 λ : µ

L0 1 1 : 6 OP
~ M0
MN0 1 2 : 4
1 λ−1 : µ−6 PQ
Operating R1 – R2, R3 – R2

L0 0 −1 : 2 OP
~ M0
MN0 0 2 : 4
0 λ − 3 : µ − 10 PQ
Case I. If λ = 3, µ ≠ 10
ρ(A) = 2, ρ(A : B) = 3
∵ ρ(A) ≠ ρ(A : B)
∴ The system has no solution.
94 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Case II. If λ ≠ 3, µ may have any value.

ρ(A) = ρ(A : B) = 3 = a number of unknowns.
∴ The system has unique solution.
Case III. If λ = 3, µ = 10
ρ(A) = ρ(A : B) = 2 < number of unknowns.
∴ The system has an infinite number of solutions.
35. Solve the equations :
x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 0
2x1 – x2 + 3x3 = 0
3x1 – 5x2 + 4x3 = 0
x1 + 17x2 + 4x3 = 0.
Sol. In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as
AX = O
LM 1 3 2OP x1 LM OP
A = M3 PP
2 −1 3
where
MN 1 −5 4 , X = x2
MN PQ
17 4 Q x3

Operating R2 – 2R1, R3 – 3R1, R4 – R1,

LM 1 3 2 OP
A~ M PP
0 −7 −1
Operating R3 – 2R2, R4 + 2R2
MN00 − 14 − 2
14 2 Q
LM 1 3 2 OP
~ M0 PP
0 −7 −1
0 Operating R1 + 2R2
MN0 0
0 0 Q
LM 1 − 11 0 OP
~ M0 PP
0 −7 −1
MN0 0
0
0
0 Q
∴ ρ(A) = 2 < number of unknowns.
⇒ The system has an infinite number of non-trivial solutions given by
x1 – 11x2 = 0, – 7x2 – x3 = 0
i.e., x1 = 11k, x2 = k, x3 = – 7k,
where k is arbitrary. Different values of k will give different solutions.
36. Show that the system of equations :
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = λx1
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = λx2
– x1 + 2x2 = λx3
can possess a non-trivial solution only if λ = 1 or – 3. Obtain the general solution in each case.
Sol. The given system of equations is
(2 – λ) x1 – 2x2 + x3 = 0
2x1 – (3 + λ) x2 + 2x3 = 0
– x1 + 2x2 – λx3 = 0
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 95

In matrix notation, it can be written as

AX = O

LM2 − λ −2 1 x1 OP LM OP
where A=
MN −21 − (3 + λ) 2 , X = x2
2 −λ x3 PQ MN PQ
For non-trivial solution, | A | = 0

2−λ −2 1
⇒ 2 − (3 + λ) 2 =0
−1 2 −λ
⇒ (2 – λ) [λ(3 + λ) – 4] + 2(– 2λ + 2) + [4 – (3 + λ)] = 0
⇒ λ3 + λ2 – 5λ + 3 = 0
(λ – 1)2 (λ + 3) = 0
∴ λ = 1 or – 3.
When λ = 1, the equations become
x1 – 2x2 + x3 = 0
2x1 – 4x2 + 2x3 = 0
– x1 + 2x2 – x3 = 0
which are identical.
The given system is equivalent to a single equation
x1 – 2x2 + x3 = 0
Taking x2 = t, x3 = s, we get x1 = 2t – s
∴ x1 = 2t – s, x2 = t, x3 = s
which give an infinite number of non-trivial solutions, t and s being the parameters.
When λ = – 3, the equations become
5x1 – 2x2 + x3 = 0
2x1 + 2x3 = 0
– x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 0
Solving the first two, we have
x1 x2 x x2 x
= = 3 or x1 = = 3
− 4 2 − 10 4 2 −1
∴ x1 = t, x2 = 2t, x3 = – t
which give an infinite number of non-trivial solutions, t being the parameter.
37. Solve with the help of matrices, the simultaneous equations :
x+y+z=3
x + 2y + 3z = 4
x + 4y + 9z = 6.
Sol. In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as AX = B, where

LM
1 1 1 xOP 3 LM OP LM OP
MN
1 4 9 z PQ
A= 1 2 3 ,X= y ,B= 4
6 MN PQ MN PQ
Augmented matrix

LM
1 1 1
3 OP
MN PQ
[A : B] = 1 2 3
4 Operating R2 – R1, R3 – R1
1 4 9
6
96 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM
1 1 1
3 OP
MN PQ
~ 0 1 2
1 Operating R3 – 3R2
0 3 8
3

L1 1 1
3O
~ M0 1P Operating R
1
MN0 1 2

0 2
P0Q 2
3

L1 1 1
3O
~ M0 1P Operating R – R , R
MN0 1 2

0 1
0PQ
1 3 2 – 2R3

L1 1 0
3O
~ M0 1P Operating R – R
MN0 1 0

0 1
0PQ
1 2

L1 0 0
2O
~ M0 1P
MN0 1 0

0 1
0PQ

∴ x = 2, y = 1, z = 0.
38. Solve the system of equations
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 2z = 2
3x + 3y + 4z = 1 with the help of matrix inversion.
Sol. The given system can be written in the form AX = D ...(1)

LM
1 2 3 x 1 OP LM OP LM OP
where
MN
A= 2 3 2 ,X= y ,D= 2
3 3 4 z 1 PQ MN PQ MN PQ
−1
6 LM
1 −5 OP
Now, A–1 = −2 −5
7 −3 MN
4
3 −1 PQ
From equation (1), we have X = A–1D

LM xOP − 1 LM 6 1 − 5OP LM 1OP

i.e.,
MN yzPQ = 7 MN−− 23 − 53 − 41PQ MN21PQ
−1 L
6 + 2 − 5O L 3O
−1 M P
M − 2 − 10 + 4P =
7 M − 3 + 6 − 1P
Q 7 MN 2PQ
= −8
N
−3 8 −2
∴ x= ,y= ,z=
7 7 7
which is the required result.
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 97

39. Test for consistency and solve by matrix method

x – 2y + 3z = 2
2x – 3z = 3
x + y + z = 0.
Sol. The augmented matrix is

LM 1 −2 3 : 2 OP
MN21 PQ
0 − 3 : 3 Operate R2 – 2R1, R3 – R1
1 1 : 0

LM
1 −2 3 : 2
R
OP
~ 0
0MN4 − 9 : − 1 Operate 2
3 −2 : −2 4 PQ
L1 −2 3
2 OP
~ M0
MN0 3 −2
−2 PQ
1 − 9 / 4
− 1/ 4 Operate R3 – 3R2

LM OP
~ M0
M 1 −2
1 −
9
3 :
: −
2
1 PP ...(1)
MM 4
19 −5
4 PP
MN0 0
4
:
4 PQ
LM OP
MM01 −2
1 −
9
3
PP19
Now,
MM 4
19
=
PP
4
≠0

MN0 0
4 PQ
∴ Rank of augmented matrix is 3.

LM OP
M
Since co-efficient matrix ~ M0
1 −2
1 −
9
3
PP
MM 4
19
PP
MN0 0
4 PQ
∴ Rank of co-efficient matrix is also 3.
As the rank of augmented matrix is equal to the rank of co-efficient matrix, the equations are
consistent.
It follows from equation (1) that by elementary row transformations the given equations have
been reduced to
x – 2y + 3z = 2
9z 1
y– =
4 4
19 z 5
=–
4 4
98 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Solving these, we get

21 − 16 −5
x= ,y= ,z= , which is the required solution.
19 19 19
Second Method
The given system can be written in the form AX = D ...(1)

1 −2LM3 x 2 OP LM OP LM OP
where, A= 2
1
0 −3 ,X= y ,D= 3
1 MN
1 z 0 PQ MN PQ MN PQ
1 −2 3
Now, |A|= 2 0 − 3 = 1(3) + 2(2 + 3) + 3(2) = 19 ≠ 0
1 1 1
∴ Matrix A is non-singular and hence the equations are consistent.

1 LM 3 5 6 OP
We have A–1 =
19 MN− 25 −2 9
−3 4 PQ
From (1), X = A–1D
LM xOP 1 LM 3 5 6 OP LM2OP 1 LM 21OP
or
MN yzPQ = 19 MN− 25 −2 9
−3 4 PQ MN03PQ = 19 MN−−165PQ
21 − 16 −5
∴ x= ,y= ,z= which is the required solution.
19 19 19
40. (a) Discuss consistency of the system of equations:
2x – 3y + 6z – 5w = 3
y – 4z + w = 1
4x – 5y + 8z – 9w = λ
for various values of λ. If consistent, find the solution. (M.D.U., May, 2008, 2009)
Sol. Here

 2 −3 6 −5 
A = 0 1 −4 1
 4 −5 8 − 9 
 

x 
3   y
B = 1  , X =  
λ 
  z 
w 
The augmented matrix [A : B]

 2 −3 6 −5 : 3 
= 0 1 −4 1 : 1
 4 −5 8 −9 : λ 

Operating R3 → R3 – 2R1

 2 −3 6 −5 : 3
= 0 1 −4 1 : 1
0 1 − 4 1 : λ − 6 
 
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 99

Operating R3 → R3 – R2
 2 −3 6 −5 : 3
~ 0 1 −4 1 : 1
 0 0 : λ − 7 
0 0
(i) There is no solution if
ρ(A) ≠ ρ(A : B)
i.e.,if λ – 7 ≠ 0 or λ ≠ 7
ρ(A) = 2, ρ(A : B) = 3
(ii) There are infinite number of solutions.
If ρ(A) = ρ(A : B) = 2
i.e., λ – 7 = 0 or λ = 7

x 
2 −3 6 −5   y  3 
=  
0 1 −4 1  z  1 
w 

2x – 3y + 6z – 5w = 3 ...(1)
y – 4z + w = 1 ...(2)
Let w = k1, z = k2
From (2), y – 4k2 + k1 = 1, y = 1 + 4k2 – k1
From (1), 2x – 3 – 12k2 + 3k1 + 6k2 – 5k1 = 3
or 2x = 6 + 6k2 + 2k1
x = 3 + 3k2 + k1
y = 1 + 4k2 – k1
z = k2 ,
w = k1
41. Solve the system of equations :
5x + 3y + 7z = 4
3x + 26y + 2z = 9
7x + 2y + 11z = 5
with the help of matrix inversion. (M.D.U., May 2007, U.P.T.U., 2008)
Sol. In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as
AX = B ...(1)
LM
5 3 7 x OP LM OP
4 LM OP
where
MN
7 2 11 z PQ MN PQ
A = 3 26 2 , X = y , B = 9
5 MN PQ
L5 3 7 O La b c1 OP
A = M3 2 P = Ma b
1 1

MN7 11PQ MN a b PQ
Let 26 2 2 c2
2 3 3 c3

5 3 7
26 2 3 2 3 26
| A | = 3 26 2 = 5 2 11 – 3 +7
7 11 7 2
7 2 11
= 5(286 – 4) – 3(33 – 14) + 7 (6 – 182)
= 1410 – 57 – 1232 = 121 ≠ 0
100 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

⇒ A is non-singular. ∴ A–1 exists and the unique solution of (1) is

X = A–1 B ...(2)
Co-factors of a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2, a3, b3, c3 in the determinant A ;
26 2 3 2 3 26
A1 = = 282, B1 = – = – 19, C1 = = – 176
2 11 7 11 7 2

3 7 5 7 5 3
A2 = – = – 19, B2 = = 6, C2 = – = 11
2 11 7 11 7 2

3 7 5 7 5 3
A3 = = – 176, B3 = – = 11, C3 = = 121
26 2 3 2 3 26

LM
A 1 B1 C1 A1 A2 OP LM A3 OP
∴
MN
adj A = transpose of A 2 B2 C2 = B1 B2
A 3 B3 C3 C1 C2 PQ MN B3
C3 PQ
LM 282 − 19 − 176 OP
=
MN−−176
19 6
11
11
121 PQ
1 1
LM
282 − 19 − 176 OP
A–1 =
|A|
adj A = − 19
121 − 176
6
11 MN11
121 PQ
From (2), X = A–1.B

1LM 282 − 19 − 176 OP LM4OP 1 LM 282 (4) − 19 (9) − 176 (5)OP

=
MN− 19
121 − 176
6
11
11
121 PQ MN95PQ = 121 MN− 176− 19(4)(4)+ 11+ 6(9()9)++121 (5)PQ
11 (5)

1 L O LM77 / 121OP LM7 / 11OP

77
= M33P =
121 M 0 P MN33 /0121PQ = MN3 /011PQ
N Q
7 3
Hence x= ,y= , z = 0.
11 11
42. Solve the simultaneous equations with the help of matrices :
x+y+z=3
x + 2y + 3z = 4
x + 4y + 9z = 6.
Sol. In this question there is no restriction that the solution must be obtained by finding A–1.
Augmented matrix,
LM
1 1 1
3 OP
MN
[A
B] = 1 2 3
4
1 4 9
6 PQ
Operating R2 – R1, R3 – R1
LM
1 1 1
3 OP
MN PQ
~ 0 1 2
1 Operating R3 – 3R2
0 3 8
3
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 101

LM
1 1 1
3 OP
1
MN
~ 0 1 2
1 Operating
0 0 2
0 2PQ
R3

L1 1 1
3O
~ M0 1P Operating R
MN0 1 2

0 1
0PQ
1 – R3, R2 – 2R3

L1 1 0
3O
~ M0 1P Operating R
MN0 1 0

0 1
0PQ
1 – R2

L1 0 0
2O
~ M0 1P
MN0 1 0

0 1
0PQ
∴ x = 2, y = 1, z = 0.
43. Test for consistency and solve
5x + 3y + 7z = 4
3x + 26y + 2z = 9
7x + 2y + 10z = 5. (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)

LM5 3 7 OP LM xOP LM4OP

Sol. We have
MN73 26 2
2 10 PQ MN yzPQ = MN95PQ Operate 3R , 5R
1 2

LM15 9 21OP LM xOP LM12OP

MN157 130 2 10PQ MN z PQ MN 5 PQ
10 y = 45 Operate R – R 2 1

LM15 9 21OP LM xOP LM12OP Operate 7 R , 5R , 1 R

MN 07 1212 − 10 PQ MN zPQ MN 5 PQ
11 y = 33
3 1
11 3 2

LM35 21 49OP LM xOP LM28OP 1

MN350 10 P M
50Q N z Q N25Q P M P
11 − 1 y = 3 Operate R – R + R , 3 1
7
R 2 1

LM5 3 7OP LM xOP LM4OP

MN00 110 − 01PQ MN yzPQ = MN03PQ
The ranks of co-efficient matrix and augmented matrix for the last set of equations, are both 2.
Hence the equations are consistent. Also the given system is equivalent to

3 z 7 16
5x + 3y + 7z = 4, 11y – z = 3, ∴ y= + and x = − z
11 11 11 11
where z is a parameter.

7 3
Hence z = 0, x = ,y= , is a particular solution.
11 11
Note. This set of equation has been solved earlier but with the help of matrix inversion. Here we
have performed elementary row transformations to find the rank of the co-efficient matrix and the
augmented matrix (by reducing co-efficient matrix to the triangular form). It is observed that given
102 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

system of equations are consistent and there are infinite number of solutions. Putting an arbitrary
value to one of the 3 unknowns i.e., z = 0, we may express the other 2 unknowns viz. x and y in terms of
these. This provides a particular solution.
44. Test for consistency the system of linear equations:
– 2x + y + z = a
x – 2y + z = b
x + y – 2z = c where a, b, c are constants. (M.D.U., Dec., 2009)
Sol. We have

 −2 1 1 x  a 
 1 −2 1  y  = b 
 1 1 −2  z  c 
     
operate R2 → R2 + 2R1 and R3 → R3 + 2R1

 −2 1 1   x  a 
 0 0 3  y  =  b 
 0 3 0  z  c 
    
The ranks of co-efficient matrix and augmented matrix for the last set of equations, are both 2.
Hence, the equations are consistent. Also the given system is equivalent to
– 2x + y + z = a ...(1)
3y = b ...(2)
3z = c ...(3)
b c
⇒ y= ,z=
3 3
Put the values of y and z equation (1), we get
b c
− 2x + + =a
3 3
b + c − 3a
or x=
6
45. Find the values of λ and µ so that the equations 2x + 3y + 5z = 9, 7x + 3y – 2z = 8, 2x + 3y + λz = µ,
have
(i) no solution (ii) a unique solution and
(iii) an infinite number of solutions. (M.D.U., Dec., 2008, 2009)
Sol. We have

LM2 3 5 OP LM xOP LM9OP

MN72 3 −2
3 λ PQ MN zyPQ = MNµ8PQ
The system admits of unique solution if, and only if, the co-efficient matrix is of rank 3. This
requires that

2 3 5
7 3 − 2 = 15(5 – λ) ≠ 0
2 3 λ
Thus for a unique solution λ ≠ 5 and µ may have any value. If λ = 5, the system will have no
solution for those values of µ for which the matrices
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 103

LM2 3 5 OP
2 3 5 9 LM OP
MN72 PQ
3 − 2 and 7 3 − 2 8
3 5 2 3 5 µ MN PQ
are not of the same rank. But co-efficient matrix is of rank 2 and augmented matrix is not of rank 2
unless µ = 9.
Thus if λ = 5 and µ ≠ 9, the system will have no solution.
If λ = 5 and µ = 9, the system will have an infinite number of solutions.
46. Solve the equations : x + 2y + 3z = 0, 3x + 4y + 4z = 0, 7x + 10y + 12z = 0.
Sol. Let us find the rank of the co-efficient matrix

LM1 2 3 OP
MN73 PQ
4 4 Operating R2 – 3R1, we get
10 12

1 LM2 3 OP
MN PQ
~ 0 − 2 − 5 Operating R3 – 7R1 – 2R2
7 10 12

LM 1 2 3O
− 5P
~ 0
MN0 −2
0 1PQ

We see rank of the co-efficient matrix is 3 which is equal to the number of variables.
Hence the equations have only a trivial zero solution :
x = y = z = 0.
47. Solve the equations :
4x + 2y + z + 3w = 0
6x + 3y + 4z + 7w = 0
2x + y + w = 0.
Sol. The co-efficient matrix is
LM4 2 1 3 OP 3 1
MN62 3 4 7
1 0 1 PQ Operating R2 –
2
R1 , R3 – R
2 1

LM OP
MM40 2
0
1
5
3
5 1 PP
~
MM 2
1
2
1
Operating R3 + R
5 2 PP
MN0 0 −
2
−
2 PQ
LM4 2 1
5
3
5
OP
~ M0 0 PP
MN0 0
2
0
2
0 Q
Rank of the co-efficient matrix is 2 which is less than the number of variables (4).
∴ Number of independent solutions = 4 – 2 = 2.
Given system is equivalent to
4x + 2y + z + 3w = 0, z + w = 0
104 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ We have z = – w, 4x + 2y = – 2w or y = – 2x – w
which give an infinite number of non-trivial solutions, x and w being the parameters.
48. Find the values of λ for which the equations
(λ – 1) x + (3λ + 1) y + 2λz = 0
(λ – 1) x + (4λ – 2)y + (λ + 3) z = 0
2x + (3λ + 1) y + 3(λ – 1) z = 0
are consistent, and find the ratios of x : y : z when λ has the smallest of these values. What happens when
λ has the greater of these values. [M.D.U., Dec., 2007, U.P.T.U., 2008, Delhi (D.T.U.), 2006]
Sol. The given equations will be consistent

λ − 1 3λ + 1 2λ
if λ − 1 4λ − 2 λ+3 =0
2 3λ + 1 3 (λ − 1)
Operating R2 – R1
λ − 1 3λ + 1 2λ
or, if 0 λ−3 3−λ =0
2 3λ + 1 3 (λ − 1)
Operating C3 + C2
λ − 1 3λ + 1 5λ + 1
or, if 0 λ−3 0 =0
2 3λ + 1 6 λ − 2
Expanding by R2
λ−1 5λ + 1
or, if (λ – 3) =0
2 2 (3λ − 1)
or, if 2(λ – 3) [(λ – 1) (3λ – 1) – (5λ + 1)] = 0
or, if 6λ (λ – 3)2 = 0
or, if λ = 0 or 3.
(a) When λ = 0, the equations become
–x+y=0 ...(1)
– x – 2y + 3z = 0 ...(2)
2x + y – 3z = 0 ...(3)
Solving (2) and (3), we get
x y z
= = .
6 − 3 6 − 3 − 1+ 4
Hence x=y=z
(b) When λ = 3, the equations become identical.
49. Investigate for consistency of the following equations and if possible, find the solutions :
4x – 2y + 6z = 8,
x + y – 3z = – 1,
15x – 3y + 9z = 21. (M.D.U., 2007, 2009)
Sol. The augmented matrix is
LM 4 −2 6 : 8 OP
~
MN151 1 −3 : −1
−3 9 : 21 PQ
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 105

LM 1 1 − 3 : − 1OP
~
MN154 −− 23 69 :: 218PQ Operating R – 4R , R2 1 3 – 15R12

L 1 1 − 3 : − 1OP
~ M0
R R
MN0 −−186 + 54 P
18 : 12 Operating , 2 3
: 36Q 6 18

L 1 1 − 3 : − 1OP
~ M0 − 1
MN0 − 1 33 :: 22PQ Operating R – R 3 2

L 1 1 − 3 : − 1OP
~ M0 − 1
MN0 0 03 :: 02PQ
Clearly, the rank of augmented matrix is equal to the rank of co-efficient matrix = 2. Hence
equations are consistent.
From the last matrix we find that the given system reduces to the form
x + y – 3z = – 1 and – y + 3z = 2
∴ x = 1, y = 3z – 2 are the required solutions.
50. For what values of k the equations
x+y+z=1
2x + y + 4z = k
4x + y + 10z = k2
have a solution and solve them completely in each case.
(M.D.U., 2006, 2008; U.P.T.U., 2008; V.T.U., 2006, Delhi, 2007)
Sol. The augmented matrix is
LM1 1 1 : 1 OP
MN42 PQ
1 4 : k Operating R2 – 2R1, R3 – 4R1
1 10 : k2

1 LM1 1 : 1 OP
MM
~ 0 −1 2 :
PP
k − 2 Operating R3 /3
N
0 − 3 6 : k2 − 4 Q
LM 1 1 1 : 1 OP
~ MM 0 −1 2 : k−2
k2 − 4
PP Operating R 3 – R2
N0 −1 2 :
3 Q
LM OP
MM01 1 1 :
−1 2 :
1
k−2
PP
~
MM0 k2 − 4 PP
N 0 0 :
3
−k+2
Q
The system of given equations will be consistent only if rank of augmented matrix is equal to the
rank of co-efficient matrix. This means last element of row 3 = 0.
106 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

This can be possible only when

k2 − 4
–k+2=0
3
or 2
k – 3k + 2 = 0
(k – 2) (k – 1) = 0
⇒ k = 1, 2.
When k = 1, We have x + y + z = 1 and – y + 2z = – 1
or x = – 3λ, y = 1 + 2λ, z = λ is the solution.
When k = 2, x = 1 – 3λ, y = 2λ, z = λ is the solution, where λ is arbitrary.
51. Test for consistency and solve :
2x – 3y + 7z = 5
3x + y – 3z = 13
2x + 19y – 47z = 32.
Sol. The augmented matrix is
LM2 −3 7 : 5 OP
MN23 PQ
1 − 3 : 13 Operating R12
19 − 47 : 32

LM
3 1 − 3 : 13 OP
MN
~ 2 −3 7 : 5
2 19 − 47 : 32 PQ Operating R3 – R2

L3 1 −3 : 13O
~ M2 5P
MN0 −3 7 :
22 − 54 : 27PQ
Operating 3R2 – 2R1

L3 1 −3 : 13 OP
~ M0
MN0 − 11 27 : − 11
22 − 54 : 27 PQ Operating R3 + 2R2

L3 1 −3 : 13 OP
~ M0
MN0 − 11 27 : − 11
0 0 : 5 PQ Operating R1/3

LM 1 1 13 O
3P
−1 :
~ M0 − 11P
3
MM0 − 11 27 :
0 0 :
P
5P
MN PQ
It is observed that rank of co-efficient matrix is 2 but the rank of augmented matrix is 3. Hence
the equations are inconsistent.
52. Test for consistency and solve:
x + 2y + z = 3
2x + 3y + 2z = 5
3x – 5y + 5z = 2
3x + 9y – z = 4.
LM 1 2 1 : 3 OP
Sol. The augmented matrix is M2 3 2 :
PP
5 Operating R – 2R , R – R
MN33 −5 5
9 −1
:
:
2
4 Q
2 1 4 3
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 107

LM 1 2 1 : 3 OP
~ M PP
0 −1 0 : −1
Operating R3 – 3R1
MN03 −5 5
14 − 6
:
:
2
2 Q
LM 1 2 1 : 3 OP
~ M PP
0 –1 0 : –1
Operating R3 – 11R2, R4 + 14R2
MN00 – 11
14 –
2
6
: −7
: 2 Q
LM 1 2 1 : 3O
– 1P
~ M0 4 P Operating R
0 –1 0 :
+ 3R3
MN0 0
0 –
2
6
:
: – 12Q
P 4

LM 1 2 1 : 3O
~ M0 – 1P Operating 1 R
4P
–1 0 :
MN00 0
0
2
0
:
:
P
0Q
2 3

LM 1 2 1 : 3O
– 1P
~ M
2P
0 –1 0 :
MN00 0
0
1
0
:
:
P
0Q
Rank of augmented matrix and the co-efficient matrix is equal to 3. Hence system is consistent
and has a solution.
The last matrix indicates that
x + 2y + z = 3
–y=–1
z=2
⇒ x = – 1, y = 1 and z = 2 is the solution.
53. Find the values of a and b for which the equations :
x + ay + z = 3
x + 2y + 2z = b
x + 5y + 3z = 9
are consistent. When will these equations have a unique solution ?
(M.D.U., Dec., 2009, U.P.T.U., 2008 ; V.T.U. 2006, Delhi, 2007)
Sol. The augmented matrix is
LM
1 a 1 : 3 OP
MN
[A : B] ~ 1 2 2 : b
1 5 3 : 9 PQ
Operating R2 – R1, R3 – R1,
LM
1 a 1 : 3 OP
MN
[A : B] ~ 0 2 − a 1 : b − 3
0 5−a 2 : 6 PQ
Operating R3 – 2R2,
LM
1 a 1 : 3 OP
MN
[A : B] ~ 0 2 − a 1 : b − 3
0 1 + a 0 : 12 − 2b PQ
108 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Here the co-efficient matrix is

LM
1 a 1 OP
MN
A~ 0 2−a 1
0 1+ a 0 PQ
The given system of equations will be inconsistent if rank of A and rank of augmented matrix
(A : B) are not equal.
⇒ When 1 + a = 0 but 12 – 2b ≠ 0
or if a = – 1, b ≠ 6
Equations will be consistent if
a = – 1 and b = 6
LM
1 −1 1 OP
In this case, A~ 0
0
3 1
0 0MN PQ
which gives x–y+z=3
z
and 3y + z = 3 or y = 1 –
3
4z
x = 4y or x = 4 –
3
4λ λ
i.e., x=4– ,y=1– ,z=λ
3 3
where λ is a parameter. Thus, it has an infinite number of solutions.
When a ≠ – 1 and b has any value, the augmented matrix and co-efficient matrix will have same
rank showing the system of equations is consistent but it has a unique solution since rank = 3 = number
of unknowns (3).
54. Show that if λ ≠ – 5, the system of equations 3x – y + 4z = 3, x + 2y – 3z = – 2,
6x + 5y + λz = – 3 have a unique solution. If λ = – 5, show that the equations are consistent.
Determine the solutions in each case.
Sol. The augmented matrix is

LM3 −1 4 : 3 OP
MN61 PQ
2 − 3 : − 2 Operating R12
5 λ : −3

LM 1 2 −3 : −2 OP
~ 3
MN6 −1
5
4 : 3
λ : −3 PQ Operating R2 – 3R1, R3 – 6R1

L1 2 −3 : −2 OP
~ M0
MN0 −7 13 :
− 7 λ + 18 :
9
9 PQ Operating R3 – R2

L1 2 −3 : −2 OP
~ M0
MN0 −7 13 :
0 λ+5 :
9
0 PQ
Case I. If λ+5=0 or λ = – 5
Rank (A) = 2
Rank (A : B) = 2
Thus rank (A) = Rank (A : B) = 2 < number of unknowns.
∴ The system is consistent and has an infinite number of solutions.
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 109

The equations become :

x + 2y – 3z = – 2
– 7y + 13z = 9
13 z − 9 4 − 5z
⇒ y= ,x=
7 7
4 − 5k 13 k − 9
or x= , y= , z = k, where k is arbitrary.
7 7
λ = – 5.
Case II. When λ≠–5
Rank (A) = 3
Rank (B) = 3 = number of unknowns.
∴ The system has a unique solution.
This gives x + 2y – 3z = – 2
– 7 y + 13z = 9
Put z=0
– 7y = 9
9 4
y= − ,x= .
7 7
4 9
Hence λ ≠ – 5, x =, y = − , z = 0 is the solution of given system of equations.
7 7
55. Show that the equations
3x + 4y + 5z = a
4x + 5y + 6z = b
5x + 6y + 7z = c
do not have a solution unless a + c = 2b. (U.P.T.U., 2009 ; M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
Sol. The augmented matrix is
LM3 4 5 : a OP
MN45 PQ
5 6 : b Operating R2 – R1, R3 – R2
6 7 : c
LM
3 4 5 : a OP
MN PQ
~ 1 1 1 : b − a Operating R3 – R2
1 1 1 : c−b
L3 4 5 : a OP
~ M1
MN0 1 1 : b−a
0 0 : a + c − 2b PQ
Here rank of A : 2
Rank of (A : B) i.e., augmented matrix = 3
i.e., Rank of A and (A : B) are not equal.
The system has no solution in such situation.
However if a + c – 2b = 0 or a + c = 2b
ρ(A : B) = ρ(A) = 2 < number of unknowns.
The system will have an infinite number of solutions.
56. Solve the system of equations by matrix method :
x+y+z=8
x – y + 2z = 6
3x + 5y – 7z = 14.
110 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as AX = B, where
LM
1 1 1 x OP
8 LM OP L O
MN
A= 1 −1
3
2 ,X= y ,B= 6
5 −7 z 14
PQ MN PQ MMN PPQ
Augmented matrix
L1 1 1 : 8O
[A : B] = M 1 2 : 6P Operating R – R , R
MN3 −1
5 − 7 : 14PQ
2 1 3 – 3R1

L1 1 1 : 8O
~ M0 1 : − 2P Operating R + R
MN0 −2
2 − 10 : − 10PQ
3 2

L1 1 1 : 8O
~ M0 1 : − 2P
MN0 −2
0 − 9 : − 12PQ
∴ ρ(A) = ρ(A : B) = 3 = number of unknowns.
⇒ The given system of equations is consistent and has a unique solution.
From the last matrix, we have
x+y+z=8
– 2y + z = – 2
– 9z = – 12
On solving these, we get
4 5
z= ,y= and x = 5.
3 3
57. Examine if the following equations are consistent and solve them if they are consistent :
2x + 6y + 11 = 0
6x + 20y – 6z + 3 = 0
6y – 18z + 1 = 0. (M.D.U., 2006, 2008, 2009 ; U.P.T.U., 2005, 2007)
Sol. Augmented matrix is
LM2 6 0 : − 11 OP
MN60 PQ
20 − 6 : − 3 Operating R2 – 3R1
6 − 18 : − 1
LM
2 6 0 : − 11 OP
MN PQ
~ 0 2 − 6 : − 36 Operating R3 – 3R2
0 6 − 18 : −1
L2 6 0 : − 11 OP
~ M0
MN0 2 − 6 : − 36
0 0 : 107 PQ
ρ(A) = 2, ρ(A : B) = 3 i.e., ρ(A : B) ≠ ρ(A)
∴ The system is inconsistent and has no solution.
58. Find the values of λ for which the equations (2 – λ) x + 2y + 3 = 0, 2x + (4 – λ)
y + 7 = 0, 2x + 5y + (6 – λ) = 0 are consistent and find the values of x and y corresponding to each
of these values of λ.
Sol. Given equations are
(2 – λ) x + 2y = – 3
2x + (4 – λ) y = – 7
2x + 5y = λ – 6
i.e., 3 equations in 2 variables or unknowns.
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 111

The given equations will be consistent, if

2−λ 2 −3
2 4−λ −7 =0
2 5 λ−6
Operating R3 – R2

2−λ 2 −3
or 2 4−λ −7 =0
0 1+ λ λ + 1
or (2 – λ) {(4 – λ) (λ + 1) + 7 (λ + 1)} – 2 {2(λ + 1)} – 3{2(λ + 1)} = 0
or (λ + 1) {(2 – λ) (11 – λ) – 10} = 0
(λ + 1) (λ2 – 13λ + 12) = 0
or (λ + 1) (λ – 1) (λ – 12) = 0
⇒ λ = 1, – 1, 12
When λ = 1
Given equations are :
x + 2y + 3 = 0
2x + 3y + 7 = 0
2x + 5y + 5 = 0
On solving these, we get x = – 5, y = 1
When λ = – 1
Equations are : 3x + 2y + 3 = 0
2x + 5y + 7 = 0
2x + 5y + 7 = 0
or 3x + 2y = – 3
2x + 5y = – 7
−1 − 15
On solving these, we get x= , y=
11 11
When λ = 12
Equations become – 10x + 2y = – 3
2x – 8y = – 7
2x + 5y = 6
1
On solving these, we get x = , y = 1.
2
Hence the given system of equations, is consistent when λ = 1, – 1, 12.
Values of x and y corresponding to these values of λ are
x = – 5, y = 1
−1 − 15
x= ,y=
11 11
1
x= , y = 1.
2
112 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

59. Solve the equations:

x+y+z+w=0
x + 3y + 2z + w = 0
2x + 0 . y + z – w = 0. (M.D.U., May, 2009)
Sol. Given system is 3 equations in 4 variables, the solution is always other than x = y = z = w = 0.
The number of solutions is infinite. Let us first, find the rank of the co-efficient matrix,
LM 1 1 1 1OP
MN21 03 21 − 11PQ
Operating R2 – R1, R3 – 2R ,
1

L 1 1 1 1OP
~ M0
MN0 − 22 − 11 − 03PQ
Operating R3 + R2,
L 1 1 1 1OP
~ M0 2 1
MN0 0 0 − 03PQ
Rank of the co-efficient matrix is 2.
Rank is less than number of variables (4).
Therefore the given system of equations have 4 – 2 = 2(two) linearly independent solutions. Thus
if arbitrary values are assigned to 2 variables, the remaining variables can be uniquely found.
Let z = λ, w = µ.
Given system is equivalent to
x+y+z+w=0
2y + z = 0
– 3w = 0 or 2y + z – 3w = 0
As w = µ, z = λ
1
2y + λ – 3µ = 0 or y = – (λ + 3µ)
2
1
x=–y–λ–µ=+ (λ + 3µ) – λ – µ
2
1 µ 1
=– λ+ or (µ – λ)
2 2 2
Hence, the solution of the given system is given by
1
x= (µ – λ)
2
−1
y= (λ + 3µ)
2
z = λ, w = µ
Here, λ and µ are the parameters.
60. Find the values of λ for which the equations
(λ – 1)x + (3λ + 1)y + 2λz = 0
(λ – 1)x + (4λ – 2)y + (λ + 3) z = 0
2x + (3λ + 1)y + 3(λ – 1)z = 0
have non-trivial solution and find the ratios x : y : z when λ has the smallest of these values. What
happens when λ has the greatest of these values ?
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 113

Sol. The given equations will be consistent, if

λ − 1 3λ + 1 2λ
λ − 1 4λ − 2 λ + 3 = 0 [Operate R2 – R1]
2 3λ + 1 3(λ − 1)

λ − 1 3λ + 1 2λ
0 λ−3 3−λ =0 [Operate C3 + C2]
2 3λ + 1 3(λ − 1)

λ − 1 3λ + 1 5λ + 1
or, if 0 λ−3 0 =0 [Expand by R2]
2 3λ + 1 6λ − 2

or, if (λ – 3) λ − 1 5λ + 1 = 0
2 2(3λ − 1)
or, if 2(λ – 3) [(λ – 1) (3λ – 1) – (5λ + 1) = 0
or, if 6λ(λ – 3) = 0 or if λ = 0 or 3
(a) When λ = 0, the equations become
–x+y=0 ...(1)
– x – 2y + 3z = 0 ...(2)
2x + y – 3z = 0 ...(3)
Solving (2) and (3), we get
x y z
= = .
6 − 3 6 − 3 − 1+ 4
Hence x=y=z
(b) When λ = 3, equations become identical.
61. Using the loop current method on a circuit, the following equations were obtained :
7i1 – 4i2 = 12
– 4i1 + 12i2 – 6i3 = 0
– 6i2 + 14i3 = 0
By matrix method, solve for i1, i2 and i3.
Sol. Given system can be written as AX = B

LM
7 −4 0 i1 OP LM OP LM12OP
where,
MN
A = − 4 12 − 6 , X = i2 ,
0 − 6 14 i3 PQ MN PQ B=
MN 00 PQ
The required solution is given by
X = A–1B
Now, | A | = 7(132) – 4(56) = 700

LM132 56 24 OP
adjoint A =
MN 56
24
98 42
42 68 PQ
1 1 LM132 56 24 OP
∴ A–1 =
|A|
adjoint A =
700 MN 24
56 98 42
42 68 PQ
114 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 LM132 56 24 OP LM12OP 1 LM132 × 12OP

X=
700 MN 24
56 98 42
42 68 PQ MN 00 PQ = 700 MN 24 × 12PQ
56 × 12

132 × 12 56 × 12 24 × 12
⇒ i1 = , i2 = , i3 =
700 700 700
396 24 72
or i1 = , i2 = , i3 =
175 25 175
Note. If A = (aij) is a square matrix and Aij is the co-factor of aij in the determinant of A, then the
transpose of the matrix (Aij) is called the adjoint of the matrix A and is denoted by adj. A. Inverse of
matrix A is not defined when it is singular i.e., | A | = 0.
62. Solve the equations :
2x + 5y + 3z = 1
– x + 2y + z = 2
x + y + z = 0. (M.D.U. Dec., 2009)
Sol. In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as AX = B, where
LM
2 5 3 x OP 1 LM OP LM OP
MN PQ
A = − 1 2 1 , X = y ,B = 2
1 1 1 z 0
MN PQ MN PQ
LM
2 5 3 : 1 OP
MN
Augmented matrix [A : B] = − 1 2 1 : 2 Operating R13
1 1 1 : 0 PQ
L 1 1 1 : 0O
~ M− 1 2 1 : 2P Operating R – 2R , R
MN 2 5 3 : 1PQ 3 1 2 + R1

L 1 1 1 : 0O
~ M0 3 2 : 2P Operating R – R
MN0 3 1 : 1PQ 3 2

L 1 1 1 : 0OP
~ M0 3
MN0 0 − 21 :: − 21PQ
As rank of A and [A : B] are equal and same as the number of unknowns (3), the system has a
unique solution.
From the last matrix, we have equations
x+y+z=0
3y + 2z = 2
–z=–1
This means z = 1, y = 0 and x = – 1.
Thus, solution of the given system of equations is given by
x = – 1, y = 0 and z = 1.
63. For what values of a and b do the equations
x + 2y + 3z = 6
x + 3y + 5z = 9
2x + 5y + az = b (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
have (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) more than one solution ?
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 115

Sol. In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as AX = B, where

L1 2 3OP LM xOP 6 LM OP
A = M1 3
MN2 5 PQ
5 ,
a
MN zPQ
X= y , B= 9
b MN PQ
L1 2 3 : 6 OP
Augmented matrix [A : B] = M 1 3
MN2 5 5 : 9
a : b PQ
Operating R2 – R1, R3 – 2R1
LM
1 2 3 : 6 OP
MN
~ 0 1 2 : 3
0 1 a − 6 : b − 12 PQ Operating R3 – R2

L1 2 3 : 6 O
~ M0 3 P
MN0 1 2 :
0 a−8 : b − 15PQ
Case I. If a = 8, b ≠ 15
ρ(A) = 2, ρ (A : B) = 3
i.e., ρ(A) ≠ ρ(A : B)
∴ The system has no solution.
Case II. If a ≠ 8, b may have any value
ρ(A) = ρ(A : B) = 3 = number of unknowns.
The system has a unique solution.
Case III. If a = 8, b = 15
ρ(A) = 2 = ρ(A : B) < number of unknowns.
The system has an infinite number of solutions.
64. Determine the values of λ for which the following system of equations may passess non-trivial
solution :
3x1 + x2 – λx3 = 0
4x1 – 2x2 – 3x3 = 0
2λx1 + 4x2 + λx3 = 0
For each permissible value of λ, determine the general solution.
Sol. In matrix notation, the given system can be written as AX = 0, where

LM 3 1 −λ OP LM
x1 OP
A=
MN2λ4 −2 −3 ,
4 λ PQ MN
X = x2
x3 PQ
For non-trivial solution, | A | = 0
3 1 −λ
4 −2 −3 =0
2λ 4 λ
or, 3(– 2λ + 12) – 1(4λ + 6λ) – λ(16 + 4λ) = 0
or, – 6λ + 36 – 10λ – 16λ – 4λ2 = 0
or, 4λ2 + 32λ – 36 = 0
or, λ2 + 8λ – 9 = 0
(λ + 9) (λ – 1) = 0
⇒ λ= 1, – 9.
116 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

When λ = 1
The equations become
3x1 + x2 – x3 = 0
4x1 – 2x2 – 3x3 = 0
2x1 + 4x2 + x3 = 0
Solving first 2 equations, we have
x1 x2 x3
= =
−3−2 −4+9 −6−4
or x1 = k, x2 = – k, x3 = 2k, where k is arbitrary.
When λ = – 9
The equations become ;
3x1 + x2 + 9x3 = 0
4x1 – 2x2 – 3x3 = 0
– 18x1 + 4x2 – 9x3 = 0
Solving the first 2 equations viz.
3x1 + x2 + 9x3 = 0
4x1 – 2x2 – 3x3 = 0
x1 x2 x3
= =
− 3 + 18 36 + 9 − 6 − 4
x1 x x
or = 2 = 3
15 45 − 10
⇒ x1 = 3k, x2 = 9k, x3 = – 2k.
where k is any arbitrary.

1 LM− 2 1 2OP
65. Prove that the following matrix is orthogonal :
3 MN 21 −2 2 PQ
2 1 .

Sol. A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if AA′ = A′A = I

We have

LM− 2 1 2OP 1 L− 2 2 1O 1 LM− 2 1 2OP LM− 2 2 OP

1
MN 21 − 22 21PQ 3 MMN 21 21 − 22PPQ = 9 MN 21
1
AA′ =
3
2 1
−2 2 PQ MN 21 2 −2
1 2PQ
1L
9 0 0O L 1 0 0O
= M0 9 0P = M0 1 0P = I
9 M0 0 9P M0 0 1P
N Q N Q
Hence the matrix is orthogonal.
66. Show that the transformation ;
y1 = 2x1 + x2 + x3
y2 = x1 + x2 + 2x3
y3 = x1 – 2x3 (M.D.U., May, 2009)
is regular. Write down the inverse transformation.
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 117

Sol. The given transformation may be written as

Y = AX
x1 LM OP
y1 LM
2 1 1 OP LM OP
x3 MN y3
PQ MN
where X = x2 , Y = y2 , A = 1 1 2
1 0 −2
PQ MN PQ
The transformation will be regular if the matrix A is non-singular i.e.; | A | ≠ 0.
2 1 1
Now |A|= 1 1 2
1 0 −2
= 2(– 2) – 1(– 2 – 2) + 1(– 1)
=–4+4–1
=–1≠0
∴ The given transformation is regular.
The inverse transformation is given by
X = A–1Y
LM
2 −2 −1 OP
Now, A–1 = − 4
MN5 3
1 −1 −1 PQ
L 2 −2 − 1O L y O
X = M− 4 3P M y P
1

MN 1 − 1PQ MN y PQ
∴ 5 2
−1 3
⇒ x1 = 2y1 – 2y2 – y3
x2 = – 4y1 + 5y2 + 3y3
x3 = y1 – y2 – y3
is the inverse transformation.
67. Represent each of the transformations
x1 = 3y1 + 2y2, y1 = z1 + 2z2
and x2 = – y1 + 4y2, y2 = 3z1
by the use of matrices and find the composite transformation which expresses x1, x2 in terms of z1, z2.
Sol.
LM x OP = L 3 2O LM y OP
N x Q MN− 1 4PQ N y Q
1 1
or X = AY
2 2

LM y OP = LM 1 2OP LM z OP
1
N y Q N3 0Q N z Q
1
or Y = BZ
2 2
⇒ X = [AB] Z
LM 3 2OP LM 1 2OP = LM 9 6 OP
[AB] =
N− 1 4Q N3 0Q N11 −2 Q
LM x OP X = LM
9 6O L z O
N11 − 2PQ MN z PQ .
1
⇒
Nx Q
2
or 1
2
68. If ξ = x cos α – y sin α
η = x sin α + y cos α,
write the matrix A of transformation and prove that A–1 = A′. Hence write the inverse transformation.
Sol. In matrix notation we have
LMξ OP = LMcos α − sin α OP LM xOP
NηQ Nsin α cos α Q N yQ
118 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

The matrix of transformation A is

LMcos α − sin αOP ,
A=
Nsin α cos αQ
L cos α sin αO
A′ = M− sin α cos α P
Now
N Q
L cos α sin αO
A = M− sin α cos α P
and –1
N Q
i.e., A′ = A–1. Inverse transformation is given by A–1 above.
69. A transformation from the variables x1, x2, x3 to y1, y2 , y3 is given by Y = AX and another transfor-
mation from y1, y2, y3 to z1, z2, z3 is given by Z = BY, where
1 LM 2
0 1 1 1 OP LM OP
A=
MN− 01
1 −2 ,B= 1 2 3
2 1 1 3 5 PQ MN PQ
obtain the transformation from x1, x2, x3 to z1, z2, z3.
Sol. Given Y = AX ...(1)
Z = BY ...(2)
⇒ Z = (BA)X ...(3)
LM
1 1 1 OP L 2 1 0 OP
Now, BA = 1 2 3
1 3 5MN PQ MMN− 01 1 −2
2 1 PQ
L 1 4 − 1O
= M− 1 9 − 1P
MN− 3 14 − 1PQ
Hence the required transformation from x1, x2, x3 to z1, z2, z3 is given by equation (3),
LM
1 4 −1 OP
where
MN
BA = − 1 9 − 1 .
− 3 14 − 1 PQ
70. Find the inverse transformation of
y1 = x1 + 2x2 + 5x3
y2 = 2x1 + 4x2 + 11x3
y3 = – x2 + 2x3. (M.D.U., Dec., 2009 and U.P.T.U., 2008)
Sol. Given equations can be written in the matrix form as
LM y OP L 1 2 5 OP LM x OP
MN yy PQ = MMN02
1 1
2
3
4 11
−1 2 PQ MN xx PQ
2
3

L 1 2 5OP
Y = AX where A = M2
i.e.,
MN0 − 41 112PQ
Y = AX
A–1Y = A–1AX
or X = A–1Y gives the inverse transformation.
Now, | A | = 1(19) – 2(4) + 5(– 2) = 1 ≠ 0.
Thus matrix A is non-singular.
Let us now find A–1.
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 119

Now we can see that

LM
19 − 9 2 OP
A–1 = − 4
−2 MN
2 −1
1 0 PQ
Hence inverse transformation is given by
19 − 9LM2 OP
X= −4
−2 MN
2 −1 Y
1 0 PQ
LM x OP L 19 2O L y O
− 1P M y P
−9
MNxx PQ = MMN−− 42
1 1
or 2
3
2
1
M P
0PQ N y Q
2
3
⇒ x1 = 19y1 – 9y2 + 2y3
x2 = – 4y1 + 2y2 – y3
x3 = – 2y1 + y2.
13 23 23 LM OP
71. Verify that the following matrix is orthogonal : 2 3 13 −23 .
23 −23 13 MN PQ
(M.D.U., Dec., 2007, 2008 ; U.P.T.U., 2009)
Sol. Let
LM 13 23 23 OP
MN
A= 23 13 −23
23 −23 13 PQ
If A is an orthogonal matrix, we should have AA′ = I.
L 1 3 2 3 2 3OP LM 1 3 2 3 23 OP
AA′ = M2 3
Now
MN2 3 − 21 33 − 21 33PQ MN22 33 − 21 33 −23
13 PQ
L1 9 + 4 9 + 4 9 2 9 + 2 9 − 4 9 2 9−4 9+2 9 OP
= M2 9 + 2 9 − 4 9 4 9 + 1 9 + 4 9
MN2 9 − 4 9 + 2 9 4 9 − 2 9 − 2 9 4 9− 2 9− 2/9
4 9+4 9+19 PQ
L 1 0 0O
= M0 1 0P = I
MN0 0 1PQ
Hence given matrix A is orthogonal.
72. Determine a, b, c so that the matrix is orthogonal, where

0 2b c 
A =  a b −c  (M.D.U., May 2009, U.P.T.U., 2008)
a −b c 
 
Sol. A matrix is orthogonal if AA′ = I.

 0 a a
Now A′ = 2b b −b
 c −c c 

If given matrix A is orthogonal then we should have

 0 2b c   0 a a 
a b −c  2b b −b  =I
 a −b c   c −c c 
 
120 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 4b2 + c2 2b2 − c2 − 2b2 + c2  1 0 0 

 2 
 2b − c
2
a + b2 + c2
2
a 2 − b2 − c2  = 0 1 0 
0 0 1 
 −2b + c2
2
a 2 − b2 − c2 a 2 + b2 + c2   

⇒ 4b2 + c2 = 1 ...(i)
2b2 – c2 = 0 ...(ii)
a + b2 + c2 =
2 1 ...(iii)
a2 – b2 – c2 = 0 ...(iv)
Using (i) and (ii), we have
1 1
6b2 = 1 or b2 = , c2 =
6 3
Using (iii) and (iv), we have
1
2a2 = 1 ⇒ a2 =
2
1 1 1
Hence, a= ± ,b= ± ,c= ± .
2 6 3

LM 1 −2OP
73. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A =
N− 5 4 Q
.

Sol. The characteristic equation of the given matrix is

1− λ − 2
| A – λI | = 0 or =0
−5 4−λ
or (1 – λ) (4 – λ) – 10 = 0 or λ2 – 5λ – 6 = 0
or (λ – 6) (λ + 1) = 0 ∴ λ = 6, – 1
Thus, the eigen values of A are 6, – 1.
Corresponding to λ = 6, the eigen vectors are given by (A – 6I)X = 0
LM− 5 −2 OP LM x OP = 0
1
or
N− 5 −2 Q Nx Q
2
We get only one independent equation – 5x1 – 2x2 = 0, since rank of co-efficient matrix is 1.
x1 x
∴ = 2 giving the eigen vector (2, – 5).
2 −5
Corresponding to λ = – 1, the eigen vectors are given by
LM 2 −2 OP LM x OP = 0
1
N− 5 5 Q Nx Q
2
We get only one independent equation 2x1 – 2x2 = 0, since rank of co-efficient matrix is 1.
∴ x1 = x2 giving the eigen vector (1, 1).
Hence, eigen values are 6, – 1 and eigen vectors are (2, – 5) and (1, 1).
74. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
LM− 2 2 −3 OP
A=
MN − 21 1 −6 .
−2 0 PQ
(M.D.U., 2006, 2007 ; U.P.T.U., 2008 Dec., 2009)
Sol. The characteristic equation of the given matrix is | A – λI | = 0
−2−λ 2 −3
or, 2 1− λ − 6 = 0
−1 −2 −λ
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 121

or, (– 2 – λ) [– λ(1 – λ) – 12] – 2[– 2λ – 6] – 3[– 4 + 1(1 – λ)] = 0

or, λ3 + λ2 – 21λ – 45 = 0
By trial, λ = – 3 satisfies it.
∴ (λ + 3) (λ2 – 2λ – 15) = 0
or, (λ + 3) (λ + 3) (λ – 5) = 0
⇒ λ= – 3, – 3, 5.
Thus, the eigen values of A are – 3, – 3, 5.
Corresponding to λ = – 3, the eigen vectors are given by
(A + 3I) X = 0

LM 1 2 −3 OP LM x OP
1
or,
MN− 21 4 −6
−2 3 PQ MN xx PQ = 0
2
3
We get only one independent equation
x1 + 2x2 – 3x3 = 0, since rank of co-efficient matrix is 1.
Choosing x2 = 0, we have x1 – 3x3 = 0
x1 x2 x3
∴ = = giving the eigen vector (3, 0, 1).
3 0 1
Choosing x3 = 0, we have x1 + 2x2 = 0
x1 x x
∴ = 2 = 3 giving the eigen vector (2, – 1, 0).
2 −1 0
Any other eigen vector corresponding to λ = – 3 will be a linear combination of these two.
LM− 7 2 −3 OP LM x OP
1
Corresponding to λ = 5, the eigen vectors are given by
MN − 21 −4 −6
−2 −5 PQ MN xx PQ = 0
2
3
⇒ – 7x1 + 2x2 – 3x3 = 0
2x1 – 4x2 – 6x3 = 0
– x1 – 2x2 – 5x3 = 0
Solving first 2 equations, we have
x1 x x
= 2 = 3
− 24 − 48 24
x1 x2 x
or = = 3 giving the eigen vector (1, 2, – 1).
1 2 −1
75. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the matrices:

1 2 3 4
2  2 3 −1 
1 5 6
(i)  (ii)  −2 1 1  (M.D.U., May 2009)
7 4 3 2   1 0 2
4 3 0 5   

(M.D.U., May, 2008, Dec. 2009 and U.P.T.U., 2007)

Sol. (i) The sum of eigen values is obtained by adding the elements of the principal diagonal i.e.,
1 + 1 + 3 + 5 = 10.
Product of eigen values is given by the determinant value of the matrix, i.e.,

1 2 3 4
2 1 5 6
7 4 3 2
4 3 0 5
122 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Apply C2 → C2 – 2C1, C3 → C3 – 3C1, C4 – 4C1

1 0 0 0
2 −3 −1 −2
|A| =
7 −10 −18 −26
4 −5 −12 −11
Expanding through R1,

−3 −1 −2
|A| = −10 −18 −26
−5 −12 −11

= (–3) (198 – 312) + (110 – 130) – 2(120 – 90)

= 342 – 20 – 60 = 262.

2 3 −1
(ii) |A| = −2 1 1 = Product of eigen values.
1 0 2

i.e., Product is = 2(2 – 0) – 3(– 4 – 1) – 1(– 1)

= 4 + 15 + 1 = 20.
Sum = 2 + 1 + 2 (elements of principal diagonal)
= 5.
1
76. If λ is an eigen value of an orthogonal matrix, then prove that is also its eigen value.
λ
(M.D.U., Dec., 2008, and U.P.T.U., 2009)
1
Sol. Let λ be an eigen value of an orthogonal matrix then is an eigen value of A–1.
λ
But AA′ = I
∴ A–1 = A′ (Transpose)
However, the matrices A and A′ have the same eigen values.
1
∴ is also an eigen value of A. Hence proved.
λ

2 −1 1LM OP
2 − 1 . Hence compute A–1.
77. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A = − 1
1 −1 2 MN PQ
Sol. The characteristic equation of A is
LM2 − λ −1 1 OP
| A – λI | = 0 i.e.,
MN −11 2−λ −1 =0
−1 2−λ PQ
or λ3 – 6λ2 + 9λ – 4 = 0 (On simplification).
To verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have to show that
A3 – 6A2 + 9A – 4I = O ...(1)
LM2 −1 1 OP
2 −1 1 LM
6 −5 5 OP LM OP
Now,
MN
A2 = − 1 2 −1 × −1
1 −1 2 PQ
1 −1 2 MN
2 −1 = −5 6 −5
5 −5 6
PQ MN PQ
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 123

6 −5 LM
5 OP LM 2 − 1 1OP LM 22 − 22 − 21OP
A3 = A2 × A = − 5
MN
6 −5
5 −5 6 PQ MN− 11 − 21 − 21PQ = MN− 21 22PQ
22 − 21
21 − 21
LM
22 − 22 − 21O L 6 − 5 5OP LM 2 − 1 1OP
− 21P – 6 M− 5
∴ A3 – 6A2 + 9A – 4I = − 21
MN
22
21 − 21 22PQ
MN 5 − 65 − 65PQ + 9 MN− 11 − 21 − 21PQ
LM
1 0 0O L0
0 0 OP
0P = M0
MN
–4 0 1
0 0 1PQ MN0
0 0 =O
0 0 PQ
This verifies Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
Now multiplying both sides of (1) by A–1, we have
A2 – 6A + 9I – 4A–1 = 0 ⇒ 4A–1 = A2 – 6A + 9I
LM
6 −5 5 2 −1 1 OP
1 0 0 LM
3 1 −1 OP LM OP LM OP
⇒ 4A–1 = − 5
MN
6 −5 –6 −1
5 −5 6 1 −1 2 PQ
2 −1 +9 0 1 0 =
0 0 1
1 3
−1 1
MN1
3
PQ MN PQ MN PQ
3 1LM − 1O
1P .
1
∴ A–1 = 1 3
4 −1 1 MN 3PQ
2 1 1 LM OP
MN
78. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A = 0 1 0 and hence, find the matrix repre-
1 1 2 PQ
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
sented by A – 5A + 7A – 3A + A – 5A + 8A – 2A + I.
(M.D.U., 2007, 2009 ; U.P.T.U., 2007)
Sol. The characteristic equation of A is
2−λ 1 1
| A – λI | = 0 1− λ 0 =0
1 1 2−λ
or λ3 – 5λ2 + 7λ – 3 = 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I = 0 ...(1)
Now A8 – 5A7 + 7A6 – 3A5 + A4 – 5A3 + 8A2 – 2A + I
= A5(A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I) + A(A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I) + (A2 + A + I)
= A2 + A + I [Using (1)]
LM OP LM2 1 1OP LM2 1 1OP LM1 0 0OP
2 1 1
MN = 0 1 0
1 1 2PQ MN01 11 02PQ + MN01 11 02PQ + MN00 01 01PQ
L5 4 4O L2 1 1O L1 0 0O L8 5 5O
= M0 1 0 P + M0 1 0P + M0 1 0P = M0 3 0P .
MN4 4 5PQ MN1 1 2PQ MN0 0 1PQ MN5 5 8PQ
8
79. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find A if

A= M
L 1 2OP .
N 2 − 1Q (U.P.T.U., 2008 ; M.D.U., Dec., 2007)

Sol. The characteristic equation of A is

LM1 − λ 2 OP
| A – λI | = 0 i.e.,
N 2 − 1− λ = 0 Q
or – (1 – λ2) – 4 = 0 or λ2 = 5 ...(1)
124 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, A satisfies its characteristic equation (1).

∴ A2 = 5I
⇒ (A2)4 = (5I)4
⇒ A8 = 625I (∵ I4 = I)

LM1 4OP and find its inverse. Also express

80. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =
N 2 3Q
A5 – 4A4 – 7A3 + 11A2 – A – 10I as a linear polynomial in A.
(M.D.U., May, 2009 ; U.P.T.U., 2007)
Sol. The characteristic equation of A is
1− λ 4
= 0 or λ2 – 4λ – 5 = 0 ...(1)
2 3−λ
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, A must satisfy its characteristic equation (1), so that
A2 – 4A – 5I = 0 ...(2)
Now,
1 4LM OP LM1 4OP – 4 L1 4O – 5 L1 0O
A2 – 4A – 5I = 2 3
N Q N2 3Q MN2 3PQ MN0 1PQ
= M
L9 16OP – LM4 16OP – LM5 0OP = LM0 0OP = O
N8 17Q N8 12Q N0 5Q N0 0Q
This verifies the theorem.
Multiplying (2) by A–1, we get
A – 4I – 5A–1 = 0
1
or A–1 = (A − 4I)
5
1 RSL1 4O − 4L1 OPUV = 1 LM− 3
0 4 OP
=
5 TMN2 3PQ MN0 1QW 5 N 2 −1 Q
Now dividing the polynomial λ5 – 4λ4 – 7λ3 + 11λ2 – λ – 10I by the polynomial λ2 – 4λ – 5, we obtain
λ5 – 4λ4 – 7λ3 + 11λ2 – λ – 10I
= (λ2 – 4λ – 5) (λ3 – 2λ + 3) + λ + 5
=λ+5 [by (1)]
Hence A5 – 4A4 – 7A3 + 11A2 – A – 10I = A + 5
which is a linear polynomial in A.

8 −6 2LM OP
81. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix : − 6
MN
7 −4 .
2 −4 3 PQ
Sol. The characteristic equation of the given matrix is | A – λI | = 0
8−λ −6 2
or −6 7−λ −4 =0
2 −4 3−λ
(8 – λ) [(7 – λ) (3 – λ)– 16] + 6[– 6(3 – λ) + 8] + 2[24 – 2(7 – λ)] = 0
(8 – λ)(5 – 10λ + λ2) + 12(3λ – 5) + 4(5 + λ) = 0
λ(λ2 – 18λ + 45) = 0
λ(λ – 3) (λ – 15) = 0
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 125

⇒ λ = 0, 3, 15
For λ = 0, we have
LM 8 −6 2 OP LM x OP
1

MN− 62 7 −4
−4 3 PQ MN xx PQ = 0
2
3
The equations are
8x1 – 6x2 + 2x3 = 0
– 6x1 + 7x2 – 4x3 = 0
2x1 – 4x2 + 3x3 = 0
Solving the first 2 equations, we have
x1 x2 x3
= =
24 − 14 − 12 + 32 56 − 36
x1 x2 x
or = = 3 giving the eigen vector (1, 2, 2)
10 20 20
For λ = 3, the equations are
5x1 – 6x2 + 2x3 = 0
– 6x1 + 4x2 – 4x3 = 0
2x1 – 4x2 = 0
x1 x x3
= 2 = giving eigen vector (2, 1, – 2)
− 16 − 8 24 − 8
For λ = 15, the equations are
– 7x1 – 6x2 + 2x3 = 0
– 6x1 – 8x2 – 4x3 = 0
2x1 – 4x2 – 12x3 = 0
Solving the last 2 equations, we get
x1 x2 x3 x1 x x
= = or = 2 = 3 giving eigen vector (2, – 2, 1).
96 − 16 − 8 − 72 24 + 16 80 − 80 40
Hence eigen values of the given matrix are (0, 3, 15) and eigen vectors are given by (1, 2, 2); (2, 1, – 2)
and (2, – 2, 1).

1 3 7 LM OP
MN PQ
82. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A = 4 2 3 . Show that the equation is satisfied
1 2 1
by A and hence obtain the inverse of the given matrix.
(M.D.U., May 2008, Dec., 2009, Delhi, 2008, U.P.T.U., 2007)
Sol. Characteristic equation is

1− λ 3 7
| A – λI | = 0 or 4 2−λ 3 =0
1 2 1− λ
(1 – λ) [(2 – λ) (1 – λ) – 6] – 3[4(1 – λ) – 3] + 7[8 – 2 + λ] = 0
λ2 – 3λ – 4 – λ3 + 3λ2 + 4λ – 3 + 12λ + 42 + 7λ = 0
– λ3 + 4λ2 + 20λ + 35 = 0
λ3 – 4λ2 – 20λ – 35 = 0
126 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

If A satisfies it, A3 – 4A2 – 20A – 35I = 0

LM
1 3 7 OP LM1 3 OP
7 LM
20 23 23 OP
MN
A2 = 4 2 3
1 2 1 PQ MN41 22 PQ MN
3 = 15 22 37
1 10 9 14 PQ
L20 23 23O L 1 3 7O L135 152 232 OP
= M15 22 37P M4 3P = M140
A3
MN10 9 14PQ MN 1
2
2 1PQ MN 60
163 208
76 111 PQ
Now, A3 – 4A2 – 20A – 35I
LM
135 152 232 OP
20 23 23 LM
1 3 7 1 0 0 OP LM OP LM OP
MN PQ MN
= 140 163 208 – 4 15 22 37 – 20 4 2 3 – 35 0 1 0
60 76 111 10 9 14 1 2 1 0 0 1 PQ MN PQ MN PQ
L0 0 0 OP
= M0
MN0 PQ
0 0 =O
0 0
Hence A satisfies the characteristic equation.
To obtain inverse of given matrix A we proceed as follows :
Since A3 – 4A2 – 20A – 35I = 0
Multiplying by A–1, we get
A2 – 4A – 20I – 35A–1 = 0
or 35A–1 = A2 – 4A – 20I
1
or A–1 = [A2 – 4A – 20I]
35
LM 20 23 23 OP 1 3 7 LM OP
Now,
MN PQ
A2 = 15 22 37 , A = 4 2 3
10 9 14 1 2 1 MN PQ
L20 23 23O L1 3 7O L1 0 0O
A – 4A – 20I = M15 22 37P – 4 M4 2 3P – 20 M0 1 0P
MN10 9 14PQ MN1 2 1PQ MN0 0 1PQ
2

L− 4 11 − 5OP
= M− 1 − 6
MN 6 1 − 10 25
PQ
L− 4 11 − 5OP
1 M
35 M 6 PQ
∴ A = –1 −1 −6 25 .
N 1 − 10

L 1 2 3OP
83. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A = M 2 − 1
MN 3 1 − 41PQ . Show that the equation is satis-
fied by A.
Sol. The characteristic equation is | A – λI | = 0
1− λ 2 3
or 2 − 1− λ 4 =0
3 1 − 1− λ
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 127

or (1 – λ) [(1 + λ)2 – 4] – 2[– 2(1 + λ) – 12] + 3[2 + 3(1 + λ)] = 0

(1 – λ) (λ2 + 2λ – 3) + 4 + 4λ + 39 + 9λ = 0
or – λ3 – λ2 + 18λ + 40 = 0
or λ3 + λ2 – 18λ – 40 = 0
is the characteristic equation.
If A satisfies it, then A3 + A2 – 18A – 40I = 0
LM 1 2 3 OP
Now,
MN
A= 2 −1
3
4
1 −1 PQ
L 1 2 3OP LM 1 2 3OP LM14 3 8 OP
A = M2 − 1
MN3 1 − 41PQ MN23 − 11 − 41PQ = MN122
2 9 −2
4 14 PQ
L14 3 8O L 1 2 3OP LM44 33 46O
A = M12 9 − 2P M2 − 1 13 74 P
MN 2 4 14PQ MN3 1 − 41PQ = MN24 14 8PQ
3

52

LM44 33 46O L14 3 8O L 1 2 3OP LM 1 0 0O L0 0 0 OP

74 P + M12 9 − 2P – 18 M2 − 1 1 0P = M0
Now,
MN24
52
13
14 8PQ MN 2 4 14PQ MN3 1 − 41PQ – 40 MN00 0 1PQ MN0 PQ
0 0 = O.
0 0
Hence Proved.

LM7 −1 3 OP
84. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of A = 6 1 4 .
MN 2 4 8 PQ
(M.D.U., 2006, 2007, 2009 ; U.P.T.U., 2008)
Sol. The characteristic equation of A is | A – λI | = 0.

7−λ −1 3
i.e., 6 1− λ 4 =0
2 4 8−λ
(7 – λ) [(1 – λ) (8 – λ) – 16] + 1[6(8 – λ) – 8] + 3[24 – 2(1 – λ)] = 0
(7 – λ) (– 8 – 9λ + λ2) + (40 – 6λ) + (66 + 6λ) = 0
λ3 – 16λ2 + 55λ – 50 = 0 (On simplification)
To verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we can show that
A3 – 16A2 + 55A – 50I = 0
LM
7 −1 3 OP LM7 − 1 3OP LM49 4 41OP
Now, A2 = 6
2 MN
1 4
4 8 PQ MN62 41 48PQ = MN56
54 34 86PQ
11 54

L49 4 41O L7 − 1 3O L449 119 491O

= M56 54 P M6 1 4P = M566 171 644 P
A3
MN54 11
34 86PQ MN2 4 8PQ MN754 324 986PQ
Now, A3 – 16A2 + 55A – 50I
LM
449 119 491 OP
49 4 41 LM7 −1 3 OP 1 0 0 LM OP LM OP
MN PQ MN
= 566 171 644 – 16 56 11 54 + 55 6
754 324 986 54 34 86 2 PQ
1 4 – 50 0 1 0
4 8 0 0 1 MN PQ MN PQ
128 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM
449 − 784 + 385 − 50 119 − 64 − 55 491 − 656 + 165 OP
MN
= 566 − 896 + 330
754 − 864 + 110
171 − 176 + 55 − 50 644 − 864 + 220
324 − 544 + 220 986 − 1376 + 440 − 50 PQ
L0 0 0 OP
= M0
MN0 0 0 =O
0 0 PQ
Hence A3 – 16A2 + 55A – 50I = 0 is satisfied.
To find A–1, we multiply
A3 – 16A2 + 55A – 50I = 0 by A–1.
A2 – 16A + 55I – 50A–1 = 0
or 50A–1 = A2 – 16A + 55I
1
or A–1 = [A2 – 16A + 55I]
50
49 4 41LM 7 −1 3 OP LM
1 0 0 OP LM OP
Now,
MN
A2 – 16A + 55I = 56 11 54 – 16 6
54 34 86 2 4 8 PQ MN
1 4 + 55 0 1 0
0 0 1 PQ MN PQ
L − 8 20 − 7OP
= M− 40
MN 22 − 50 30 13PQ
− 10

L − 8 20 − 7OP
1 M
50 M 22 − 30 13PQ
Hence A–1 = − 40 50 − 10 .
N
85. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A,
6 −2LM2 OP
A= −2
MN
3 −1 .
2 −1 3 PQ (M.D.U., Dec., 2008, 2009)

Sol. The characteristic equation of the given matrix A is | A – λI | = 0

6−λ −2 2
or −2 3−λ −1 = 0
2 −1 3−λ
or (6 – λ) [(3 – λ)2 – 1] + 2[– 2(3 – λ) + 2] + 2[2 – 2(3 – λ)] = 0
(6 – λ) [9 + λ2 – 6λ – 1] – 12 + 4λ + 4 + 4 – 12 + 4λ = 0
(6 – λ) (λ2 – 6λ + 8) + 8λ – 16 = 0
6λ2 – 36λ + 48 – λ3 + 6λ2 – 8λ + 8λ – 16 = 0
– λ3 + 12λ2 – 36λ + 32 = 0
or λ3 – 12λ2 + 36λ – 32 = 0
By trial, λ = 2 satisfies it.
∴ (λ – 2) (λ2 – 10λ + 16) = 0
or (λ – 2) (λ – 2) (λ – 8) = 0
∴ λ = 2, 2, 8 are the eigen values.
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 129

Corresponding to λ = 2, the eigen vectors are given by

LM 4 −2 2 OP LM x OP
1
(A – 2I)X = 0 or
MN− 22 1 −1
−1 1 PQ MN xx PQ = 0
2
3

The equations are :

4x1 – 2x2 + 2x3 = 0
– 2x1 + x2 – x3 = 0
2x1 – x2 + x3 = 0
We get only one independent equation :
2x1 – x2 + x3 = 0
Choosing x2 = 0, we have 2x1 + x3 = 0
x1 x x
or = 3 = 2
1 −2 0
∴ eigen vector is (1, 0, – 2).
Choosing x3 = 0, we have 2x1 = x2
x1 x2 x3
or = = giving eigen vector (1, 2, 0).
1 2 0
For λ = 8, the eigen vectors are given by
(A – 8I)X = 0
LM− 2 −2 2 OP LM x OP
1
or
MN− 22 −5 −1
−1 −5 PQ MN xx PQ = 0
2
3
We get equations :
– 2x1 – 2x2 + 2x3 = 0 ...(1)
– 2x1 – 5x2 – x3 = 0 ...(2)
2x1 – x2 – 5x3 = 0 ...(3)
(1) ⇒ x1 + x2 = x3
Adding (2) with (3) gives
– 6x2 – 6x3 = 0 or x2 + x3 = 0 ...(4)
From (1) and (4), we have x1 + 2x2 = 0
x1 x x
= 2 = 3
2 −1 1
Hence eigen vector is (2, – 1, 1).
Thus for the given matrix A, eigen values are (2, 2, 8). Eigen vectors are (1, 0, – 2), (1, 2, 0) and
(2, – 1, 1).
2 0 1 LM OP
86. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A = 0 2 0 .
1 0 2 MN PQ
(U.P.T.U., 2007 ; M.D.U., May 2008, Dec., 2009)
Sol. The characteristic equation of the given matrix A is | A – λI | = 0.
2−λ 0 1
or 0 2−λ 0 =0
1 0 2−λ
130 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

or (2 – λ) (2 – λ)2 + 1(λ – 2) = 0
(2 – λ) [(2 – λ)2 – 1] = 0
(2 – λ) [4 + λ2 – 4λ – 1] = 0
(2 – λ) [λ2 – 4λ + 3] = 0
(2 – λ) (λ – 3) (λ – 1) = 0
⇒ λ = 1, 2, 3 are the eigen values.
The matrix equation corresponding to λ = 1 is
LM1 0 1OP LM x OP
1

MN01 1 0
0 1 PQ MN xx PQ = 0
2
3
or x1 + x3 = 0
x2 = 0
x1 x x
giving x1 = – x3 or = 3 = 2
1 −1 0
The eigen vector is (1, 0, – 1)
For λ = 2 the equation is
LM0 0 1OP LM x OP
1

MN01 0 0
0 0 PQ MN xx PQ = 0
2
3
x3 = 0, x1 = 0
This gives (0, 1, 0) as the eigen vector.
For λ = 3 the equation is

LM− 1 0 1 OP LM x OP
1

MN 01 −1 0
0 −1 PQ MN xx PQ = 0
2
3
– x1 + x3 = 0
– x2 = 0
x1 – x3 = 0
giving eigen vector (1, 0, 1).
LM OP
87. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A = 1 4 and use it to find the matrix represented
5 4 3 2
2 3 N Q
by A + 5A – 6A + 2A – 4A + 7I. (M.D.U., May 2006, 2009 ; U.P.T.U., 2007)
Sol. Characteristic equation is
| A – λI | = 0
1− λ 4
or 2 3−λ =0
(1 – λ) (3 – λ) – 8 = 0
λ2 – 4λ – 5 = 0
(λ – 5) (λ + 1) = 0
⇒ λ= – 1, 5
2 4
For λ = – 1, we have =0
2 4
i.e., we get only one independent equation 2x1 + 4x2 = 0 since rank of co-efficient matrix is 1.
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 131

x1 x
= 2 giving the eigen vector (2, – 1).
2 −1
Corresponding to λ = 5, the eigen vectors are given by

LM− 4 4 OP LM x OP = 0
1
N 2 −2 Q Nx Q 2

We get only one independent equation.

2x1 – 2x2 = 0 or x1 = x2 giving the eigen vector (1, 1).
To verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we can show that
A2 – 4A – 5I = 0 ...(1)
Now dividing the polynomial λ5 + 5λ4 – 6λ3 + 2λ2 – 4λ + 7 by λ2 – 4λ – 5, we get
λ5 + 5λ4 – 6λ3 + 2λ2 – 4λ + 7 = (λ2 – 4λ – 5) (λ3 + 9λ2 + 35λ + 187) + 919λ + 942
= 919λ + 942 (∵ λ2 – 4λ – 5 = 0)
Hence A5 + 5A4 – 6A3 + 2A2 – 4A + 7 = 919A + 942I

LM1 4OP + 942 LM1 0OP

N2 3Q N0 1Q
= 919

= M
L1861 3676OP .
N1838 3699Q
L 7 2 −2 OP
Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A = M− 6 − 1 2 and find A–1.
88.
MN 6 2 −1 PQ
(Delhi, 2008, U.P.T.U., 2006 ; M.D.U., Dec., 2007, 2008)
Sol. The characteristic equation of A is
| A – λI | = 0

7−λ 2 −2
i.e., − 6 − 1− λ 2 =0
6 2 − 1− λ
(7 – λ) [(1 + λ)2 – 4] – 2[6(1 + λ) – 12] – 2[– 12 + 6(1 + λ)] = 0
⇒ λ3 – 5λ2 + 7λ – 3 = 0
To verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have to show that
A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I = 0 ...(1)
LM
7 2 −2 OP LM 7 2 − 2OP L 25 8 − 8O
Now,
6MN
A2 = − 6 − 1 2
2 −1 PQ MN− 66 − 21 − 21PQ = MMN− 24
24
−7 8P
8 − 7PQ
L 25 8 − 8O L 7 2 − 2O L 79 26 − 26O
= M− 24 8P M − 6 − 1 2P = M− 78 − 25 26P
A3
MN 24 −7
8 − 7PQ MN 6 2 − 1PQ MN 78 26 − 25PQ
∴ A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I
LM
79 26 − 26 25 8 −8OP 7 2 −2LM 1 0 0 OP LM OP LM OP
MN
= − 78 − 25
78
26 – 5 − 24 − 7
26 − 25 24 PQ
8 +7 −6 −1
8 −7 6 2 −1 MN
2 –3 0 1 0
0 0 1 PQ MN PQ MN PQ
132 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM79 − 125 + 49 − 3 26 − 40 + 14 − 26 + 40 − 14 OP
=
MN −7878−+120
120 − 42
+ 42
− 25 + 35 − 7 − 3
26 − 40 + 14
26 − 40 + 14
− 25 + 35 − 7 − 3 PQ
L0 0 0O
= M0 0 0P = O.
MN0 0 0PQ
Hence (1) is satisfied.
To find A–1 : A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I = 0
Multiplying by A–1 we get,
A2 – 5A + 7I – 3A–1 = 0
3A–1 = A2 – 5A + 7I
1 2
or A–1 = [A – 5A + 7I]
3
LM 25 8 −8 OP LM
7 2 −2 1 0 0 OP LM OP
Now,
MN
A2 – 5A + 7I = − 24 − 7
24 PQ MN
8 –5 −6 −1
8 −7 6
2 +7 0 1 0
2 −1 0 0 1 PQ MN PQ
L− 3 − 2 2OP
= M 6
MN− 6 − 25 − 25PQ
1 LM
−3 −2 2O
5 − 2P .
3 M− 6 − 2 5PQ
∴ A = –1 6
N
L 2 1O
89. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find A if A = M 5 − 2P .
6
N Q
Sol. The characteristic equation of A is

2−λ 1
| A – λI | = 0 i.e., =0
5 −2−λ
or – (2 – λ) (2 + λ) – 5 = 0
λ2 – 4 – 5 = 0 or λ2 = 9 ...(1)
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, A satisfies its characteristic equation (1).
∴ A2 = 9I
⇒ A6 = (A2)3 = (9I)3 = 729I (∵ I3 = I)
or A6 = 729I.

1 0 3 LM OP
90. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of A = 2 1 −1 .
1 −1 1 MN PQ
(U.P.T.U., 2007, 2009 ; M.D.U., May 2006, 2008, 2009)
Sol. Characteristic equation of A is
| A – λI | = 0

1− λ 0 3
or 2 1− λ − 1 = 0
1 − 1 1− λ
(1 – λ) [(1 – λ)2 – 1] + 3[– 2 – 1 + λ] = 0
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 133

(1 – λ) (λ2 – 2λ) + 3λ – 9 = 0
λ2 – 2λ – λ3 + 2λ2 + 3λ – 9 = 0
3λ2 + λ – λ3 – 9 = 0 or λ3 – 3λ2 – λ + 9 = 0
Since A satisfies its characteristic equation by Cayley-Hamilton theorem,
A3 – 3A2 – A + 9I = 0
Multiplying by A–1 we have
A2 – 3A – I + 9 . A –1 = 0
1
⇒ A–1 = [– A2 + 3A + I]
9
LM 1
1 0 3OP LM 1 0 3OP 3 LM 1 0 3OP 1 LM 1 0 0OP
MN
= − 2 1 −1
9 1 −1 1 PQ MN21 − 11 − 11PQ + 9 MN21 − 11 − 11PQ + 9 MN00 01 01PQ
1L
4 − 3 6O
3L
3O
1L
1 0 1 0 0O
= – M3 2 4 P + M2 1 − 1P + M0 1 0P
9 M 0 − 2 5P 9 M 1 − 1 1PQ 9 MN0 0 1PQ
N Q N
1L
0 3 3O
A = M3 2 − 7P .
9 M3 − 1 − 1P
or –1

N Q
L− 1 2 − 2OP
Reduce the matrix A = M 1
91.
MN− 1 − 21 01PQ to the diagonal matrix and obtain the modal matrix.
(M.D.U., Dec., 2007, 2008)
Sol. The characteristic equation of A is | A – λI | = 0

− 1− λ 2 −2
1 2−λ 1 =0
−1 −1 −λ
or λ3 – λ 2 – 5λ + 5 = 0 (On simplification)

Solving it, we get λ = 1, ± 5

When λ = 1, the corresponding eigen vector is given by
– 2x1 + 2y1 – 2z1 = 0
x1 + y1 + z1 = 0
– x1 – y1 – z1 = 0
Solving the first 2 equations,
x1 y1 z
= = 1 giving the eigen vector (1, 0, – 1).
4 0 −4

When λ = 5, the corresponding eigen vector is given by

(− 1 − 5 ) x2 + 2y2 – 2z2 = 0

x2 + (2 – 5 )y2 + z2 = 0
– x2 – y2 – 5 z2 = 0
134 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Solving the last 2 equations,

x2 y2 z2
= =
6−2 5 − 1+ 5 1− 5

x2 y2 z2
or 2
= =
( 5 − 1) 5−1 1− 5

x2 y2 z
or = = 2 giving the eigen vector ( 5 –1, 1, – 1)
5 −1 1 −1

Similarly, the eigen vector corresponding to λ = – 5 is ( 5 + 1, – 1, 1).

∴ The modal matrix is given by
LM 1 5 −1 OP
5 +1
B= M 0 1 −1 PP
NM− 1 −1 1
Q
Lλ 0 0 OP LM OP
D= M0
1 1 0 0
and
MN 0 λ2
0
0
λ3 PQ or D = 0
0
MN 0
5
−
0
5Q
P
is the diagonal matrix, obtained by diagonalising A.
Note. The matrix B which diagonalises A is called the modal matrix of A and is obtained by
grouping the eigen vectors of A into a square matrix.

1 6 1 LM 4
OP
MN
92. Diagonalise the matrix A = 1 2 0 and hence find A .
0 0 3 PQ
Sol. The characteristic equation of A is
1− λ 6 1
| A – λI | = 1 2−λ 0 =0
0 0 3−λ
or λ3 – 6λ2 + 5λ + 12 = 0 (On simplification)
or (λ + 1) (λ – 3) (λ – 4) = 0
∴ λ = – 1, 3, 4
When λ = – 1, the corresponding eigen vector is given by
2x1 + 6y1 + z1 = 0
x1 + 3y1 = 0
4z1 = 0
x1 y
Solving the last 2, = 1 , z1 = 0 giving the eigen vector (3, – 1, 0)
3 −1
When λ = 3, the corresponding eigen vector is given by
– 2x1 + 6y1 + z1 = 0
x1 – y1 = 0

x1 y1 z
Solving = = 1 giving the eigen vector (1, 1, – 4)
1 1 −4
When λ = 4, the corresponding eigen vector is given by
– 3x1 + 6y1 + z1 = 0
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 135

x1 – 2y1 = 0
z1 = 0
x1 y1
Solving the last 2, = , z1 = 0 giving the eigen vector (2, 1, 0).
2 1
3 LM
1 2 OP
∴ The modal matrix B= −1
MN
1 1
0 −4 0 PQ
λ1 0 LM 0 OP
−1 0 0 LM OP
and B–1AB = D = 0 λ 2
0 0 MN 0 =
λ3 PQ
0 3 0
0 0 4 MN PQ
is the required diagonal matrix.
To find B–1 to know A4 .
LM(− 1) 4
0 0 1 0
OP
0 LM OP
= M 0 (3)4 0 = 0 81 0PP
D4
MN 0 0 (4)4 0 0 256
Q MN PQ
3 1 2
|B|= −1 1 1 = 3(4) + 1(0) + 2(4) = 20
0 −4 0

LM
4 −8 −1 OP
adj B = 0
MN
0 −5
4 12 4 PQ
1 1 LM4 −8 −1 OP
B–1 =
| B|
adj B =
20 MN40 0 −5
12 4 PQ
1
3 LM
1 2 1 0 0 OP LM OP LM4 OP
−8 −1
∴ A4 = BD4B–1 =
20
−1
MN
1 1 0 81 0
0 − 4 0 0 0 256 PQ MN PQ MN40 0 −5
12 4PQ
LM
1
3 1 2 OP LM
4 −8 −1 OP
A4 =
MN
20
−1 1 1
PQ MN
0 0 − 405
0 − 4 0 1024 3072 1024 PQ
1 LM
2060 6120 1640O
1020 3080 620 P
20 M 0 1620PQ
=
N 0
L103 306 82O
A = M 51 154 31P .
MN 0 0 81PQ
⇒ 4

L 8 − 6 2OP
93. Diagonalise the matrix A = M− 6
MN 2 − 74 − 43PQ .
Sol. Characteristic equation is | A – λI | = 0
8−λ −6 2
−6 7−λ −4 =0
2 −4 3−λ
136 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

or λ(λ2 – 18λ + 45) = 0 (On simplification)

λ(λ – 3) (λ – 15) = 0
⇒ λ = 0, 3, 15
For λ = 0, eigen vector is given by (1, 2, 2)
For λ = 3, 15, eigen vectors are (2, 1, – 2) and (2, – 2, 1).
1LM2 2 OP
∴ The modal matrix B= 2
MN
1 −2
2 −2 1 PQ
LMλ 1 0 0 OP LM
0 0 0 OP
and B–1AB = D =
MN 00 λ2
0
0
λ3 PQ MN
or D = 0 3 0
0 0 15 PQ
is the required diagonal matrix.

LM
2 0 1 OP
MN PQ
94. Reduce the matrix A = 0 2 0 to the diagonal form.
1 0 2
Sol. Characteristic equation is | A – λI | = 0

LM2 − λ 0 1 OP
MN 01 2−λ
0
0
2−λ
=0
PQ
or (2 – λ)(2 – λ)2 + (λ – 2) = 0 (On simplification)
or (2 – λ)(λ – 3)(λ – 1) = 0 ⇒ λ = 1, 2, 3
We can easily see that eigen vectors corresponding to
λ=1 is (1, 0, – 1),
λ=2 is (0, 1, 0) and
λ=3 is (1, 0, 1) respectively.
LM
1 0 −1 OP
∴ The modal matrix
MN
B= 0 1
1 0
0 and B–1AB = D
1 PQ
Lλ 0 0 OP 1 0 0 LM OP
= M0
1

MN 0 λ2
0
0
λ3 PQ or D = 0 2 0 .
0 0 3 MN PQ
95. Show that the vectors
x1 = (1, 2, 4)
x2 = (2, – 1, 3)
x3 = (0, 1, 2)
x4 = (– 3, 7, 2)
are linearly dependent and find the relation between them.
Sol. Adding suitable multiples of x1 to x2 and x4 so that the first component reduces to zero, we
have
x2 – 2x1 = (2, – 1, 3) – (2, 4, 8) = (0, – 5, – 5)
x4 + 3x1 = (– 3, 7, 2) + (3, 6, 12) = (0, 13, 14)
Also x3 = (0, 1, 2)
Adding suitable multiples of x 3 to the above vectors so that the second component
reduces to zero, we have
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 137

(x2 – 2x1) + 5x3 = (0, 0, 5)

and (x4 + 3x1) – 13x3 = (0, 13, 14) – (0, 13, 26) = (0, 0, – 12)
To reduce the third component to zero, multiplying the above vectors by 12 and 5 respectively
and adding, we have
12(x2 – 2x1 + 5x3) + 5(x4 + 3x1 – 13x3)
= (0, 0, 60) + (0, 0, – 60)
⇒ – 9x1 + 12x2 – 5x3 + 5x4 = (0, 0, 0)
⇒ 9x1 – 12x2 + 5x3 – 5x4 = 0 ...(1)
Thus, there exist numbers k1 = 9, k2 = – 12, k3 = 5, k4 = – 5 which are not all zero such that k1x1
+ k2x2 + k3x3 + k4x4 = 0
Hence the vectors x1, x2, x3 and x4 are linearly dependent.
Also, (1) is the relation between them.
96. Are the vectors x1 = (1, 3, 4, 2), x2 = (3, – 5, 2, 2) and x3 = (2, – 1, 3, 2) linearly dependent? If so,
express one of these as a linear combination of the others. (M.D.U., May, 2008)
Sol. The relation k1x1 + k2x2 + k3x3 = 0
i.e., k1(1, 3, 4, 2) + k2(3, – 5, 2, 2) + k3(2, – 1, 3, 2) = 0 is equivalent to
k1 + 3k2 + 2k3 = 0
3k1 – 5k2 – k3 = 0
4k1 + 2k2 + 3k3 = 0
2k1 + 2k2 + 2k3 = 0
As these are satisfied by the values k1 = 1, k2 = 1 and k3 = – 2 which are not zero, the given vectors
are linearly dependent.
Also we have the relation x1 + x2 – 2x3 = 0
by means of which any of the given vectors can be expressed as a linear combination of the others.
97. Are the vectors x1 = (1, 2, 4), x2 = (2, – 1, 3), x3 = (0, 1, 2), x4 = (– 3, 7, 2) linearly dependent ? If so,
find the relation between them. (U.P.T.U., 2003 ; Nagpur, 2001)
Sol. The relation k1x1 + k2x2 + k3x3 + k4x4 = 0
i.e., k1(1, 2, 4) + k2(2, –1, 3) + k3(0, 1, 2) + k4(– 3, 7, 2) = 0
is equivalent to k1 + 2k2 – 3k4 = 0 ...(1)
2k1 – k2 + k3 + 7k4 = 0 ...(2)
4k1 + 3k2 + 2k3 + 2k4 = 0 ...(3)
Thus we have a homogeneous system of 3 linear equations in 4 unknowns. The co-efficient matrix,

1 LM
2 0 −3 OP
4 MN
A= 2 −1 1
3 2
7 is 3 × 4
2 PQ
Rank (A) ≤ min (3, 4) = 3. Since rank of A is less than the number of unknowns, the homogeneous
system has infinitely many non-zero solution.
Thus there exist scalars k1, k2, k3, k4 not all zero, such that
k1x1 + k2x2 + k3x3 + k4x4 = 0
∴ The vectors x1, x2, x3, x4 are linearly dependent.
Now multiplying equation (2) by 2 and subtracting from (3), we have
12
5k2 – 12k4 = 0 ⇒ k2 = k4
5
138 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

24 9
From equation (1), k1 = 3k4 – 2k2 = 3k4 – k = − k4
5 4 5
18 12
From equation (2), k3 = – 2k1 + k2 – 7k4 = k4 + k – 7k4 = – k4
5 5 4
9 12
Thus, k1 = – k,k = k , k = – k4 and k4 is arbitrary.
5 4 2 5 4 3
Taking k4 = – 5, we have k1 = 9, k2 = – 12, k3 = 5
∴ 9x1 – 12x2 + 5x3 – 5x4 = 0
Since, k1, k2, k3, k4 are all non-zero, we can express each of the given vectors as a linear combination
of the remaining three.
9x1 = 12x2 – 5x3 + 5x4
4 5 5
∴ x2 – x3 + x4
x1 =
3 9 9
The elements in the 4 columns of matrix A are the components of the 4 given vectors, as we can
see.
98. Are the following vectors x1 = (1, 2, 1), x2 = (2, 1, 4), x3 = (4, 5, 6)
linearly dependent ? If so, find a relation between them. (U.P.T.U., 2008)
Sol. The relation k1x1 + k2x2 + k3x3 = 0
i.e., k1(1, 2, 1) + k2(2, 1, 4) + k3(4, 5, 6) = 0
is equivalent to k1 + 2k2 + 4k3 = 0
2k1 + k2 + 5k3 = 0
k1 + 4k2 + 6k3 = 0
These are satisfied by k1 = 2, k2 = 1, k3 = – 1 which are not zero, the given vectors are linearly
dependent. Also we have the relation
2x1 + x2 – x3 = 0 or x3 = 2x1 + x2.
99. Are the following vectors x1 = (2, – 1, 4), x2 = (0, 1, 2), x3 = (6, – 1, 16) linearly dependent ? If so, find
relation between them.
Sol. The relation k1x1 + k2x2 + k3x3 = 0
i.e., k1(2, – 1, 4) + k2(0, 1, 2) + k3(6, – 1, 16) = 0 is equivalent to
2k1 + 6k3 = 0
– k1 + k2 – k3 = 0
4k1 + 2k2 + 16k3 = 0
These are satisfied by k1 = 3, k2 = 2, k3 = – 1 which are not zero, therefore the given vectors are
linearly dependent.
Also we have the relation
3x1 + 2x2 – x3 = 0
or x3 = 3x1 + 2x2,
by means of which any of the given vectors can be expressed as a linear combination of the others.

ooo
 3
Applications of Differentiation

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE

1. Branches of a Curve:
Consider the rectangular hyperbola
x2 – y2 = a2

Solving for y, we get y = ± x 2 − a2

If x → ± ∞, y also tends to ± ∞.
In this case both the branches extend to infinity and are said to be the infinite branches of the
rectangular hyperbola.
Now consider the curve x2y2 = x2 – y2.
Solving for y, we get
x
y= ± .
2
x +1
Here, as x → ± ∞, y → ± 1 along the first branch.
Also in the case of second branch i.e.,
x
when y= −
2
x +1
as x → ∞, y → – 1 and as x → – ∞, y → 1. Here both the branches are infinite and x is capable of
taking arbitrarily large values whereas y remains finite.
Definition: A point P(x, y) on an infinite branch of a curve is said to tend to infinity along
the curve if either x or y or both tend to + ∞ or – ∞ as P travels along the branch of the curve.
2. Asymptote:
(i) A straight line, at a finite distance from the origin is said to be an Asymptote to an infinite
branch of a curve, if the perpendicular distance of a point P on that branch from the straight
line tends to zero, as P tends to ∞ along the branch.
Thus, an asymptote to an infinite branch of a curve is the limiting position of the tangent
whose point of contact tends to infinity along the branch, but which itself remains at a
finite distance from the origin.
(ii) If a straight line cuts a curve in two points at an infinite distance from the origin and yet is
not itself wholly at infinity, it is called an asymptote to the curve.
(iii) The asymptotes may be parallel to either x-axis or y-axis and accordingly they are called
horizontal and vertical asymptotes. If an asymptote is not parallel to y-axis; it is called
an oblique asymptote.

139
140 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

3. Working Rule to find Asymptotes Parallel to the axes (y-axis or x-axis)

Case I: Asymptotes Parallel to y-axis: Equate to zero the co-efficient of the highest power of y,
present in the given equation of the curve.
Resolve it now into real linear factors. These are the asymptotes required. In case the
co-efficient of the highest power of y is either a constant or not resolvable into real linear
factors ; then there are No asymptotes parallel to y-axis in the given equation of the curve.
Case II: Asymptotes parallel to x-axis for the curve f(x, y) = 0: Equate to zero the co-efficient
of the highest power of x, present in the given equation of the curve. Resolve into real
linear factors. If the above co-efficient is either a constant or not resolvable into real linear
factors, then there are No asymptotes parallel to x-axis.
4. Oblique Asymptotes: If y = mx + c is an oblique asymptote to any curve f(x, y) = 0; then
y
m = Lt and c = Lt ( y − mx )
x
x →∞ x →∞

This requires m and c to be finite.

In particular m may be zero and therefore the asymptotes parallel to x-axis can also be found by
using this method.
5. Working Rule to find Asymptotes of Algebraic Curves: Put mx + c for y in the given equation
of the curve and arrange it in descending powers of x. Equate the coefficients of two highest degree
terms to zero.
Solve these equations to find the values of m and c.
For every pair of values of m and c, there is one asymptote y = mx + c of the given curve.
th
6. Rule to find Oblique Asymptotes of the General Rational Algebraic Curve of n Degree:
Step I: Put y = m, x = 1 in the highest degree terms of the equation of given curve to find φn(m),
a polynomial.
Step II: Put φn(m) = 0 and solve for m, let the roots be m1, m2, m3, ...
Step III: Put x = 1, y = m in the next lower degree terms of the given equation to find the polyno-
mial φn – 1(m). Similarly we get φn – 2(m) after putting x = 1, y = m in the next lower
degree terms of the equation, and so on.
Step IV: Find the values c1, c2, c3, ... corresponding to values m1, m2, m3, ... by using the relation
φn −1 (m)
c= − [provided φn′(m) ≠ 0]
φn ′ (m)
Step V: The required asymptotes are
y = m1x + c1, y = m2x + c2,
y = m3x + c3, ...... .
Step VI: If φn′ (m) = 0 for some value of m, but φn–1(m) ≠ 0, then corresponding to that value of m
there is no asymptote.
Step VII:If φn′(m) = 0 = φn–1 (m), for some value of m (i.e., two roots of φn (m) = 0, are equal),
then the values of c are found from the equation

c2
. φ′′n (m) + c . φ′n −1 (m) + φn −2 (m) = 0
2!
This gives two values of c and therefore there are two parallel asymptotes corresponding
to this value of m.
Step VIII: If the three roots of φn(m) = 0 are equal;
[i.e., φn″ (m) = 0, φ′n–1 (m) = 0, φn–2 (m) = 0], then values of c corresponding to that value of m are
obtained from the equation;
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 141

c3 c2
. φ′′′n (m) + φ′′n −1 (m) + c . φ′n −2 (m) + φn −3 (m) = 0.
3! 2!
Note: When it is required to find the asymptote of a curve, it is advisable to first find the
asymptotes parallel to axes, if there be any, and then search for oblique asymptotes.
7. Asymptotes by Inspection: If equation of a curve of degree n, is of the form Fn + Fn–2 = 0 where
Fn is of degree n [i.e., contains terms of degree n and may also contain lower degree terms], and Fn–2 is
of degree (n – 2) at the most, then every linear factor of Fn equated to zero, will be an
asymptote, provided no two linear factors of Fn are either coincident or differ by a constant.
Example: Find asymptotes of the curve whose equation is xy (x2 – y2) + 2x2 + 2y2 + 1 = 0
Sol. Equation is of the form Fn + Fn–2 = 0 (n = 4). The linear factors of F4 = xy (x2 – y2) are x, y, x – y and
x + y. Since none of them is repeated, the four asymptotes of the curve are x = 0, y = 0, x – y = 0,
and x + y = 0.
8. Radius of Curvature at the Origin:
(a) Newton’s Method: If a curve passes through the origin and axis of x is the tangent at the
origin, then
 x2 
ρ (at the origin) = lim  
x →0 2y 
y→0  
In case y-axis is the tangent at the orign, then

 y2 
ρ (at the origin) = lim  
x → 0 2x 
y→0  
Radius of curvature at the origin when polar equation of the curve (x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ)
 1 dr 
is given, may be calculated using formula: ρ = lim  . 
r → 0  2 dθ 
θ→ 0

(b) Method of Expansion: Is used when x-axis or the y-axis is not the tangent at the origin.
Let y = f(x) be equation of the curve.

(1 + p2 )3/ 2
Then, ρ (at the origin) is given by
q
To find the values of p and q,
Let the equation of the curve be

x2
y = px + q + ...
2!
Put this value of y in the given equation of the curve and equate coefficients of like powers of x on
the two sides.
Note: Newton’s method for finding the radius of curvature at the origin should be used when x-axis
or y-axis is the tangent at the origin. Tangents at the origin to an algebraic curve are obtained by
equating to zero the lowest degree terms.
9. Evolute of the Curve: Locus of the centres of curvature of the given curve, is called the Evolute
of the curve.
10. Rule to Find Evolute of a Curve:
(i) Let (X, Y) be the coordinates of the centre of curvature, then

y1 (1 + y12 )
X=x– ,
y2
142 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 + y12
Y= y+
y2
where (x, y) is any point on the curve y = f(x)
(ii) Eliminate the parameters x and y to find a relation between X and Y.
(iii) Generalise X and Y to get the required equation of the evolute.
For example, Solution to Questions 130–134 describe in detail and illustrate the method for
finding evolute of the given curve.
11. Procedure for Tracing of Cartesian Curves:
(a) Symmetry:
(i) Symmetry about the x-axis. If the equation of a curve remains unaltered when y is
changed to –y i.e., if only even powers of y occur in the equation, then the curve is symmetri-
2
cal about x-axis. Thus the parabola y = 4ax is symmetrical about the x-axis.
2
(ii) The curve x = 4y is symmetrical about the y-axis, since only even powers of x occur in the
equation of the curve.
(iii) Symmetry in opposite quadrants:
If the equation of the curve remains unaltered when both x and y are changed to – x and – y
respectively, the curve is symmetrical in opposite quadrants. Thus the curve xy = c2 is
symmetrical in opposite quadrants.
(iv) Symmetry about the line y = x: If the equation of the curve is unchanged when x and y are
interchanged, the curve is symmetrical about the line y = x. Thus, the curve x3 + y3 = 3axy
is symmetrical about the line y = x.
(b) Origin:
(i) Find whether the curve passes through the origin or not. It will pass through the origin if
the equation of the curve is free from the constant term.
(ii) If the curve passes through the origin, find the equations of the tangents at the origin by
equating to zero the lowest degree terms in the equation of the curve.
(iii) If there is only one tangent, find whether the curve lies below or above the tangent in the
neighbourhood of the origin. If there are two tangents, then origin is a double point. Find
the nature of the double point.
If the two tangents are real and distinct, then origin is a node.
If the two tangents are real and coincident, then origin is a cusp.
If the two tangents are imaginary, then origin is a conjugate point (or an isolated point).
(c) Axes Intersection:
Find the points where the curve cuts the coordinate axes. Find also the tangents at these
points if necessary and the position of the curve relative to these tangents. If y = x or y = – x
is a line of symmetry, find the point of intersection of the curve and the line and also the
tangents at that point.
(d) Asymptotes:
(i) Find all the asymptotes (parallel to the x-axis, y-axis and oblique) as was described in
detail in previous sections 5 and 6.
(ii) Find the position of the curve w.r.t. oblique asymptotes (i.e., whether the curve lies
above or below the asymptote).
A B
If the equation of a curve is of the form y = mx + c + + + ... , then y = mx + c is an
x x2
asymptote to the curve.
If yc and ya stand for the ordinates of a point on the curve and a point on the asymptote
A B
(both having same abscissa), then yc – ya = + + ...
x x2
If yc – ya > 0, the curve lies above the asymptote.
If yc – ya < 0, the curve lies below the asymptote.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 143

(e) Special Points:

dy
(i) Find the points on the curve where = 0 or ∞ i.e., the points where the tangent is || or ⊥
dx
to the x-axis.
At such points, the ordinates or abscissae generally change the character from increasing
to decreasing or vice-versa.
(ii) Find out the points of inflexion, if they exist and the multiple points, if any, and their
nature, by finding 2nd and 3rd Derivatives.
(iii) Find some special points on the curve if necessary.
(iv) Region
(a) Find those regions of xy-plane where the curve does not exist. Such a region is obtained
on solving the given equation for one variable in terms of the other variable and finding
out the set of values of one variable which makes the other imaginary or undefined.
Consider the curve y2(2a – x) = x3

x
Here, y= ± x
2a − x
when x is +ve and > 2a, y is imaginary (∵ 2a – x is –ve) and so no part of the curve lies
to the right of the line x = 2a. Again when x < 0, y is again imaginary, so the curve does
not lie to the left of the line x = 0 i.e., y-axis
(b) Solve the equation for y (say) in terms of x. Consider x = 0 and observe how y varies as x
increases and finally tends to + ∞, paying special attention to those values of x for which
y = 0 or y → ∞.
If as x → a, y → 0, then the special point is (a, 0). Shift the origin to the point (a, 0) and
study the curve at the new origin. Again if as x → b, y → ∞, then x = b is an asymptote ||
to y-axis and we draw the shape of the curve near the line x = b.
(c) Similarly observe the variations of y as x decreases from 0 to – ∞. But if the curve is
symmetrical about y-axis, only +ve values of x need be considered and the curve for –ve
values of x is traced by symmetry.
(d) For limitations of the curve, we sometimes change from the cartesian to polar or para-
metric form.
12. Procedure For Tracing Polar Curves:
Let the equation of the curve be f(r, θ) = 0
(a) Symmetry
(i) Symmetry about the initial line or x-axis
If the equation of the curve remains unchanged when θ is changed to – θ, the curve is
symmetrical about the initial line. Thus the curve r = a(1 + cos θ) is symmetrical about the
initial line.
(ii) Symmetry about the line θ = π/2 or y-axis
If the equation of the curve remains unaltered when θ is changed to π – θ, or when θ is
changed to – θ and r to – r, the curve is symmetrical about the line θ = π/2 or y-axis.
(iii) Symmetry about the line θ = π/4 or the line y = x.

π
When θ is changed to – θ and equation of the curve remains unchanged, the curve is said
2
to be symmetrical about the line θ = π/4.
144 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

π
Thus the curve r = a sin 2θ is symmetrical about the line θ = or the line y = x.
4

3π
(iv) Symmetry about the line θ = or the line y = – x.
4

3π
When θ is changed to − θ and the equation of the curve remains unchanged, then the
2
3π
curve is symmetrical about the line θ = . For example, the curve r = a sin 2θ is symmetrical
4
3π
about the line θ = .
4
(v) Symmetry about the pole: When r is changed to – r and equation of the curve remains
unchanged, then the curve is said to be symmetrical about the pole. Thus, the curve r2 = a2
cos 2θ is symmetrical about the pole.
(b) Origin or Pole
(i) Find whether the curve passes through the pole or not. Put r = 0 in the equation and then find
some real values of θ, if it is not possible to find a real value of θ for which r = 0, then the curve
does not pass through the pole.
(ii) Find tangents at the pole. Putting r = 0, the real values of θ give the tangents at the pole. For
π
example, consider the curve r = a(1 – sin θ). Putting r = 0, we get sin θ = 1 or θ = . Hence the
2

π
curve passes through the pole and θ = is the tangent at the pole.
2

π
(iii) Find the points where the curve meets the initial line and the line θ = .
2
(c) Value of φ:
dθ
(i) Find tan φ = r and hence φ.
dr

π
(ii) Find the points where θ = 0 or θ = .
2
(d) Asymptotes:
If r → ∞ and θ → θ1, then there is an asymptote. Find it by usual method. (θ1 is a fixed number)
Working Rule for finding the Asymptotes of Polar Curves:
1
1. Write down the equation as = f(θ)
r
2. Equate f(θ) to zero and solve for θ. Let the roots be θ1, θ2, θ3 ...
3. Find f ′(θ) and calculate f ′(θ) at θ = θ1, θ2, θ3 ... .
4. Then write Asymptotes as

1 1
r sin (θ – θ1) = , r sin (θ – θ2) = , ...
f ′( θ1 ) f ′( θ2 )
If f ′(θ1) = 0 or ∞, the curve has No asymptote.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 145

(e) Special Points. For convenient values of θ, find some points on the curve.
(f) Region: Solve the given equation for r or θ. Find the regions in which the curve does not lie.
This can be done in the following manner:
(i) If r is imaginary when α < θ < β, then there is no part of the curve between the lines θ = α
π
and θ = β. Consider the curve r2 = a2 sin 2θ. When < θ < π, sin 2θ is –ve, ∴ r2 is –ve and
2
π
so r is imaginary. Hence the curve does not lie between the lines θ = and θ = π.
2
(ii) If the greatest numerical value of r be a, the curve lies entirely within the circle r = a. Also,
if the least numerical value of r be b, the curve lies outside the circle r = b.
(iii) Trace the variations of r when θ varies in the intervals (0, ∞) and (–∞, 0) marking values
of θ for which r = 0 or attains a minimum or maximum value. Plot the points so obtained.
[Note: When r is a periodic function of θ, the –ve values of θ need not be taken into account.
We may consider values from θ = 0 to those values of θ, where the values begin to repeat.]
(g) Conversion into Cartesians: Transform the equation to Cartesian co-ordinates whenever
required.
th
13. Calculation of n Order Derivatives:
th m
(i) n differential co-efficient (or derivative) of x (n < m) is equal to
m–n
m(m – 1) (m – 2) ... (m – n + 1), x
If m be a positive integer, and if n = m then ym = m(m – 1) ... 3.2.1. or m! (which is constant)
th
(ii) Table showing n Derivative of Some Standard Functions

Table ‘A’

Function nth Derivative

1. (ax + b)m, n < m m(m – 1) (m – 2) ... (m – n + 1) (ax + b)m – n . an

– Do – when n = m m! am

1  b ( −1)n . n ! a n
2.
ax + b x ≠ − a 
  ( ax + b)n +1

1 ( −1)n . n !
,b=0
ax + b a . x n +1

( −1)n −1 . (n − 1) ! a n
3. log (ax + b)
( ax + b)n

( −1)n −1 . (n − 1)!
log x
xn
4. amx mn . amx (log a)n
emx mn . emx

 π
5. sin (ax + b) an . sin ax + b + n . 
 2

 π
If b = 0, sin ax an . sin  ax + n . 
 2
146 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 π
6. cos (ax + b) an . cos  ax + b + n . 
 2 

 π
cos ax a n . cos  ax + n . 
 2 
b
eax . sin (bx + c) (a2 + b2)n/2 . eax . sin bx + c + n . tan −1 
 a 

 b
eax . cos (bx + c) (a2 + b2)n/2 . eax . cos  bx + c + n . tan −1 
 a 

 π
ex . sin x 2n/2 . ex . sin  x + n . 
 4

 π
ex . cos x 2n/2 . ex . cos  x + n . 
 4

(iii) nth Derivative of Any Rational Function by Use of Partial Fraction:

Forming partial fractions is the converse process of taking L.C.M. To resolve a fraction
into partial fractions, the degree of numerator must be less than the degree of
denominator.
Partial fractions for :
f (x ) A B C
(a) are + +
( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − c ) x −a x −b x −c

f (x ) A B C
(b) are + +
( x − a )2 ( x − b ) x − a ( x − a )2 x − b

f (x ) A B C D
(c) are + + +
( x − a )3 ( x − b) x − a ( x − a )2 ( x − a )3 ( x − b)

f (x ) A B Cx + D
(d) = + +
( x − a ) ( x − b) ( px 2 + qx + r ) x − a x − b px 2 + qx + r
To find A, B, C, D etc. we put each linear factor of L.C.M. equal to zero. Remaining con-
stants are obtained by Comparing co-efficients of like powers on both sides.
(iv) Some Important Formulae Used:
1. If sin θ = 0, then θ = nπ

π 
2. If cos θ = 0, then θ = (2n + 1)
2 
3. If sin θ = sin α, then θ = nπ + (– 1)n α. 
4. If cos θ = cos α, then θ = 2nπ ± α
 where n ∈ I

5. If tan θ = tan α, then θ = nπ + α 
6. sin (nπ + θ) = (– 1)n sin θ. 
7.
n
cos (nπ + θ) = (– 1) cos θ. 
8. tan (nπ + θ) = tan θ 

APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 147

SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. State Rolle’s Theorem, Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem, Taylor’s Theorem with Lagrange’s form of
Remainder after n terms, Maclaurin’s Theorem with Lagrange’s Form of Remainder after n terms,
Taylor’s Infinite series and method of application of Taylor’s Infinite series to expand f(x + h).
Hence, use Taylor’s series to prove that :

h2 h3
log sin(x + h) = log sin x + h cot x – cosec2 x + cotx. cosec2x + .....
2 3
Sol. A. Rolle’s Theorem :
If a function f(x) is such that
(i) it is continuous in the closed interval [a, b]
(ii) it is derivable in the open interval (a, b)
(iii) f(a) = f(b), then there exists at least one value ‘c’ of x in the open interval (a, b) such that
f ′(c) = 0.
Another Form of Rolle’s Theorem :
If a function f(x) is such that
(i) it is continuous in the closed interval [a, a + h]
(ii) it is derivable in the open interval (a, a + h)
(iii) f(a) = f(a + h)
then there exists at least one number θ such that f ′(a + θh) = 0, 0 < θ < 1.
B. Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem :
If a function f(x) is such that
(i) it is continuous in the closed interval [a, b]
(ii) it is derivable in the open interval (a, b), then there exists at least one value ‘c’ of x in the
f (b) − f (a)
open interval (a, b) such that = f ′(c)
b−a
Another Form of Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem :
If a function f(x) is such that
(i) it is continuous in the closed interval [a, a + h]
(ii) it is derivable in the open interval (a, a + h) then there exists at least one number θ such
that
f(a + h) = f(a) + hf ′(a + θh), where 0 < θ < 1.
C. Taylor’s Theorem with Lagrange’s Form of Remainder after n terms :
If a function f(x) is such that
n–1
1. f(x), f ′(x), f ′′(x), .... f (x) are continuous in the closed interval [a, a + h]
n
2. f (x) exists in the open interval (a, a + h), then there exists at least one number θ between
0 and 1 such that
2 3 n −1
f(a + h) = f (a) + hf ′(a) + h f ′′(a) + h f ′′′(a) + ... + h n −1 hn n
f (a ) + f (a + θh).
2! 3! (n − 1)! n!
D. Maclaurin’s Theorem with Lagrange’s Form of Remainder after n terms :
If a function f(x) is such that
1. f(x), f ′(x), f ′′(x), ... f n – 1(x) are continuous in the closed interval [0, x]
2. f n(x) exists in the open interval (0, x) then there exists at least one number θ between 0
and 1 such that
148 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

x2 x n −1 n −1 xn n
f(x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) +
f ′′(0) + ... f (0) + f (θx )
2! (x − 1)! n!
Thus we can get by putting a = 0 and h = x in Taylor’s Theorem.
E. Taylor’s Infinite Series :

h2 hn n
f(a + h) = f (a) + hf ′(a) +
f ′′(a) + ... + f (a) + ... ∞
2! n!
F. Method of Application of Taylor’s Infinite Series to Expand f(x + h) :
1. Let f(x + h) = given function
2. Put h = 0 and find f(x)
3. Differentiate f(x) a number of times and obtain f ′(x), f ′′(x), f ′′′(x), .....
2
h
4. Substitute the values of f(x), f ′(x), f ′′(x), .... in f(x + h) = f (x ) + hf ′(x ) + f ′′(x ) + ....
2!
To expand log sin (x + h)
Let f(x + h) = log sin(x + h)
Putting h = 0, f(x) = log sin x
cos x
∴ f ′(x) = = cot x,
sin x
f ′′(x) = – cosec2x
f ′′′(x) = –2 cosec x (–cosec x cot x) = 2 cosec2x · cot x.
2 3
h h
∴ log sin(x + h) = f ( x + h) = f (x ) + hf ′(x ) + f ′′(x ) + f ′′′(x ) + .....
2! 3!
2 3
h h
= log sin x + h cot x + (− cosec2x ) + cosec2x · cot x + .....
2! 3
Hence,
2 3
h h
log sin(x + h) = log sin x + h cot x − cosec2x + cosec2 x cot x + .....
2 3
2. Use Taylor’s series to prove that :
2 2
1 − h h 2x − 1
sec–1(x + h) = sec x + − · + .....
x x2 − 1 2! x 2 ( x 2 − 1)3 2

Sol. Let f(x + h) = sec–1 (x + h)

Putting h = 0, f(x) = sec–1 x
1
f ′(x) =
2
x x −1
d  −1 2 −1 2  −2 −1 2  1 2
f ″(x) =  x · (x − 1)
2
 = −x · (x − 1) + x −1 · −3 2
 − 2  (x − 1) · (2x )
dx  

1 1 x2 −1 + x2 2x 2 − 1
= − − = =
( ) ( x − 1)
2 2 32
1/2 3/2 x (x − 1) x (x 2 − 1)3 2
2
x2 x2 −1 2

2
h
∴ sec–1(x + h) = f (x + h) = f ( x ) + hf ′(x ) + f ′′(x ) + .....
2!
2 2
−1 h h 2x − 1
= sec x+ − · + ..... Hence proved.
x x2 −1 2! x 2( x 2 − 1)3 2
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 149

2 3
π  1  h h 
3. Apply Taylor’s series to prove that : cos  + h  = 1 − h −

+ ..... 

4  2  2! 3! 
Sol. Let f(x + h) = cos (x + h)
Putting h = 0, f(x) = cos x
f ′(x) = – sin x
f ″(x) = – cos x
f ′″(x) = sin x
...............................
∴ cos(x + h) = f(x + h)
2 3
h h ′′′
= f (x ) + hf ′(x ) + f ″(x ) + f (x ) + .....
2! 3!
2 3
h h
= cos x − h sin x − cos x + sin x + ....
2! 3!
π
Now putting x = , we have
4
2 3
π  π π h π h π
cos  + h  = cos − h sin − cos + sin + ......
4  4 4 2! 4 3! 4

π π 1
Since cos = sin = ,
4 4 2

π  1  h2 h3 
⇒ cos  + h  = 1 − h − + + ..... Hence proved.
4  2  2! 3! 
4. Expand log sin x in powers of x – 3.
Sol. Let f(x) = log sin x
log sin x = f(x) = f [3 + (x – 3)] = f (3 + h) where h = x – 3
2 3
h ′′ h
= f (3) + hf ′(3) + f (3) + f ′′′(3) + ..... ...(1)
2! 3!
Now f(x) = log sin x, f(3) = log sin 3
f ′(x) = cot x, f ′(3) = cot 3
2
f ″(x) = –cosec x, f ″(3) = –cosec2 3.
f ″′(x) = –2 cosec x (–cosec x cot x)
or f ″′(x) = 2 cosec2 x · cot x
∴ f ″′(3) = 2 cosec2 3 · cot 3
∴ From (1),
( x − 3)2
log sin x = log sin 3 + (x − 3) cot 3 − cosec2 3
2
(x − 3)3
+ cosec2 3· cot 3 + ..... Hence proved.
3
5. Use Taylor’s Theorem to express the polynomial 2x3 + 7x2 + x – 6 in powers of (x – 2).
3 2
Sol. Let f(x) = 2x + 7x + x – 6
3 2
∴ 2x + 7x + x – 6 = f(x)
= f[2 + (x – 2)] = f(2 + h), where h = x – 2.
150 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2 3
h h
= f (2) + hf ′(2) + f ′′(2) + f ′′′(2) ...(1)
2! 3!
as higher derivatives of f (x) vanish.
3 2
Now f(x) = 2x + 7x + x – 6, f(2) = 16 + 28 + 2 – 6 = 40
2
f ′(x) = 6x + 14x + 1, f ′(2) = 53
f ′′(x) = 12x + 14, f ″(2) = 38
f ′′′(x) = 12, f ″′(2) = 12.

3 2 h2 12h3
∴ From (1), 2x + 7x + x – 6 = 40 + 53h + 38 +
2! 3!
= 40 + 53(x – 2) + 19(x – 2)2 + 2(x – 2)3
2x + 7x + x – 6 = 40 + 53(x – 2) + 19(x – 2)2 + 2(x – 2)3.
3 2
Thus Hence proved.
9
6. If f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 11, calculate the value of f   by the application of Taylor’s series
 10 
for f(x + h).
Sol. By Taylor’s series
2
h ′′
f(x + h) = f (x ) + hf ′(x ) + f ( x ) + .....
2!
1
Put x = 1 and h = −
10
2 3
 9  1 11  11 
f   = f (1) − f ′(1) +   f ′′(1) −   f ′′′(1) + ..... (A)
 10  10 2!  10  3!  10 
Here f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 11 ∴ f(1) = 9
f ′(x) = 3x2 + 4x – 5 ∴ f ′(1) = 2
f ″(x) = 6x + 4 ∴ f ″(1) = 10
f ″′(x) = 6 ∴ f ″′ (1) = 6
All higher derivatives vanish
∴ From (A), we get

 9  1
f   = 9− ( 2) + 12 . 100
1 1 1 
. (10 ) − 
6  1000 
(6)
 10  10
= 9 – .2 + .05 – .001 = 8.849
7. Calculate the value of cos 32° upto four decimal places, using Taylor’s series.
(M.D.U., May 2009)
Sol. Let f(x + h) = cos(x + h)
Put h = 0, then f(x) = cos x
f ′(x) = – sin x, f ″(x) = –cos x, f ″′(x) = sin x, ...
⇒ cos (x + h) = f (x + h)
2 3
h ′′ h ′′′
= f(x) + hf ′(x) + f (x ) + f ( x ) + ...
2! 3!
2 3
h
= cos x – hsin x +
2!
( − cos x ) + h3! − sin x + ....
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 151

π
Putting x = 30° and h = 2° = = .03490, we have
90

cos 32° = cos 30° – .03490 sin 30° –

(.03490 )2 cos30° + (.03490 )3 sin 30° + ...
2 6
3 1 3
= − .03490 × – .00060 × + .0000 + ...
2 2 2
= .86602 – .01745 – .00060 × .86602
= .84857 – .00051
= .84806 or 0.8481 after rounding off to four decimal places.
8. Compute 10 to 4 decimal places using Taylor’s series.
Sol. Let f (x + h) = x +h
Put h = 0, f(x) = x
1 –1 / 2 1
f ′(x) = x =
2 2 x
1 –3 / 2 1
f ″(x) = − x =−
4 4x x
3 –5 / 2 3
f ″′(x) = x = 2
8 8x x
............................................................
2 3
h h ′′′
∴ x + h = f(x + h) = f(x) + hf ′(x) + f" ( x ) + f ( x ) + ...
2! 3!
2 3
h h h
= x + − + + ...
2 x 8x x 16x 2 x
Put x = 9 and h = 1
1 1 1
⇒ 10 = 3 + − + + ...
2 9 8.9.3 16 ( 81)( 3 )
= 3 + .16666 – .00463 + .00027 + ...
= 3.1623
9. Compute approximately log10404 , it is given that log104 = 0.6021. (M.D.U., Dec., 2006)
Sol. Let f(x + h) = log (x + h)
Put h = 0, then f(x) = logex
1 1
f ′(x) = , f ″(x) = − 2
x x
2
f ′″(x) = 3 and so on.
x
2 3
h h
∴ log e ( x + h ) = f(x + h) = f ( x ) + hf' ( x ) + f" ( x ) + f"' ( x ) + ...
2! 3!

h h2 h3
= log e x + − 2 + 3 + ...
x 2x 3x
152 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Multiplying by log10 e, we have

 h h2 h3 
log10(x + h) = log10x + log 10e .  − 2 + 3 + ..... 
 x 2x 3 x 
 

Putting x = 400 and h = 4, we have

 4 2 3
1 4  1 4  
log10404 = log 400 + .4343  −   +   ...
10 400 2  400  3  400  
 

( 
) 1 1
= log10 4 ×10 + .4343 .01 − (.0001 ) + (.000001 ) ...
2
 2 3


= log10 4 + 2 log10 10 + .4343 [.01 − .00005 + .00000]
= .6021 + 2 + .4343 × .00995
= 2.6021 + .00432
= 2.6064
10. Prove, by using Taylor’s series, the following :
sin z 2 sin 2z
tan−1 ( x + h ) = tan x + ( h sin z ) . − ( h sin z ) .
−1
1 2
3 sin 3 z
+ ( h sin z ) . − ... ,
3
–1
where z = cot x.
–1
Sol. Given z = cot x ⇒ cot z = x
dz 1 1 1
∴ = − =− =− = − sin2 z
dx 1 + x2 1 + cot 2 z cosec2 z
Now let f(x + h) = tan–1 (x + h)
Putting h = 0, f(x) = tan–1 x
1 1 1
⇒ f ′(x) = 2
= 2
= 2
= sin 2 z.
1+ x 1 + cot z cosec z

f ″(x) = 2 sin z cos z.

dz
dx
= sin 2z. − sin2 z ( )
= – sin2 z sin 2z

f ″′(x) =
d
dz {
− sin2 z.sin 2z .
dz
dx }
dz
⇒ f ″′(x) = –[sin2 z.(2 cos 2z) + sin 2z.2 sinz cosz].
dx
= –2 sin z (sin z cos 2z + cos z sin 2z)(– sin2 z)
= 2 sin3 z.sin (z + 2z) [Using sin(A + B) formula]
3
= 2 sin z.sin 3z
and similarly for the other derivatives.
Now applying Taylor’s series,
∴ tan–1(x + h) = f(x + h)
2 3
h h
= f ( x ) + hf' ( x ) + f" ( x ) + f"' ( x ) + ...
2! 3!
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 153

2 3
−1 2
= tan x + h sin z +
h
2 (
. − sin2 z.sin 2z +
h
6 )
2 sin3 z.sin 3z + .... ( )
sin z 2 sin 2z 3 sin 3z
= tan x + ( h sin z ) . − ( h sin z ) . + ( h sin z ) .
−1
− ....
1 2 3
Hence proved.
11. Expand sin–1(x + h) in powers of h.
Sol. Let f(x + h) = sin–1 (x + h)
–1
Put h = 0, f(x) = sin x

( )
1 −1 / 2
2
f ′(x) = = 1−x
1 − x2

( )
1 −3 / 2
f ″(x) = −
2
1 − x2 ( −2x )

x
or f ″(x) =
(1 − x )
3/2
2

(1 − x ) ( )
3/2 3 1/ 2
. ( −2x )
2 2
. − x. 1−x
f ″′(x) = 2

(1 − x )
3
2

(1 − x )
1/ 2
2 2 2
. 1 − x + 3x 
  1 + 2x 2
= =
(1 − x ) (1 − x )
3 5/2
2 2

2 3
h h ′′′
Now, f(x + h) = f ( x ) + hf' ( x ) + f" ( x ) + f ( x ) + ....
2! 3!

∴ –1
sin (x + h) = sin x + –1 h
+
h
.
2
x
+
h
3
.
(
1 + 2x 2 )
+ ....
(1 − x ) ( )
2 2! 3/2 3! 5/2
1−x 2 2
1−x

12. If f (x) = x3 + 8x2 + 15x – 24, calculate the value of f  11  by application of Taylor’s series.
 10 
Sol. By Taylor’s Theorem
2 3
h ′′ h ′′′
f(x + h) = f ( x ) + hf ′ ( x ) + f (x ) + f ( x ) + ...
2! 3!
 11   1 
To find f   or f 1 +  , let us put x = 1 and h = 1/10 in the above series.
 10   10 

 11  1 ′ 1 1 1 1
∴ f  = f (1) + f (1) + 2 . f ′′ (1) + 3 . .f ′′′ (1) + ... ... (1)
 10  10 10 2! 10 3!
Now, f(x) = x3 + 8x2 + 15x – 24, ∴ f(1) = 1 + 8 + 15 – 24 = 0
f ′(x) = 3x2 + 16x + 15, ∴ f ′(1) = 3 + 16 + 15 = 34
f ″(x) = 6x + 16, ∴ f ″(1) = 22
f ″′(x) = 6, ∴ f ″′(1) = 6
154 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Substituting the values of f(1), f ′(1), f ″(1), f ″′(1) in equation (1), we get
 11 
f   = 0 + 3.4 + .11 + .001
 10 
= 3.511
3
13. Find the value of f(2.001) with the help of Taylor’s series where f(x) = x – 2x + 5. Find the approxi-
mate change in the value of f(x) when x changes from 2 to 2.001.
Sol. In the Taylor’s series
2 3
h ′′ h ′′′
f(x + h) = f ( x ) + hf ′ ( x ) + f (x ) + f ( x ) + ...
2! 3!
Let us put x = 2 and h = .001.

(.001)2 f ′′ ( 2 ) +
(.001)3 f ′′′ ( 2 ) + ....
f(2.001) = f(2) + .001.f ′(2) + ...(1)
2! 3!
3
Now, f(x) = x – 2x + 5, f(2) = 9
f ′(x) = 3x2 – 2, ∴ f ′(2) = 10
f ″(x) = 6x, ∴ f ″(2) = 12
f ″′(x) = 6, ∴ f ″′(2) = 6
f ″′(x) = 0 ∴ f ″′(2) = 0
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get
3
1 (.001)
f(2.001) = 9 + (.001).10 +
2!
(.001)2 (12) + 3! ( 6 )
f(2.001) = 9 + .01 + .000006 + .000000001
= 9.010006001 or 9.01 approximately
Approximate change in the value of
f(2.001) – f(2) = 9.01 – 9 = .01
 π
14. Expand sin x in ascending powers of  x −  . (M.D.U., May 2007, Dec., 2008)
 2
Sol. f(x) = sin x

π π
f(x) = f  + x −  = f ( a + h )
2 2

π π
where a = and h = x −
2 2

h2 ′′ h3 ′′′ h4 iv
f(x) = f ( a ) + hf ′ ( a ) + f (a ) + f (a ) + f ( a ) + ...
2! 3! 4!
Putting these values of a and h, we get
2
 π π
x −  f ′′  
 π  π  ′  π   2  2  + ...
sin x = f   +  x −  f   + ...(1)
2  2 2 2!

π π
Now, f(x) = sin x, ∴ f   = sin   = 1
2 2
π π
f ′   = cos x , f′  = 0
2 2
π
f ′′ ( x ) = – sin x , f ′′   = –1
2
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 155

π
f ′′′ ( x ) = – cos x , f ′′′   = 0
2
π
f iv ( x ) = sin x , f iv   = 1
2
Putting these values in the above equation (1), we get
2 4
 π  π
x − 2  x − 2 
  +  − ...
sin x = 1 −
2! 4!
15. Expand log x in powers of (x – 1) by Taylor’s Theorem and hence find the value of log e (1.1).
Sol. f(x) = log x = log {1 + (x – 1)}
= log (a + h), where a = 1, h = x – 1
1
Now, f ′ ( x ) = , f ′(1) = 1
x
1
f ′′ ( x ) = − 2 , f ″(1) = – 1
x
2
f ′′′ ( x ) = 3 , f ″′(1) = 2
x
6
f iv ( x ) = − 4 , f iv(1) = – 6
x

f(x) = f (1) + ( x − 1) f ′ (1) +

( x − 1)2 f ′′ (1) +
( x − 1)3 f ′′′ (1) + ...
2! 3!

log x = 0 + ( x − 1) .1 +
( x − 1)2 ( x − 1)3 ( x − 1)4
⇒
2!
( −1) + 3!
( 2) + 4!
( −6 ) + ...
4
1 ( x − 1)
= x −1 −
2
( x − 1)2 + 13 ( x − 1)3 − 4 + ...
Putting x = 1.1 in the above equation, we get
1
log 1.1 = (1.1 − 1) −
2
(1.1 − 1)2 + 13 (1.1 − 1)3 − 14 (1.1 − 1)4 + ...
⇒ log 1.1 = 0.095305

h h2 h3
16. Using Taylor’s series, prove that log (x + h) = log x + − 2 + 3 − ...
x 2x 3x
Sol. Here f(x + h) = log (x + h)
Putting h = 0, then f(x) = log x
1 1 2
f′(x ) = , f ″ ( x ) = − 2 , f ′′′ ( x ) = 3 and so on.
x x x
2 3
h h ′′′
∴ log (x + h) = f(x + h) = f ( x ) + hf ′ ( x ) + f ″(x ) + f ( x ) + ...
2! 3!
2 3
h h h
= log ( x ) + − + − ... Hence proved.
x 2x 2 3x 3

–1 −1 h xh2
17. Using Taylor’s series, prove that tan (x + h) = tan x + − + ...
1 + x2
(1 + x )
2
2
156 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. f(x + h) = tan–1(x + h)

–1
Putting h = 0, we get f(x) = tan x.

( ) (2x )
1 −2
f′(x ) = 2
, f ″(x ) = − 1 + x2
1+x
2x
⇒ f ′′ ( x ) = – and so on.
(1 + x )
2
2

2
h
tan (x + h) = f(x + h) = f ( x ) + hf ′ ( x ) + f ″ ( x ) + ...
–1
∴
2!

−1 h h2.x
= tan x + − + ... Hence proved.
1 + x2
( )
2
1 + x2

18. Calculate the approximate value of 17 to four decimal places using Taylor’s series.
Sol. Let f(x + h) = x+h

Put h = 0, then f(x) = x

1 1 −3 / 2 1
f′(x ) = − , f″(x ) = − x =−
2 x 4 4x x
3 −5 / 2 3
f ′′′ ( x ) = x = 2 and so on
8 8x x
2 3
h ′′ h ′′′
∴ x + h = f(x + h)= f ( x ) + hf ′ ( x ) + f (x ) + f ( x ) + ...
2! 3!
2 3
h h h
⇒ x+h = x + − + + ...
2 x 8x x 16x 2 x
Putting x = 16 and h = 1, we have
1 1 1
17 = 4 +
− + + ...
8 8.16.4 16.256.4
= 4 + 0.125 – .00195 + .0000
= 4.12305 or 4.1230
19. What is Maclaurin’s Infinite series? Using Maclaurin’s series, expand tan x upto the term
5
containing x .
Sol. Putting a = 0 and h = x in the Taylor’s infinite series, we get Maclaurin’s infinite series.
2 3
x ′′ x ′′′
f(x) = f ( 0 ) + xf ′ ( 0 ) +
f (0) + f ( 0 ) + ...
2! 3!
where f(x) possesses derivatives of all orders in the interval (0, x) and Maclaurin’s remainder

xn n
Rn = f ( θx ) tends to 0 as n → ∞.
n!
Using Maclaurin’s infinite series, let us now expand tan x.
f(x) = tan x, ∴ f(0) = 0
f ′(x) = sec2 x,
= 1 + tan2 x, f ′(0) = 1
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 157

f ″(x) = 2 tan x . sec2 x

= 2 tan x(1 + tan2x)
= 2 tan x + 2 tan3x, f ″(0) = 0
f ″′(x) = 2 sec2 x + 6 tan2 x . sec2 x
2 2 2
= 2 (1 + tan x) + 6 tan x . (1 + tan x)
2 2 4
= 2 + 2 tan x + 6 tan x + 6 tan x
= 2 + 8 tan2 x + 6 tan4 x, ∴ f ″′(0) = 2.
iv
16 tan x . sec x + 24 tan x . sec2 x
2 3
f (x) =
= 16 tan x (1 + tan2 x) + 24 tan3 x . (1 + tan2 x)
3 5
= 16 tan x + 40 tan x + 24 tan x, ∴ f iv(0) = 0
v 2 2 2 4 2
f (x) = 16 sec x + 120 tan x . sec x + 120 tan x . sec x.
v
∴ f (0) = 16 and so on.
Putting these values in the Maclaurin’s series
2 3
x ′′ x ′′′ x 4 iv x5 v
f(x) = f ( 0 ) + xf ′ ( 0 ) + f (0) + f (0) + f (0) + f ( 0 ) + ...
2! 3! 4! 5!
we get
2 3 4 5
x x x x
tan x = 0 + x.1 + .0 + .2+ .0 + . 16 + ...
2! 3! 4! 5!

x 3 2x 5
= x+ + + ...
3 15
20. Using Maclaurin’s series, expand log (1 + x). Hence deduce that

log
1+ x x3 x5
x+ + + ...
1–x = 3 5
Sol. Let f(x) = log (1 + x), ∴ f(0) = log 1 = 0
1
f ′(x) = , ∴ f ′(0) = 1.
1+x

1
f ″(x) = − , ∴ f ″(0) = –1
(1 + x )2
2
f ″′(x) = , ∴ f ″′(0) = 2
(1 + x )3
6
f iv(x) = − 4
, ∴ f iv(0) = –6 and so on
(1 + x )
2 3
x ′′ x ′′′
∴ log (1 + x) = f(x) = f ( 0 ) + xf ′ ( 0 ) + f (0) + f ( 0 ) + ...
2! 3!
2 3 4
x 2 2x 3 6x 4 x x x
= x− + − + ... = x − + − + ...
2! 3! 4! 2 3 4
Changing x to –x
2 3 4
x x x
log (1 – x) = − x − − − + ...
2 3 4

1+x 1
∴ log = log (1 + x ) − log (1 − x ) 
1−x 2
158 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1  x 
2 3 4   2 3 4
x x x x x
=  x − + − + ...  −  − x − − − 
2  2 3 4  
  2 3 4  
 

3 5
1 2x 2x 
= 2x + + + ... 
2  3 5 
3 5
x x
= x+ + + ... Hence proved.
3 5
3
–1 1 x 1 . 3 x 5 1 . 3 . 5 x7
21. Prove that: sin x = x + . + . + . + ...
2 3 2 .4 5 2 . 4 .6 7
Sol. Let y = sin–1 x, ∴ y (0) = 0
1
( )
−1 / 2
y1 = = 1 − x2
2
1−x

1 1  1 3 5
+ 1 . .
1 2 2  2 
= 1+ .x + . x + 2 2 2 . x 6 + ...
4
2 2! 3!
(By Binomial Theorem)
1 2 3 4 5 6
⇒ y1 = 1 + x + x + x + ...
2 8 16
∴ y1(0) = 1
3 3 15 5
y2 = x + x + x + ... , y2(0) = 0
2 8

9 2 75 4
y3 = 1 + x + x + ... , y3(0) = 1
2 8

75 3
y4 = 9x + x + ... , y4(0) = 0
2

225 2
y5 = 9 + x + ... , y5(0) = 9
2
y6 = 225x + ..., y7 = 225 + ..., y6(0) = 0, y7(0) = 0
2
x
∴ sin–1x = y ( 0 ) + x . y1 ( 0 ) + y ( 0 ) + ...
2! 2

x 3 9x 5 225 . x 7
= x+ + + + ...
3! 5! 7!
3 7
1 x 1 . 3 x5 1 . 3 . 5 x
= x+ . + . + . + ... Hence proved.
2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
1
Note : Putting x = on both sides, we get
2
3 5 7
–1 1  1 1 1  3 1  5 1 
sin 2 = +   + + + ...
  2 62 40  2  112  2 
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 159

π
⇒ = 0.5 + .0208 + .0023 + .0003 + ...
6
π
⇒ = 0.5234
6
⇒ π = 3.1404 or 3.14 approximately.

x3 x5
22. Prove that: log (sec x + tan x) = x + + + ...
6 24
Sol. Let y = log (sec x + tan x), y (0) = 0
y1 = sec x, y1(0) = 1
y2 = sec x . tan x, y2(0) = 0
= y1 tan x.
y3 = y2 tan x + y1 sec2 x = y2 tan x + y1 . y12
3
= y2 tan x + y1 , ∴ y3(0) = 1
y4 = y3 tan x + y2 sec 2x + 3y12.y2
2 2
= y3 tan x + y2.y1 + 3y1 .y2
2
y4 = y3 tan x + 4 y1 . y2, ∴ y4(0) = 0 + 4 . 1 . 0 = 0
y5 = y4 tan x + y3 sec2 x + 8 y1 . y22+ 4 y12. y3
2 2 2
= y4 tan x + y3 . y1 + 8 y1 . y2 + 4 y1 . y3
2 2
⇒ y5 = y4 tan x + 5 y1 . y3 + 8 y1 . y2
2
∴ y5(0) = 5 . 1 . 1. = 5 and so on.
Hence, log (sec x + tan x) = y
2 3 4 5
x x
= y ( 0 ) + xy1 ( 0 ) + y2 ( 0 ) + y3 ( 0 ) + x y4 ( 0 ) + x y5 ( 0 ) + ...
2! 3! 4! 5!
3 5
x x
= x+ + . 5....
3! 5!
3 5
x x
+ = x+ + ... Hence proved.
6 24
23. Discuss the use of some well-known series to find the successive derivatives of a function.

x 2 x 3 3x 5
Prove that e x . log (1 + x ) = x + + + + ...
2 3 40
Sol. When it is very difficult to find the successive derivatives of a function, the use of the follow-
ing well-known series is useful and often convenient :
2 3 4 2 3 4
x x x x x x
(i) ex = 1 + x + + + + ... (ii) log (1 + x) = x − + − + ...
2! 3! 4 ! 2 3 4
3 5 7 3 5 7
x x x x x x
(iii) sin x = x − + − + ... (iv) sinh x = x + + + + ...
3! 5! 7! 3! 5! 7!
2 4 6 2 4 6
x x x x x x
(v) cos x = 1 − + − + ... (vi) cosh x = 1 + + + + ...
2! 4 ! 6! 2! 4 ! 6!
3 5 7
x 3 2x 5 x x x
(vii) tan x = x + + + ... (viii) tan–1x = x − + − + ...
3 15 3 5 7
160 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Now, the given series ex log (1 + x) may be written as :

 2  2 3 4 
x x x x
ex . log (1 + x) = 1 + x + + ...   x −
 
+ − + ... 

 2!  2 3 4 
3 4 5 2 3 4 5
2 x x x x x x x
or ex log (1 + x) = x + x + + + − − − − − ...
2 6 24 2 2 4 12
3 4 5 4 5 5
x x x x x x
+ + + + ... − − − ... + + ...
3 3 6 4 4 5

x 2 x 3 3x 5
= x+
+ + + ... Hence proved.
2 3 40
24. Expand log (1 + sin2x) in powers of x as far as the term in x6.
3 5 7
x x x
Sol. sin x = x − + − + ...
3! 5! 7!
2 2
 x3 x5    3 5 
2
sin x =  x − + + ...  =  x −  x − x + ...  
6 120    6 120 
   
2
2  x3 x5   x3 x5  x
4
x
6
x
6
= x − 2x  − + ...  +  − + ...  = x 2 − + + + ...
  6 120 
 6 120    3 60 36

2 x 4 2x 6
= x − + + ... = z (say)
3 45
2 3
z z
∴ log(1 + sin2x) = log (1 + z ) = z − + − ...
2 3
2
 2 x 4 2x 6  1  2 x 4 2x 6 
( )
1 2 3
=  x − 3 + 45 − ...  − 2 x −
 3
+
45
− ... 
 + x − ... − ...
    3

 2 x 4 2x 6 
log (1 + sin2x) =  x − + − ... 
 3 45 
 
4 6 6
1
( )
x 2x  1 2x  1 3
−  x2 − + − ...  −  x 4 − − ...  + x 2 − ...
2  3 45  2
  3  3


x 4 2x 6 x 4 x 6 x 6 1 1   2 1 1
= x2 − + − + + = x2 − x4  +  + x6  + + 
3 45 2 3 3 3 2   45 3 3 
2 5 4 32 6
= x − x + x − ...
6 45
25. Find the first four terms in the expansion of log (1 + tan x).
2 3 4
z z z
Sol. Since log (1 + z) = z − + − + ...
2 3 4
1 1 1
∴ log (1 + tanx) = tan x − tan2 x + tan3 x − tan4 x + ...
2 3 4

x 3 2x 5
Now, tan x = x + + + ...
3 15
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 161

2
 x 3 2x 5  1 x 3 2x 5 
∴ log (1 + tan x) =  x + + + ...  −  x +
 
+ + ... 

 3 15  2 3 15 
3 4
1 x 3 2x 5  1 x 3 2x 5 
+  x + + + ...  −  x +
 
+ + ... 

3 3 15  4  3 15 

 x
3
2x
5  1 2  x3 
=  x + + + ...  −  x + 2x  + ...   + 1  x 3 + ... − 1  x 4 + ... + ....
3 15    3 
  2   3   4 

x3 1 2 x4 x3 1 4
= x+ − x − + − x + ...
3 2 3 3 4
1 2 2 3 7 4
∴ log (1 + tan x) = x − x − x − x + ...
2 3 12
 3 5 
−1 2x x x
26. Show that : tan = 2 x − + − ...  .
1 − x2  3 5 
 

−1 2x
Sol. Let y = tan
1 − x2
Put x = tan θ, so that θ = tan–1x

−1  2 tan θ 
 = tan ( tan 2θ )
−1
⇒ y = tan 
 1 − tan2 θ 
 
= 2θ = 2 tan–1x, y(0) = 0

( ) ( )
2 −1
⇒ y1 = 2
= 2 1 + x2 2 4 6
= 2 1 − x + x − x + ... , ∴ y1(0) = 2
1+x
3 5
y2 = 2(– 2x + 4x – 6x + ...), y2(0) = 0
y3 = 2(– 2 + 12x2 – 30x4 + ...), y3(0) = – 4
3
y4 = 2( 24x – 120x + ...), y4(0) = 0
y5 = 2(24 – 360x2 + ...), y5(0) = 48 and so on
.............................................................................................

 2x  x
2
x
3
∴ tan −1   = y ( 0 ) + xy ( 0 ) + y ( 0 ) + y ( 0 ) + ...
1 − x2  1
2! 2
3! 3
 
3 5
x x
= 2x − 4 + 48 + ...
3! 5!
 3 5 
x x
= 2 x − + + ...  . Hence proved.
 3 5 
 

1 + x2 − 1 − x2 x 2 x6
27. Show that : tan−1 = + + ...
2 12
1 + x2 + 1 − x2

1 + x2 − 1 − x2
Sol. Let y = tan −1
1 + x2 + 1 − x2
162 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Put x2 = cos θ, so that θ = cos–1 x2

 θ θ
−1 1 + cos θ − 1 − cos θ −1  cos 2 − sin 2 
Then, y = tan = tan 
1 + cos θ + 1 − cos θ θ θ
 cos + sin 
 2 2
 θ
−1 1 − tan 2    π θ 
= tan  = tan −1  tan  −  
θ   4 2 
1 + tan 
 2
π θ
or y= −
4 2
π 1 −1
y= − cos x 2.
4 2
1 −1
∴ y1 = 0 − . . 2x
2 1 − x4

 1 3 
 . 
4 –1/2 1 4 2 2 8
= x (1 – x ) = x 1 + x + . x + ...
 2 2! 
 

x5 3 9
or y1 = x + + x + ...
2 8
5 4 27 8
y2 = 1 + x + x + ...
2 8
y3 = 10x3 + 27x7 + ...
y4 = 30x2 + 189x6 + ...
y5 = 60x + 1134x5 + ...
y6 = 60 + 5670x4 + ...

∴ y(0) = 0, y1(0) = 0, y2(0) = 1, y3(0) = y4(0) = y5(0) = 0, y6(0) = 60, ...

1 + x2 − 1 − x2 x
2
x
3
∴ tan −1 = y ( 0 ) + xy1 ( 0 ) + y (0) + y (0)
2
1+x + 1−x 2 2! 2 3! 3

4 5 6
x x x
+ y (0) + y (0) + y ( 0 ) + ...
4! 4 5! 5 6! 6

1 + x2 − 1 − x2 x
2
x
6
or tan −1 = + + ... Hence proved.
1 + x2 + 1 − x2 2 12

28. Expand ax and ex in powers of x, by Maclaurin’s theorem.

x
Sol. Let f(x) = a
0
∴ f(0) = a = 1
f ′(x) = ax log a ⇒ f ′(0) = log (a)
f ″(x) = ax (log a)2 ⇒ f ″(0) = (log a)2
x 3
f ′″(x) = a (log a) ⇒ f ′″(0) = (log a)3
and so on. ........................................ .............................
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 163
2 3
x ′′ x ′′′
Now, f(x) = f ( 0 ) + xf ′ ( 0 ) + f (0) + f ( 0 ) + ...
2! 3!
2 3
x
∴ ax = 1 + x log a +
2!
( log a )2 + x3! ( log a )3 + ...
Putting a = e, we have
2 3
x x x
e = 1+x + + + ...
2! 3!
Both these series are called “exponential series”.
29. Expand log(1 + x) in powers of x.
Sol. Let f(x) = log (1 + x) ∴ f(0) = log 1 = 0

1 −1
f ′(x) = = (1 + x ) ∴ f′(0) = 1
1+x
–2
f ″(x) = (–1)(1 + x) ∴ f″(0) = –1
f ″′(x) = (–1) (–2) (1 + x)–3 ∴ f″′(0) = 2
iv –4
f (x) = (–1) (–2) (–3) (1 + x) ∴ f iv(0) = – 6
and so on.
Substituting these values in

x 2 ′′ x 3 ′′′ x 4 iv
f(x) = f ( 0 ) + xf ′ ( 0 ) + f (0) + f (0) + f ( 0 ) + ...
2! 3! 4!
we get
2 3 4
x x x
log (1 + x) = x − + − + ... .
2 3 4
–1
30. Expand tan x by Maclaurin’s theorem.
Sol. Let f(x) = tan–1x, f(0) = 0.

( )
1 −1
f ′(x) = 2
= 1 + x2 , ∴ f ′(0) = 1
1+x

2 4 6
f ′(x) = 1 − x + x − x + ... , (By Binomial Theorem)

f ″(x) = − 2x + 4x 3 − 6x 5 + ..., ∴ f ″(0) = 0

f ″′(x) = − 2 + 12x 2 − 30 x 4 + ..., ∴ f ″′(0) = –2

iv 3
f (x) = 24x – 120x + ..., ∴ f iv(0) = 0
v 2
f (x) = 24 – 360x + ..., ∴ f v(0) = 24
and so on.
Putting these values in

x2 x3
f(x) = f ( 0 ) + xf ′ ( 0 ) + f ′′ ( 0 ) + f ′′′ ( 0 ) + ...
2! 3!

x2 x3 x4 x5
∴ tan–1x = 0 + x + ( 0 ) + ( −2 ) + ( 0 ) + ( 24 ) + ...
2! 3! 4! 5!

x3 x5 x7
or tan–1x = x − + − + ... .
3 5 7
Note. This expansion is valid only if –1 < x < 1.
164 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

ex
31. Expand by Maclaurin’s Theorem, as far as x3. (M.D.U., Dec., 2005)
ex + 1

ex e0 1
Sol. Let f(x) = x
, ∴ f(0) = 0
=
e +1 e +1 2

f ′(x) =
(e x
)
+ 1 ex − ex . ex

(e )
2
x
+1

ex 1
or f ′(x) = , ∴ f ′(0) =
(e ) 22
2
x
+1

(e ) ( )
2
x
+1 . ex − ex . 2 ex + 1 ex
f ″(x) =
(e )
4
x
+1

e x − e2 x
= , ∴ f ″(0) = 0
(e )
3
x
+1

(e ) (e ) ( ) (e )
3 2
x x
+1 − 2e2x − e x − e2x x
+1 . 3 . ex
f ″′(x) =
( e + 1)
6
x

e x − 4e2x + e3x 1
= , ∴ f ″′(0) = −
(e )
4
x
+1 8

ex 1 x x3
Hence, x = + − + ... .
e +1 2 4 48
32. Apply Maclaurin’s Theorem to obtain the expansion of the function eax sin bx.
Sol. Let f(x) = eax sin bx

f ′(x) = aeax . sin bx + eax . b cos bx = e {a sin bx + b cos bx}

ax

Let a = r cos φ, b = r sin φ

Then
f ′(x) = e . r {sin bx . cos φ + cos bx . sin φ} = re . sin (bx + φ )
ax ax

Similarly, again differentiating and simplifying, we have

f ″(x) = r . e sin (bx + 2φ )

2 ax

f ″′(x) = r . e sin (bx + 3φ )

3 ax

f iv(x) = r 4 . e ax sin (bx + 4φ )

and so on.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 165

b
Here, r= a 2 + b2 , φ = tan −1 .
a
b a
∴ sin φ = , cos φ =
2 2
a +b a + b2
2

f (0) = 0
b
f ′(0) = r sin φ = a 2 + b2 . =b
a + b2
2

(
f ″(0) = r 2 sin 2φ = a 2 + b2 . 2 sin φ cos φ )
(
= 2 a 2 + b2 . )  a 2 + b2 
ab
2
= 2ab
 
 

( )
3/2
f ″′(0) = r3 sin 3φ = a 2 + b2 . 3 sin φ − 4 sin3 φ 
 
 
4b3
( )  3b 
3/2
= a +b
2 2
. − 2
(
3 / 2  = 3b a + b
2
− 4b3 )
2
 a +b

2
a 2 + b2 ( ) 

or (
= b 3 a 2 − b2 )
∴ By Maclaurin’s Theorem, we have

e
ax
sin bx = bx + ab x + 2 (
b 3a2 − b2 ).x 3
+ ...
3!
−1 1 2
33. Expand ea sin x
by Maclaurin’s Theorem. Hence show that eθ = 1 + sin θ + sin2 θ + sin3 θ + ...
2! 3!
–1
a sin x
Sol. Let y= e , ∴ y (0) = 1
–1 a ay
y1 = ea sin x
. = ∴ y1 (0) = a
2
1−x 1 − x2

2 a 2 y2
y1 =
1 − x2
y1 (1 –x2) = a2y2
2

Differentiating, we get
(1 –x2) 2y1y2 – 2xy1 = 2a2yy1
2

(1 –x ) y2 – xy1 = a2y,
2
or ∴ y2 (0) = a2
Differentiating n times by Leibnitz’s Theorem, we get
n ( n − 1)
( )
yn + 2 1 − x 2 + nyn +1 ( −2x ) +
2!
yn ( −2 ) − [ yn +1 . x + nyn ] = a2yn

or (1 − x ) y
2
n +2 (
− ( 2n + 1) xyn +1 − n2 + a 2 yn = 0 )
Putting x = 0, yn + 2(0) = (n2 + a2) yn(0) ...(1)
166 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Putting n = 1, 2, 3, ...... in (1)

( )
y3(0) = 12 + a 2 y1 ( 0 ) = a 12 + a 2( )
y (0) = ( 2
4
2
+ a ) y (0) = a (2 + a )
2
2
2 2 2

y (0) = ( 3 + a ) y ( 0 ) = a (1 + a ) ( 3 )
2 2 2 2 2
5 3 + a2
........................................................
x2
= y ( 0 ) + xy1 ( 0 ) + y2 ( 0 ) + ...
−1
∴ ea sin x
2!

or e a sin −1 x = 1 + ax + +
2
a2x 2 a 1 + a
2
3
x +
(
a2 22 + a2
x 4 + ...
) ( )
2! 3! 4!
Putting a = 1 and sin–1x = θ, we get
1 2 5
θ
e = 1 + sin θ + sin 2 θ + sin3 θ + sin 4 θ + ...
2! 3! 4!
Hence shown.

34. ( )
Expand sin msin−1x by Maclaurin’s Theorem, as far as x5.

Sol. Let y = sin(m sin–1x), ∴ y (0) = 0

Differentiating

(
−1
y1 = cos m sin x . ) m
1 − x2
∴ y1(0) = m

m2
y1 = cos ( m sin x ) .
2 2 −1
1 − x2

(1 – x2)y1 = m2 cos2 ( m sin −1 x )

2
or

(1 – x2)y1 = m2 1 − sin2 ( m sin −1 x ) 

2

Differentiating

( )
−2x . y12 + 1 − x 2 . 2 y1 y2 = m2 ( −2 yy1 )

or (1 − x ) y
2
2 − xy1 + m2 y = 0, ∴ y2(0) = 0
Differentiating n times by Leibnitz’s Theorem,
we get
n ( n − 1)
( )
yn + 2 1 − x 2 + nyn +1 ( −2x ) +
2!
yn ( −2 ) − [ yn +1x + nyn . 1] + m2 yn = 0

or (1 − x ) y 2
n +2 (
− ( 2n + 1) xyn +1 − n2 − m2 yn = 0 )
2 2
Putting x = 0, yn+2 (0) = (n – m ) yn(0)
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, ...
2 2 2 2
y3(0) = (1 – m ) y1(0) = m(1 – m )
2 2
y4(0) = (2 – m ) y2(0) = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
y5(0) = (3 – m ) y3(0) = m(1 – m )(3 – m )
........................................................
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 167

∴ (
sin m sin −1 x )= y ( 0 ) + x . y1 ( 0 ) +
x2
2!
y2 ( 0 ) + ...

= mx +
(
m 12 − m2 )x 3
+
( )(
m 12 − m2 32 − m2 )x 5
+ ...
3! 5!

2 3 22 4
35. Prove that : e x cos x = 1 + x – x – x + ...
3! 4!
Sol. Let f(x) = ex cos x
f ′(x) = ex cos x – ex sin x = ex (cos x – sin x)
f ″(x) = ex (cos x – sin x) + (– sin x– cos x) ex
= ex (– 2 sin x) = – 2 ex sin x

f ″′(x) = −2 e x sin x + e x cos x  = −2e x ( sin x + cos x )

f iv(x) = −2 e x ( sin x + cos x ) + e x ( cos x − sin x )  = −2e x [2 cos x ] = − 4 cos x . e x

∴ f(0) = 1, f ′(0) = 1, f ″(0) = 0, f ′″(0) = –2, f iv(0) = – 4

x x2 x3 x 4 iv
Hence, e cos x = f ( 0 ) + xf ′ ( 0 ) + f ′′ ( 0 ) + f ′′′ ( 0 ) + . f ( 0 ) + ...
2! 3! 4!
2 3 22 4
=1 + x − x − x + ... Hence proved.
3! 4!

x x x2 x4
36. Prove that : log (1 + e ) = log 2 + + − + ... . (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
2 8 192
Sol. Let f (x) = log (1 + ex), ∴ f (0) = log 2
ex 1
f ′ (x) = , ∴ f ′(0) =
1 + ex 2

ex 1
f ′′( x ) = , ∴ f ″(0) =
(1 + e x )2 4

( e x + 1)2 e x − e x . 2( e x + 1) ( e x )
f ′′′( x ) =
(1 + e x )4
e x − e2x
= , ∴ f ′′′(0) = 0
( e x + 1)3

( e x + 1)3 ( e x − e2 x ) − 3e x ( e x − e2 x ) ( e x + 1)2
f iv ( x ) =
( e x + 1)6

e x − 4 e 2 x + e3 x 1
= , ∴ f iv(0) = −
( e x + 1)4 8

x2 x3 x 4 iv
∴ log (1 + ex) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + . f ′′′(0) + f (0) + ...
2! 3! 4!

x x2 x4
⇒ log (1 + ex) = log 2 + + − + ... . Hence proved.
2 8 192
168 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

x x 2 7x 4
37. Prove that: = 1+ + + ....
sin x 6 360

x3 x5 x7
Sol. We know sin x = x − + – + ...
3! 5! 7!
 x2 x4 
sin x = x 1 − + − ....
 6 120 
sin x x2 x4
∴ = 1− + − ....
x 6 120
−1 −1
x  x2 x4    x2 x4  
⇒ = 1 − + − .... 
 = 1 −  −  + ...
6 120  
sin x     6 120  
2
x2 x 4 1.2  x 2 x4 
= 1+ − +  −  + ...
6 120 2 !  6 120 

x x2 x4 x4 x2  1 1 
⇒ = 1+ − + + ... = 1 + + x4  − 
sin x 6 120 36 6  36 120 

x2 7
= 1+ + x4. + ...
6 360

x x 2 7x 4
or = 1+ + + ... . Hence proved.
sin x 6 360

x 2 x3 x4
38. Prove that: log (1 + sin x ) = x − + − + ...
2 6 12

z2 z3 z4
Sol. Since log (1 + z) = z− + − + ...
2 3 4
sin 2 x sin3 x sin 4 x
∴ log (1+ sin x) = sin x − + − + ...
2 3 4
x3 x5 x7
Since sin x = x − + − + ...
3! 5! 7!
2
 x3 x5  1  x3 x5 
log (1 + sin x) =  x − + − ...  − x − + 
 3! 5!  2  6 120 
  
3 4
1  x3 x5  1 x3 x5 
+ x − +  − x − +  + ...
3  6 120  4 6 120 

2
 x3 x5  1  x3 x5 
or log (1 + sin x) =  x − + − x − + + ... 
 3 ! 5 !  2  6 120 
  
3 4
1  x3 x 5  1   x6 x5 
+ x −  −  − x −  − 
3   6 120   4   6 120  
   
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 169

x3 x5 1 2x 4  1 1
= x− + − x 2 − + ... +  x 3 + ... −  x 4 + ...
6 120 2  6  3   4 

Neglecting higher power terms

x3 x5 x2 x4 x3 x4
= x− + − + + − + ...
6 120 2 6 3 4

x 2 x3 1 1 
= x− + − x4  6 − 4  + ...
2 6  
x2 x3 x4
= x− + − + ... . Hence proved.
2 6 12

−1  2x   x 3 x 5 x7 
39. Prove that: sin  2
 = 2  x − + − + ...  .

1 + x   3 5 7 

−1  2x 
Sol. Let y = sin  
2
1 + x 

−1  2 tan θ  −1
Put x = tan θ, y = sin  2 
 = sin (sin 2θ)
 1 + tan θ 
⇒ y = 2θ = 2 tan–1 x
∴ y(0) = 0
2
y1 = = 2(1 + x 2 )−1 = 2[1 − x 2 + x 4 − x 6 + ...]
1 + x2
y1(0) = 2
3 5
y2 = 2[– 2x + 4x – 6x + ...]
y2(0) = 0
y3 = 2[ − 2 + 12x 2 − 30 x 4 + ...]
y3(0) = – 4
3
y4 = 2[24 x − 120 x + ...]
y4(0) = 0

y5 = [48 − 240 . 3x 2 ]
y5(0) = 48
x2 x3 x4
Hence y = y(0) + xy1 (0) + y2 (0) + y3 (0) + y4 (0) + ...
2! 3! 4!

 2x  4 3 x5
sin −1 
⇒  1 + x 2  = 2x − 3 ! x + 5 ! . (48) + ...
 
 2x  2 3 2x 5
or sin −1 
 1 + x 2  = 2x − 3 x + 5 − ....
 
 2x   x3 x5 
Hence sin −1   = 2  x − + − .... . Hence proved.
1 + x2  3 5
   
170 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

40. Use the method of differential equations to expand (sin–1 x)2 and show that

(sin −1 x) 2 x2 2 2 4 2 2 .4 2 6
= + x + x + ...
2 2! 4! 6!
Sol. Let y = (sin–1 x)2 ...(1)
−1 1
∴ y1 = 2 sin x . ...(2)
1 − x2
or (1 − x 2 ) y12 = 4y
Differentiating again

(1 − x ) . 2 y y
2
1 2 + y12 ( − 2x ) = 4y1

or Dividing by 2y1,
(1 − x 2 ) y2 − xy1 = 2 ...(3)
Differentiating (3), n times by Leibnitz’s Theorem,
(1 − x 2 ) yn + 2 + nC1 . yn + 1 ( − 2x ) + nC2 yn ( − 2) − xyn + 1 − nC1 . yn = 0

or (1 − x 2 ) yn + 2 − 2nxyn + 1 − n(n − 1) yn − xyn + 1 − nyn = 0

or (1 − x 2 ) yn + 2 − (2n − 1) xyn + 1 = n2.y ...(4)

n
Putting x = 0 in (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get
y = 0, y1 = 0, y2 = 2, (yn + 2)0 = n2 (yn)0
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4 in the last equation, we get
y3 = 12 . y1 = 0
y4 = 22 . y2 = 22. 2
y5 = 32 . y3 = 0
y6 = 42 . y4 = 2 . 22. 42 and so on.
By Maclaurin’s Theorem,
x2 x3
f (x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + ...
2! 3!

x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
or y = ( y )0 + x ( y1 )0 + ( y2 )0 + y3 (0) + y4 (0) + y5 (0) + y6 (0) + ...
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

x2 x4 x6
or y = 2. + (2.22 ) + (2.22 .42 ) + ...
2! 4! 6!
 x 2 22 . x 4 x6 
⇒ (sin −1 x )2 = 2  + + 22 .42 . + ...
 2 ! 4! 6! 
and hence
1 x 2 22 4 22 . 42 6
(sin −1 x )2 = + .x + .x +.... Hence shown.
2 2! 4! 6!

π 
41. Expand tan  + x  in ascending powers of x. Hence find the value of tan 45°30′ to four places of
4 
decimals.
π  π
Sol. Let f (x) = tan  + x  , ∴ f (0) = tan =1
4  4
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 171

π  2 π
f ′( x ) = sec2  + x  , ∴ f ′ (0) = sec =2
 4  4

π  π   2 π  π 
f ′′( x ) = 2 sec2  + x  tan  + x  = 2 1 + tan  + x   . tan  + x 
4  4   4  4 
 π  π 
or f ′′( x ) = 2 tan  + x  + tan3  4 + x 
 4   
∴ f ′′(0) = 2[1 + 1] = 4
 π  π  π 
f ′′′( x ) = 2 sec2  + x  + 3 tan2  + x  . sec2  + x  
  4   4   4 
∴ f ′′′(0) = 2[2 + 3 . 2] = 16

 π  2 π  3 π  2 π 
f iv ( x ) = 2 8 tan  4 + x  sec  4 + x  + 12 tan  4 + x  sec  4 + x  
        

∴ f iv (0) = 2(8 . 1 . 2 + 12 . 1 . 2) = 80
By Maclaurin’s Theorem

x2 x3 x 4 iv
f (x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + f (0) + ...
2! 3! 4!

π  x2 x3 x4
∴ tan  + x  = 1 + 2x + . (4) + (16) + (80) + ...
4  2! 3! 4!
8 3 10 4
= 1 + 2x + 2x 2 + x + x + ...
3 3
π
Putting x = 30′ = , we get
360
2
π  π 
tan 45°30′ = 1 + 2 . +2  + ...
360  360 
= 1 + 0.01745 + .00015 + ...
= 1.0176 (approximately).
42. Find the value of sin 91° correct to 4 decimal places. (M.D.U., May 2007, Dec., 2008)
π π
Sol. sin x = sin  + x − 
2 2

π  π ( x − π / 2)2 π
= sin +  x −  cos π / 2 + f ′′  
2  2 2! 2

( x − π / 2)2 ( x − π / 2)4
= 1− + + ....
2 24
Put x = 91°.

12 14 1 1 1 1
sin 91° = 1 − + + ... = 1 − + + ... = +
2 24 2 24 2 24

13
= = 0.5417
24
172 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

43. Expand esin x by Maclaurin’s series up to the term containing x4. [M.D.U., May 2008]
2 3 4
(sin x ) (sin x ) (sin x )
Sol. We have esin x = 1 + sin x + + + + ...
2! 3! 4!
2 3
 x3  1  x3  1  x3 
esin x = 1 +  x − + ...  + x − + ...  + x − + ... 
 3!  2!  3!  3!  3! 
4
1  x3 
+ x − + ...  + ...
4! 3! 
 x3  1 x4  1 1
= 1 + x − + ...  +  x 2 − + ...  + ( x 3 − ...) + ( x 4 + ...) + ...
 6  2  3  6 24
   
2 4
x x
= 1+x + − + ...
2 8
44. Find the asymptotes, parallel to the axes for the curve. x2y2 = a2(x2 + y2)
Sol. The equation of the curve is
2 2 2 2 2
x y – a (x + y ) = 0
Equating to zero the co-efficient of x2, the highest power of x, we get
2 2
y –a =0 or y=±a
which are the asymptotes parallel to x-axis.
Again equating to zero the co-efficient of y2, the highest power of y, we get x2 – a2 = 0 or
x = ± a.
which are the asymptotes parallel to y-axis.
a2 b2
45. Find the asymptotes parallel to the axes for the curve : 2
− = 1.
x y2
Sol. Equation of the curve is
a2 b2
− =1
x2 y2
a 2 y2 − b2x 2 = x y
2 2
or
or x 2 y 2 + b2 x 2 − a 2 y 2 = 0
Equating to zero the co-efficient of x2, the highest power of x, we get
y2 + b2 = 0 or y = ± ib
which gives imaginary values of y, and therefore, there is no asymptote parallel to x-axis. Again
equating to zero, the co-efficient of y2, the highest power of y, we get
x2 – a2 = 0 or x = ± a,
which are the asymptotes parallel to y-axis.
46. Find the asymptotes parallel to the axes, for the curve : xy3 – x3 = a(x2 + y2)
Sol. Here the highest power of x is x3, having a constant co-efficient. Thus there is no asymptote
parallel to x-axis.
Again equating to zero, the co-efficient of y3, the highest power of y, we get x = 0, which is the
asymptote parallel to y-axis, i.e., y-axis itself is the asymptote.
47. Find the asymptotes parallel to the x-axis of the curve: x2y – 3x2 – 5xy + 6y + 2 = 0
Sol. To find asymptotes parallel to the x-axis, equating to zero the co-efficient of highest power of
x, we get
y–3 = 0
⇒ y = 3, which is the required asymptote.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 173

a 2 b2
48. Find the asymptotes parallel to y-axis of the curve + = 1.
x y
Sol. The given curve is
a2y + b2x = xy
Equating the co-efficient of highest power of y to zero, we get
a2 – x = 0
⇒ x = a2
which is the required asymptote parallel to y-axis of the given curve.

x2 y2
49. Find the asymptotes of − =1
a2 b2
Sol. Given curve is
x2 y2
2
− =1
a b2
1 1 y2 1
⇒ − . =
a 2
b2
x2 x2
Take limit as x →∞
2
1 1  y
− . lim
2 x →∞ x 
=0
a2 b  
 y
2
b2
or lim   = 2
x →∞ x  a
y
  b
i.e., lim   = ±
x →∞ x  a
If y = mx + c is an oblique asymptote to any curve f (x, y) = 0, then
y
m = lim and c = lim ( y − mx )
x →∞ x x →∞
b
∴ Values of m are ±
a
 dy   b2x   y2 x 2  b2
Now, c = lim  y − x = lim  y − x .  = lim  − 2.
x →∞  dx  x →∞ 
 a2 . y  x → ∞  b2
 a  y
 b2   b 
= lim  − =0, ∵ xlim y = ± x
x →∞   a 
 y   →∞

Hence the asymptotes are

b
.x. y = ±
a
3 2 2
50. Find the asymptotes of y – x y + 2y + 4y + 1 = 0
Sol. Putting y = mx + c in the equation of the curve, we get
(mx + c )3 − x 2 (mx + c ) + 2(mx + c )2 + 4(mx + c ) + 1 = 0
or (m3 − m ) x 3 + (3m2c − c + 2m2 ) x 2 + ... etc. = 0
Equating to zero the co-efficients of x3 and x2, we get
m3 – m = 0 ...(1)
2 2
and 3m c – c + 2m = 0 ...(2)
From equation (1), m = 0, 1, – 1
174 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

From equation (2),

2m2
c=
1 − 3m2
When m = 0, we get c = 0
When m = 1, we get c = – 1
When m = – 1, we get c = – 1.
∴ Three asymptotes are y = 0, y = x – 1 and y = – x – 1.

51. Find the asymptotes of the curve: x 3 + 2x 2 y – xy 2 – 2y3 + 4y2 + 2xy + y – 1 = 0

Sol. Put y = mx + c in the given equation, we get
x 3 + 2x 2 (mx + c ) − x (mx + c )2 − 2(mx + c )3 + 4(mx + c )2 + 2x(mx + c) + (mx + c) – 1 = 0
⇒ (1 + 2m − m2 − 2m3 ) x 3 + 2( c − mc − 3m2c − 2m2 + m ) x 2 + ... = 0
2 3
Equating the co-efficients of x and x to zero, we get
2 3
1 + 2m – m – 2m = 0 ...(1)
and c – mc – 3m2c + 2m2 + m = 0 ...(2)
From equation (1), (1 + 2m) (1 – m2) = 0
1
⇒ m = ± 1, –
2

 2m2 + m 
From equation (2), c =− 
 1 − m − 3m2 
 
When m = – 1, we have c = 1
When m = 1, we have c=1
−1
When m = , we have c = 0
2
1
Hence the asymptotes are y = – x + 1, y = x + 1 and y = – x.
2

52. Find all the asymptotes of the curve : x 3 + 2x 2 y − xy 2 − 2y3 + 3xy + 3y 2 + x + 1 = 0.

3 3
Sol. Since the co-efficients of x and y , the highest degree terms in x and y, are constant,
∴ There are no asymptotes parallel to x-axis or y-axis.
Now to find oblique asymptotes; putting x = 1, y = m in the 3rd and 2nd terms in the given equation
of the curve, we get
2 3
φ3(m) = 1 + 2m – m – 2m
2
φ2(m) = 3m + 3m
The slopes of asymptotes are the roots of φ3(m) = 0.
2 3
i.e., 1 + 2m – m – 2m = 0
Solving for m, we get
1
m = – 1, 1, –
2
Also, φ3′(m) = 2 – 2m – 6m2 = – (6m2 + 2m – 2)
Now, c is given by
φ2 (m) 3m + 3m2
c = − =+
φ′3 (m) 6m2 + 2m − 2
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 175

When m = – 1, c = 0
When m = 1, c = 1
3 3
−1 − +
When m = ,c= 2 4 =1
2 3
−1 − 2 2
2
Putting these values of m and c in y = mx + c, the corresponding asymptotes are
1 1
y = – x, y = x + 1, y = −
x+
2 2
i.e., x + y = 0, x – y + 1 = 0 and x + 2y – 1 = 0.
53. Find all the asymptotes of the curve
x 3 + 4x 2 y + 4xy2 + 5x 2 + 15xy + 10y2 – 2y + 1 = 0.
Sol. Since the co-efficient of x3, the highest degree term in x, is constant, ∴ There is no asymp-
tote parallel to x-axis.
2
Again equating to zero the co-efficient of y , the highest degree term in y, the asymptote parallel
to y-axis is given by the equation
4x + 10 = 0 or 2x + 5 = 0
rd nd
Now to find oblique asymptoes, putting x = 1 and y = m in the 3 and 2 degree terms in the
equation of the curve, we get
φ3 (m) = 1 + 4m + 4m2

and φ2 (m) = 5 + 15m + 10m2

Slopes of asymptotes are given by the roots of the equation φ3 (m) = 0 i.e.,
2
by roots of 1 + 4m + 4m = 0
or (1 + 2m)2 = 0
1 1
∴ m= − ,− (Equal)
2 2
∴ c is now given by the equation
c2
φ′′3 (m) + c . φ′2 (m) + φ1 (m) = 0
2!
Now, φ′3 (m) = 4 + 8m, φ′′3 (m ) = 8
φ′2 (m) = 15 + 20m, φ1 (m ) = – 2m

c2
Thus, . (8) + c . (15 + 20m) − 2m = 0
2!
1
For m = – , it becomes 4c2 + 5c + 1 = 0
2
or (4c + 1) (c + 1) = 0
⇒ c = –1, – 1/4
Hence the corresponding asymptotes are
1 1 1
y= − x −1 and y= − x−
2 2 4
176 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ The required asymptotes are

2x + 5 = 0, x + 2y + 2 = 0 and 2x + 4y + 1 = 0.
2
54. Find asymptotes of the curve: (x – y) (x + 2y – 1) = 3x + y – 7.
Sol. The equation of the curve is
(x – y)2 (x + 2y – 1) – 3x – y + 7 = 0
2 2
or (x – y) (x + 2y) – (x – y) – 3x – y + 7 = 0 ...(1)
Since the co-efficients of x and y3, the highest degree terms in x and y are constants, therefore
3

there are no asymptotes parallel to x-axis or y-axis.

Now to find oblique asymptotes :
rd nd
Putting x = 1, y = m in the 3 , 2 and first degree terms in equation (1), we get
φ3 (m) = (1 – m)2 (1 + 2m)
or φ3 (m) = 2m3 – 3m2 + 1
φ2 (m) = – (1 – m)2
φ1 (m) = – 3 – m
Slopes of the asymptotes are given by
φ3 (m) = 0
i.e., by (1 – m)2 (1 + 2m) = 0
1
or m = 1, 1, –
2
c is given by the equation
c . φ′3 (m) + φ2(m) = 0
or c . (6m2 − 6m ) − (1 − m )2 = 0
1
For m = – , we have
2
6 6 9 c 9
c + − = 0 ⇒ 18 =
4 2 4 4 4
1
or c=
2
∴ Equation of the asymptote is
y = mx + c
−1 1
or y= x+
2 2
or 2y + x – 1 = 0
For equal values of m = 1, values of c are given by

c2
φ′′3 (m) + c φ′2 (m) + φ1 (m) = 0
2!

Now, φ′′3 (m) = 12m – 6, φ′2 (m) = 2(1 – m)

c2
∴ . (12m − 6) + 2c(1 − m) − 3 − m = 0
2
c2 2 4
For m = 1, we have (6) − 4 = 0 ⇒ c =
2 3
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 177

2
or c= ±
3

2
∴ Equation of asymptote is y= x±
3

2
Hence asymptotes are : 2y + x – 1 = 0 and y = x ± .
3

55. Find the asymptotes of: (x – y) 2 (x 2 + y2 ) − 10 (x – y) x 2 + 12y 2 + 2x + y = 0.

Sol. The equation of the curve is

( x − y )2 ( x 2 + y2 ) − 10 ( x − y ) x 2 + 12 y2 + 2x + y = 0 ...(1)
4 4
Since co-efficients of x and y , the highest degree terms in x and y are constants, therefore there
are no asymptotes parallel to x-axis or y-axis.
Now to find oblique asymptotes putting x = 1, y = m in the fourth, third and second degree terms
in (1), we get
2 2 4 3 2
φ4(m) = (1 – m) (1 + m ) = m – 2m + 2m – 2m + 1
φ3(m) = – 10 (1 – m)
2
φ2(m) = 12m
Slopes of the asymptotes are given by φ4(m) = 0
i.e., by m4 – 2m3 + 2m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 or (1 – m)2 (1 + m2) = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 1
2
because m + 1 = 0 gives only imaginary values of m.
For equal values of m = 1, values of c are given by

c2
φ′′4 (m) + c . φ′3 (m) + φ2 (m) = 0
2!

or c2 (6m2 − 6m + 2) + 10c + 12m2 = 0

2
For m = 1, c (2) + 10c + 12 = 0
or c2 + 5c + 6 = 0
⇒ c = – 3, – 2
∴ Asymptotes are y = mx + c
i.e., y = x – 3 and y = x – 2.
2
56. Find all the asymptotes of the curve: (x + y) (x + y + 2) = x + 9y – 2.

Sol. Equation of the curve is ( x + y )3 + 2( x + y )2 − x − 9 y + 2 = 0 ...(1)

3 3
Since the co-efficients of x and y , the highest degree terms in x and y, are constants, therefore
there are no asymptotes parallel to x-axis or y-axis.
Now to find oblique asymptotes :
Putting x = 1, y = m in the third, second, first degree terms and constant terms in (1), we have
φ3(m) = (1 + m)3 φ′3 (m) = 3(1 + m)2
φ2(m) = 2(1 + m)2 φ′′3 (m) = 6(1 + m)
φ1(m) = – 1 – 9m φ′′′3 (m) = 6
φ0(m) = 2 φ′2 (m) = 4(1 + m)
φ′′2 (m ) = 4
φ1′ (m ) = – 9
178 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Slopes of the oblique asymptotes are given by

φ3(m) = 0 or (1 + m)3 = 0 ∴ m = – 1, – 1, – 1.
For these three equal values of m = – 1, values of c are given by

c3 c2
φ′′′3 (m) + φ′′2 (m) + c . φ1′ (m) + φ0 (m) = 0
3! 2!
or c3 + 2c2 – 9c + 2 = 0
Solving for c, we get
c = −2± 5 and 2.
∴ For m = – 1, the three different values of c are 2 and − 2 + 5, − 2 − 5 .
∴ Equations of the three asymptotes are y = mx + c
i.e., y = – x + 2, y = – x – 2 + 5 , y = – x – 2 – 5 .
57. Find all the asymptotes of the curve x3 + y3 – 3axyz = 0.
Sol. The equation of the curve is
x3 + y3 – 3axy = 0 ...(1)
3 3
Since the co-efficients of x and y , the highest degree terms in x and y are constants, the curve
has no asymptotes parallel to the x-axis or y-axis.
To find the oblique asymptotes, putting x = 1, y = m in the two highest degree terms of (1),
We have φ3(m) = 1 + m3 and φ2(m) = – 3am
3 2
Now, φ3(m) = 0 gives 1 + m = 0 or (1 + m) (1 – m + m ) = 0
The only real value in m = – 1,
φ2 (m) − 3am a
c = − =− =
φ′3 (m) 3m2 m
a
When m = – 1, c = or – a.
−1
∴ The required asymptote is
y = mx + c
or y = –x–a
or y + x + a = 0.

58. Find all the asymptotes of the curve: (y – x) (y – 2x) 2 + (y + 3x) (y – 2x) + 2x + 2y – 1 = 0.
3 3
Sol. Since the co-efficient of x and y , the highest degree terms in x and y, are constants, there
are no asymptotes parallel to the x-axis or y-axis.
To find oblique asymptotes, putting x = 1, y = m in the third, second and first degree terms in the
given equation of the curve
φ3(m) = (m – 1) (m – 2)2 = (m – 1) (m2 – 4m + 4)
or φ3(m) = m3 – 5m2 + 8m – 4
φ2(m) = (m + 3) (m – 2) = m2 + m – 6
φ1(m) = 2 + 2m
The slopes of the asymptotes are the roots of φ3(m) = 0.
φ3(m) = 0 ⇒ (m – 1) (m – 2)2 = 0 ∴ m = 1, 2, 2
2
Also φ′3 (m) = 3m – 10m + 8, φ′′3 (m) = 6m – 10
φ′2 (m) = 2m + 1
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 179

For the non-repeated value m = 1, c is given by

φ2 (m ) m2 + m − 6
c = − =− =4
φ′3 (m ) 3m2 − 10m + 8
The corresponding asymptote is y = mx + c i.e.,
y = x + 4 or x – y + 4 = 0
For the twice repeated value m = 2, 2, c is given by
c2
φ′′3 (m) + c . φ′2 (m) + φ1 (m) = 0
2!
c2
or (6m − 10) + c . (2m + 1) + 2 + 2m = 0
2
When m = 2, we have
2
c + 5c + 6 = 0
(c + 2) (c + 3) = 0
∴ c = – 2, – 3
The corresponding asymptotes are y = mx + c
i.e., y = 2x – 2 and y = 2x – 3
i.e., 2x – y – 2 = 0 and 2x – y – 3 = 0
Hence all the asymptotes of the curve are
x – y + 4 = 0,
2x – y – 2 = 0,
2x – y – 3 = 0.
2 3 3
59. Find all the asymptotes of the curve: y (x – 2a) = x – a . (M.D.U., 2005)
2
Sol. The highest power of y is y and its co-efficient is x – 2a. Therefore, asymptote parallel to the
y-axis is given by
x – 2a = 0
x = 2a
To find oblique asymptotes, the equation can be written as
3 3 2 2
x – a – xy + 2ay = 0
rd
Putting x = 1, y = m in the 3 degree terms
φ3(m) = 1 – m2 = 0 ⇒ m = ± 1
2
Now, φ2(m) = 2am
φ2 (m) 2am2
∴ c = − =− = am
φ′3 (m) ( − 2m)
When m = 1; c = a
When m = – 1, c = – a
∴ The asymptotes are given by the equation
y = mx + c
∴ y = x+a or x – y + a = 0
and y = – x – a or x + y + a = 0

60. Find all the asymptotes of the curve x 3 + 3x 2 y − 4 y3 − x + y + 3 = 0 (M.D.U. , May 2008)
Sol. Putting y = m and x = 1 in the 3rd and second degree terms separately
3
φ3(m) = 1 + 3m – 4m , φ2(m) = 0
2
φ′3(m) = 3 – 12m
180 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

To find slopes of asymptotes, we put φ3(m) = 0

⇒ 1 + 3m – 4m3 = 0
2
or (1 – m) (2m + 1) = 0
1 1
⇒ m = 1, − ,−
2 2
φ2 (m)
c is given by c = − =0
φ′3 (m)
When m = 1; c = 0. Hence asymptote is y = x
1
When m = – , c is given by
2
c2 c
φ′′3 (m) + φ′2 (m) + φ1 (m) = 0
2! 1!

Now, φ′′3 (m) = – 24m

φ′2 (m) = 0
φ1(m) = m – 1
c2
∴ ( − 24m) + m − 1 = 0
2!
 1 1
⇒ ( − 12)  −  c2 − − 1 = 0
 2 2
3 1
⇒ 6 c2 = or c= ±
2 2
1 1 1 1
Hence y = − x + and y = − x − are two parallel asymptotes.
2 2 2 2
i.e., x + 2y = ± 1 and x – y = 0 are the asymptotes of the given curve.

61. Find all the asymptotes of: x 2 y 2 – x 2 y – xy 2 + x + y + 1 = 0. (M.D.U., May, 2005)

2 2
Sol. The highest power of x is x and its co-efficient is y – y.
∴ The asymptote parallel to the x-axis is given by
y(y – 1) = 0 i.e., y = 0 and y = 1.
2 2
The highest power of y is y and its co-efficient is x – x.
∴ The asymptotes parallel to the y-axis is given by
x(x – 1) = 0 i.e., x = 0 and x = 1.
Hence the asymptotes are
x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = 1.

62. Find all the asymptotes of the curve: y3 – xy2 – x 2 y + x 3 + x 2 – y2 = 0

(M.D.U., May, 2006, May 2007, Dec., 2008)
Sol. There is no asymptote parallel to x-axis and y-axis.
To find oblique asymptotes
Put x = 1, y = m in the highest degree terms
φ3(m) = m3 – m2 – m + 1, φ3′(m) = 3m2 – 2m – 1
φ3(m) = 0 ⇒ m3 – m2 – m + 1 = 0
⇒ m2(m – 1) – 1 (m – 1) = 0
⇒ (m2 – 1) (m – 1) = 0
or m = 1, 1, – 1
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 181

φ′′3 (m) = 6m – 2
φ2(m) = 1 – m2
φ′2 (m) = – 2m
For the twice repeated value of m, c is given by

c2
φ′′3 (m) + c . φ′2 (m) + φ1 (m) = 0
2!

c2
(4) + c . ( − 2) = 0
2
or 2c2 – 2c = 0
⇒ c = 0, 1
For the non-repeated value of m = – 1, c is given by

− φ2 (m) m2 − 1
c= = 2
=0
φ′3 (m ) 3m − 2m − 1
Hence asymptotes are y = mx + c
i.e., y = ± x and y = x + 1

63. Find all the asymptotes of the curve: 6x 2 + xy – 2y 2 + x + 2y + 1 = 0.

Sol. Put x = 1, y = m in the highest degree terms
φ2(m) = 6 + m – 2m2
φ1(m) = 1 + 2m
The slopes of asymptotes are the roots of φ2(m) = 0
∴ 6 + m – 2m2 = 0
3
⇒ m = 2, −
2
φ1 (m)  1 + 2m 
c is given by c= − =− 
φ′2 (m)  1 − 4m 
5
When, m = 2, c =
7
3 2
m= − , c=
2 7
Hence asymptotes are given by
5 3 2
y = 2x + and y = − x+
7 2 7
i.e., 14x – 7y + 5 = 0 and 21x + 14y = 4.
64. Find all the asymptotes of the curve: (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)

y3 – 2xy 2 – x 2 y + 2x 3 + 3y2 – 7xy + 2x 2 + 2y + 2x + 1 = 0.

Sol. Putting x = 1, y = m in the 3rd and 2nd degree terms, we get
3 2
φ3(m) = m – 2m – m + 2
φ2(m) = 3m2 – 7m + 2
182 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

The slopes of asymptotes are given by

3 2
φ3(m) = 0 or m – 2m – m + 2 = 0
or (m + 1) (m – 1) (m – 2) = 0
⇒ m = – 1, 1, 2
φ′3 (m) = 3m2 – 4m – 1

φ2 (m)  3m2 − 7m + 2 
c = − =− 
φ′3 (m)  3m2 − 4m − 1 
 
Thus,
When m = – 1, c = – 2
When m = 1, c = – 1 and
When m = 2, c = 0
Hence the asymptotes are
y = –x–2 or x+y+2 = 0
y = x–1 or x–y–1 = 0
y = 2x or 2x – y = 0
3 2 2 3 2
65. Find the asymptotes of the curve: x + 4x y + 5xy + 2y + 2x + 4xy + 2y – x – 9y + 2 = 0.
rd
Sol. Putting x = 1 and y = m in the 3 degree terms, we get
φ3(m) = 1 + 4m + 5m2 + 2m3
φ2(m) = 2 + 4m + 2m2
φ1(m) = – 1 – 9m
The slopes of asymptotes are given by φ3(m) = 0
2 3
⇒ 1 + 4m + 5m + 2m = 0
or (2m + 1) (m + 1)2 = 0
1
∴ m = − , – 1, – 1.
2
1
Now, when m = − ,
2
φ2 (m) 2 + 4m + 2m2
c = − =− = −1
φ′3 (m) 4 + 10m + 6m2
1
Hence the asymptote corresponding to m = − is
2
1
y = − x − 1 or 2y + x + 2 = 0
2
When m = – 1 (repeated equal roots), c is given by
c2
φ′′3 (m) + c . φ′2 (m) + φ1 (m) = 0
2!

c2
(10 + 12m ) + c(4 + 4m) − 9m − 1 = 0
2
c2(5 – 6) + 9 – 1 = 0 ⇒ c2 = 8
∴ c = ±2 2
Thus the asymptotes are
y = –x ± 2 2 or y + x = 2 2 and y + x + 2 2 = 0.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 183

66. Find the asymptotes of: y4 – 2xy3 + 2x 3 y – x 4 – 3x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy2 – 3y3 – 2x 2 + 2y 2 – 1 = 0.

Sol. Putting x = 1, y = m in the highest degree terms, we get
4 3
φ4(m) = m – 2m + 2m – 1
2 3
φ3(m) = – 3 + 3m + 3m – 3m
φ2(m) = – 2 + 2m2
φ1(m) = 0
Slopes of the asymptotes are given by
φ4(m) = 0 or m4 – 2m3 + 2m – 1 = 0
m – 1 – 2m (m2 – 1) = 0
4

(m2 – 1) (m2 + 1) – 2m(m2 – 1) = 0

(m2 – 1) (m2 + 1 – 2m) = 0
or (m2 – 1) (m – 1)2 = 0
or (m + 1) (m – 1) (m – 1)2 = 0
⇒ m = 1, 1, 1, –1
φ3 (m)
When m = – 1, c= − =0 [∵ φ3 (m) = 0 for m = – 1]
φ′4 (m)
The corresponding asymptote is
y = – x or y + x = 0
When m = 1 (thrice repeated root) c is given by

c3 c2
φ′′′4 (m) + φ′′3 (m) + c . φ′2 (m) + φ1 (m) = 0
3! 2!

c3 c2
(24m − 12) + (6 − 18m) + c (4m ) = 0
6 2
3 2
⇒ 2c – 6c + 4c = 0
2
2c(c – 3c + 2) = 0
2c(c – 1) (c – 2) = 0
∴ c = 0, 1, 2
Hence all the asymptotes are given by
y = x, y = x + 1, y = x + 2 and y + x = 0.
67. Find all the asymptotes of the following curves :

x2 y2
(a) 2
–=1 (b) xy(x2 – y2) + 3x2 – 4y2 + 1 = 0.
a b2
Sol. (a) The equation of the given curve is

x2 y2
− =1
a2 b2

x2 y2
or −
−1 = 0
a2 b2
The equation is of the form Fn + Fn – 2 = 0
where Fn is of degree n = 2 and Fn can be resolved into real linear non-repeated factors.
184 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Thus the asymptotes are given by Fn = 0

x2 y2 b2
or 2
− 2
= 0 or y2 = 2
x2
a b a
b
⇒ y= ± x.
a
(b) The equation of the given curve is

[ xy( x 2 − y2 )] + (3x 2 − 4 y2 + 1) = 0
The equation is of the form Fn + Fn – 2 = 0 [Here n = 4]
Where Fn can be split up into linear non-repeated factor.
Thus the asymptotes are given by
Fn = 0
or xy(x – y2) = 0 or xy(x + y) (x – y) = 0
2

∴ x =0, y = 0, x – y = 0 and x + y = are the required asymptotes.

68. Discuss intersection of a curve and its asymptotes.
Sol. Let y = mx + c be an asymptote of the curve
 y  y  y
x n φn   + x n − 1 . φn − 1   + x n − 2 φn − 2   + .... = 0
x x x
Eliminating y, we get abscissae of the points of intersection given by

 c  c  c
x n φn  m +  + x n − 1 . φn − 1 m + x  + x
n−2
φn − 2  m + x  + ... = 0
 x    
Expanding by Taylor’s Theorem, we have

 c2 
x n − 2  φ′′n (m) + c φ′n − 1 (m) + φn − 2 (m)  + x n − 3 [...] = 0
 2 ! 
which is of degree (n – 2) and this gives n – 2 values of x. Hence if a curve of nth degree has n
asymptotes, then they all intersect the curve in n(n – 2) points.
For the cubic n = 3 and therefore the asymptotes cut the curve in 3(3 – 2) = 3 points which lie on
a curve of degree (3 – 2) = 1, i.e., on a straight line.
For a curve of 4th degree, n = 4 and therefore the asymptotes cut the curve in 4(4 – 2) = 8 points
which lie on a curve of degee 4 – 2 = 2, i.e., on a conic Rule to find the equation of the curve on
which lie the points of intersection of the curve and its asymptotes.
1. Find all the asymptotes of the given curve and hence the joint equation of all the asymptotes.
2. Write this equation in such a way that the highest degree term in x is the same as in the
equation of the curve. Denote this by Fn = 0.
3. Re-write the given equation of the curve in the form Fn + Fn – 2 = 0, where Fn is of step 2 above.
4. Then the equation Fn – 2 = 0 gives the curve on which lie the points of intersection of the
curve and its asymptotes.
69. Show that the points of intersection of the curve.
3 2 2 3 2 2
2y – 2x y – 4xy + 4x – 14xy + 6y + 4x + 6y + 1 = 0.
and its asymptotes lie on the straight line 8x + 2y + 1 = 0.
Sol. The equation of the given curve is
2 y3 − 2x 2 y − 4 xy2 + 4 x 3 − 14 xy + 6 y2 + 4 x 2 + 6 y + 1 = 0 ... (1)
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 185

To find the asymptotes of Equation (1) :

The curve has no asymptotes parallel to x-axis or y-axis because the co-efficient of highest degree
terms in x and y i.e., x3 and y3, are constants.
rd nd 3 2
Putting x = 1, y = m in the 3 and 2 degree terms, we get φ3(m) = 2m – 2m – 4m + 4 and
φn – 1(m) or φ2(m) = –14m + 6m2 + 4
The slopes of the asymptotes are given by
φn(m) = 0 or 2m3 – 2m – 4m2 + 4 = 0
2 2
or 2m(m – 1) – 4(m – 1) = 0
2
or (2m – 4) (m – 1) = 0
∴ m = 2, 1, – 1
Also, φ′n(m) = φ′3(m) = 6m2 – 2 – 8m
φn − 1 (m) φ2 (m) − 14m + 6m2 + 4 7m − 3m2 − 2
c= − =− =− =
φ′n (m) φ′3 (m) 6m2 − 2 − 8m 3m2 − 4m − 1
When m = 2, c = 0
When m = 1, c = – 1
When m = – 1, c = – 2
Putting these values of m and c in y = mx + c, the asymptotes are
y = 2x, y = x – 1 and x + y + 2 = 0
Thus the 3 asymptotes will cut the curve in 3(3 – 2) or 3 points
The joint equation of the asymptotes is
(2x – y) (x – y – 1) (x + y + 2) = 0
3 2 2 3 2 2
or y – x y – 2xy + 2x – 7xy + 3y + 2x + 2y – 4x = 0
Mutiplying by 2

2 y3 − 2x 2 y − 4 xy2 + 4 x 3 − 14 xy + 6 y2 + 4 x 2 + 4 y − 8 x = 0
Now the equation of the curve is

2 y3 − 2x 2 y − 4 xy2 + 4 x 3 − 14 xy + 6 y2 + 4 x 2 + 6 y + 1 = 0
which can be re-written as

[2 y3 − 2x 2 y − 4 xy2 + 4 x 3 − 14 xy + 6 y2 + 4 x 2 + 4 y − 8 x ] + [2y + 8x + 1] = 0
which is of the form Fn + Fn – 2 = 0
Hence the points of intersection lie on the curve Fn–2 = 0 or 2y + 8x + 1 = 0 or 8x + 2y + 1 = 0 which
is the required straight line.
70. Show that the asymptotes of the curve:

(x 2 – y 2 ) (y2 – 4x 2 ) + 6x 3 – 5x 2 y – 3xy 2 + 2y3 – x 2 + 3xy – 1 = 0

cut the curve in 8 points which lie on a circle of radius unity.
Sol. The given equation of the curve is

( x 2 − y2 ) ( y2 − 4 x 2 ) + 6 x 3 − 5x 2 y − 3xy2 + 2 y3 − x 2 + 3xy − 1 = 0 ...(1)

4 4
Since co-efficients of x and y are constants, the curve has no asymptotes parallel to x-axis or
y-axis.
Putting x = 1, y = m in the two highest degree terms in (1), we have
2 2
φn(m) = φ4(m) = (1 – m ) (m – 4)
and φn – 1(m) = φ3(m) = 6 – 5m – 3m2 + 2m3
186 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

The slopes of the asymptotes are given by

φn(m) = 0 or (1 – m2) (m2 – 4) = 0
∴ m = ± 1, ± 2

Also, φ′4(m) = (1 − m2 ) 2m + (m2 − 4) ( − 2m ) = −2m(2m2 − 5)

φn − 1 (m) φ3 (m ) 6 − 5m − 3m2 + 2m3

Now, c = − =− =
φ′n (m) φ′4 (m ) 2m(2m2 − 5)
When m = 1, c = 0, When m = 2, c = 0
When m = – 1, c = 1, When m = – 2, c = 1
Putting these values of m and c in y = mx + c, the required asymptotes are
y = x, y = – x + 1, y = 2x and y = – 2x + 1
or x – y = 0, x + y – 1 = 0, y – 2x = 0 and y + 2x – 1 = 0
The 4 asymptotes will cut the curve again in 4(4 – 2) = 8 points.
The joint equation of all the asymptotes is
(x – y) (x + y – 1) (y – 2x) (y + 2x – 1) = 0
or [(x2 – y2) – x + y] [(y2 – 4x2) – y + 2x] = 0 ... (2)
or (x – y ) (y – 4x2) + 6x3 – 3xy2 + 2y3 – 2x2 – y2 + 3xy = 0
2 2 2

The equation of the curve (1) can be written as

[(x2 – y2) (y2 – 4x2) + 6x3 – 3xy2 + 2y3 – 2x2 – y2 + 3xy] + (x2 + y2 – 1) = 0 [Here n = 4]
which is of the form Fn + Fn – 2 = 0
Hence the points of intersection lie on the curve Fn – 2 = 0 or x2 + y2 – 1 = 0, which is a circle of
radius unity.
71. Find the equation of the hyperbola having x + y – 1 = 0 and x – y + 2 = 0 as its asymptotes and
passing through the origin.
Sol. The joint equation of the asymptotes is
F2 = (x + y – 1) (x – y + 2) = 0 ...(1)
Since the equation of the curve which has asymptotes given by Fn = 0 is of the form
Fn + Fn – 2 = 0
∴ The equation of the curve which has asymptotes given by (1) is of the form
F2 + F0 = 0
or (x + y – 1) (x – y + 2) + k = 0 ...(2)
(Since F0 of zero degree and so a constant)
This passes through the origin (0, 0) if
(– 1) (2) + k = 0 ⇒ k = 2
Putting this value of k in (2), the required equation is
(x + y – 1) (x – y + 2) + 2 = 0
2 2
or x – y + x + 3y = 0.
72. Find the equation of the cubic which has the same asymptotes as the curve x3 – 6x2y + 11xy2 – 6y3
+ x + y + 1 = 0 and which passes through the points (0, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 1).
Sol. The given equation of the curve is
x 3 − 6 x 2 y + 11xy2 − 6 y3 + x + y + 1 = 0
or (x – y) (x – 2y) (x – 3y) + (x + y + 1) = 0
which is of the form Fn + Fn – 2 = 0 (where n = 3) and Fn consists of linear non-repeated factors.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 187

Thus the asymptotes are given by Fn = 0

or (x – y) (x – 2y) (x – 3y) = 0
i.e., x – y = 0, x – 2y = 0, x – 3y = 0
The joint equation of the asymptotes is
F3 = (x – y) (x – 2y) (x – 3y) = 0 ...(1)
∴ The equation of any cubic having the asymptotes given by (1) is of the form
F3 + F1 = 0
or F3 + (ax + by + c) = 0
or ( x − y ) ( x − 2 y ) ( x − 3 y ) + ( ax + by + c ) = 0 ...(2)
where ax + by + c is a general linear expression.
Since the curve (1) passes through (0, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 1)
∴ c = 0, 1 + a + c = 0 and –6 + b + c = 0
which gives a = – 1, b = 6, c = 0
Putting these values in (2), the required cubic is
( x − y) ( x − 2 y) ( x − 3 y) − x + 6 y = 0

or x 3 − 6 x 2 y +11xy2 − 6 y3 − x + 6 y = 0.
73. Find the asymptotes of the curve: 4x3 + 2x2 – 3xy2 – y3 – 1 – xy – y2 = 0.
Sol. The given equation of the curve may be written as
4 x 3 − 4 xy2 + xy2 − y3 + 2x 2 − 2xy + xy − y2 − 1 = 0
or (4 x 2 + 4 xy + y2 ) ( x − y ) = 2xy + y2 − 2x 2 − xy + 1
⇒ ( y + 2x )2 ( x − y ) − ( y + 2x ) ( x − y ) − 1 = 0
Asymptotes corresponding to y + 2x are given by
1
(y + 2x )2 + (y + 2x ) − lim = 0
x→∞ ( y + 2x )2
2
⇒ (y + 2x) + (y + 2x) = 0
⇒ (y + 2x) (y + 2x + 1) = 0
or y + 2x = 0, y + 2x + 1 = 0 ...(1)
Asymptote corresponding to x – y is given by
 1   1 
( x − y ) + lim   − xlim  2  = 0
x → ∞  y + 2x  → ∞  ( y + 2x ) 
 
y
→1
x
⇒ x – y = 0 or y = x
Hence required asymptotes are y = x, y + 2x = 0, y + 2x + 1 = 0.
Q. 74. Find the asymptotes of the curve
y4 − 2xy3 + 2x 3 y − x 4 − 3x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 − 3y3 − 2x 2 + 2y2 − 1 = 0.
Sol. Since the co-efficient of y4 and x4, the highest degree terms in y and x, are constants, there-
fore there are no asymptotes parallel to y-axis or x-axis. The given equation may be written as
( y − x )3 ( y + x ) − 3 ( y − x )2 ( y + x ) + 2 ( y − x ) ( y + x ) − 1 = 0
Asymptotes corresponding to y + x is
y+x y+x  1 
( y + x ) − 3 . lim   + 2 . xlim = lim  = 0
x →∞  y − x  → ∞ ( y − x )2 x → ∞ ( y 2
 − x ) 
y y y
→ −1 → −1 → −1
x x x
188 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

y  y 
 x +1  x + 1 1
( y + x ) − 3 . lim   
⇒  + 2 . lim − lim = 0
x→∞  y x → ∞ 2 x → ∞ ( y − x )3
 − 1  y 
y  x  y  − 1 y
→ −1 → −1  x  → −1
x x x
⇒ y+x = 0 ...(1)
(Since all other terms vanish)
Again, asymptotes corresponding to (y – x) is
 1 
( y − x )3 − 3( y − x )2 + 2( y − x ) − lim   =0
x →∞  y + x 
y
→1
x

⇒ ( y − x )3 − 3( y − x )2 + 2( y − x ) = 0
⇒ y – x = 0, y – x = 1, y – x = 2 ...(2)
Hence the required asymptotes are, y + x = 0, y – x = 0, y – x = 1 and y – x = 2.
75. Find the asymptotes of the curve: (x2 – y2)2 – 4y2 + y = 0.
Sol. There is no asymptote parallel to x-axis or y-axis because the co-efficients of x4 and y4, the
highest degree terms in x and y, are constants.
The given equation may be written as
(y + x)2 (x – y)2 = 4y2 – y
Asymptotes corresponding to (x + y)2 are
  y 2 y 
4   − 2 
 4 y2 − y   x x 
(x + y)2 = xlim   = lim  2 
→ ∞  ( x − y )2  x →∞ y
     
y
→ −1
y
→ −1 
1 − x  
x x    
= 1
∴ Asymptotes parallel to y + x = 0 are x + y = ± 1.
Again, Asymptotes corresponding to (x – y)2 are
  y 2 y 
4   − 2 
 x x 
(x – y)2 = lim  2  = 1, ∴ x–y=±1
x→∞ y
   
y
→1 
1 − x  
x    
∴ Required asymptotes are
x + y = ± 1, x – y = ± 1.

76. Find the asymptotes of the curve: xy2 + x 2 y + xy + y2 + 3x = 0.

Sol. Asymptote parallel to y-axis is given by co-efficient of the equation
(x + 1)y2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
Asymptote parallel to x-axis is given by y = 0
Also, the curve is xy(x + y) + y(x + y) + 3x = 0
Asymptote corresponding to x + y is
x + y 1
( x + y ) + lim   + xlim 3. = 0
x →∞  x  →∞ y
y y
→ −1 → −1
x x
⇒ x+y = 0
∴ Required asymptotes are y = 0, x + 1 = 0 and x + y = 0.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 189

77. Find the asymptotes of the curve: x 3 – 2x 2 y + xy 2 + x 2 – xy + 2 = 0.

Sol. The equation of curve is
2
x(x – y) + x(x – y) + 2 = 0 ...(1)
Let x = k be an asymptote of the curve.
From equation (1),
2
k(k – y) + k(k – y) + 2 = 0
Equating the higher power co-efficient of y, to zero, we get
k = 0
∴ Asymptote parallel to x = 0 is x = 0 itself.
Again, put x – y = k1 in equation (1), we get

xk12 + xk1 + 2 = 0 ⇒ x ( k12 + k1 ) + 2 = 0

Equating the co-efficient of highest power of x to zero, we get

k12 + k1 = 0 ⇒ k1 = 0, – 1
Hence the asymptotes parallel to x – y = 0 are x – y = 0 itself and x – y = – 1
∴ All asymptotes are : x = 0, x = y and x = y – 1.
2 3
78. Find all the asymptotes of the curve xy + y – x – y = 1. [U.P.T.U., (AG) 2005]
Sol. The equation may be written as
2 3
x(y – 1) + y – y – 1 = 0
2
Asymptote parallel to x-axis is y – 1 = 0 or y = ± 1.
3
The curve has no asymptote parallel to y-axis because co-efficient of y (the highest power) is a
constant.
To find the oblique asymptote put x = 1, y = m in the 3rd degree and 2nd degree terms.
2 3
φ3(m) = m + m
φ2(m) = 0
φ1(m) = – 1 – m
2
Slope of the asymptote is given by φ3(m) = 0 ⇒ m (1 + m) = 0
1+m = 0 ⇒ m=–1
φ2 (m)
c = − =0
φ′3 (m)
∴ Asymptote is y = – x or x + y = 0.
Hence all the asymptotes are
y = ± 1 and x + y = 0.
2 2 2 2 2
79. Show that asymptotes of the curve x y = a (x + y ) form a square of side 2a. (M.D.U., May 2009)
Sol. The given equation is
2 2 2 2 2 2
xy –ax –ay =0 ...(1)
2
Equating to zero the coefficient of the highest power of x i.e., x in equation (1), we get
2 2
y –a =0
or y = ±a
which are asymptotes parallel to x-axis.
2
Again equating to zero, the coefficient of the highest power of y i.e., y in equation (1), we get
x2 – a2 = 0 or x = ± a
which are asymptotes parallel to y-axis.
190 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Hence all asymptotes are x = ± a, y = ± a which form a square of side 2a.

(–a, a) (a, a)

(–a, –a) (a, –a)

80. What is the working rule for finding polar equation of an asymptote to the curve r = f(θ) ?
Sol. Polar equation of an asymptote to the curve r = f(θ) is
 dθ  1
p = r sin (θ1 – θ), where p = lim  − , u = and θ1 is a root of the equation obtained by
θ → θ1  du  r
putting u = 0.
Working Rule is
1
Step I : Put r = in the given equation. Also change all T-ratios, if any, into sin θ and cos θ.
u
Step II : Find the limit of θ as u → 0. Let θ1 be this limit or one of the limits if more than one such
limits exist.
 dθ 
Step III : Determine p = lim  −  for value or values of θ obtained in Step II.
θ → θ1  du 
u→0
Step IV : Putting the values of p and θ1 in the equation p = r sin (θ1 – θ) we get the corresponding
asymptote.

 dθ 
If lim  −  does not tend to a finite limit; then there is no asymptote corresponding to the
θ → θ1  du 
value θ = θ1.
81. Find the asymptotes of the hyperbolic spiral rθ = a.
Sol. The equation of the curve is
rθ = a
1 θ θ
Put r = =a ⇒ u=
u u a
θ
As u → 0, → 0 i.e., θ → 0, ∴ θ1 = 0
a
θ du 1
Since u = , =
a dθ a
 dθ 
p = lim  −  = lim ( − a ) = − a
θ → θ1 du  θ → 0
∴ Equation of asymptote is
p = r sin (θ1 – θ) = – r sin θ
i.e., – a = – r sin θ
or a = r sin θ.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 191

82. Find the asymptotes of the curve: r cos θ = a sin2 θ .

Sol. Equation of the curve is
2
r cos θ = a sin θ
1 1
Put r = ∴ cos θ = a sin2 θ
u u
cos θ
or u =
a sin2 θ

π
As u → 0, cos θ → 0 ∴ θ → (2n + 1) where n is a positive integer.
2
π
i.e., θ1 = (2n + 1)
2
cos θ
Since u=
a sin2 θ

du 1  sin2 θ ( − sin θ) − cos θ . 2 sin θ cos θ  1  − (sin2 θ + 2 cos2 θ) 

∴ =  4
 =  
dθ a  sin θ  a  sin3 θ 

 dθ   a sin3 θ 
∴ p = lim  − = lim  
 sin2 θ + 2 cos2 θ 
θ − θ1  du  π
θ → (2n + 1)  
2

π
Since sin (2n + 1) = (– 1)n
2
π
and cos (2n + 1) = 0,
2

[( − 1)n ]3
p= a = a( − 1)n
[( − 1)n ]2 + 0
∴ Equation of the asymptote is
p = r sin (θ1 – θ)
 π 
or a(– 1)n = r sin (2n + 1) − θ 
 2 

 π 
⇒ a(– 1)n = r sin  nπ + − θ 
 2 

n π 
⇒ a(– 1)n = ( − 1) r sin  − θ 
2 
⇒ a(– 1)n = r cos θ (– 1)n
⇒ a = r cos θ
83. Find the asymptotes of the curve: r = a sec θ + b tan θ .
1 1 a b sin θ
Sol. Put r = , = +
u u cos θ cos θ

1 a + b sin θ
⇒ =
u cos θ
192 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

cos θ
or u =
a + b sin θ
π
As u → 0, cos θ → 0 or θ → (2n + 1)
2
π
i.e., θ1 = (2n + 1)
2
du ( a + b sin θ) ( − sin θ) − cos θ (b cos θ) ( a sin θ + b)
Now, = 2
= −
dθ ( a + b sin θ) ( a + b sin θ)2

 dθ  ( a + b sin θ)
2 [ a + b( − 1)n ]2
p = lim  −  = =
θ → θ1  du  a sin θ + b [ a( − 1)n + b]
Equation of asymptotes is
p = r sin (θ1 – θ)
 π 
or p = r sin  nπ + − θ 
 2 
n
⇒ p = (– 1) . r cos θ

[ a + b( − 1)n ]2
i.e., = (– 1)n r cos θ
[ a( − 1)n + b]
If n is even, equation is a + b = r cos θ.
If n is odd, equation of asymptote is
( a − b)2
= – r cos θ
( − a + b)
i.e., r cos θ = a – b.
Hence equation of the asymptote is
r cos θ = a + b and r cos θ = a – b.
When n is even or odd respectively.
a
84. Prove that the curve: r = has no asymptotes.
1 – cos θ
Sol. The equation of the curve is
a
r =
1 − cos θ
1 1 a 1 − cos θ
Put r = , ∴ = ⇒ u=
u u 1 − cos θ a

1 − cos θ
As u → 0, → 0 i.e., cos θ → 1 or cos θ → cos 0.
a
∴ θ → 2nπ ± 0 = 2nπ
∴ θ1 = 2nπ, where n is any integer.
1 − cos θ du sin θ
Since u = ∴ =
a dθ a

 dθ   a  a
lim  −  = lim  − =− −∞
 du 
θ → θ1 θ → 2nπ  sin θ  sin 2nπ
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 193

 dθ 
∴ lim  −  does not exist.
θ → θ1  du 

a
∴ The curve r = has no asymptote.
1 − cos θ
85. Find the asymptotes of the curve: r (θ 2 – π 2) = 2aθ .

1 1 2 θ2 − π2
Sol. Put r = , ( θ − π2 ) = 2aθ ⇒ u =
u u 2aθ
As u → 0, θ1 = ± π

θ2 − π2
Since u =
2aθ

du 1 ( θ2 + π2 )
= .
dθ 2a θ2

 dθ   − 2aθ2 
∴ lim  −  = lim  2 =−a
θ → π  du  θ → π  θ + π2 
 

 dθ   − 2aθ2 
and lim  −  = lim  2 =−a
θ → −π  du  θ → − π  θ + π2 
 
∴ p = –a
Equation of asymptotes is
p = r sin (θ1 – θ)
– a = r sin (± π – θ)
Taking (+ ve) sign, – a = r sin ( π − θ) = r sin θ
i.e., r sin θ + a = 0
Taking (– ve) sign, – a = r sin ( − π − θ)
– a = − r sin ( π + θ )
–a = − r ( − sin θ)
r sin θ = –a
r sin θ + a = 0, which is same as above.
Hence there is only one asymptote
r sin θ + a = 0.
2a
86. Find the asymptotes of the curve r = .
1 – 2 cos θ

2a
Sol. Equation of the curve is r =
1 − 2 cos θ

1 1 − 2 cos θ
Put r = , u =
u 2a

1 π
As u → 0, 1 – 2 cos θ → 0 or cos θ = = cos
2 3
194 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

π π
∴ θ = 2nπ ± or θ1 = 2nπ ±
3 3
1 − 2 cos θ
Since u =
2a
du 1 sin θ
∴ = (2 sin θ) =
dθ 2a a
 dθ   a 
p = lim  − = lim − 
 du  θ → 2nπ ± π
θ → θ1  sin θ
3
a
p = − ,
 π
sin  ± 
 3
Equation of the asymptote is
p = r sin ( θ1 − θ)
π
p = r sin (2nπ ± − θ)
3
a  π 
− = r sin  2nπ ± − θ 
sin ( ± π / 3)  3 
Taking upper sign, we have
a π 
+ = − r sin  − θ 
sin ( + π / 3) 3 
π  2a
or r sin  − θ  = −
 3  3
Taking lower sign, we have
π  a 2a
r sin  + θ  = − =−
 3  π 3
sin
3
Hence the required asymptotes are
π  2a
r sin  ± θ  = −
 3  3
π  2a
⇒ r sin  ± θ  + = 0.
3  3
87. Find the asymptotes of the curve: r = a cosec θ + b.
(M.D.U., 2009; Amity Uni. 2008; U.P.T.U., 2007, 2009)
Sol. The equation of the given curve is

a a + b sin θ
r = a cosec θ + b = +b =
sin θ sin θ

1 sin θ
Put r = , ∴ u=
u a + b sin θ
As u → 0, sin θ = 0 ∴ θ1 = nπ
du ( a + b sin θ) cos θ − sin θ (b cos θ) a cos θ
= =
dθ ( a + b sin θ)2 ( a + b sin θ)2
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 195

 dθ   ( a + b sin θ)2 
p = lim  −  = lim  − 
θ → θ1  du  θ → nπ 
 a cos θ 

a2 −a
= − n
=
a . ( − 1) ( − 1)n
Equation of the asymptote is
p = r sin ( θ1 − θ)
p = r sin ( nπ − θ)
−a
= r sin ( nπ − θ)
( − 1)n
a
− ( − 1)n r sin ( − θ) = |sin ( nπ + α ) = ( − 1)n sin α
( − 1)n

or ( − 1)2n r sin θ = a
i.e., r sin θ = a
Hence there is only one asymptote
r sin θ = a
88. Find the asymptotes of the curve: r = a tan θ .
(M.D.U., Dec., 2006; M.D.U. May 2008, U.P.T.U., 2007 ; A.U.U.P., 2005, 2007)
Sol. Equation of the curve is
r = a tan θ
1 1
∴ = cot θ
r a
1 cos θ
Put r = , ∴ u =
u a sin θ
As u → 0, cos θ = 0
π
∴ θ1 = (2n + 1) , where n is any integer.
2
cot θ
Since u = ,
a
du 1
= − cosec2 θ
dθ a
dθ a
− =
du cosec 2 θ

 dθ   2  nπ  
lim  −  = a ∵ cosec  nπ + = 1
 du 
θ → θ1   2  
Equation of asymptotes is
p = r sin (θ1 – θ)

 π 
or a = r sin (2n + 1) − θ 
 2 
196 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

When n = 0, a = r cos θ

 π 
When n = 1, a = r sin  3 − θ 
 2 
or a = – r cos θ i.e., r cos θ = – a

 π 
When n = 2, a = r sin  5 − θ  = r cos θ
 2 

π
Which is same as corresponding to when n = 0 or θ1 = .
2
Hence there are two asymptotes only
r cos θ = a
and r cos θ = – a
i.e., r cos θ = ± a.
89. Find the asymptotes of the curve: r = a (sec θ + tan θ ). (M.D.U., 2008)
Sol. Equation of the curve is
(1 + sin θ)
r = a(sec θ + tan θ) = a .
cos θ

1 cos θ
Put r = , u =
u a (1 + sin θ)
π
As u → 0, cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ = (2n + 1)
2

du (1 + sin θ) ( − sin θ) − cos θ . cos θ − sin θ − sin2 θ − cos2 θ

= =
dθ a(1 + sin θ)2 a(1 + sin θ)2
− 1 + sin θ 1
= 2
= −
a (1 + sin θ ) a(1 + sin θ)

dθ
∴ − = a (1 + sin θ)
du

 dθ 
lim  −  = a . lim (1 + sin θ) = a[1 + ( − 1)n ]
 du 
θ → θ1
θ → (2n + 1)
π
2
∴ Equation of asymptotes is
 π 
p = r sin ( θ1 − θ) = r sin (2n + 1) − θ 
 2 
a[1 + (– 1)n] = r cos θ (–1)n i.e., when n is even, we get r cos θ = 2a
When n is odd, r cos θ = 0
Hence the asymptotes of the curve r = a(sec θ + tan θ) are r cos θ = 0 and r cos θ = 2a.
90. Find the circular asymptote of the curve : r (θ + sin θ) = 2θ + cos θ.

cos θ
2+
2θ + cos θ θ
Sol. Equation of the given curve is r = =
θ + sin θ 1 + sin θ
θ
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 197

cos θ
2+
θ 2 + 0 × a finite value between − 1 and 1 2+0
lim = = = 2.
θ→∞ sin θ 1 + 0 × a finite value between − 1 and 1 1 +0
1+
θ
Hence r = 2 is the required circular asymptote.
θ θ
91. Prove that the circular asymptote of the curve r(e – 1) = a (e + 1) is r = a.

a( e θ + 1) a(1 + e −θ )
Sol. The curve is r = =
eθ − 1 (1 − e −θ )
Taking limit as θ → ∞, we get
a(1 + e −θ )
lim = a
θ→∞ (1 − e −θ )
∴ Circular aysmptote is r = a.

θ2 − 1
92. Find the circular asymptote of the curve: r = .
θ2 + 1

θ2 − 1
Sol. The curve is r =
θ2 + 1
 1 
 θ2 − 1  1 − 
lim  2  = lim  θ2  = 1
θ→∞  θ +1 θ→∞  1 
  1 + 
 θ2 
∴ Circular asymptote is r = 1.
2 2
93. Find the circular asymptote of the curve: r (2θ – 3θ + 7) = 6θ + 5θ – 1.
5 1
− 6+
6θ2 + 5θ − 1 θ θ2
Sol. Curve is r = =
2θ2 − 3θ + 7 2 − 3 + 7
θ θ2
 5 1 
6 + −
θ θ2   1 1 
lim 
3 7 
 = 3 ∵ and 2 tend to zero when θ → 0 
θ→∞   θ θ 
2− +
 θ θ2 
Hence circular asymptote is r = 3.
94. How do you find the radius of curvature of the curve of the types:
(i) s = f(ψ) at the point (s, ψ)
(ii) Explicit Equation y = f(x)
(iii) Implicit Equation f(x, y) = 0
(iv) Parametric Equation x = f(t), y = φ(t).

ds
Sol. (i) Radius of curvature at the point (s, ψ) denoted by ρ is given by ρ =
dψ
3
 2
 dy   2
1 +   
  dx  
(ii) ρ =
d2 y
dx 2
198 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

However, this formula does not hold good when the tangent at (x, y) is parallel to y-axis or
dy
perpendicular to x-axis for then = slope of the tangent is infinite.
dx
(iii) For implicit equation f(x, y) = 0,
3/2
( fx )2 + ( fy )2 
ρ =  
fxx ( fy )2 − 2 fx fy fxy + fyy ( fx )2
(iv) For parametric equations x = f(t), y = φ(t)
( x ′2 + y′2 )3 / 2
ρ =
x ′y′′ − y′x ′′
where dashes denote differentiation w.r.t., parameter t.
a a
95. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x + y = a at  ,  .
4 4

Sol. Equation of the curve is x + y = a

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we have
1 −1 / 2 1 −1 / 2 dy
x + y . = 0
2 2 dx

dy x −1 / 2 y
or = − −1 / 2 = −
dx y x
Differentiating again w.r.t. x, we have
1 −1 / 2 dy 1
d2 y x1 / 2 . .y − y1 / 2 . . x −1 / 2 x + y a
= − 2 dx 2 = =
dx 2 x 2x x 2x x

a a dy
At  ,  , = –1
4 4 dx

d2 y a a 4
2
= = =
dx 2x x a a a
2.
4 4
3/2
 2
 dy  
1 +   
a a   dx   (1 + 1)3 / 2 a
∴ ρ at  ,  = = = .
4 4 d2 y 4 2
dx 2 a

 3a 3a 
96. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x3 + y3 = 3axy at  , .
 2 2 
(M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
3 3
Sol. Equation of curve is x + y = 3axy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we have
dy  dy 
3x 2 + 3 y2 = 3a  x + y
dx  dx 
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 199

dy
or ( y2 − ax ) = ay – x2 ...(1)
dx
 3a 3a 
At  , ,
 2 2 
 9a 2 3a2  dy 3a 2 9a 2
 −  = −
 4 
2  dx 2 4

dy
⇒ = –1
dx
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we have

d2 y  dy  dy dy
( y2 − ax ) 2
+  2y − a = a − 2x
dx  dx  dx dx

 3a 3a 
At  ,  , we have
 2 2 

 9a2 3a2  d2 y
 −  + [3a( − 1) − a ] ( − 1) = a(–1) – 3a
 4 2  dx 2


3a2 d2 y d2 y 32
or . = – 8a, ∴ 2
= −
4 dx 2 dx 3a

3/2
 2
 dy  
1 +   
 3a 3a    dx   8 3a
Hence ρ at  ,  = = = .
 2 2  d2 y 32 8 2
−
dx 2 3a

x2 y2 a 2b2
97. Prove that for the ellipse: + = 1, ρ = . Where p is the perpendicular from the centre
a2 b2 p3
upon the tangent at (x, y). (M.D.U., Dec., 2005 May 2009.)

x2 y2
Sol. Any point (x, y) on the ellipse 2
+
= 1 is (a cos θ, b sin θ) or simply ‘θ’.
a b2
Parametric equations of the ellipse are x = a cos θ and y = b sin θ.
⇒ x ′ = – a sin θ, y′ = b cos θ
x ′′ = – a cos θ, y′′ = – b sin θ

( x ′2 + y′2 )3 / 2 ( a 2 sin 2 θ + b2 cos2 θ)3 / 2

∴ ρ at ‘θ’ = =
x ′y′′ − y′x ′′ ab sin 2 θ + ab cos2 θ

( a 2 sin 2 θ + b2 cos2 θ)3 / 2

=
ab
Equation of tangent at ‘θ’ is
x y
cos θ + sin θ = 1 ...(1)
a b
200 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

p = length of ⊥ from centre (0, 0) on tangent

1 ab
= =
2 2
cos θ sin θ a sin θ + b2 cos2 θ
2 2
2
+ 2
a b
a3b3
⇒ p3 = ...(2)
( a sin θ + b2 cos2 θ)3 / 2
2 2

Multiplying (1) and (2),

ρp3 = a2b2
a 2b2
or ρ =.
p3
2/3
98. Prove that the radius of curvature at any point of the curve x + y2/3 = a2/3, is three times the
length of the perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at that point.
(U.P.T.U., 2008, M.D.U., 2007 ; Amity Univ. Noida 2009)
Sol. The equation of the curve is x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3
Its parametric equations are
3 3
x = cos t, y = a sin t
2
⇒ x ′ = − 3a cos t sin t , y′ = 3a sin 2 t cos t

x ′′ = − 3a (cos3 t − 2 cos t sin 2 t )

2 2
or x ′′ = 3a cos t (2 sin t − cos t )

y′′ = 3a (2 sin t cos2 t − sin3 t ) = 3a sin t (2 cos2 t − sin 2 t )

x ′2 + y′2 = 9a (cos t sin t + sin t cos t)

2 4 2 4 2
∴

x ′2 + y′2 = 9a sin t cos t

2 2 2
or

x ′y′′ − y′x ′′ = − 9a 2 sin 2 t cos2 t (2 cos2 t − sin 2 t ) − 9a 2 sin 2 t cos2 t (2 sin 2 t − cos2 t )

= − 9a 2 sin 2 t cos2 t (cos2 t + sin 2 t ) = − 9a 2 sin 2 t cos2 t

∴ ρ at any point t i.e., (a cos3 t, a sin3 t)

( x ′2 + y′2 )3 / 2 (9a 2 cos2 t sin2 t )3 / 2

= =
x ′y′′ − y′x ′′ − 9a 2 sin 2 t cos2 t

27a3 cos3 t sin3 t

= = − 3a sin t cos t
− 9a 2 sin 2 t cos2 t
or 3a sin t cos t (in magnitude)

dy y′ 3a sin 2 t cos t
Now, = = = − tan t .
dx x ′ − 3a cos2 t sin t
∴ Equation of tangent at (a cos3 t, a sin3 t) is
y – a sin3 t = – tan t(x – a cos3 t)
sin t
or y – a sin3 t = − ( x − a cos3 t )
cos t
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 201

3
y cos t − a sin3 t cos t = − x sin t + a sin t cos t
or x sin t + y cot t – a sin t cos t(sin2t + cos2t) = 0
⇒ x sin t + y cos t – a sin t cos t = 0
p = length of ⊥ from the origin (0, 0) on the tangent at t
|0 + 0 − a sin t cos t |
= = a sin t cos t
sin 2 t + cos2 t
Obviously, ρ = 3p. Hence proved.
99. The tangents at two points P, Q on the cycloid x = a (θ – sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ) are at right angles.
Show that if ρ1, ρ2 be the radii of curvature at these points, then ρ12 + ρ22 = 16a 2 .
Sol. Here, x = a(θ – sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ)
x′ = a(1 – cos θ), y′ = a sin θ
x′′ = a sin θ, y′′ = a cos θ
2 2 2
∴ x ′2 + y′2 = a (1 − 2 cos θ + cos θ + sin θ )

2 2 2 θ
or x ′2 + y′2 = 2a (1 − cos θ) = 4a sin
2

x ′y′′ − y′x ′′ = a 2 cos θ (1 − cos θ) − a 2 sin 2 θ

θ
= a2(cos θ – 1) = − 2a 2 sin 2
2

( x '2 + y′2 )3 / 2 8a3 sin3 θ / 2

∴ ρ at ‘θ’ = =
x ′y′′ − y′x ′′ − 2a 2 sin2 θ / 2
= 4a sin θ/2 (in magnitude)
Let the points P and Q correspond to θ = θ1 and θ = θ2, then
θ1 θ
ρ1 = 4a sin , ρ2 = 4a sin 2
2 2
θ θ
2 sin cos
dy y′ sin θ 2 2 θ
Now, = = = = cot
dx x ′ 1 − cos θ θ 2
2 sin 2
2
θ
⇒ Slope of tangent at ‘θ’ = cot
2
θ1 θ
∴ Slopes of tangents at P and Q are cot and cot 2 .
2 2
Since the tangents at P and Q are perpendicular,
θ1 θ
cot . cot 2 = – 1
2 2
θ2 θ π θ 
⇒ cot = − tan 1 = cot  + 1 
2 2 2 2 
⇒ θ2 = π + θ1
π θ  θ
∴ ρ2 = 4a sin  + 1  = 4a cos 1
2 2  2
202 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2  2 θ 2 θ 
Hence, ρ12 + ρ22 = (4a )  sin 1 + cos 1 
 2 2
2
or ρ12 + ρ22 = 16a .
100. Show that for the parabola y2 = 4ax, ρ2 varies as (SP)3, where ρ is the radius of curvature at any
point P of the parabola and S is the focus of the parabola. (M.D.U., May 2009)
2
Sol. Equation of parabola is y = 4ax
Parametric equations are x = at2, y = 2at
2
Any point P on it is (at , 2at)
x ′ = 2at, y′ = 2a
x ′′ = 2a, y′′ = 0

( x ′ + y′2 )3 / 2 (4a 2t 2 + 4a 2 )3 / 2
2
∴ ρ at P ‘t’ = =
x ′y′′ − y′x ′′ − 4a 2

8a3 (1 + t 2 )3 / 2
= = 2a (1 + t 2 )3 / 2
4a2
2
Also, SP = distance between S(a, 0) and P(at , 2at)
2 2 2
= ( at 2 − a )2 + (2at − 0)2 = a 2 (t 2 − 1)2 + 4 a 2t 2 = a (t + 1) = a(t + 1)

4 3
∴ ρ2 = 4 a 2 (1 + t 2 )3 = . a (1 + t 2 )3
a
4
= . ( SP )3 or ∝ (SP)3
a
Hence, ρ2 varies as (SP)3.
3 3 2/3 2/3 2/3
101. Show that the radius of curvature at the point (a cos θ, a sin θ) on the curve x + y = a , is
3a sin θ cos θ.
Sol. Equation of curve is
3 3
x = a cos θ, y = a sin θ

dy y′ 3a sin 2 θ cos θ
= = = − tan θ
dx x ′ 3a cos2 θ ( − sin θ)

d2 y dθ
Also, = − sec 2 θ .
dx 2 dx
1 1
= − sec2 θ . =
( − 3a cos2 θ sin θ) 3a cos4 θ sin θ

3/2
 2
 dy  
1 +   
  dx   sec3 θ
∴ ρ = =
d2 y 1
dx 2 3a cos4 θ sin θ
⇒ ρ = 3a cos4 θ sin θ sec3 θ or 3a sin θ cos θ.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 203

( x 2 + y2 )3 / 2
102. Show that for rectangular hyperbola: xy = c2, ρ = .
2c2
Sol. Equation of the hyperbola is

2 c2
xy = c or y =
x
Differentiating the above equation w.r.t. x, we get

dy c2
= − 2
dx x

d2 y 2c2
2
=
dx x3
3/2 3/2
 2
 dy    c4 
1 +    1 + 4 
  dx   x 
∴ ρ= =
d2 y 2c / x 3
2

dx 2

( x 4 + c4 )3 / 2 x 3 ( x 2 + y2 )3 / 2 . x 3
= . x3 =
2c2 . ( x 4 )3 / 2 2c2 . x 6

( x 2 + y2 )3 / 2
⇒ ρ= Hence shown.
2c2

a2 ( a − x )
103. Find the radius of curvature of the curve: y2 = at (a, 0).
x
Sol. Given equation is
2 a 
y2 = a  − 1 
x 

y2 a
or = −1
a 2 x

y2 a
or +1 =
a2 x
a3
⇒ x=
y2 + a 2

dx 3  − 2y  − 2a3 y
∴ = a  2 2 2 = 2 2 2
dy  ( y + a )  ( y + a )
dx
At (a, 0), we have =0
dy
d 2x  ( y2 + a2 )2 − y . 2( y2 + a2 ) . 2 y 
2 = − 2a3 .  
dy ( y2 + a2 )4
 
204 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

− 2a3 ( y2 + a 2 ) 2a 3 ( a 2 − 3 y 2 )
= 2 2 4
[ − 4 y2 + y 2 + a 2 ] = −
(y + a ) ( y2 + a 2 )3

d2x 2a5 2
∴ 2 (at a, 0) = − or −
dy 6 a
a
3/2
 2
 dx  
1 +   
  dy   1 a
Hence, ρ = = =−
d2x − 2/a 2
dy2
a
or ρ =
(in magnitude).
2
104. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the curve:
x = a(θ + sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ). (M.D.U., May 2008)
Sol. We have x′ = a(1 + cos θ), y′ = a sin θ
x′′ = – a sin θ, y′′ = a cos θ

( x ′2 + y′2 )3 / 2 [ a 2 (1 + cos θ)2 + a 2 sin 2 θ]3 / 2

ρ = = 2
x ′y′′ − y′x ′′ a cos θ (1 + cos θ) + a 2 sin 2 θ

a[2 (1 + cos θ)]3 / 2

= = a . 23 / 2 . (1 + cos θ)1 / 2
(1 + cos θ)

= 23 / 2a . (2 cos2 θ / 2)1 / 2 = 4 a cos θ / 2

Hence, ρ = 4a cos θ/2.
105. If ρ1 and ρ2 be the radii of curvature at the ends of a focal chord of the parabola y2 = 4ax, then
−2 / 3
prove that: ρ1 + ρ2−2 / 3 = (2a) −2 / 3 . (M.D.U., Dec., 2006, Delhi, 2009)
2
Sol. For the parabola y = 4ax, the extremities of a focal chord will be the points P ( at12 , 2at1 ) and
2
Q ( at2 , 2at2 )
1
Hence, t1t2 = –1 or t2 = − .
t1
x = at2, y = 2at are the parametric equations of parabola y2 = 4ax
x ′ = 2at, y′ = 2a
x ′′ = 2a, y′′ = 0

( x ′2 + y′2 )3 / 2
∴ ρ (at point t) =
( x ′y′′ − y′x ′′)

(4a 2t 2 + 4a 2 )3 / 2 8a 3 (1 + t 2 )3 / 2
ρ = = = 2a (1 + t2)3/2
( − 4a 2 ) − 4a 2
(Neglecting – ve sign)

∴ ρ1 = 2a (1 + t12 )3 / 2 and ρ2 = 2a (1 + t22 )3 / 2

APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 205

 2 2 
 1 1  −2 / 3  1 + t1 + 1 + t2 
Hence, ρ1−2 / 3 + ρ2−2 / 3 = (2a )−2 / 3  + = (2a )
2 2
1 + t1 1 + t2  (
 1 )(
 1 + t2 1 + t2
2 ) 


 2 + t12 + t22 
(2a )−2 / 3 
–2/3
= 2 2 2 2
 = (2a) . 1. (∵ t12 + t22 = 1)
1 + t1 + t2 + t t
1 2 

= (2a)–2/3.
2/3
106. Show that the radius of curvature ρ at any point (x, y) of the curve x + y 2/3 = a 2/3 satisfies
ρ3 = 27axy.
Sol. We know that ρ at any point (x, y) of the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 is 3a sin θ cos θ.
Any point (x, y) is given by x = a cos3 θ, y = a sin3 θ [Pl. see solution of Q. 101]
3 3
Now, ρ = (3a sin θ cos θ)
= 27a3 sin3 θ cos3 θ = 27a(a2sin3 θ cos3 θ)
or ρ3 = 27a (a sin3 θ) (a cos3 θ)
⇒ ρ3 = 27axy. Hence shown.

x
107. Find the radius of curvature at any point (0, c) of the catenary y = c cosh
c

x
Sol. Given equation is y = c cos h
c

dy x 1 x d2 y 1 x
= c . sin h   . = sin h and = . cos h
dx c c c dx 2 c c
3/2
 2
 dy    x
3/2
1 +    2
  dx   1 + sin h 
 c
ρ = =
d2 y 1 x
cos h .
dx 2 c c

(1 + 0)3 / 2
At (0, c) ; ρ = =c.
1
.1
c
x
108. Prove that the radius of curvature for the catenary y = c cos h is equal to the portion of the
c
normal intercepted between the curve and the x-axis and that it varies as the square of the
ordinate.
Sol. As shown in the previous question, radius of curvature is given by
3/2
 2 x
1 + sinh c  x
  = c cosh 2
ρ =
1 x c
cos h
c c
Now portion of the normal intercepted between the curve and the x-axis is called the length of the
normal and is given by y 1 + y12

2
x  x
= c cosh . 1 +  sinh 
c  c
206 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

x x x
= c cosh . cosh = c cosh 2 = ρ .
c c c
Also ρ ∝ y2, which is obvious.
2 13
109. Find the points on the parabola y = 8x at which the radius of curvature is 7 .
16
Sol. Equation of the parabola is y2 = 8x.
2
Any point on the parabola is (2t , 4t)
i.e., x = 2t2, y = 4t
x′ = 4t, y′ = 4
x′′ = 4, y′′ = 0

( x′ )
3/2 3/2
2
+ y′2 (4t )2 + 16 
∴ ρ at ‘t’ = =  
x ′y′′ − y′x ′′ − 16

64 (t 2 + 1)3 / 2
⇒ ρ= or 4 (1 + t2)3/2 (neglecting – ve sign)
16
13 125
It is given that radius of curvature is 7 or .
16 16
125
∴ = 4(1 + t2)3/2
16
125
or (1 + t2)3/2 =
64
2/3
 125  25
⇒ 1 + t2 =  64  =
  16
9 3
i.e., t2 =or t = ±
16 4
Points on the parabola are given by (2t2, 4t)
3 9 
For t = , the point is  , 3  .
4 8 
3 9 
For t = − , the point is  , − 3  .
4 8 
110. Show that for the curve x = a(1 + sin θ) cos θ, y = a(1 + cos θ) sin θ, the radius of curvature at
π
θ = − is a.
4
2 2 2
Sol. x ′ = a[– sin θ (1 + sin θ) + cos θ] = a[– sin θ – sin θ + cos θ]
x ′′ = a[– cos θ – 2 sin θ cos θ + 2 cos θ (– sin θ)] = – a cos θ[1 + 4 sin θ]
y = a sin θ(1 + cos θ)
2 2
y′ = a[cos θ (1 + cos θ) + sin θ (– sin θ)] = a[cos θ + cos θ – sin θ]
y′′ = a [– sin θ + 2 cos θ(– sin θ) – 2 sin θ cos θ] = – a sin θ [1 + 4 cos θ]
ρ at any point ‘θ’ is

( x ′2 + y′2 )3 / 2
=
x ′y′′ − y′x ′′
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 207

[ a2 ( − sin θ − sin2 θ + cos2 θ)2 + a2 (cos θ − sin2 θ + cos2 θ)2 ]3 / 2

=
a( − sin θ − sin2 θ + cos2 θ) ( − a sin θ) (1 + 4 cos θ)
+ a2 cos θ (cos θ + cos2 θ − sin2 θ) (1 + 4 sin θ)

a3
= or a (at θ = – π/4) after simplification.
a2

x2 y2 CD 3
111. Show that the radius of curvature ρ at P on an ellipse 2
+ 2
= 1, is given by ρ = , where
a b ab
CD is the semi-diameter conjugate to CP.
Sol. Parametric equations of the ellipse are
x = a cos t, y = b sin t

( x ′2 + y′2 )3 / 2 ( a 2 sin 2 t + b2 cos2 t )3 / 2

∴ ρ = =
( x ′y′′ − y′x ′′) ab(sin 2 t + cos2 t )

( a 2 sin 2 t + b2 cos2 t )3 / 2
or ρ = ...(1)
ab
Now, P and D are the ends of semi-conjugate diameters.
P = (a cos t, b sin t)

π  π  π 
Changing t to + t , the co-ordinates of D are a cos  + t  , b sin  + t   or (– a sin t, b cos t)
2  2  2 
Now, C(0, 0) is the centre of the ellipse.

∴ CD = a 2 sin 2 t + b2 cos2 t
or CD2 = a2sin2t + b2cos2t ...(2)

CD 3
From (1) and (2), we have ρ = . Hence proved.
ab

x2 y2
112. Show that radius of curvature at the end of the major axis of the ellipse + = 1 , is equal to the
a2 b2
semi-latus rectum. [M.D.U., Dec., 2008]
Sol. At the ends of major axis, θ = 0, π
Any point on the ellipse is (a cos θ, b sin θ)
x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ
x′ = – a sin θ, y′ = b cos θ
x′′ = – a cos θ, y′′ = – b sin θ

( x ′2 + y′2 )3 / 2 ( a 2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ)3 / 2

Radius of curvature = =
x ′ y′′ − y′x ′′ ab sin 2 θ + ab cos2 θ

( a 2 sin 2 θ + b2 cos2 θ)3 / 2

Radius of curvature =
ab
Since, θ = 0 and π at the ends of major axis,
(b2 )3 / 2 b2
Radius of curvature (at θ = 0) = = and
ab a
208 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

(b2 )3 / 2 b2
Radius of curvature (at θ = π) = =
ab a
b2
Hence, radius of curvature at the end of the major axis is i.e., semi-latus rectum of the ellipse.
a
2b2
Latus rectum of ellipse = .
a
2
113. Find the radius of curvature at the origin of the two branches of the curve given by x = 1 – t ,
3
y=t–t .
Sol. At the origin
x = y=0 ⇒ t=±1
2 3
x = 1–t , y=t–t
x′ = – 2t, y′ = 1 – 3t2
x′′ = – 2, y′′ = – 6t
Radius of curvature is given by

3/2
4t 2 + (1 − 3t 2 )2  (4t 2 + 1 + 9t 4 − 6t 2 )3 / 2
( x ′2 + y′2 )3 / 2
ρ= =   =
x ′y′′ − y′x ′′ (
( − 2t )( − 6t ) + 2 1 − 3t2 ) 12t 2 + 2 − 6t 2

(1 − 2t 2 + 9t 4 )3 / 2
ρ=
2 + 6t 2
At the origin we have, t = ± 1
Radius of curvature at the origin :

(8)3 / 2
When t = 1, ρ = =2 2
8
When t = – 1, ρ = 2 2 (same)
Hence, radius of curvature at the origin of the two branches of the given curve is 2 2 .
114. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y = ex at the point where it crosses the y-axis.
Sol. The curve y = ex crosses the y-axis when x = 0
⇒ y = e0 = 1

dy d2 y
= ex, = ex
dx dx 2

(1 + e2x )3 / 2
ρ =
ex

(2)3 / 2
At x = 0, ρ = = (8)1 / 2 = 2 2 .
1
2
115. Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cardioid r = a (1 + cos θ) is 2ar and
3
ρ2
prove that is constant.
r
Sol. Radius of curvature for the curve
r = f(θ) or f(r, θ) = 0, is given by
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 209

( r 2 + r12 )3 / 2 dr
ρ = 2 where, r1 = ,
r − rr2 + 2r12 dθ

d2r
and r2 =
dθ2
Here, r = a(1 + cos θ)
∴ r1 = – a sin θ
and r2 = – a cos θ

[ a 2 (1 + cos θ)2 + a 2 sin 2 θ]3 / 2

ρ =
a (1 + cos θ)2 − a(1 + cos θ) ( − a cos θ) + 2a 2 sin 2 θ
2

a3[(1 + cos θ)2 + (1 − cos θ) (1 + cos θ)]3 / 2

= 2
a [(1 + cos θ) (1 + cos θ + cos θ + 2 − 2 cos θ )]

a[(1 + cos θ) (1 + cos θ + 1 − cos θ)]3 / 2

=
3(1 + cos θ)

3/2
a(1 + cos θ)3 / 2 . ( 2 ) a(1 + cos θ)1 / 2 . 2 2
⇒ ρ = =
3(1 + cos θ) 3

a r r
= . .2 2 ∵ 1 + cos θ =
3 a a
2
or ρ = 2ar
3
8
Now, ρ2 = ar
9
ρ2 8a
or = , which is constant. Hence proved.
r 9

2 8 2 2a
Note : Here, ρ = ar or ρ = r ∴ ρ varies as r.
9 3
116. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the curve rn = an cos nθ.
Sol. Equation of the curve is rn = an cos nθ ...(1)
Taking logarithms of both sides, we have
n log r = n log a + log cos nθ.
Differentiating w.r.t. θ, we have
n dr 1
.
r dθ
= 0+ ( − n sin nθ )
cos nθ
dr
or = – r tan nθ
dθ
∴ r1 = – r tan nθ
Differentiating again w.r.t. θ, we have
r2 = − r(n sec2 nθ) − r1 tan nθ = − nr sec2 nθ + r tan 2 nθ
210 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

( r 2 + r12 )3 / 2 ( r 2 + r 2 tan 2 nθ)3 / 2

∴ ρ = 2 =
r + 2r12 −rr2 r + 2r tan 2 nθ − r( r tan 2 nθ − nr sec2 nθ)
2 2

r3 sec2 nθ r sec3 nθ
or ρ = =
r 2[1 + tan 2 nθ + n sec2 nθ] sec2 nθ + n sec2 nθ
r sec nθ r 1
or ρ = = .
n +1 n + 1 cos nθ
r an an
or ρ = . n = .
n +1 r (n + 1) r n − 1
l
117. Find the radius of curvature at any point (r, θ) on the curve = 1 + e cos θ .
r
l
Sol. Given curve is a polar equation, = 1 + e cos θ
r
1
If the equation of a curve is given in the polar form u = f(θ), where u = ,
r

(u2 + u12 )3 / 2 du d 2u
Then, ρ = 3 , where u1 = , u2 = .
u (u + u2 ) dθ dθ2
1
Here, u = (1 + e cos θ) .
l

du e sin θ d2u e cos θ

∴ = u1 = − and u2 = 2
=−
dθ l dθ l

(u2 + u12 )3 / 2
∴ ρ =
u3 (u + u2 )
3/2
 (1 + e cos θ)2 e2 sin 2 θ 
 + 
 l2 l2 
=
(1 + e cos θ)3 1 + e cos θ e cos θ 
 −
l3  l l 

(1 + e2 + 2e cos θ)3 / 2 l4 l(1 + e2 + 2e cos θ)3 / 2

= . = .
l 3
(1 + e cos θ) 3
(1 + e cos θ)3

r 2 − a2 a
118. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the curve θ = − cos−1 .
a r

r 2 − a2 a
Sol. Equation of the curve is θ = − cos−1
a r

dθ 1 2r 1  a  r a
∴ = . + − 2  = −
dr a 2 r2 − a2 a 2  r  2
a r −a 2
r r − a2
2
1−
r2
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 211

r2 − a2 r2 − a2
= =
ar r 2 − a 2 ar

2
1 1 1  dr 
Since 2
= +  
p r2 r 4  dθ 

1 1 1 a 2r 2 1 a2 1
∴ = 2
+ 4
. 2 2
= 2
+ =
p2 r r (r − a ) r r (r − a2 )
2 2
r 2 − a2
∴ p2 = r2 – a2 (Pedal equation)
dr
∴ ρ = r (Formula for ρ for a pedal equation)
dp
dr
Now, can be found out from p2 = r2 – a2 by differentiating w.r.t. p which gives
dp
dr dr p
2p = 2r or =
dp dp r

dr p
Hence ρ = r =r. = p
dp r

∴ ρ = p = r2 − a2
119. If φ be the angle which the radius vector of the curve r = f(θ) makes with the tangent, prove that
r cosec φ a
ρ= . Apply this result to show that ρ = for the circle r = a cos θ.
 dφ  2
1 + d θ 
 
Sol. We know that ψ =θ+φ
Differentiating w.r.t. s
dψ d θ dφ d θ d φ dθ
= + = + .
ds ds ds ds dθ ds
dψ dθ  dφ 
= 1+
ds ds  dθ 

1 sin φ  dφ  dθ
= 1 + dθ  ∵ sin φ = r
ρ r   ds
r cosec φ
Hence ρ = ...(1)
 dφ 
1 + d θ 
 
Equation of the circle is r = a cos θ
dr dθ
To find φ : = – a sin θ, tan φ = r
dθ dr
a cos θ π 
∴ tan φ = = − cot θ = tan  + θ 
− a sin θ 2 
π
⇒ φ = +θ
2
212 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dφ
⇒ = 1.
dθ
π 
a cos θ . cosec  + θ 
r cosec φ  2 
∴ From (1), ρ = =
 dφ  2
1 + d θ 
 
a a
= cos θ . sec θ =
2 2
a
Hence ρ = for the circle.
2
120. Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cardioid r = a(1 – cos θ) varies as r.

Sol. r = a(1 – cos θ)

∴ r1 = a sin θ
r2 = a cos θ

(r 2 + r12 )3 / 2 [ a 2 (1 − cos θ)2 + a 2 sin 2 θ]3 / 2

∴ ρ = =
r 2 + 2r12 − rr2 a 2 (1 − cos θ)2 + 2a 2 sin 2 θ − a 2 cos θ(1 − cos θ)
3/2
a (1 − cos θ)2 + (1 − cos2 θ) 
 
or ρ =
(1 − cos θ)2 + 2(1 − cos2 θ) − cos θ (1 − cos θ)

a[(1 − cos θ) (1 − cos θ + 1 + cos θ)]3 / 2 a(1 − cos θ)3 / 2 . (2)3 / 2

= =
(1 − cos θ) [1 − cos θ + 2 + 2 cos θ − cos θ] 3(1 − cos θ)

a a r
= (1 − cos θ)1 / 2 . (2)3 / 2 = . .2 2
3 3 a

2 2.a r 2 2a
⇒ ρ = = . r
3 a 3

ρ 2 2a
or = (a constant)
r 3
⇒ ρ varies as r.
4a θ
121. Show that for the curve r = a(1 + cos θ), the radius of curvature ρ = cos .
3 2
Sol. As shown in question 115 earlier, the radius of curvature
1
2 2
ρ = . a . (1 + cos θ) 2
3
Since 1 + cos θ = 2 cos2 θ/2

2 2 θ
⇒ ρ = . a . 2 . cos
3 2
4a θ
or ρ = cos .
3 2
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 213

122. Find the radius of curvature at any point (r, θ) on the curve r cos θ / 2 = a .
θ
Sol. Here, r cos = a
2
θ
r cos2 = a
2
θ
or r = a sec2
2
θ θ θ 1 θ θ
r1 = a . 2 sec . sec tan . = a sec2 tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
θ
⇒ r1 = r tan
2
θ 1 θ 1 2θ θ θ
Now, r2 = r sec2 . + r1 tan = r sec + r tan 2 [∵ r1 = r tan ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

( r 2 + r12 )3 / 2
Now, ρ =
r 2 + 2r12 − rr2
θ
(r 2 + r 2 tan2 )3 / 2
2
=
θ  θ 1 θ
r 2 + 2r 2 tan2 − r  r tan2 + r sec2 
2  2 2 2

θ θ
r3 . sec3 r3 sec3
2 2 = 2r sec θ
= = 1 θ
 θ 1 θ r 2 sec2 2
r 2 1 + tan 2  − r 2 sec2
 2 2 2 2 2

θ
But r = a sec2
2

r
∴ ρ = 2r .
a
123. Find the radius of curvature at the point (p, r) on the lemniscate r3 = a2p.
Sol. Here r3 = a2p
dr
∴ 3r 2 = a2
dp

dr a2
or r =
dp 3r

a2
∴ ρ =
3r
2a
124. Find the radius of curvature for the parabola = 1 + cos θ .
r
2a
Sol. Let us first find the Pedal equation of the given parabola, = 1 + cos θ ...(1)
r
Taking logs on both sides, we get
log 2a – log r = log (1 + cos θ)
214 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. θ, we get

1 dr sin θ θ
− = − = − tan
r dθ 1 + cos θ 2

dθ θ
r = cot
dr 2
dθ
Since r = tan φ
dr

θ π θ
∴ tan φ = cot = tan  − 
2 2 2
π θ
or φ = −
2 2

π θ
p = r sin φ = r sin  − 
2 2

θ
p = r cos
2

θ  1 + cos θ   2a 
p2 = r2 cos2 = r2  =r
2
 2r  = ar
2  2   
p2 = ar is the pedal equation
dp dp a a 1 a
2p = a or = = =
dr dr 2 p 2 ar 2 r

rdr r 2 3/2
∴ ρ = =r.2 = r .
dp a a
125. Find the radius of curvature at the origin for the curve

x 3 − 2x 2 y + 3xy2 − 4y3 + 5x 2 − 6xy + 7y2 − 8y = 0.

Sol. Equation of the curve is

x 3 − 2x 2 y + 3xy2 − 4 y3 + 5x 2 − 6 xy + 7 y2 − 8 y = 0 ... (1)

The curve passes through the origin.
Equating to zero the terms of the lowest degree, we have y = 0 i.e., x-axis is the tangent at the
origin. Radius of curvature at the origin is found out by Newton’s Method in this situation.
 x2 
ρ = lim  
x → 0  2y 
 
y→0

Dividing equation (1) by 2y, we have

x2 3 x2 7
x. − x 2 + xy − 2 y2 + 5 . − 3x + . y − 4 = 0
2y 2 2y 2
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 215

Taking limits as x → 0, y → 0, we have

 x2 
5 lim   − 4 = 0 or 5ρ – 4 = 0
x → 0  2y 
 
y→0

4
∴ ρ =
5
126. Find the radius of curvature at the origin for the curve

2x 4 + 4x 3 y + xy2 + 6y3 − 3x 2 − 2xy + y 2 − 4x = 0.

Sol. Equation of curve is

2x 4 + 4 x 3 y + xy2 + 6 y3 − 3x 2 − 2xy + y2 − 4 x = 0 ...(1)

The curve passes through the origin.
Equating to zero the terms of the lowest degree, we have x = 0 i.e., y-axis is the tangent at the origin.
 y2 
∴ ρ (at the origin) = lim  
x → 0  2x 
 
y→0
Dividing equation (1) by 2x, we have

1 2 y2 3 y2
x 3 + 2x 2 y + y + 6y . − x−y+ −2 =0
2 2x 2 2x
Taking limits as x → 0, y → 0, we have
 y2 
lim  −2 = 0 ( ∵ Other terms vanish)
x → 0  2x 
 
y→0

or ρ–2 = 0
⇒ ρ = 2.
127. Apply Newton’s method to find the radius of curvature at the origin for the cycloid
x = a (θ + sin θ), y = a (1 – cos θ).
Sol. x = a (θ + sin θ), y = a (1 – cos θ)
dx dy
= a(1 + cos θ) , = a sin θ
dθ dθ

dy sin θ θ
⇒ = = tan
dx 1 + cos θ 2
When θ = 0, we have x = 0 and y = 0
dy
Also, = 0
dx
∴ The curve passes through the origin and x-axis is the tangent at the origin.
 x2  a 2 ( θ + sin θ)2
∴ ρ (at the origin) = lim   = lim
x → 0  2y  θ → 0 2a(1 − cos θ)
 
y→0

a 2( θ + sin θ) (1 + cos θ)  0 
= lim . . Form 
θ→0 2 sin θ  0 
216 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

( θ + sin θ) ( − sin θ) + (1 + cos θ)2 4

or ρ = lim a . = a. or 4 a
θ→0 cos θ 1
Hence, ρ = 4a.
128. Find the radius of curvature of the curve r = a sin nθ at the pole.
Sol. Equation of the curve is r = a sin nθ ...(1)
dr
= na cos nθ
dθ
dθ a sin nθ 1
∴ tan φ = r = = tan nθ ...(2)
dr na cos nθ n
When θ = 0, from (1) r = 0
∴ The curve passes through the pole.
Also from (2), tan φ = 0 ∴ φ = 0
∴ Initial line is the tangent to the curve at pole.
1 dr 
By Newton’s method, ρ (at pole) = lim  
r → 0  2 dθ 
θ→0

1  na
or ρ = lim  . na cos nθ  = .
r→0 2  2
θ→0

2 (a + x)
129. Show that the radius of curvature of the curve y2 = x at the origin is a 2 .
(a – x)
Sol. Equation of the curve is y2(a – x) = x2(a + x) ...(1)
It passes through the origin.
Equating to zero the lowest degree terms, we have a(y2 – x2) = 0
∴ y = ± x are the tangents at the origin. So, Newton’s method is not applicable. Therefore, we use
the method of expansion.

x2
Let y = px + q + ...
2!

Putting this value of y in equation (1), we get

2
 x2  2
 px + q + ...  ( a − x ) = x (a + x) ...(2)
 2 ! 
 

Equating coefficients of x2 on both sides,

ap2 = a or p = ± 1
3
Equating coefficients of x on both sides,
–p2 + apq = 1 ...(3)
2
When p = 1, aq = 2, or q =
a
3/2
(1 + p2 )3 / 2 (1 + 1) a
∴ ρ (at the origin) = = =2 2. = 2.a
q 2 2
a
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 217

When p = – 1, from equation (3), – 1 – aq = 1

2
or q = −
a
(1 + p2 )3 / 2 (1 + 1)3 / 2
∴ ρ = = = 2.a (neglecting – ve sign)
q − 2/ a

Hence ρ at the origin is a 2 .

130. Find the coordinates of the centre of curvature for any point (x, y) on the parabola y2 = 4ax. Also
find the equation of the evolute (locus of the centre of curvature) of the parabola.
(M.D.U., U.P.T.U., 2009., May, 2007)
2
Sol. The parametric equations of the parabola y = 4ax, are
2
x = at , y = 2at
dx dy
∴ = 2at, = 2a
dt dt
dy 2a 1 1 dt 1 1 1
y1 = = = and y2 = − . =− 2 . =−
2 dx
dx 2at t t t 2at 2at3
If (X, Y) is the centre of curvature at ‘t’, then

y1 (1 + y12 ) 1 + y12
X = x− , Y= y+
y2 y2

1 1
 1+ 2
t t  = at 2 + 2at 2  1
∴ X = at 2 − 1 + 2 
1  t 
−
2at3
2
or X = 3at + 2a ...(1)
1
1+
1 + y12 t 2 = 2at − 2at3  1
Y = y+ = 2at + 1 + 2 
y2 1  t 
−
2at 3
3
⇒ Y = 2at – 2at – 2at
3
or Y = – 2at ...(2)
∴ The co-ordinates of the centre of curvature at any point (x, y) i.e., at any point ‘t’ are
(2a + 3at2, – 2at3).
Now evolute is locus of the centre of curvature.
To eliminate the parameter ‘t’ between (1) and (2).

2 X − 2a
From (1), t = ...(3)
3a
Y
From (2), t3 = − ...(4)
2a
Cubing (3), squaring (4) and equating the two values of t6, we get

( X − 2a )3 Y2
=
27a3 4a 2
2
or 27aY = 4(X – 2a)3
218 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Changing X to x and Y to y, the locus of (X, Y) i.e., the evolute of the parabola is
27ay2 = 4(x – 2a)3.
131. Find the co-ordinates of the centre of curvature of the ellipse x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ. Hence show
that the equation of its evolute is (ax)2/3 + (by)2/3 = (a2 – b2)2/3.
or
x2 y2
Find the co-ordinates of the centre of curvature at any point (x, y) on the ellipse + = 1. Also
a2 b2
find the evolute of the ellipse.
Sol. Equations of ellipse are
x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ
dx dy
∴ = – a sin θ, = b cos θ
dθ dθ
dy b cos θ b
y1 = =− = − cot θ
dx a sin θ a

b dθ b
y2 = cosec2 θ . = − 2 cosec3 θ
a dx a
Let (X, Y) be the co-ordinates of the centre of curvature. Then

b  b2 
− cot θ 1 + 2 cot 2 θ 
y1 (1 + y12 ) a  a 
 
X= x− = a cos θ −
y2 b 3
− 2 cosec θ
a
 b2 
⇒ X = a cos θ − a cot θ sin3 θ 1 + 2 cot2 θ 
 a 
 

3 b2
⇒ X = a cos θ − a cot θ sin θ − cos3 θ
a

b2
⇒ X = a cos θ − a cos θ sin2 θ − cos3 θ
a

b2
⇒ X = a cos θ(1 − sin 2 θ) − cos3 θ
a
a 2 − b2
∴ X= cos3 θ ...(1)
a
b2
1+ cot 2 θ
1+ y12 a 2
and Y= y+ = b sin θ +
y2 b
− cosec3 θ
a2
a2  b2 
= b sin θ − sin3 θ 1 + 2 cot2 θ
b  a 
 
a2
= b sin θ − sin3 θ − b sin θ cos2 θ
b
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 219

2 a2
= b sin θ (1 − cos θ) − sin3 θ
b

a2 b2 − a 2
= b sin3 θ − sin3 θ = sin3 θ
b b
a 2 − b2
sin3 θ
= − ...(2)
b
To find the equation of the evolute, we have to eliminate θ between (1) and (2)
2 2 3
From (1), aX = (a – b ) cos θ
∴ (aX )2/3 = (a2 – b2)2/3 cos2θ ...(3)
2/3
From (2), (bY) = (a2 – b2)2/3sin2θ ...(4)
Adding (3) and (4)
2/3
(aX) + (bY)2/3 = (a2 – b2)2/3
∴ Locus of X, Y is
2/3
(ax) + (by)2/3 = (a2 – b2)2/3
which is the required evolute.
2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3
132. Show that equation of the evolute of the curve x + y = a is (x + y) + (x – y) = 2a .
Sol. The parametric equations of the curve are
x = a cos3 θ, y = a sin3 θ
dy
= – tan θ
dx
d2 y dθ 1 1 1
= =−− sec2 θ .
. =
dx 2 dx 2 2
cos θ − 3a cos θ sin θ 3a sin θ cos4 θ
Let (X, Y) be the co-ordinates of the centre of curvature, then

y1 (1 + y12 ) 3 − tan θ(1 + tan2 θ)

X = x− = a cos θ −
y2 1
3a sin θ cos4 θ
= a cos3 θ + 3a sin θ cos4 θ . tan θ . sec2θ = a cos3θ + 3a sin2θ cos θ
= a cos θ (cos2θ + 3 sin2θ) ...(1)

1 + y12 sec2 θ
Y = y+ = a sin3 θ +
y2 1
3a sin θ cos4 θ
= a sin3θ + 3a sin θ cos2θ
= a sin θ(sin2θ + 3 cos2θ) ...(2)
(1) and (2) give the co-ordinates of the centre of curvature.
To find the equation of the Evolute, we have to eliminate θ between (1) and (2)
3 3
X + Y = a(cos θ + sin θ) + 3a sin θ cos θ (sin θ + cos θ)
= a[(cos θ + sin θ)3 – 3 cos θ sin θ (cos θ + sin θ)
+ 3a sin θ cos θ (sin θ + cos θ)]
3
= a (cos θ + sin θ)
2/3 2/3
∴ (X + Y) = a (cos θ + sin θ)2 ...(3)
3
Also X – Y = a (cos θ – sin θ)
220 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

⇒ (X – Y)2/3 = a2/3 (cos θ – sin θ)2 ...(4)

Adding (3) and (4), we have
2/3
(X + Y) + (X – Y)2/3 = a2/3 [(cos θ + sin θ)2 + (cos θ – sin θ)2]
2/3
= a [2(cos2 θ + sin2θ)]
2/3
= 2a
∴ Locus of (X, Y) is (x + y)2/3 + (x – y)2/3 = 2a2/3, which is the required evolute.

a a
133. Show that the equation of the circle of curvature at the point  ,  on the curve x + y = a is
4 4
2 2 1 2
 3   3  a .
x – 4 a +  y – 4 a = (U.P.T.U., 2008)
    2

Sol. Equation of curve is

x + y = a ...(1)
Differentiating w.r.t. x,

1 −1 / 2 1 −1 / 2
x + y . y1 = 0 ...(2)
2 2
Differentiating again,

1 −3 / 2 1 −3 / 2 1
− x − y . y1 . y1 + y −1 / 2 . y2 = 0 ...(3)
4 4 2

a a
At the point  ,  ,
4 4

1 2 1 2
From equation (2), . + . y1 = 0
2 a 2 a
or y1 = – 1
1 4 2 1 4 2 1 2
From equation (3), − . . − . . ( − 1)2 + . . y2 = 0
4 a a 4 a a 2 a

4 1
or − + y2 = 0
a a a

4
∴ y2 =
a

(1 + y12 )3 / 2 (1 + 1)3 / 2 a a
ρ (at the given point) = = =2 2. =
y2 4/a 4 2

a a
Let (α, β) be the centre of curvature at  ,  .
4 4

y1 (1 + y12 )
Then, α = x−
y2
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 221

a ( − 1) (1 + 1) a a 3
or α = − = + = a
4 4/a 4 2 4

1 + y12 a 1 + 1 a a 3a
β = y+ = + = + =
y2 4 4/a 4 2 4
Equation of circle of curvature is
2 2 2
(x – α) + (y – β) = ρ

2 2
 3a   3a  a2
x − 4  +  y − 4  =
2
   

t x
134. Show that the evolute of the tractrix x = c cos t + c log tan , y = c sin t is the catenary y = c cosh .
2 c
t
Sol. Equation of the curve is x = c cos t + c log tan , y = c sin t
2
dx c t 1
= − c sin t + . sec2 .
dt t 2 2
tan
2

c c
= − c sin t + = − c sin t +
t t sin t
2 sin cos
2 2

=
(
c 1 − sin2 t ) = c cos 2
t
sin t sin t

dy
= c cos t,
dt
dy c cos t . sin t
∴ y1 = = = tan t
dx c cos2 t

2 dt 1 sin t sin t
y2 = sec t = . =
dx cos t c cos t c cos4 t
2 2

If (X, Y) is the centre of curvature at any point on the curve, then

y1 (1 + y12 ) t tan t (sec2 t )

X = x− = c cos t + c log tan −
y2 2 sin t
c cos4 t

t c cos4 t . tan t . sec2 t

= c cos t + c log tan −
2 sin t
t
= c cos t + c log tan − c cos t
2
t
or X = c log tan ...(1)
2

1 + y12 sec2 t
and Y = y+ = c sin t +
y2 sin t
c cos4 t
222 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

c cos4 t . sec2 t c cos2 t

= c sin t + = c sin t +
sin t sin t

c sin 2 t + c cos2 t
=
sin t
c
Y = ...(2)
sin t
Evolute of the given curve is the locus of (X, Y). Let us eliminate ‘t’ between (1) and (2).
t
From (1), X = c log tan
2
X
t
or tan = ec
2
t
Y 1 + tan 2
1 2
From (2), = =
c sin t t
2 tan
2
2X
 X X 
Y 1 1+e c 1  − c  = cosh X
or = . = . e +ec
c 2 X 2   c
ec  

X
∴ Y = c cos h
c
Changing X to x, Y to y, the locus of (X, Y) is
x
y = c cosh , which is the required equation of evolute.
c
2
135. Find the centre of curvature of the parabola y = 4ax at the point (a, 2a).
Sol. Here, y2 = 4ax
y = 2 a. x

1 a 1 a1 / 2
y1 = 2 a . = and y2 = − .
2 x x 2 x3 / 2

1
y1 at (a, 2a) = 1, and y2 at (a, 2a) = −
2a
If (X, Y) is the centre of curvature, then

y1 (1 + y12 ) 1
∴ X = x− =a− = a + 4 a = 5a
y2 −1 / 2a

1 + y12 2
Y = y+ = 2a + = 2a − 4a = − 2a
y2 −1 / 2a
Hence the co-ordinates of the centre of curvature are (5a, – 2a).
x
136. Show that the chord of curvature parallel to y-axis for the curve y = c log sec is of constant
c
length.
Sol. Chord of curvature parallel to y-axis = 2ρ cos ψ, where ψ is the angle made by the tangent
with the x-axis.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 223

x
Here, y = c log sec
c
1 x x 1 x
∴ y1 = c . . sec . tan . or y1 = tan ...(1)
x c c c c
sec
c
1 x
y2 = . sec2
c c

x
sec3
(1 + y12 )3 / 2 c = c . sec x
∴ ρ = =
y2 1 x c
sec2
c c
Now the chord of curvature parallel to y-axis = 2ρ cos ψ
x
= 2c sec . cos ψ ...(2)
c
dy x
Also, = tan
dx c
x
or tan ψ = tan
c
x
∴ cos ψ = cos
c
From (2), we have
x x
Required chord = 2c sec cos
c c
= 2c (which is a constant) Hence shown.
137. Find the chord of curvature through the pole of the cardioid r = a (1 + cos θ).
Sol. Here, r = a(1 + cos θ)

2 2ar
∴ ρ = (See question. 115)
3
Chord of curvature through the pole
= 2ρ sin φ , where φ is the angle made by the chord at any point on the circumference of the circle
of curvature. Chord of curvature through the pole

2 2ar 4 2 dθ 4 2ar r
= 2. . sin φ = ar . r = .
3 3 ds 3 2
 dr 
r2 +  
 dθ 

4 2ar r 4 r 4
= . = 3 2ar . = r
3 2 2
a (1 + cos θ) + a sin θ
2 2 2ar 3

4
Hence chord of curvature = r.
3
224 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

138. If Cx and Cy be the chords of curvature parallel to x-axis and y-axis respectively at any point of the
curve y = e x a , show that
1 1 1
+ 2 = .
(Cx )
2
(C y ) (2a Cx )
Sol. Equation of the curve is
x
y = ae a ...(1)
x x
1 y 1 y
y1 = ae . a
=e = a
and y2 = .y =
a a a 1 a2
3/2
 y2 
1 + 2  2 2 3/2 2 2 3/2
(1 + y12 )3 / 2 a  (a + y ) a 2 (a + y )
ρ= = = . =
y2 y a 3 y ay
a2
y y a
tan ψ = y1 = , sin ψ = , cos ψ =
a a 2 + y2 a 2 + y2
∴ Cx = 2ρ sin ψ
2 2 3/2 2 2
(a + y ) y 2(a + y )
or Cx = 2 . . =
ay a +y
2 2 a

Cy = 2ρ cos ψ
2 2 3/2 2 2
(a + y ) a 2(a + y )
= 2. . =
ay a +y
2 2 y

1 1 a2 y2
∴ + = +
(C )2x (C )2y 4(a 2 + y2 )2 4(a 2 + y2 )2

2 2
a + y 1 1.2 1
= = = =
2
4(a + y ) 2 2
4(a 2 + y2 ) 4 . aCx 2a . Cx

1 1 1
Hence + = .
Cx2 C y2 2a . Cx

139. Find the length of the chord of curvature through the pole for a cardioid r = a (1 + cos θ).
Sol. Note this is the same question as question number 137 but we will solve it by a different
method using Pedal equation
dr
= – a sin θ
dθ
dθ − a (1 + cos θ) π θ
tan φ = r = = tan  + 
dr a sin θ 2 2
π θ
∴ φ = +
2 2
π θ θ
p = r sin φ = r sin  +  = r cos
 2 2  2
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 225

θ 1 + cos θ r 3
∴ p2 = r 2 cos2 = r2 . =
2 2 2a
i.e., 2ap2 = r3 (Pedal equation)
1
r3 dp 3 r2
p = , ∴ = .
2a dr 2 2a

dr r 3 2 2a 4
∴ C0 = 2 p =2. . = r.
dp 2a 3 . r1 / 2 3

140. Show that the evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 is the curve
2/3
(x + y) – (x – y)2/3 = (4c)2/3. (Chennai, 2005)
Sol. Given curve is xy = c2
c2
or y =
x
2
dy c
∴ = −
dx x
2

2 2
d y 2c
2 = 3
dx x
If (X, Y) is the centre of curvature at any point on the curve, then
2
y1(1 + y1 ) (−c 2 /x 2 ) (1 + c 4 /x 4 )
X = x− = x− 2 3
y2 2 c /x

x  c 4  3x c4
= x+  1 + 4 = + ...(1)
2 x  2 2x
3

4
 c 
1 + 4  2 3 4 2 3 2
 x  c x  c  c x c
and Y = y+ = +  1 +  = + +
2
2 c /x
3 x 2
2c 
4
x  x 2c
2
2x

2 3
3c x
= + 2 ...(2)
2x 2c
To find the evolute we have to eliminate x from equations (1) and (2).
4 2 3
3x c 3c x
X+Y = + 3 + + 2
2 2x 2x 2c
6 6 2 2 2 2
3 c2x 4 + c6 + 3 c4 x 2 + x 6 c + x + 3 c x (x + c )
= =
2 c2x 3 2 c2 x 3

(x 2 + c 2 )3
X+Y = 2 3 ...(3)
2c x

3x c
4
3c
2
x
3
3c 2x 4 + c 6 − 3x 2c4 − x 6
X–Y = + 3 − − 2 =
2 2x 2x 2c
3 2
2x c
226 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

c 6 − x 6 − 3x 2c 4 + 3c 2 x 4
=
2 x 3c 2

2 2 3
(c − x )
X–Y = 3 2 ...(4)
2x c

2/3 ( x 2 + c 2 )2
Now, (X + Y) = ...(5)
(2c 2 )2 / 3 . x 2

2/3 (c 2 − x 2 )2
(X – Y) = ...(6)
(2c 2 )2 / 3 . x 2

2/3 1 (c 2 + x 2 )2 − (c2 − x 2 )2 

(X + Y) – (X – Y)2/3 =
(2c 2 )2 / 3 . x 2  

4c 2 x 2 4c2
= or
(2c 2 )2 / 3 . x 2 2 2/3
(2c )

4c 2 (2c)2 (8c3 )2 / 3
(X + Y)2/3 – (X – Y)2/3 = 2/3
⇒ 2 2/3 = 2 2/3
= 2 2 / 3 = (4c)
(2c ) (2c ) (2c )
∴ Locus of (X, Y) i.e., evolute of the given hyperbola is
(x + y)2/3 – (x – y)2/3 = (4c)2/3 Hence proved.
141. Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola x2 = 4ay.
Sol. Equation of parabola is
2
x = 4ay
2
x
or y =
4a
dy 2x x
∴ = or
dx 4a 2a
2
d y 1
2 =
dx 2a
If (X, Y) is the centre of curvature at (x, y), then
x  x2 
 1+ 2
2a  4a  x
3
x
3

X= x − = x−x− = − ...(1)
1 4a
2
4a
2

2a
2
x
1+ 2 2 2
4a = y + 2a + x = 2a + x + x = 2a + 3 x 2
2
Y= y+ ...(2)
1 2a 4a 2a 4a
2a
 x3 3x 2 
∴ The centre of curvature at (x, y) is  − 2
, 2a +
4a 
 4a
To find the evolute we have to eliminate x from (1) and (2)
3
x
From (1), X = − 2
4a
2
3x
From (2), Y – 2a =
4a
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 227

27x
6
27 . (4a 2 X )2 27aX 2
(Y – 2a)3 = = =
64a
3
64a
3
4
⇒ 4(Y – 2a)3 = 27aX2
∴ Locus of (X, Y) i.e., the evolute of parabola x2 = 4ay is
4(y – 2a)3 = 27ax2.
2 2
x y
142. Find the co-ordinates of the centre of curvature for any point on the hyperbola 2
– 2 = 1 . Hence
a b
find its evolute.
Sol. Take the parametric equations of the hyperbola as
x = a sec θ, y = b tan θ.
dx dy
∴ = a sec θ tan θ, = b sec2 θ
dθ dθ
2
dy b sec θ b sec θ b
∴ = = =
dx a sec θ . tan θ a tan θ a sin θ
2
d y b dθ
= (− cosec θ cot θ) .
dx
2
a dx
3
b cosec θ . cot θ b cos θ
= −
. =− 2 .
a a sec θ . tan θ 3
a sin θ
Let (X, Y) be the co-ordinates of the centre of curvature, then
2
b  b 
 1+ 2 
y1 (1 + y )
2
a sin θ  a sin θ 
2

X= x− = a sec θ −
1
y2 b cos θ
3
− 2 . 3
a sin θ

a sin 2 θ  b
2
 a sin 2 θ b2
or X = a sec θ + 3 1 + 2 2  = a sec θ + +
cos θ  a sin θ  3
cos θ a cos3 θ

a 2 cos2 θ + a 2 sin 2 θ + b2
= 3
a cos θ

a 2 + b2
⇒ X= . sec3 θ ...(1)
a
2
b
2 1+ 2 3
 2

1+y θ = b tan θ − a sin θ b
2 2
a sin
and Y= y+ 1
= b tan θ + 1 + 2 2 
y2 b cos θ 3 3
b cos θ  a sin θ 
− 2 3
a sin θ

a 2 sin 3 θ b sin θ b2 sin θ cos2 θ − a 2 sin3 θ − b2 sin θ

= b tan θ − − = 3
b cos θ3 3
cos θ b cos θ

− a 2 sin 3 θ − b2 sin θ + b2 sin θ cos2 θ

= 3
b cos θ

− a 2 sin 3 θ − b2 sin θ (1 − cos2 θ) sin 3 θ (a 2 + b2 )

= 3 = −
b cos θ 3
b cos θ

 a 2 + b2  3
= −  tan θ ...(2)
 b 
228 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 a 2 + b2 2
a +b
2

Hence centre of curvature is  b sec3 θ, − tan3 θ 
 b 
To find the equation of the evolute, we have to eliminate θ between (1) and (2).
2 2 3
aX = (a + b ) sec θ
2 2 3
bY = – (a + b ) tan θ
2/3
∴ (aX) – (bY)2/3 = (a2 + b2)2/3 sec2θ – (a2 + b2)2/3 tan2θ
2 2 2/3 2 2 2 2 2/3
= (a + b ) [sec θ – tan θ ] = (a + b )
Hence the evolute is
(ax)2/3 – (by)2/3 = (a2 + b2)2/3.
3 3 
143. Find the circle of curvature for the curve x3 + y3 = 3xy at the point  ,  on it.
2 2
Sol. Equation of the curve is
3 3
x + y = 3xy ...(1)
Differentiating w.r.t. x,

dy  dy 
3x 2 + 3 y2 = 3 y + x
dx  dx 

dy
(3 y2 − 3x ) = 3y – 3x2
dx

dy
( y2 − x ) = y – x2 ...(2)
dx
Differentiating again,
2
 dy  d 2 y dy d2 y dy
2y   + y2 − −x = − 2x
 dx  dx dx
2
dx dx 2
2
 dy  2 d2 y dy
2y   + (y − x) = 2 − 2x ...(3)
 dx  dx 2 dx

3 3 dy
At the point  ,  , = –1
2 2 dx

From equation (3),

2
3 9 3 d y
2. (− 1)2 +  −  = 2(– 1) – 3
2  4 2  dx
2

2
3 d y
3+ = –5
4 dx 2
2 2
3 d y d y 32
= – 8 or 2 = −
4 dx 2 dx 3
2 3/2
(1 + y1 ) (2)3 / 2 3 8 3 8 
ρ (at the given point) = = = = − 
y2 32 − 32 
−  32 
3
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 229

3 3
Let (α, β) be the centre of curvature at  , 
2 2
2
y1(1 + y1 ) 3 ( − 1)(2) 3 6 21
Then α = x− = − = − =
y2 2 − 32 / 3 2 32 16
2
1 + y1
β = y+
y2
3 2 3 3 21
= 2 + − 32 / 3 = 2 − 16 = 16

∴ Equation of circle of curvature is

2 2 2
(x – α) + (y – β) = ρ
2 2
 21   21  72
or  x − 16  +  y − 16  = 2
    (32)
441 21x 21 441 72
x2 + − + y2 − y+ =
256 8 8 256 1024

2 21 2 21 441 72
x − x+y − y+ =
8 8 128 1024
441 72
8 (x 2 + y2 ) − 21x − 21y + =
16 128
441 72
8 (x 2 + y2 ) − 21(x + y) + − = 0
16 128
432
or 8(x 2 + y2 ) − 21(x + y) + = 0
16
2 2
or 8(x + y ) – 21(x + y) + 27 = 0.
144. Show that the evolute of the cycloid x = a(θ – sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ) is another equal cycloid.
Sol. x = a(θ – sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ)
dx dy
= a(1 – cos θ), = a sin θ
dθ dθ
dy a sin θ θ
∴ y1 = = = cot
dx a(1 − cos θ) 2
2
d y 2 θ dθ 1 1
y2 = = − cosec . . = − 1 cosec 2 θ . 1
= −
dx
2
2 dx 2 2 2 a(1 − cos θ) 4a sin 4 θ/2
If (X, Y) is the centre of curvature, then
θ θ
cot 1 + cot 2 
2 
2
y (1 + y1 ) 2
X = x− 1 = a(θ − sin θ) −
y2 −1
4 θ
4a sin
2
θ θ  θ
= a(θ − sin θ) + cot 4a sin 4  1 + cot 2 
2  2  2

cos θ/2 θ θ
= a(θ − sin θ) + . 4a sin 4 . cosec 2
sin θ/2 2 2
230 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

θ
= a(θ − sin θ) + 4a sin θ/2 cos = a(θ – sin θ) + 2a sin θ
2
= a(θ + sin θ)
2
1 + y1
Y = y+
y2

4 θ  2 θ
= a(1 − cos θ) − 4a sin 1 + cot 2 
2  
θ 2 θ
= a(1 − cos θ) − 4a sin4 . cosec
2 2
2 θ
= a(1 − cos θ) − 4a sin = a(1 – cos θ) – 2a(1 – cos θ)
2
= – a(1 – cos θ)
Hence the locus of (X, Y) is given by
x = a (θ + sin θ), y = – a(1 – cos θ), which is another equal cycloid.
145. Show that the evolute of the curve x = a(cos θ + θ sin θ), y = a(sin θ – θ cos θ) is x2 + y2 = a2.
Sol. Given curve is
x = a(cos θ + θ sin θ), y = a(sin θ – θ cos θ)
dx
= a(– sin θ + θ cos θ + sin θ) = a θ cos θ
dθ
dy
dθ = a(cos θ – cos θ + θ sin θ) = a θ sin θ

dy aθ sin θ
∴ y1 = = = tan θ
dx aθ cos θ
2 3
d y 2 dθ 2 1 sec θ
y2 = = sec θ . = sec θ . =
dx
2
dx aθ cos θ aθ
If (X, Y) is the centre of curvature, then
2
y1(1 + y1 ) tan θ . sec 2 θ
X = x− = a(cos θ + θ sin θ) −
y2 3
sec θ / aθ
= a(cos θ + θ sin θ) – aθ sin θ
= a cos θ ...(1)
2
1+ y 2
sec θ . aθ
and Y = y+ = a(sin θ − θ cos θ) +
1
y2 sec3 θ
= a sin θ – aθ cos θ + aθ cos θ
= a sin θ ...(2)
Locus of (X, Y ) i.e., evolute of the given curve is obtained by eliminating θ between (1)
and (2).
x y
= cos θ, = sin θ
a a
2 2
x  y 2 2
⇒  a  +  a  = cos θ + sin θ = 1
   
or x2 + y2 = a2.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 231

146. Trace the curve y = x3 – 3ax2.

Sol. Equation of the curve is y = x3 – 3ax2
1. Symmetry : The curve is not symmetrical about any line.
2. Origin : The curve passes through the origin equating to zero the lowest degree terms, the
tangent at the origin is given by y = 0, i.e., x-axis.
3. Axes Intersection : The curve meets x-axis, where putting y = 0, we get
x3 – 3ax2 = 0
x2(x – 3a) = 0
⇒ x = 0, 3a
∴ The curve meets x-axis in the points (0, 0) and (3a, 0). The curve meets y-axis only at the
origin.
4. Asymptotes : The curve has no asymptote.
dy
5. Special Points : = 3x2 – 6ax = 3x(x – 2a)
dx
dy
∴ = 0, when x = 0 or x = 2a.
dx
When x = 0, y = 0 and when x = 2a, y = 8a3 – 12a3 or y = – 4a3. Thus the tangent at
(2a, – 4a3) is parallel to x-axis and the tangent at (0, 0) coincides with the x-axis.
dy
is not infinite for any real value of x. Y
dx
6. Region :
The equation of the curve can be written as
y = x2(x – 3a)
O
For values of x < 3a, y is – ve and for values X¢ X
(3a, 0)
of x > 3a, y is +ve.
When x = 0, y = 0 3
(2a, – 4a )
As x increases from 0 to 2a, y decreases from
0 to – 4a3.
Y¢
As x increases from 2a to 3a, y increases from
– 4a3 to 0 and as x further increases from 3a
to ∞, y also increases from 0 to ∞.
As x decreases from 0 to – ∞, y also decreases from 0 to –∞. Hence shape of the curve is as
shown in the figure.
147. Trace the curve y2(a + x) = x2(3a – x).
Sol. The equation of the curve is y2(a + x) = x2(3a – x) ...(1)
1. Symmetry : Since the equation (1) contains only even powers of y, the curve is symmetrical
about x-axis. But the curve is NOT symmetrical about y-axis.
2. Origin : The curve passes through the origin. Equating to zero, the lowest degree terms, the
tangents at the origin are given by
ay2 – 3ax2 = 0 or a(y2 – 3x2) = 0 ⇒ y = ± 3.x
Since the two tangents are real and different,
∴ Origin is a node.
 3a − x 
From (1), we have y2 = x 2  
 a+x 
232 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

3a − x 3a
Since < i.e., 3 for small +ve x
a+x a
∴ y is less than 3.x . Hence the curve lies below the tangent y = 3.x for small +ve
values of x.
3. Axes Intersection : The curve meets x-axis, where putting y = 0, we have x2(3a – x) = 0
∴ x = 0 or 3a. i.e., in the points (0, 0) and A (3a, 0). Similarly, it meets y-axis in the origin
only.
Shifting the origin to (3a, 0), the equation transforms to
Y2(4a + X) = (3a + X)2 (– X)
Equating to zero the lowest degree terms, the tangent at the new origin is given by
– 9a2X = 0 or X = 0. Thus, the tangent at A(3a, 0) is parallel to y-axis.
4. Asymptotes : Equating to zero the co-efficient of y2, the asymptote parallel to ay-axis is
x + a = 0. There is no other asymptote of the curve.
5. Region : Solving for y and considering the +ve values (ä the curve is symmetrical about the
x-axis), we have

3a − x
y = x ...(2)
a+x
(i) When x = 0, y = 0. When x is +ve and small, y is real. As x goes on increasing, y also
increases upto the point for which x = 3 a and then decreases and finally becomes
zero at x = 3a.
(ii) When x > 3a, y is imaginary. Thus, no part of the curve lies beyond the line x = 3a.
(iii) When x is –ve and numerically small, from (2), y is real. Also for values of x under
consideration, 3a – x > 3(a + x).
∴ y is numerically > – 3x
∴ The curve lies above the tangent in the second quadrant.
(iv) When x < – a, from (2), y is imaginary.
∴ The curve does not lie beyond x = – a. Again when x is –ve and numerically increases
from 0 to a, y is –ve and decreases from 0 to – ∞.
Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.

Y
Y = 3.X
0 = a+x

A
X¢ X
(–a, 0) a 2a (3a, 0)

Y = – 3.X
Y¢

148. Trace the curve y2(2a – x) = x3 (Cissoid). (U.P.T.U., 2005)

Sol. The equation of the curve is
y2(2a – x) = x3 ...(1)
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 233

1. Symmetry : Since (1) contains even powers of y, the curve is symmetrical about x-axis.
2. Origin :
(i) The curve passes through the origin.
(ii) The tangents at the origin are given by y2 = 0. Since the two tangents are real and
coincident, ∴ origin is a cusp.
3. Axes Intersection : The curve meets x-axis and y-axis at the origin only.
4. Asymptotes : Equating to zero the co-efficient of y2, the highest degree term in y, the asymp-
tote parallel to y-axis is x – 2a = 0. There is no other asymptote of the curve.
5. Special Points :
3/2
x
From equation (1), y = = x 3 / 2 (2a −x )−1 / 2 ...(2)
2a − x

dy 3 1/2 −1/2 1 −3/2 3/2

∴ = x (2a − x ) − (2a − x ) . (− 1) . x
dx 2 2

1 −3/2 1/2
x . (3a − x )
= (2a − x ) . x [3(2a −x ) + x ] =
2 (2a − x )3 / 2
dy
∴ = 0 when x (3a − x ) = 0 or x = 0, 3a
dx
Rejecting x = 3a since when x = 3a from (2), y is imaginary.
∴ The tangent at x = 0 is parallel to x-axis.
dy
→ ∞ when x → 2a. From (2), when x → 2a, y → ∞. Thus x = 2a is an asymptote.
dx
6. Region :
x
From (1), y = x | Taking +ve root
2a − x
Y
When x < 0 or when x > 2a, y is imaginary.

X = 2a
Thus the curve does not lie to the left of y-axis and
to the right of the line x = 2a.
When x = 0, y = 0. As x increases from 0 to 2a, y also A
increases from 0 to ∞. X
O (2a, 0)
Hence the shape of the curve is as shown the ad-
joining figure.
Y¢

149. Trace the curve y2(a2 + x2) = x2(a2 – x2) or x2(x2 + y2) = a2(x2 – y2).
Sol. The equation of the curve is
y2(a2 + x2) = x2(a2 – x2) ...(1)
1. Symmetry : Since in equation (1), powers of both x and y are even, the curve is symmetrical
about both axes.
2. Origin : The curve passes through the origin. Tangents at the origin are y2 = x2 or y = ± x
which are real and distinct showing that origin is a Node.
3. Axes Intersection : The curve meets x-axis at A(a, 0) and A′(– a, 0). Transferring the origin
to (a, 0) the equation (1) transforms to
Y2[a2 + (X + a)2] = (X + a)2 [a2 – (X + a)2]
or Y2[2a2 + X2 + 2aX] = (X + a)2 [– 2aX – X2]
234 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Equating to zero the lowest degree terms, the tangent at the new origin is X = 0 i.e., new
y-axis. Thus the tangent at A(a, 0) is parallel to y-axis. Similarly, tangent at A′(– a, 0) is
also parallel to y-axis (by symmetry).
4. Asymptotes : The curve has no asymptotes.
5. Region :
(i) Solving (1) for y, we have

2 2
a −x
y = ±x 2 2
a +x

Now y is real if and only if a2 – x2 ≥ 0 or if x2 ≤ a2 or |x| ≤ a.

∴ The whole curve lies between the lines x = ± a.

2 2
a −x
(ii) For the branch in the first quadrant y = x 2 2
a +x

When x = 0, y = 0. As x increases, y also increases and goes on increasing until

dy
x = a ( 2 − 1) , where = 0, i.e., the tangent is parallel to x-axis. As x increases from
dx

a ( 2 − 1) to a, y decreases and ultimately becomes zero when x = a.

The shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
Y
X
=
Y

O
A¢ A
X¢ X
(–a, 0) (a, 0)
Y
=
–X

Y¢
150. Trace the curve r = a(1 + cos θ) (Cardioid.) [P.T.U., 2006., U.P.T.U., 2008., M.D.U., 2009]
Sol. The equation of the curve is
r = a(1 + cos θ) ...(1)
1. Symmetry : When θ is changed to – θ, equation of the curve remains unchanged.
∴ The curve is symmetrical about initial line.
2. Origin or Pole :
(i) When θ = π, r = 0, ∴ Pole lies on the curve.
(ii) The tangent at the pole is θ = π.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 235

π  π  π
(iii) The curve cuts the initial line θ = 0 at (2a, 0) and the lines θ = ± at  a,  ,  a, −  .
2  2  2
3. Value of φ :
dθ 1 + cos θ θ π θ
tan φ = r =− = − cot = tan  + 
dr sin θ 2 2 2
π θ π
⇒ +φ = ∴ φ = , when θ = 0 and r = 2a
2 2 2
i.e., at (2a, 0) the tangent is perpendicular to initial line.
4. Asymptotes : There are no asymptotes, because for any finite value of θ, r does not tend to
infinity.
5. Special Points : The corresponding values of θ and r are given below :
π π
θ : 0 π
4 2

 1 
r : 2a a 1 +  a 0
 2
6. Region :
(i) r is never greater than 2a ∴ No portion of the curve lies to the right of the tangent at
(2a, 0).
(ii) Since |cos θ| ≤ 1, ∴ r ≤ 2a
∴ curve lies entirely within the circle r = 2a.
(iii) When θ increases from 0 to π, r remains positive and decreases from 2a to 0.
When θ increases from π to 2π, r remains positive and increases from 0 to 2a.
The shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.

p
(a, )
2
B
(0, p) A
O 2a (2a, 0)
C
–p
(a, )
2

151. Trace the curve r = 2 + 3 cos θ .

Sol. The equation of the curve
r = 2 + 3 cos θ ...(1)
1. Symmetry : Equation of curve remains unchanged when θ is changed to – θ, ∴ curve is
symmetrical about the initial line.
2
2. Origin or Pole : When r = 0, cos θ = − < 1 (numerically)
3
∴ The curve passes through the pole.
2
Now, cos θ = − = cos ( π − α) (say)
3
2
∴ θ = (π – α) is tangent to the curve at the pole where α is given by cos (π – α) = − .
3
236 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

3. Value of φ :
dr
From (1), = – 3 sin θ
dθ
dθ 2 + 3 cos θ
tan φ = r = =0
dr − 3 sin θ
2
When 2 + 3 cos θ = 0 or cos θ = − or θ = (π – α)
3
∴ at (0, π – α) the tangent to curve is parallel to initial line.
tan φ = ∞, when sin θ = 0 i.e., when θ = 0 or π
∴ At (5, 0) and (–1, π), the tangent is perpendicular to the initial line.
4. Asymptotes : Curve has no asymptotes because for any real value of θ, r is never infinite.
5. Special Points :
π
θ = 0 π
2
r = 5 2 –1
6. Region :
(i) Since |cos θ| ≤ 1, ∴ r ≤ 5.
∴ Entire curve lies within the circle r = 5.
π
(ii) As θ increases from 0 to , r remains +ve but decreases from 5 to 2.
2
π
When θ increases from to π, r decreases from 2 to 0 and then from 0 to –1.
2
Thus the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
Y
q= p
q=
p– 2
µ

µ
q=p O (–1, p) q=0 (5, 0)
5

152. Trace the curve r2 = a2 cos 2θ . (U.P.T.U., 2008 ; A.U.U.P., 2007)

Sol. The equation of the curve is
r2 = a2 cos 2θ ...(1)
1. Symmetry :
(i) Since equation (1) remains unchanged when θ is changed to –θ, the curve is symmetrical
about the initial line.
(ii) Since the equation remains unchanged when φ is changed to π – θ, the curve is
π
symmetrical about the line θ = .
2
(iii) Since equation (1) remains unaltered when r is changed to –r, the curve is symmetrical
about the pole.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 237

2. Origin or Pole :
π π
(i) Putting r = 0, we get cos 2θ = 0 or 2θ = ± or θ = ± . Since it is possible to find real
2 4
π
values of θ for which r = 0, therefore the curve passes through the pole and θ = ± are
4
the tangents at the pole.
(ii) When θ = 0, r2 = a2 or r = ± a. Thus the curve meets the initial line (θ = 0) in the points
(± a, 0).
3. Asymptotes : Since there is no finite value of θ for which r → ∞, therefore the curve has no
asymptote.
4. Value of φ :
dr
From (1), 2r = – 2a2 sin 2θ
dθ
dθ r r2 a 2 cos 2θ
∴ tan φ = r dr = dr = 2 = − 2 = − cot 2θ
− a sin 2θ a sin 2θ
dθ
π 
or tan φ = tan  + 2θ 
 2 
π
∴ φ = + 2θ
2
π
When θ = 0, φ = . Thus at the points (± a, 0), the tangents are perpendicular to the initial
2
line.
5. Special Points and Region :

From (1), ρ = a cos 2θ [Taking +ve root, ä the curve is

symmetrical about the pole.]
dr a sin 2θ
∴ = −
dθ cos 2θ

dr π
ä is –ve for 0 < θ < , ∴ r decreases in this range.
dθ 4
dr 3π
Again because is +ve for < θ < π, ∴ r increases in this range.
dθ 4
π π 3π
When θ = 0, r = a. As θ increases from 0 to , r decreases from a to 0. For <θ< , r is
4 4 4
π 3π
imaginary. Thus no portion of the curve lies between the lines θ = and θ = .
4 4

3π
Again as θ increases from to π, r is +ve and increases from 0 to a. Thus we trace the part
4
of the curve above the initial line. The part of the curve below the initial line can be traced
by symmetry. Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
238 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

3p p
q= q=
4 4

A
X¢ a a X
(–a, 0) (a, 0)

p
q= –
4
Y¢

153. Trace the curve x3 + y3 = 3axy. (M.D.U., 2008 U.P.T.U., 2007)

Sol. The equation of the given curve is
x3 + y3 = 3axy ...(1)
1. Symmetry : Since (1) remains unaltered when x and y are interchanged, ∴ The curve is
symmetrical about the line y = x.
2. Origin : The curve passes through the origin and equating to zero the lowest degree terms,
the tangents at the origin are given by xy = 0 or x = 0, y = 0. These tangents being real and
distinct, origin is a node.
3. Axes Intersection :
(i) The curve meets the axes only at the origin (0, 0).
 3a 3a 
(ii) The line y = x meets the curve in the point  ,  besides the origin and the tangent
 2 2 
 3a 3a 
at the point  ,  is x + y = 3a.
 2 2 
Equation of the tangent has been obtained as follows : x3 + y3 = 3axy
dy x 2 − ay  3a 3a 
∴ = = − 1 at  , .
dx ax − y
2
 2 2 
Thus the equation of the tangent is
3a  3a 
y− = − 1 x −
2  2 

3a 3a
or y+x = + = 3a .
2 2
4. Asymptotes :
(i) The curve has no asymptotes || to axes.
(ii) There is an oblique asymptote which is determined as below :
Putting x = 1, y = m in the highest (i.e., third) degree terms and equating to zero, we get
φ3(m) = 1 + m3 = 0 which gives m = – 1
φ2(m) = – 3am Putting x = 1, y = m in the second degree
terms
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 239

φ2 (m) − 3am a
∴ C = − =− = = − a for m = – 1.
φ′3 (m) 3m
2
m
∴ The asymptote is y = mx + c or y = – x – a or x + y + a = 0.
5. Region :
(i) x and y can’t both be –ve ä if x and y are both –ve, then L.H.S. of equation (1) is –ve and
R.H.S. of (1) is +ve, which is impossible.
∴ No portion of the curve lies in the 3rd quadrant.
(ii) Transforming (1) to polars by putting x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, we get
3a sin θ cos θ
r = ...(2)
cos3 θ + sin3 θ
Y

3a , 3a
A 2 2

O
X¢ X
x

x
=

+
y

y
+
a
=
0

Y¢
π
When θ = 0, r = 0. When θ = , r = 0.
2
π
For 0 < θ < , r is +ve. ∴ r must first increase from 0 and then decrease to 0.
2
π π 3a
Hence there is a loop between θ = 0 and θ = . Also when θ = , r = .
2 4 2

π 3π
Again as θ increases from to , sin θ remains +ve and decreases while cos θ becomes
2 4
–ve and numerically increases. ∴ r is – ve in this range and numerically increases
from 0 to ∞. Thus we have the portion of the curve in the 4th quadrant.
3π
As θ increases from to π, r remains +ve and decreases from ∞ to 0.
4
Thus we have the portion of the curve in the 2nd quadrant. As θ increases from π to 2π,
we do not get any new point on the curve. Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in
the figure.
154. Trace the curve r = a sin 3θ . (M.D.U., 2009)
Sol. The equation of the curve is
r = a sin 3θ ...(1)
1. Symmetry : Since equation (1) remains unaltered when θ is changed to π – θ, therefore the
π
curve is symmetrical about the line θ = .
2
240 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2. Pole : Putting r = 0, we get sin 3θ = 0, which gives

3θ = 0, π, 2π, 3π, ...
π 2π
or θ = 0, , , π, ...
3 3
π
∴ The curve passes through the pole and the tangents at the pole are θ = 0, θ = and
3
2π
θ= , the other values of θ give the same tangents.
3
3. Asymptotes : Since for no values of θ, r → ∞, therefore the curve has no asymptote.
4. Special Points and Region :
(i) From (1), r = a sin 3θ
∴ |sin 3θ| ≤ 1, ∴ r is never greater than a. Thus the curve lies entirely within the
circle r = a.
(ii) Some special points are
π π π 2π 5π
θ = 0 π
6 3 2 3 6
r = 0 a 0 –a 0 a 0
π
When θ increases from 0 to , r is +ve and increases from 0 to a. When θ increases
6
π π
from to , r is +ve and decreases from a to 0. Thus we get a loop between the lines
6 3
π π π
θ = 0 and θ = . As θ increases from to , r is –ve and numerically increases from
3 6 2
0 to a.
Y

π
2π 2 π
3 3
5π π
6 6

0
X
3π
3

4π 5π
3 3π 3
2
π 2π
As θ increases from to , r is –ve and numerically decreases from a to 0. Thus
2 3
π 2π
we get a second loop between the lines θ = and θ = in the opposite direction.
3 3
(∵ r is –ve)
2π 5π
As θ increases from to , r remains +ve and increases from 0 to a. As θ increases
3 6
5π
from to π, r remains +ve and decreases from a to 0. Thus we have the third loop
6
2π
between the lines θ = and θ = π. When θ varies from π to 2π, the same loops are
3
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 241

repeated and we do not get any new loop. As r is periodic, therefore values of θ outside
[0, 2π] need not be considered. Thus the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
Note : The curve r = a sin nθ or r = a cos nθ consists of n or 2n loops according as n is odd or
even.
155. Trace the cycloid x = a(θ + sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ ). [U.P.T.U., 2007 ; A.U.U.P., 2009]
Sol. The equations of the curve are
x = a(θ + sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ) ...(1)
1. Limits : The greatest value of y is 2a and the least value is 0. Hence the curve lies between
the lines y = 0 and y = 2a.
2. Symmetry : Since x = a(θ + sin θ) is an odd function of θ[∴ f(–θ) = – f(θ)] and y = a(1 – cos θ)
is an even function of θ [∴ f (– θ) = f (θ)]
∴ The curve is symmetrical about the y-axis.
3. Origin and Axes Intersection :
(i) When x = 0, θ + sin θ = 0 or θ = 0 and then y = 0. ∴ The curve passes through the origin.
(ii) The curve cuts the x-axis (putting y = 0) where 1 – cos θ = 0 or cos θ = 1 or θ = 0 and
then x = 0 i.e., at (0, 0).
The curve cuts y-axis (putting x = 0) where θ + sin θ = 0 or θ = 0 and then y = 0 i.e., at
(0, 0).
4. Asymptotes : When θ → ∞, x → ∞ then y does not tend to a limit. ∴ The curve has no
asymptote parallel to x-axis.
Also y cannot tend to ∞ [∴ |cos θ| ≤ 1]. ∴ The curve has no asymptote parallel to
y-axis.
5. Special Points :
dx dy
= a(1 + cos θ), = a sin θ
dθ dθ

dy sin θ θ
∴ = = tan
dx 1 + cos θ 2

dy θ
∴ = 0 when = 0 i.e., when θ = 0.
dx 2
But when θ = 0, x = 0, y = 0. ∴ tangent at (0, 0) is parallel to x-axis i.e., x-axis itself.
dy θ π
Again = ∞ when = or θ = π
dx 2 2
θ = π gives x = aπ, y = 2a. Thus at (aπ, 2a) the tangent is perpendicular to x-axis.
6. Region :
θ
(i) y = a (1 – cos θ) = 2a sin 2
2

θ y
∴ sin =
2 2a

When y is –ve, sin θ is imaginary.

2
∴ No portion of the curve lies below the x-axis.
(ii) We have the following table :
π π
θ = 0 π 2π − –π
2 2
π  π 
x = 0 a  + 1 aπ 2aπ − a  + 1 – aπ
2   2 
242 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

y = 0 a 2a 0 0 2a
dy
= 0 1 ∞ 0 –1 –∞
dx
(iii) As x increases from 0 to aπ, y also increases from 0 to 2a.
But as x further increases to 2aπ, y decreases to 0 again.
∴ For +ve values of θ from 0 to π, we can draw the portion OAC of the curve in the first
quadrant.
Y

q = –p ap q=x
B A

2a 2a

2a
D
X¢ C
X
O q=0

Y¢
In fact as x further increases, y again increases to 2a and then decreases to 0 again
and so on.
The curve for –ve values of x can be traced by symmetry [∵ the curve is symmetrical
about y-axis]. Shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.

156. Trace the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3. (M.D.U., 2008 ; U.P.T.U., 2007)
Sol. The parametric equations of the curve are
x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t
1. Limits :
|x| ≤ a and |y| ≤ a
⇒ The curve lies entirely within the square bounded by the lines x = ± a, y = ± a.
2. Symmetry : x is an even function of t and y is an odd function of t.
⇒ The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis.
3. Origin and Axes Intersection :
π
When x = 0, cos3 t = 0 ⇒ t = and then y = a ≠ 0
2
∴ The curve does not pass through the origin.
The curve meets x-axis (putting y = 0) where sin3 t = 0 or t = 0, π, 2π, ...
∴ The curve meets x-axis at (a, 0) and (– a, 0).
Similarly, the curve meets y-axis at (0, a) and (0, –a).
4. Asymptotes : The curve has no asymptotes.
5. Special Points :
dx dy
= – 3a cos2t sin t, = 3a sin2t cos t
dt dt
dy
⇒ = – tan t
dx
dy
∴ = 0 When t = 0 or π
dx
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 243

dy π
and = ∞ When t =
dx 2
π
As t increases from 0 to
2
x is +ve and decreases from a to 0,
y is +ve and increases from 0 to a.
dy
Also varies from 0 to ∞. Thus the portion AB is traced.
dx
Y
B

C A
X¢ X
O

B¢
Y¢
π
As t increases from to π
2
x is –ve and increases numerically from 0 to – a.
y is +ve and decreases from a to 0.
dy
Also, varies from ∞ to 0.
dx
Thus the portion BC is traced.
As t increases from π to 2π
We get the curve CB′A which is the reflection of the curve CBA in the x-axis. Since x and y
are periodic functions with period 2π, no new points are obtained.
Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
157. Trace the curve: 9ay2 = (x – 2a) (x – 5a)2.
Sol. The equation of the curve is
9ay2 = (x – 2a) (x – 5a)2 ...(1)
1. Symmetry : Since equation (1) contains only even powers of y, the curve is symmetrical
about x-axis.
2. Origin : The curve does not pass through the origin because (0, 0) does not satisfy the given
equation.
3. Asymptotes : The curve has no asymptotes.
4. Axes Intersection :
Putting y = 0 in (1), we get x = 2a, 5a
Thus the curve meets x-axis in the points A(2a, 0) and B(5a, 0).
Putting x = 0 in (1), we get 9ay2 = – 50a3 which gives imaginary values of y. Therefore, the
curve does not meet y-axis.
244 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

5. Region :
1
From (1), y = (x − 5a) x − 2a ...(2)
9a
When x < 2a, y is imaginary.
Thus the curve does not lie to the left of the line x = 2a.
When x > 2a, y is real.
6. Special Points :
dy 1  (x − 5a) . 1 
From (2), = . + x −2a 
dx 9a  2 x − 2a 
x − 3a
= ...(3)
2 a x − 2a
dy
= 0 gives x = 3a
dx
But when x = 3a, then from (1), 9ay2 = 4a3
2a
⇒ y = ±
3
 2a 
∴ Tangents at the points  3a, ± are parallel to x-axis.
 3 
dy
When x > 3a, is +ve From (3)
dx
∴ The curve rises for all values of
Y
x > 3a (if y is +ve).
dy
When x < 3a, is –ve, ∴ The curve is C
dx
falling for values of x < 3a. (2a, 0) (5a, 0)
O X
dy A B
Again → ∞ when x = 2a.
dx
∴ Tangent at (2a, 0) is parallel to
y-axis.
Thus the shape of the curve is as shown
in the figure.
158. Trace the curve x2y2 = x2 – a2.
Sol. The equation of the curve is
x2y2 = x2 – a2 ...(1)
1. Symmetry : Since equation (1) contains only even powers of y and only even powers of x,
therefore, the curve is symmetrical about both the axes. Also the curve is symmetrical in
opposite quadrants.
2. Origin : The curve does not pass through the origin because (0, 0) does not satisfy the given
equation.
3. Asymptotes : Asymptotes parallel to x-axis are given by y2 – 1 = 0 ∴ y = 1 and y = – 1 are the
asymptotes. Asymptotes parallel to y-axis are x = 0. Oblique asymptotes : φ4(m) = m2, φ4(m) = 0
gives m = 0 and this value of m gives asymptotes parallel to x-axis (which we have already
obtained).
4. Axes Intersection :
Putting y = 0 in (1), x = ±a
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 245

∴ Curve meets the x-axis in the points (a, 0) and (–a, 0). Also x = 0 and x = – a are the
tangents at the points (a, 0) and (– a, 0) respectively. The curve does not meet the y-axis.
5. Region :

x 2 − a2
From (1), y = ...(2)
x

For y to be real, x2 > a2

∴ x > a or x < – a
∴ No portion of the curve lies between the lines x = a and x = – a.
Again from (1), x2(1 – y2) = a2

a
∴ x =
1 − y2

For x to be real, 1 – y2 > 0 i.e., y2 < 1

∴ – 1 < y < 1.
∴ The curve lies entirely between the lines y = 1 and y = – 1.
6. Special Points :
2
dy a
From (2), =
dx x 2 x 2 − a2

dy dy
never becomes zero. is always +ve.
dx dx

dy
→ ∞ when x2 – a2 = 0 i.e., x = ± a
dx
For x = ± a, y = 0 from (1).
∴ Tangents at the points (a, 0) and (– a, 0) are parallel to y-axis.
Thus, the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
x = –a Y
x=a
y=1

X
O

y = –1
246 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

159. Trace the curve xy2 = a2(a – x).

Sol. Equation of the curve is
xy2 = a2(a – x) ...(1)
1. Symmetry : Since (1) contains only even powers of y, so the curve is symmetrical about x-axis.
2. Origin : The curve does not pass through the origin.
3. Axes Intersection : The curve meets x-axis at the point A(a, 0). It does not meet y-axis.
Shifting the origin to A(a, 0), Equation (1) becomes
(X + a)Y2 = a2[a – (X + a)]
⇒ (X + a)Y2 + a2X = 0
Equating to zero, the lowest degree terms,
the tangent at the new origin is X = 0 i.e., Y
new y-axis.
Hence at the new origin i.e., at A(a, 0), the x=a
tangent is perpendicular to x-axis.
A (a, 0)
4. Asymptotes : The only asymptote is x = 0. X′ X

5. Region :

a−x
From (1), y = a
x
Y′
When x < 0 or x > a, y is imaginary.
Thus, no portion of the curve lies to the left of y-axis and to the right of x = a.
When x = a, y = 0. As x decreases from a to 0, y increases from 0 to ∞.
Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
160. Trace the curve y2(a – x) = x2(a + x).
Sol. The given curve is
y2(a – x) = x2(a + x) ...(1)
1. Symmetry : Curve is symmetrical about x-axis since equation (1) contains only even power of y.
2. Origin : The curve passes through the origin. Tangents at the origin are y = ± x.
Since the tangents are real and distinct, therefore origin is a node.
3. Axes Intersection : The curve intersects x-axis at (0, 0) and (– a, 0). The curve intersects y-axis
at (0, 0) only. The tangent at (– a, 0) can be found to be x + a = 0.
4. Asymptotes : The only asymptote is x = a.
5. Region :

a+x
From (1), y = x
a−x
For x > a or x < – a, y is imaginary.
Hence, the curve does not exist for x > a or x < – a.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 247

Hence shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.

Y x=a

x
y=

X¢ X
(–a, 0) (+a, 0)
y=
–x

Y¢
x3
161. Trace the curve + = y3 ax2
(a > 0).
Sol. The equation of the curve is
x3 + y3 = ax2 ...(1)
1. Symmetry : The curve is neither symmetrical about the co-ordinate axes nor about the line
y = x.
2. Origin : It passes through the origin. Tangent at the origin are given by
x2 = 0 i.e., x = 0 and x = 0
∴ The origin is a cusp.
From (1), on neglecting x3, we have
ax2 = y3
y3
or x = ±
a
The roots are real only when y is +ve.
Thus the cusp is a single cusp. Again, the two values of x are of opposite sign, so that it is a
cusp of the first species.
3. Axes Intersection : The curve meets the x-axis at (a, 0).
4. Asymptotes :
(i) From (1), y3 = ax2 – x3
 a
or y3 = − x 3  1 − 
 x
1/3
 a
y = − x 1 − 
 x
2
 a a  2
= − x 1 − − 2 + ... = − x + a + a + ...
 3x 9x  3 9x
∴ The only real asymptote is
a
y = −x+
3
 a 2a 
It meets the curve in the point  , .
9 9 
(ii) If yc and ya denote the ordinates of the curve and that of the asymptote for the same
value of x, then

a2
yc – ya = − ...
9x
which for large values of x is > 0 for x > 0 and < 0 for x < 0.
248 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Thus, the curve lies above the asymptote to the right of y-axis (i.e., for x > 0) and below
the asymptote to the left of y-axis (i.e., for x < 0).
5. Special Points :
From (1), y = x2/3 (a – x)1/3

dy 2 −1 / 3 1 2a − 3x
∴ = x (a − x )1 / 3 − (a − x )−2 / 3 . x 2 / 3 =
dx 3 3 1/3
3x . (a − x )
2/3

dy 2a
= 0 When x =
dx 3
 2 a ( 4 )1 / 3 a 
∴ The tangent is parallel to x-axis at the point  , . .
 3 3 
dy
Also, = ∞, when x = a or x = 0.
dx
∴ Tangent is parallel to y-axis at (a, 0).
6. Region :
(i) x and y cannot be both negative, for this would make the L.H.S. of (1) negative and the
R.H.S. positive. Hence, no part of the curve exists in the third quadrant.
(ii) The equation (1) of the curve can be written as y3 = x2(a – x).
Now, when x is negative, y is positive and as x decreases from 0 to – ∞, y increases from
0 to ∞.
When x is positive and lies between 0 and a, y is also positive. When x > a, y is –ve.
This is possible only if the curve crosses the line x = a which is tangent to
the curve, at the point (a, 0). ∴ (a, 0) is the point of the inflexion. As x → ∞,
y also → ∞.
The approximate shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
Y

1
2a , (4) 3 a
3 3
x=a

A
X¢ X
O (a, 0)
2a/3

x+
y= a
Y¢ 3

162. Trace the curve x + y = a. (U.P.T.U., 2007 ; M.D.U., 2008 ; A.U.U.P., 2008)
1 1 1
Sol. The equation of the curve is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ...(1)
1. Symmetry : The curve is symmetrical about the line y = x.
2. Origin : The curve does not pass through the origin because (0, 0) does not satisfy the equa-
tion (1).
3. Asymptotes : No asymptotes parallel to the co-ordinate axes.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 249

4. Axes Intersection : When x = 0, y = a, when y = 0, x = a. Hence the curve meets the co-
ordinate axes at (0, a) and (a, 0).
5. Special Points :
a a 3a
x : a 0
4 2 4
2 2
a  2 −1 2 − 3
y : 0   .a   . a a
4  2   2 
The approximate shape of the given curve is as shown in the figure.
Y

(0, a)

x
=
y
a/4

X
O a/4 (a, 0)
163. Trace the curve y2(x + 3a) = x(x – a) (x – 2a).
Sol. 1. Symmetry : The curve is symmetrical about x-axis because equation has even power of y.
2. Origin : The curve passes through the origin where the tangent is x = 0.
3. Asymptotes and Region :
(a) (i) When x = 0, y = 0; when 0 < x < a, y is real.
(ii) When x = a, y = 0 again.
When a < x < 2a, y is imaginary.
When x = 2a, y = 0 and when x > 2a, y is real.
Tangent at (2a, 0) is parallel to y-axis obtained by shifting origin to it and then
equating the lowest degree terms to zero.
When x = 3a, y = a and when x = 4a, y = 1.8a
When x → ∞, y → ∞.
When x, y are very large
 a 2a 
1 −  1 −
(x − a) (x − 2a)  x 
2
y x 6a 20a
2
= = = 1− + + ...
x
2
x(x + 3a)  3a  x x
2
 1 +
 x 

y  3a 11a 2 
⇒ = ± 1 − + 2 + ... 
x  x 2 x 
2
11a
or y = x − 3a + + .... ...(1)
2x
leaving –ve values of y/x.
y = x – 3a is an asymptote and the curve lies above this asymptote in the I quadrant.
250 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

(b) When x is –ve and numerically less than 3a, y is imaginary.

Therefore, the curve does not exist between x = – 3a and x = 0.
When x = – 3a, the expression for y becomes meaningless but x → – 3a from left,
y2 → ∞. In fact x = – 3a is an asymptote.
When x → ∞, y2 → ∞.
y
For large values of x and y, taking negative values of from (1), we get
x
11a 2
y = − x + 3a − + ....
2x
∴ y = 3a – x is an asymptote and the curve lies above the asymptote in the IInd
quadrant.
∴ y is very large in the neighbourhood of x = –3a in IInd quadrant and is again very
large when x is –ve and numerically large.
Considering all these points, approximate shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
Y

10a x=a

(2a, 0)
5a
x + 3a = 0

(–3a, 0)

X¢ X
–10a –5a O (3a, 0) 5a 10a

a
x =3
y–

Y¢
164. Trace the curve r = a(1 – cos θ). (P.T.U., B.Tech. Dec., 2005 ; A.U.U.P., 2007 ; M.D.U., 2008)
Sol. Equation of the curve is r =a(1 – cos θ) ...(1)
1. Symmetry : The curve is symmetrical about the initial line because the equation of the
curve remains unaltered when θ is changed to – θ.
2. Pole or Origin :
(i) When θ = 0, r = 0 hence the curve passes through the pole and the tangent at the pole
is the line θ = 0 i.e., the initial line.
π
(ii) The curve meets the initial line θ = 0 at (0, 0) and the lines θ = and θ = π in the
2

 π
points  a,  and (2a, π) respectively.
 2
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 251

3. Asymptote : Since for any finite value of θ, r does not tend to ∞, ∴ the curve has no asymptote.
4. Special Points : The corresponding values of θ and r are given below :
π π 2π
θ : 0 π
3 2 3
a 3a
r : 0 a 2a
2 2
5. Region :
(i) ä |cos θ| ≤ 1 ∴ From (1), r ≤ 2a
∴ The curve lies entirely within the circle r = 2a.
(ii) When θ increases from 0 to π, r remains +ve and increases from 0 to 2a.
When θ increases from π to 2π, r is +ve and decreases from 2a to 0.
6. Value of φ :
dr
From (1), = a sin θ
dθ
dθ a(1 − cos θ) θ
∴ tan φ = r = = tan
dr a sin θ 2
θ
⇒ φ =
2
θ
Now, φ = 0 when θ = 0 and φ = when θ = π ∴ at (2a, π) the tangent is perpendicular to the
2
line θ = π.
Shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
Y

p
B a= 2
(2a, p)
a
A O q=0
X¢ X
q=p 2a (0, 0) a
3p
C a, 2

Y¢

165. Trace the curve r = aemθ. (a, m are + ve)

Sol. The equation of the curve is r = aemθ ...(1)
1. Symmetry : Curve has no symmetry.
2. Pole : r is not zero for any finite real value of θ. ∴ The curve does not pass through the pole.
3. Value of φ :
mθ
dθ r ae 1
tan φ = r = = =
dr dr amemθ m
dθ
⇒ φ is constant.
252 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

4. Region : Y q= p
2
(i) r is always +ve but there is no
limit to its values.
(ii) When θ = 0, r = a. ∴ (a, 0) lies
on the curve.
(iii) As θ increases from 0 to ∞, r re-
mains +ve and increases from q=p q=0
X¢ X
a to ∞. O (a, 0)
(iv) As θ decreases from 0 to –∞, r
still remains positive and de-
creases from a to 0.
Hence the shape of the curve is
as shown in the figure.
3p
q=
166. Trace the curve r2 cos θ = a2 sin 3θ . 2
2 Y¢
Sol. The equation of the curve is r cos θ
= a2 sin 3θ ...(1)
1. Symmetry : On changing r to –r, equation (1) remains unchanged.
∴ The curve is symmetrical about the pole i.e., the curve is symmetrical in opposite quad-
rants.
2. Origin or Pole : Putting r = 0 in equation (1), we get sin 3θ = 0
∴ 3θ = nπ, where n is 0 or any other integer.
π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π
∴ θ = 0, , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
∴ The curve passes through the pole and the tangents at the pole are
π 2π 6π
θ = 0, θ = , θ= , ..... θ = .
3 3 3
3. Asymptotes :
1
Putting r = , from (1)
u
cos θ
u2 = ...(2)
a 2 sin 3θ
π 3π
Let u → 0. Therefore cos θ → 0 i.e., θ → ,
2 2
Differentiating (2) w.r.t., θ, we have
du − 1  sin 3 θ . sin θ + 3 cos θ cos 3 θ 
2u =  
dθ a2  sin 2 3θ 
du sin 3 θ sin θ + 3 cos θ cos 3 θ
∴ = −
dθ 2a 2u sin 2 3 θ

π  dθ 
For θ1 = , p = Lim  − =0 (ä u → 0)
2 θ → θ1  du 
u→0

∴ The asymptote is
p = r sin (θ1 – θ)
π 
or 0 = r sin  − θ 
 2 
i.e., r cos θ = 0
or x = 0
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 253

i.e., y-axis is an asymptote to the curve.

3π
Again for θ1 = , y-axis is an asymptote.
2
4. Axes Intersection :
When θ = 0, from (1), r = 0
π 2a 2 2
When θ = , r2 = ∴ r= ±a
6 3 3

 2 π
∴ The two points are  ± x , 
 3 6 


π
When θ = , r = 0 again.
3
5. Region w.r.t., tangents at the pole :
2
a sin 3θ
From (1), r2 =
cos θ

π 2
When 0 ≤ θ ≤ , r is +ve ∴ r is real
3
π π
When ≤ θ ≤ , r2 is –ve ∴ r is imaginary
3 2
π
∴ No portion of the curve lies between the lines θ = π/3 and θ = .
2
π 2π 2
When ≤θ≤ , r is +ve ∴ r is real
2 3
2π
When ≤ θ ≤ π , r2 is –ve ∴ r is imaginary
3
2π
∴ No portion of the curve lies between the lines θ = and θ = π.
3
Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
2p p
3 Y 2 p
3

X¢ X
q=0

Y¢
254 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

167. Trace the curve rθ = a.

Sol. The equation of the curve is
rθ = a ...(1)
Firstly, we consider positive values of θ, i.e., values of θ in (0, ∞)
1. Symmetry :
Equation (1) remains unchanged where θ is changed to – θ and r to –r, ∴ the curve is
π
symmetrical about the line θ = i.e., y-axis.
2
2. Origin :
Since r does not become zero for any real finite value of θ, therefore the curve does not pass
through the pole.
3. Asymptotes :
Equation (1) is rθ = a
1 θ θ
Putting r = , we have = a, u =
u u a
u → 0 gives θ → 0 ∴ θ1 = 0
du 1
=
dθ a
 dθ 
p = θlim
→ θ1 
− = lim ( − a) = − a
u→ 0 
du  θ → 0

Putting the values of p and θ1 in

p = r sin (θ1 – θ), the equation of the asymptote is
– a = r sin (– θ)
or r sin θ = a
or y = a (ä r sin θ = y)
4. Axes Intersection :
π π π 2π 3π
When θ = 0, , , , , π, , 2π ...
6 3 2 3 2
6a 3a 2a 3a a 2a a
∴ From (1); r = ∞, , , , , , , , ...
π π π 2π π 3π 2π
5. Region :
a
(i) From (1) r =
θ
a sin θ  sin θ 
r sin θ = sin θ = a . <a ∵ < 1
θ θ θ 
or y <a (ä y = r sin θ)
∴ The curve lies entirely below the asymptote r sin θ = a or y = a.
(ii) For positive values of θ, r is positive.
6. Value of φ :
a dr a
From (1), r = ∴ = − 2
θ dθ θ
dr
is –ve for all values of θ.
dθ
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 255

y=a

X¢ X

Y¢
∴ r decreases as θ increases.
As θ increases from 0 to ∞, r is +ve and decreases from ∞ to 0.

r a  θ2 
tan φ = = − =−θ
dr θ  a 
dθ
Hence for +ve values of θ, the shape of the curve is as shown by thick lines in the figure. The
a
part of the curve for –ve values of θ (or here r also because from r = , r is –ve when θ is
θ
negative) is obtained by turning the curve for positive value of θ through two right angles.
This branch is shown in the figure by the dotted line.
168. Trace the curve r = a(sec θ + cos θ).
Sol. The equation of the curve is r = a(sec θ + cos θ) ...(1)
Changing to cartesians, we get
r x
r = a +  or r2x = a(r2 + x2)
x r
or (x2 + y2)x = a(2x2 + y2) [∵ r2 = x2 + y2]
or y2(x – a) = x2(2a – x)
Now the curve can be easily traced.
Shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
Y

A
X¢ X
O (a, 0) (2a, 0)

Y¢
256 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

169. Trace the curve x5 + y5 = 5a2x2y.

Sol. The equation of the curve is
x5 + y5 = 5a2x2y ...(1)
1. Symmetry :
The curve is symmetrical in opposite quadrants because equation (1) remains unchanged
when both x and y are changed to – x and – y respectively.
2. Origin :
The curve passes through the origin. The tangents at the origin are x2y = 0, i.e., x = 0,
x = 0, y = 0. Hence y-axis is a cuspidal tangent. In fact, the origin is a node as well as
a cusp.
3. Asymptotes : Since coefficients of x5 and y5 are constants, therefore, the curve has no as-
ymptotes parallel to axes.
Let us now find oblique asymptotes.
From (1), φ5(m) = 1 + m5, φ4(m) = 0
Putting φ5(m) = 0, we have m5 = – 1 ∴ m = – 1

To find c, cφ′5 (m) + φ4 (m) = 0

c(5m4) = 0 or c = 0
∴ Equation of the asymptote is y = mx + c or y = – x.
Position of the curve w.r.t., asymptote :
In the second quadrant, x is –ve and y is +ve. ∴ L.H.S. of (1) namely x5 + y5 must be +ve
because R.H.S. of (1) is +ve.
Hence, y should be numerically > x.
Thus, the curve lies above the asymptote y = – x. Because of symmetry in opposite quad-
rants, the curve approaches the other end (in the fourth quadrant) from below.
4. Axes Intersection :
(i) The curve meets the co-ordinate axes only at (0, 0).
(ii) Intersection with line y = x;
Putting y = x in equation (1), we have
2x5 = 5a2x3

5
∴ x =0 or x = ± .a
2

5
∴ y =0 or y = ± .a
2

 5 5 
∴ Points of intersection are (0, 0) ;  ± . a, ± . a 
 2 2
 
(iii) Intersection with the asymptote y = – x.
Solving (1) and y = – x, we again have (0, 0) as their intersection.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 257

5. Region :
Transforming to polars by putting x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ in (1), we have

5a 2 cos2 θ sin θ
r2 =
cos5 θ + sin 5 θ

3π
For values of θ between and π, r2 is negative and so r is imaginary. Thus, no portion of
4

3π
the curve lies between the lines θ = and θ = π. Thus, the shape of the curve is as shown
4
in the figure.
Y

X¢ X

x+y=0

Y¢
170. Trace the four-leaved rose r = a sin 2θ .
Sol. The equation of the given curve is
r = a sin 2θ ...(1)
π π
1. Symmetry : The curve is symmetrical about the line θ = and the line θ = .
4 2
2. Pole : Put r = 0 in (1), we get
sin 2θ = 0
nπ
⇒ 2θ = nπ ⇒ θ = , where, n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ....
2

π 3π
⇒ θ = 0, ± , ± π, ± , ...
2 2
π
Hence, the curve passes through the pole and the tangents at the pole are θ = 0, θ =
2
because the other values of θ give the same tangents.
3. Asymptotes : The curve has no asymptotes.
4. Special Points and Region :
(i) ä |sin 2θ| ≤ 1
∴ From (1), |r| ≤ a
Hence, the curve lies entirely within the circle r = a.
258 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dr
(ii) From (1), = 2a cos 2θ
dθ
2
dr
and 2 = – 4a sin 2θ
dθ

dr
For r to be maximum or minimum, =0
dθ
⇒ 2a cos 2θ = 0 or cos 2θ = 0
π
⇒ 2θ = (2n + 1) where n ∈ I
2
π
⇒ θ = (2n + 1) where n ∈ I
4
π 3π 5π
⇒ θ = , , , ....
4 4 4
2 2
dr dr
For r to be maximum, 2 should be –ve and we find that 2 is –ve for
dθ dθ

π 5π  π π
θ= , , ... and the maximum value of r is rmax = a sin  2 .  or rmax = a sin = a .
4 4  4 2
The corresponding values of r and θ are given below :
π π 3π
θ : 0 π
4 2 4
r : 0 a 0 –a 0
π
As θ increases from 0 to , r is +ve and increases from 0 to a. As θ increases from
4
π π
to , r is +ve and decreases from a to 0. Thus we get a loop between the lines
4 2
π
θ = 0 and θ = .
2
π Y
Similarly, we get a loop between the line θ =
2
and θ = π but in opposite direction (ä r is –ve). p
3p
Thus, we trace the two loops I and II. 4 4
Since the curve is symmetrical about the line
π
θ= , the other two loops are traced by symmetry. X
2
Thus, in all we get four equal loops.
Hence the slope of the curve is as shown in the
5p 7p or –p
figure. 4 4
4
171. Trace the cycloid x = a(θ + sin θ), y= a(1 + cos θ).
Sol. The parametric equations of the cycloid are
x = a(θ + sin θ), y = a(1 + cos θ) ...(1)
Let us trace this curve firstly for values of θ in the interval (– π, π).
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 259

1. Symmetry :
On changing θ to –θ in (1), changes to –x and y remains unchanged. ∴ The curve is sym-
metrical about y-axis.
2. Origin :
Putting y = 0, a(1 + cos θ) = 0 ∴ cos θ = – 1
or θ = π
For θ = π, x = a(π + sin π) = aπ ≠ 0.
∴ The curve does not pass through the origin.
3. Asymptotes :
The curve has no asymptotes.
4. Points of Intersection :
(i) Intersections with x-axis :
Putting y = 0 in (1), we get θ = π which gives x = aπ.
∴ Intersection with x-axis is (aπ, 0).
(ii) Intersection with y-axis :
Putting x = 0 in (1), we have θ + sin θ = 0 which is satisfied by only θ = 0 and for
θ = 0, y = a(1 + cos θ) = 2a.
∴ Intersection with y-axis is (0, 2a).
5. Region :
We know that – 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
∴ 1 – 1 ≤ 1 + cos θ ≤ 1 + 1
or 0 ≤ 1 + cos θ ≤ 2
∴ 0 ≤ a(1 + cos θ) ≤ 2a
or 0 ≤ y ≤ 2a
∴ Curve lies entirely between the lines y = 0 and y = 2a.
6. Special Points :
dx
From (1), = a(1 + cos θ)
dθ
dy
= – a sin θ
dθ
dy a sin θ θ
⇒ = − = − tan ...(2)
dx a(1 + cos θ) 2
dy
Corresponding values of x, y and for different values of θ are given below :
dx
π π
θ = –π − 0 π
2 2
π  π 
From (1), x = – aπ − a  + 1 0 a  + 1 aπ
2  2 
y = 0 a 2a a 0
dy
From (2), = ∞ 1 0 –1 –∞
dx
 π    π  
∴ Points on the curve are (– aπ, 0),  − a  + 1  , a  , [0, 2a], a  2 + 1  , a  , [aπ, 0].
 2      
 dy 
Tangents at the points [–aπ, 0] and [aπ, 0] are parallel to y-axis. ∵ dx = ∞ or − ∞ 
 
 dy 
Tangent at the point (0, 2a) is parallel to x-axis. ∵ dx = 0 
 
260 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dy θ
From (2), = − tan
dx 2
Again differentiating w.r.t. x,
2
d y  θ  1 dθ
2 = −  sec2  .
dx  2  2 dx
2
d y 1 2 θ 1 θ
2 = − sec . sec2
dx 2 2 2a 2
2
d y 1 θ
or 2 = − sec4
dx 4a 2
d2 y
∴ is –ve for all values of θ.
dx 2
∴ The curve is concave downwards.
For values of θ > π or < – π, the same types of branches of the curve will be obtained.
The curve consists of congruent arches on both sides of y-axis which extend to infinity.
Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
Y

B q=0

X
A¢ q=–p O q=p A

 1 2 t 
172. Trace the curve x = a cos t + log tan , y = a sin t.
 2 2 
Sol. The equations of the curve are
a 2 t
x = a cos t + log tan , y = a sin t ...(1)
2 2
1. Symmetry :
(i) On changing t to –t in (1), x remains unchanged and y changes to – y. ∴ The curve is
symmetrical about x-axis.
(ii) On changing t to π – t in (1), y is unchanged and x changes to – x.
∴ The curve is symmetrical about y-axis.
2. Origin :
Putting y = 0, we get sin t = 0 or t = 0 and then
a
x = a+ log 0 = − ∞
2
∴ The curve does not pass through the origin.
3. Asymptotes :
When t = 0, x → – ∞ and y = 0
Thus y = 0, i.e., x-axis is an asymptote to the curve.
4. Points of Intersection :
The curve does not meet x-axis.
The curve meets y-axis (putting x = 0)
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 261

a t
where, x = a cos t + log tan2 = 0
2 2
π
which is satisfied by t = ± .
2
 π
and then y = a sin  ±  = ± a. Thus, the curve meets y-axis in the points (0, ± a).
 2
5. Region :
We know that – 1 ≤ sin t ≤ 1
– a ≤ a sin t ≤ a or – a ≤ y ≤ a
Thus, the curve lies entirely between the lines y = ± a.
6. Special Points :
dx 1 1 t t 1
From (1), = − a sin t + a. . 2 tan sec 2 .
dt 2 2 t 2 2 2
tan
2
 
dx  1 
⇒ = a  − sin t +
dt t t 
 2 sin cos 
 2 2
 1  a cos2 t
= a  − sin t + =
 sin t  sin t
dy
and = a cos t
dt
dy
∴ = tan t ...(2)
dx
dy π
= ∞ when t = ± and then x = 0, y = ± a
dx 2
Thus, at the points (0, ± a), the tangent is parallel to y-axis.
dy
i.e., y-axis itself is a tangent at the points (0, ± a). = 0 when t = 0 and then x → ∞,
dx
y = 0, showing that y = 0 or x-axis is an asymptote as proved earlier.
dy
From (2), = tan t
dx
2
d y dt
Differentiating w.r.t. x, 2 =
sec2 t .
dx dx
2 sin t
= sec t .
a cos2 t
sin t
=
a cos4 t
2
d y
∴ 2 is +ve for values of t in [0, π]. Curve is concave upwards for values of t in [0, π].
dx
The shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
262 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

t = p/2 (0, a)

t=0 t=p
X¢ X
O

(0, –a)

Y¢

a(t + t 3 ) a(t − t 3 )
173. Trace the curve x = 4 , y = .
1+ t 1 + t4
Sol. We have,
at(1 + t 2 )
x = ...(1)
1 + t4
at(1 − t 2 )
y = ...(2)
1 + t4
Let us eliminate t from equations (1) and (2) to form Cartesian equation.
Dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we have
x 1 + t2 x −y
= or t2 = ...(3)
y 1 − t2 x + y
From (1), we have
x2(1 + t4)2 = a2t2(1 + t2)2
Putting the value of t2 from (3),
2 2
2
 ( x − y)  a 2 ( x − y)  x − y
x 2 1 + 2 = 1+
 ( x + y)  x + y  x + y 

2
 ( x + y )2 + ( x − y )2  a 2 ( x − y)  2x 
2

x  
2
or =
( x + y)
4
x + y  ( x + y) 

4 x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )2 4a 2 x 2 (x − y)
or =
( x + y) 4 ( x + y)
3

or (x2 + y2)2 = a2(x2 – y2) ...(4)

1. Symmetry : Curve (4) is symmetrical both about x-axis and y-axis.
2. Origin : Curve (4) passes through the origin. Tangents at the origin are :
a2(x2 – y2) = 0. (Equating lowest degree terms to zero)
But a ≠ 0
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 263

∴ x2 – y2 = 0 or y2 = x2 ∴ y = ± x.
3. Asymptotes : The curve has no asymptotes.
4. Points of Intersection :
Putting y = 0 in (4), x4 = a2x2 or x2(x2 – a2) = 0
∴ Either x = 0 or x2 = a2 i.e., x = ± a
∴ Intersections of the curve (4) with x-axis are (–a, 0), (0, 0), (a, 0).
Similarly putting x = 0 in equation (4), we get
y4 = – a2y2 or y2(y2 + a2) = 0
⇒ y = 0 or y2 + a2 = 0 or y = ± ia
The only point of intersection of curve (4) with y-axis is (0, 0).
Thus the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.
Y

y=x

(a, 0)
X¢ X
(–a, 0)

y = –x

Y¢

d2 y dy
2
174. If y = sin(a sin–1x), prove that (1 − x ) = x − a2 y .
dx 2 dx
[A.U.U.P. 2007 ; M.D.U., 2008 ; U.P.T.U., 2009]
Sol. y = sin(a sin–1x) ...(1)
dy −1 a a cos (a sin −1 x )
∴ = cos(a sin x ) . =
dx 1 − x2 1 − x2

dy
⇒ 1 − x2 . = a cos(a sin–1x)
dx
Squaring both sides,
2
 dy 
(1 − x 2 )   = a2 cos2(a sin–1x)
 dx 
2
 dy 
or (1 − x 2 )   = a2[1 – sin2(a sin–1x)]
 dx 
2
2  dy 
or (1 − x )   = a2(1 – y2) [By (1)]
 dx 
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we have
264 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2 2
d  dy   dy  d  d 
(1 − x 2 ) + (1 − x 2 ) = a 2 0 − ( y) 2 
dx  dx  
 dx  dx  dx 
2 2
2  dy  d y  dy  dy
⇒ (1 − x ) . 2  . − 2x   = − 2a 2 y
 dx  dx
2
 dx  dx

dy
Dividing every term by 2 .
dx
2
2 d y dy
(1 − x ) −x = – a2y
dx
2
dx
2
2 d y dy
or (1 − x ) = x − a2 y . Hence proved.
dx
2
dx
175. If y = sin 2x sin 3x, find yn.
1
Sol. y = sin 2x sin 3x = [2 sin 3x sin 2x ]
2
1
= [cos x − cos 5x ]
2
[∵ 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
1  dn dn 
∴ yn = 2  n cos x − n
cos 5x 
 dx dx 
1   nπ  n  nπ  
=
2  cos  x + 2  − 5 cos  5x + 2   .
    
1
176. If y = , find the nth derivative of y (or yn).
1 – 5x + 6x 2
[U.P.T.U., (B.T.), 2005 and A.U.U.P., 2008 ; M.D.U., 2009]
1 1 2 3
Sol. y = = = −
1 − 5x + 6x
2
(2x − 1) (3x − 1) 2x − 1 3x − 1

1  b ( − 1)n . n ! . a n
Now we know that nth differential co-efficient of  x ≠ − is given by
ax + b  a  ( ax + b)n + 1

 1  ( − 1)n . n ! (2)n
∴ Dn   =
 2x − 1  (2x − 1)n + 1
 1  ( − 1)n . n ! (3)n
and Dn   =
 3x − 1  (3x − 1)n + 1
 ( − 1)n . n ! (2)n   ( − 1)n . n ! (3)n 
Hence, yn = 2  n +1  −3 n +1 
 (2x − 1)   (3x − 1) 
n  (2)n + 1 (3)n + 1 
= ( − 1) . n !  n +1
− .
 (2x − 1) (3x − 1)n + 1 

x2
177. If y = , find nth derivative of y. [U.P.T.U., 2006, 2008 ; M.D.U., 2007]
(x – 1) 2 (x + 2)
Sol. Firstly, we will split y into partial fractions.

1 1 + 2z + z 2 1  1 5z 4 . z2 
Let x – 1 = z, then y = . = 2  + + 
z2 3+z z 3 9 9 . (3 + z ) 
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 265

1 5 4 1 5 4
= + + = + +
3z 2 9z 9(3 + z ) 3( x − 1)2 9( x − 1) 9( x + 2)

( − 1)n ( n + 1) ! 5( − 1)n . n ! 4( − 1)n . n !

Hence, yn = + + .
3( x − 1)n + 2 9( x − 1)n +1 9( x + 2)n +1

–1  2x 
178. Find the nth derivative of tan  . [U.P.T.U., 2007 ; M.D.U., 2009]
 1 – x2 

 2x 
Sol. tan −1  2  = 2 tan–1x (A Standard Result)
1 − x 
∴ y = 2 tan–1x. Now we have to find yn.
 dy  2 2  1 1  1 1 1 
y1  or  = 2 =  −  =  − 
 dx  1+x 2i  x − i x + i  i x − i x + i
1  1 1 
Hence, yn = ( − 1)n − 1 . ( n − 1) !  n
− 
i  ( x − i ) ( x + i )n 
[Differentiating (n – 1) times]
Suppose x = r cos θ, 1 = r sin θ so that
−1  1 
r2 = x2 + 1 and θ = tan  
x

( − 1)n − 1 (n − 1) !
Thus, yn = {(cos θ – i sin θ)–n – (cos θ + i sin θ)–n}
ir n

( − 1)n − 1 ( n − 1) !
⇒ yn = . 2i sin n θ [Using De-Moivre’s Theorem]
i . rn
⇒ yn = 2(–1)n – 1 . (n – 1) ! sin nθ . sinn θ

−1  1 
where, θ = tan   .
x

x –1  x–n x+n 
179. If y = x log , show that: yn = ( – 1) n – 2 (n – 2) !  n
– . [A.U.U.P., 2008)
x+1  (x – 1) (x + 1) n 
x −1
Sol. y = x log
x +1
or y = x[log (x – 1) – log (x + 1)] ...(1)
Differentiating y w.r.t. x, we get
 1 1 
y1 = x  −  + log ( x − 1) − log ( x + 1)
 x − 1 x +1
1 1
= + + log( x − 1) − log( x + 1) ...(2)
x −1 x +1
Again differentiating (2), n – 1 times w.r.t. x, we get
( − 1)n − 1 ( n − 1) ! ( − 1)n − 1 ( n − 1) ! ( − 1)n − 2 ( n − 2) ! ( − 1)n − 2 ( n − 2) !
yn = + + −
( x − 1)n ( x + 1)n ( x − 1)n − 1 ( x + 1)n − 1
266 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 ( − 1) (n − 1) ( − 1) (n − 1) x −1 x +1 
= ( − 1)n − 2 (n − 2) !  n
+ n
+ n
− 
 ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1)n 
 x −n x+n 
⇒ ( − 1)n − 2 (n − 2) ! 
yn = n
− .
 ( x − 1) ( x + 1)n 
180. State Leibnitz Theorem and hence find the nth derivative of ex log x.
[M.D.U., 2008; U.P.T.U., 2007; A.U.U.P., 2009]
Sol. Let u = ex and v = log x
1
∴ u n = ex, v1 = ,
x
1
un – 1 = un – 2 = u2 = u1 = ex v2 = − 2 ,
x
2
v3 = ,
x3


( − 1)n − 1 (n − 1) !
vn =
xn
Leibnitz Theorem helps us to find the nth derivative of the product of two functions in terms of
the successive derivatives of the functions.
dn
Statement : If u and v are 2 functions of x, having derivatives of the nth order, then (uv)
dx n
= unv + nC1un − 1v1 + nC2un − 2v2 + ... nCrun − rvr + .... + . unCn vn where the suffixes of u and v denote
differentiations w.r.t. x.
dn 1  n x  1 
⇒ ( e x log x ) = e x log x + nC1e x  x  + C2e  − 2  + ...
dx n    x 
( − 1)n − 1 . (n − 1) !
+ nCn . e x .
xn
or R.H.S. is (i.e., the nth derivative of ex log x)

x  n n(n − 1) 1 ( − 1)n − 1 (n − 1) ! 
= e log x + − . 2 + .... + 
 x 2 x xn 
181. If y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x), show that
x2 . yn + 2 + (2n + 1) xyn + 1 + (n2 + 1)yn = 0 .
Sol. Given that
y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x) ...(1)
1 1
y1 = − a sin (log x ) . + b cos (log x ) .
x x
⇒ xy1 = – a sin (log x) + b cos (log x)
1 1
Again xy2 + y1 = − a cos (log x ) . − b sin (log x ) .
x x
⇒ x2y2 + xy1 = – y [Using (1)]
or 2
x y2 + xy1 + y = 0 ...(2)
Differentiating equation (2) n times by Leibnitz Theorem, we get
n
{ yn + 2 . ( x 2 ) + nC1 . yn + 1 (2x ) + nC2 . yn (2)} + yn + 1 . ( x ) + C1 . yn (1) + yn = 0
⇒ x 2 . yn + 2 + yn + 1 (2nx + x ) + yn {n(n − 1) + (n + 1)} = 0
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 267

⇒ x 2 . yn + 2 + (2n + 1) xyn + 1 + (n2 + 1) yn = 0.

Hence the result.
182. If y = (x2 – 1)n, prove that: (x2 – 1)yn + 2 + 2x yn + 1 – n(n + 1)yn = 0
d  2 dPn 
Hence, if Pn is the nth derivative of y, show that (1 – x )  + n(n + 1) Pn = 0.
dx  dx 
[A.U.U.P., 2009]
Sol. y = (x2 – 1)n ..(1)
∴ y1 = n(x2 – 1)n – 1 . 2x
⇒ (x2 – 1)y1 = 2nxy ...(2)
Differentiating again, we get
(x2 – 1)y2 + 2xy1 = 2n(xy1 + y)
2
⇒ (x – 1)y2 + 2(1 – n)xy1 – 2ny = 0
By Leibnitz Theorem, differentiating n times, we get

yn + 2 ( x 2 − 1) + nC1 . yn +1 (2x ) + nC2 yn (2) + 2(1 − n) { yn + 1 ( x ) + nC1 yn (1)} − 2n yn = 0

⇒ { x 2 − 1} yn + 2 +2xyn +1 − n( n + 1) yn = 0 ...(3)

dn
Again, Pn = ( x 2 − 1)n = yn ...(4)
dx n

∴
d
dx


2 dPn 
(1 − x )
dx
 =

d
dx
{
(1 − x 2 ) yn + 1 } = (1 – x )y
2
n+2 – 2xyn + 1

{
= – ( x 2 − 1) yn + 2 + 2xyn +1 }
= – n(n + 1)yn [Using (3)]
= – n(n + 1)Pn [Using (4)]
d  2 dPn 
Hence, (1 − x )  + n(n + 1) Pn = 0.
dx  dx 
183. Find the nth derivative of x2 log x. [U.P.T.U., 2008]
Sol. Let u = log x and v = x2
( − 1)n − 1 (n − 1) !
∴ un = ; v1 = 2x, v2 = 2 and v3, v4 etc. = 0
xn
By applying Leibnitz’s Theorem, we have
d n ( x 2 log x ) ( − 1)n − 1 (n − 1) ! 2 ( − 1)n − 2 (n − 2) !
= .x +n. . 2x
dx x n
xn −1
n( n − 1) ( − 1)n − 3 . ( n − 3) !
+ . .2
2! xn − 2

( − 1)n − 1 . ( n − 3) !
= [(n − 1) (n − 2) − 2n(n − 2) + n(n − 1)]
xn − 2
( − 1)n − 1 . 2(n − 3) !
=
xn − 2
184. If y = sin (m sin–1 x), then prove that (1 – x2) y2 – xy1 + m2y = 0 and
(1 – x2) yn + 2 = (2n + 1)xyn + 1 + (n2 – m2)yn [A.U.U.P., 2009; M.D.U., 2008; P.T.U., 2007]
Sol. y = sin (m sin–1x) ...(1)
268 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

−1 m
∴ y1 = cos (m sin x ) .
1 − x2

⇒ 1 − x 2 . y1 = m cos (m sin–1 x)
Squaring both sides,
2 2 −1
(1 − x 2 ) y12 = m2 cos2 (m sin–1 x) = m 1 − sin (m sin x )  = m2(1 – y2)
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,
(1 – x2)2y1y2 – 2xy12 = –2m2yy1
Dividing every term by 2y1, we have
(1 – x2)y2 – xy1 = – m2y
or (1 – x )y2 – xy1 + m2y = 0
2

Now differentiating every term n times by Leibnitz Theorem, we have

yn + 2 (1 − x 2 ) + nC1 yn + 1 ( − 2x ) + nC2 yn ( − 2) − yn + 1 . x − nC1 yn + m2 yn = 0
or (1 − x 2 ) yn + 2 − 2nxyn + 1 − n(n − 1) yn − xyn + 1 − nyn + m2 yn = 0
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) yn + 2 − 2nxyn + 1 − n(n − 1) yn − xyn + 1 − nyn + m2 yn = 0
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) yn + 2 − (2n + 1) xyn + 1 − (n2 − m2 ) yn = 0
⇒ (1 – x2)yn + 2 = (2n + 1) xyn + 1 + (n2 – m2)yn
Hence, (1 – x2)yn + 2 = (2n + 1)xyn + 1 + (n2 – m2)yn.
1 1
–
185. If y m + y m
= 2x, prove that (x2 – 1)yn + 2 + (2n + 1)xyn + 1 + (n2 – m2)yn = 0. (U.P.T.U., 2007)
Sol. Given that
1 1 1
−
ym + y m = 2x. Put y m = z.
1
∴ z+ = 2x or z2 – 2xz + 1 = 0
z

∴ z = x ± x2 − 1
1
i.e., ym = x ± x2 − 1

(x ± )
m
⇒ y = x2 − 1

m
If, y =  x + x 2 − 1  , then
 
 
( ) 1 1
m −1
2
y1 = m x + x − 1 1 + . . 2x 
 2 x2 − 1 
 
 x + x2 − 1 
( )
m −1
2
= m x + x −1  
 x 2 − 1 


( )
m
m x + x2 − 1 my
= =
2
x −1 x2 − 1

(x − )
m
Similarly, if y = x2 − 1
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 269

my
y1 = −
x2 − 1
In either case, on squaring, we get
m2 y 2
y12 =
x2 − 1

⇒ ( x 2 − 1) y12 = m2y2
Differentiating again,

( x 2 − 1) 2 y1 y2 + y12 . 2x = m2 . 2yy1
Dividing both sides by 2y1, we have
(x2 – 1)y2 + xy1 – m2y = 0
Differentiating ‘n’ times by Leibnitz Theorem,
n(n − 1)
yn + 2 ( x 2 − 1) + n . yn + 1 . 2x + . yn . 2 + [ yn + 1 . x + nyn . 1] − m2 yn = 0
2!
⇒ ( x 2 − 1) yn + 2 + (2n + 1)xyn + 1 + (n2 − n + n − m2 ) yn = 0
or ( x 2 − 1) yn + 2 + (2n + 1)xyn + 1 + (n2 − m2 ) yn = 0.
Hence proved.
, prove that : (1 + x 2 )yn + 2 + [(2n + 2)x – 1] yn +1 + n(n + 1)yn = 0.
–1
186. If y = etan x
[A.U.U.P., 2009]

tan −1
x 1
Sol. y1 = e .
1 + x2
⇒ (1 + x2)y1 = y
Differentiating ‘n’ times by Leibnitz theorem, we get
{yn +1 (1 + x 2 ) + nC1 yn (2x ) + nC2 . yn − 1 (2) } = yn
⇒ (1 + x2)yn + 1
+ (2nx – 1)yn + n(n – 1)yn – 1 = 0
Differentiating again w.r.t. x and on simplification, we obtain
(1 + x2)yn + 2 + (2nx + 2x – 1)yn + 1 + n(n + 1)yn = 0
⇒ (1 + x2)yn + 2 + {(2n + 2)x – 1}yn + 1 + n(n + 1)yn = 0 Hence proved.
187. If y = (sin–1 x)2, prove that

(i) (1 – x ) y 2
n+ 2 – ( 2n + 1 ) xyn+1 – n2 . yn = 0

(ii) Hence, find the value of yn at x = 0. (M.D.U., 2008; A.U.U.P., 2007; U.P.T.U., 2006)
Sol. (i) y = (sin–1 x)2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,
1
−1
(
y1 = 2 sin x . ) ... (1)
1 − x2
Squaring both sides, we get

(1 − x ) y ( )
2
2 2
1 = 4 sin −1 x

⇒ (1 − x ) y
2 2
1 = 4y

Differentiating again, we have

( )
2 1 − x 2 y1 y2 − 2xy12 = 4y1
270 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

On dividing both sides by 2y1,

(1 − x ) y
2
2 − xy1 − 2 = 0 ... (2)
Differentiating ‘n’ times by Leibnitz Theorem, we get

(1 − x ) y2
n +2 + nC1 yn +1 ( − 2x ) + nC2 yn ( − 2 ) − xyn +1 − nC1 yn = 0

(1 − x ) y
2
n +2 – (2n + 1)xyn + 1 – n2 yn = 0. ... (3)
Hence proved.
(ii) Put x = 0 in (1), (2) and (3), then
y1(0) = 0 and y2(0) = 2
and yn + 2 (0) = n2yn(0) ... (4)
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ... in (4), we get
y3(0) = (1)2 . y1(0) = 0
y4(0) = (2)2 . y2(0) = 2 . 22
y5(0) = (3)2 . y3(0) = 0
y6(0) = (4)2 . y4(0) = 2 . 22 . 42
y7(0) = (5)2 . y5(0) = 0
y8(0) = (6)2 . y6(0) = 2 . 22 . 42 . 62
............................
............................
In general, when n is odd, yn (0) = 0
When n is even, yn(0) = 2 . 22 . 42 . 62 ............. (n – 2)2.
m
 y x
188. If cos –1   = log   , prove that: x 2 yn+ 2 + ( 2n + 1 ) xyn +1 + n2 + m2 yn = 0. ( )
b m
 y x
Sol. Given cos −1   = m log  
b m
y   x 
⇒ = cos m log   
b   m 
  x 
∴ y = b cos m log    ... (1)
  m 
  x  1 1
y1 = − b sin m log    , m . .
 m
  ( x / m ) m

  x 
⇒ xy1 = − bm sin m log   
  m 
Again differentiating, we get
  x  1 1
xy2 + y1 = − b m cos m log    . m . .
  m  ( x / m) m
⇒ x2y2 + xy1 + m2y = 0 ... (2)
Differentiating equation (2) n times by Leibnitz theorem,

{y n+2
( x 2 ) + nC1 yn + 1 (2x ) + nC2 yn ( 2)}

{ }
+ yn +1 ( x ) + nC1 yn (1 ) + m2 yn = 0
⇒ x2yn+2 + (2n + 1) xyn+1 + (n2 + m2)yn = 0. Hence proved.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 271

dn y 1 d2 y dy 1
189. If y = x2ex, show that n =
n ( n − 1) − n (n − 2 ) + ( n − 1 )( n − 2 ) y .
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2
Sol. Given y = x2ex or ex . x2 (= u . v, say)
Differentiating n times by Leibnitz Theorem, we get
yn = unv + nC1 un −1 v1 + nC2 un −2 v2
where u = ex, v = x2
un = un–1 = un – 2 = ex,
v1 = 2x, v2 = 2,
⇒ yn = e x . x 2 + nC1 . e x . 2x + nC2 . e x . 2

yn = e  x + 2nx + n ( n − 1) 
x 2
or ... (1)
Put n = 1, 2 in equation (1), successively.
we then have,
y1 = e x ( x 2 + 2 x ) ... (2)

y2 = e x ( x 2 + 4 x + 2 ) ... (3)
1 1
Now, R.H.S. of the given identity (to be proved) is n ( n − 1 ) y2 − n ( n − 2 ) y1 + ( n − 1 )( n − 2 ) y
2 2
which on using (2) and (3) becomes
1 1
n ( n − 1) . e x ( x 2 + 4 x + 2 ) − n ( n − 2 ) e x ( x 2 + 2x ) + ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) x 2e x
2 2
1 x
= ( )
e n x 2 + 4 x + 2 ( n − 1) − 2n ( n − 1 ) x 2 + 2x
2 
( ) + ( n − 1)( n − 2) x 2


1 x 2
= e  x {n ( n − 1 ) − 2n ( n − 2 ) + ( n − 1 )( n − 2 ) + x {4n ( n − 1) − 4n ( n − 2 )} + 2n ( n − 1) 
2   }
1 x
e 2x 2 + 4nx + 2n ( n − 1 )  = e x  x 2 + 2nx + n ( n − 1)  = yn.
=
2 
Hence, the given relation (identity) is proved.

du 3
190. If u = sin–1(x – y), x = 3t, y = 4t3, show that = .
dt 1 − t2
Sol. The given equations define u as a composite function of t.
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
∴ = . + .
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

=
1
.3 +
1
. ( −1) . 12t 2 =
(
3 1 − 4t 2 ) =
(
3 1 − 4t 2 )
1 − ( x − y) 1 − ( x − y) 1 − (x − y) 1 − ( 3t − 4t )
2 2 2 2
3

=
(
3 1 − 4t 2 ) =
(
3 1 − 4t 2 )
2
1 − 9t + 24t − 16t 4 6
(1 − t 2
)(1 − 8t + 16t )
2 4

⇒
du
=
(
3 1 − 4t 2 ) =
3
Hence proved.
dt
(1 − t )(1 − 4t )
2
2 2 1 − t2

( n − 1) !
(
191. Show that: D n − 1 x n − 1 log x = ) x
.
272 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. Let y = x n − 1 log x ... (1)

n −1  1 
 x  + ( n − 1) x
n−2
∴ y1 = x log x
 
⇒ xy1 = xn – 1 + (n – 1) xn – 1 . log x
or xy1 = xn – 1 + (n – 1)y ...(2) [Using equation. (1)]

Differentiating equation (2), (n – 1) times, we get

n −1
yn ( x ) + C1 . yn − 1 (1) = (n – 1) ! + (n – 1) yn – 1
⇒ xyn + (n – 1)yn – 1 = (n – 1) ! + (n – 1) yn – 1
( n − 1) ! ( n − 1) !
⇒ yn = or Dn – 1 (xn – 1 log x) = .
x x
Hence proved.
192. If y = xn log x, prove that: yn = nyn – 1 + (n – 1) !. [M.D.U., 2007; U.P.T.U., 2008; A.U.U.P., 2009]

dn dn − 1  d 
Sol. yn = n
( x n log x ) =  ( x n log x )  ...(1)
dx dx n − 1  dx 

dn − 1  n 1  dn − 1 dn − 1
= n −1 
x . + nx n − 1 . log x  = n . n − 1 ( x n − 1 log x ) + (x n − 1 )
dx  x  dx dx n − 1
⇒ yn = n . yn – 1 + (n – 1) ! Hence proved.
193. If y = tan–1 x, prove that [M.D.U., 2009; U.P.T.U., 2007; A.U.U.P., 2008]
(i) (1 + x2)yn + 1 + 2nxyn + n(n – 1)yn – 1 = 0
(ii) Hence, determine the values of all the derivatives of y w.r.t. x when x = 0.

1
Sol. (i) Here y = tan–1 x, y1 =
1 + x2

⇒ y1(1 + x2) = 1
Differentiating ‘n times’ by Leibnitz Theorem, we have
(1 + x2)yn + 1 + 2nxyn + n(n – 1)yn – 1 = 0 ...(1)
Hence proved.
(ii) Putting x = 0 in (1), we have
y(0) = 0, y1(0) = 1
and yn + 1(0) = – n(n – 1)yn – 1(0) ...(2)
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4 in equation (2), we get
y2(0) = – 1(0)y0(0) = 0
y3(0) = –2(1) y1(0) = – 2 = (– 1)1 . 2 !
y4(0) = – 3 . (2) . y2(0) = 0
y5(0) = – 4 . (3) . y3(0) = (– 4)(3)(–2)(1)
= (– 1)2 . 4 !
..........................................
..........................................
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 273

In general,
When n is even, yn(0) = 0.
n −1
When n is odd, yn(0) = ( − 1) 2
( n − 1) !
-1
tan x
194. If y = e , find y3, y4 and y5 at x = 0.
Sol. It has been proved earlier (see the solution) in question number 186, that when
−1
y = e tan x
...(1)
2
(1 + x ) yn + 2 + [2(n + 1)x − 1]yn + 1 + n(n + 1) yn = 0 ...(2)
Now to find y3, y4 and y5 when x = 0, we should determine y1 and y2.
tan −1
x 1
⇒ y1 = e . or (1 + x2)y1 = y
1 + x2
and (1 + x2)y2 + 2xy1 = y1
when x = 0, y1 = y = 1, y2 = 1 ...(3)
and ( y3 )0 = –1, ( y4 )0 = – 7, ( y5 )0 = 5.
195. If y = sin (m sin–1
x), find yn(0). [U.P.T.U./M.T.U., 2009; A.U.U.P., 2008; M.D.U. 2007
Sol. Please see solution given in question number 184,
(1 – x2) yn + 2 = (2n + 1)xyn + 1 + (n2 – m2) yn
or (x – 1)yn + 2 + (2n + 1)xyn + 1 + (n2 – m2)yn = 0
2 ...(1)
Putting x = 0, we obtain
(yn + 2)0 = (n2 – m2) (yn)0 ...(2)
y = sin(m sin–1 x)

m 1 − y2
y0 = 0, y1 = ⇒ (y1)0 = m ...(3)
1 − x2
Putting n = 2, 4, 6, ... in equation (2), we get
(y2)0 = (y4)0 = 0 = ...
Putting n = 1, 3, 5 in (2), we get
(y3)0 = (1 – m2)(y1)0 = (1 – m2)m
(y5)0 = (32 – m2)(y3)0 = m(1 – m2)(32 – m2)
In general, (yn)0 = m(1 – m2)(3 – m2).... [(2k – 1)2 – m2]
when n is odd and = 2k + 1.

 4
Partial Differentiation

BRIEF DEFINITIONS AND IMPORTANT FORMULAE

1. Functions of Two Variables
If three variables x, y, z are so related that the value of z depends upon the values of x and y, then
z is called a function of two variables x and y, and this is denoted by z = f(x, y), z is called depen-
dent variable and x, y are called independent variables.
2. Partial Derivatives of First Order
The derivative of z = f(x, y) with respect to x, treating y as constant, is called partial derivative
∂z ∂f
of z w.r.t. x and is denoted by or or fx.
∂x ∂x
Similarly, the derivative of z w.r.t. y, by treating x as a constant, is called partial derivative of z
∂z ∂f
w.r.t. y and is denoted by or or fy.
∂y ∂y

∂z ∂z
and are called first order partial derivatives of z.
∂x ∂y
In general, if z is a function of two or more independent variables, then the partial derivative
of z w.r.t. any one of the independent variables is the ordinary derivative of z w.r.t. that
variable, treating all other variables as constant.
3. Partial Derivatives of Higher Order

∂z ∂z
Since first order p.d. and are themselves functions of x and y, they can be further differ-
∂x ∂y
entiated partially w.r.t. x as well as y. These are called second order partial derivatives of z.
Usual notations for these second order partial derivatives are:
2
∂ 2z ∂ z ∂2z ∂2z
or fxx, or f yy , or f xy , or fyx, fxy = fyx.
∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂x ∂y ∂y∂x
(i) If z = u + v, where u = f (x, y), v = φ(x, y) then z is a function of x and y.
∂z ∂u ∂v ∂z ∂u ∂v
= + ; = +
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
(ii) If z = uv then
∂z ∂v ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂u
= u +v , = u +v
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y

274
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 275

u
(iii) If z = , where u = f(x, y), v = φ(x, y) then
v

∂u ∂v
v −u
∂z ∂ u ∂x ∂x
= =
∂x ∂x  v  v2

∂u ∂v
v −u
∂z ∂ u ∂y ∂y
= =
∂y ∂y  v  v 2

(iv) If z = f(u), where u = φ (x, y) then

∂z dz ∂u ∂z dz ∂u
= . = .
∂x du ∂x ∂y du ∂y
4. Homogeneous Functions
A function f(x, y) is said to be homogeneous of degree (or order) n in the variables x and y if it can
be expressed in the form

 y x
xn φ   or yn . φ  
x  y
An alternative test for a function f(x, y) to be homogeneous of degree (or order) is that
f(tx, ty) = tn . f(x, y).

x+y
For example, if f(x, y) = , then
x + y

 y
x 1 + 
 x  y
(i) f(x, y) = = x1/ 2 . φ  
 y   x
x 1 + 
 x

1
⇒ f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree in x and y.
2

tx + ty t ( x + y)
(ii) f(tx , ty) = = = t . f ( x , y)
tx + ty t ( x + y)

1
⇒ f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree in x and y.
2
5. Euler’s Theorem on Homogeneous Functions

∂u ∂u
If u is a homogeneous function of degree n in x and y, then x + y. =n.u
∂x ∂y
Also, if u is a homogeneous function of degree n in x, y and z, then

∂u ∂u ∂u
x +y +z. = nu.
∂x ∂y ∂z
276 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Important Result: For u,

∂2u ∂ 2u 2
2 ∂ u
x2 + 2 xy + y = n (n – 1) u
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y2
6. Derivatives of Composite Functions
If u is a composite function of t, defined by the relations u = f(x, y) ; x = φ(t), y = ψ(t), then
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
= . + .
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

du ∂u ∂u
is called the total derivative of u to distinguish it from the partial derivatives and .
dt ∂x ∂y
7. If We are Given an Implicit Function
f(x, y) = c, then u = f(x, y) where u = c.
Derivative of f(x, y) w.r.t. x is

df ∂f ∂f dy
= + .
dx ∂x ∂y dx

dy f
= − x [if f(x, y) = c]
dx fy

Differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get

d2 y fxx fy2 − 2 fx fy fxy + fyy fx2

= −
dx 2
fy3
8. Jacobians
If u and v are functions of two independent variables x and y, then the determinant

∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y  u, v  ∂ (u, v)
is called Jacobian of u, v w.r.t. x, y and is denoted by J   or ∂ (x, y) .
∂v ∂v  x, y 
∂x ∂y

9. Conditions for f(x, y) to be Maximum or Minimum

Necessary conditions for f(x, y) to have a maximum or minimum value at (a, b) are fx(a, b) = 0,
fy(a, b) = 0
10. Working Rule to Find Maximum or Minimum (or Extreme Values) of a
Function f(x, y)

∂f ∂f
Step I: Find ,
∂x ∂y

∂f ∂f
Step II: Solve = 0 and = 0 simultaneously.
∂x ∂y
Let (a, b) ; (c, d) ... be the solution of these equations.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 277

∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
Step III: At each points obtained in step-II, find r = , s = , t =
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y2

Step IV: (a) If rt – s2 > 0 and r > 0 at point (a, b) (say), then f has a minimum value at (a, b).
(b) If rt – s2 > 0 and r < 0 at some point, say, (a, b), then f has a maximum value at point (a, b).
(c) If rt – s2 < 0 at (a, b), then f has No extreme values at (a, b).
2
(d) If rt – s = 0 at (a, b), then f may or may not have extreme values. In this case we apply
the following method:
Step I. If f (a + h, b + k) – f(a, b) > 0 ∀ h, k +ve or –ve (very small) then f has minimum value.
Step II. If f (a + h, b + k) – f(a, b) < 0 ∀ h, k +ve or –ve, then f has a maximum value.
Step III. If f(a + h, b + k) – f(a, b) does not keep the same sign, ∀ h, k, +ve, h –ve (very small),
then f does not have extreme values.
11. Differentiation under Integral Sign
If a function f (x, α) of the two variables x and α, α being a parameter, be integrated w.r.t. x
b
between the limits a and b, ∫a f ( x , α ) dx is a function of α.

π/2
π/2  cos αx 
For example, ∫0 sin αx . dx = − 
 α 0


1  π  1 π 
= −  cos 2 α − 1  = α 1 − cos 2 α 
α    
b
Thus in general ∫a f ( x , α ) dx = F(α).

12. Leibnitz Rule

∂
If f (x, α) and [f (x, α)] be continuous functions of x and α then
∂α

d  b b ∂
f ( x , α ) dx  =
dα  ∫ a ∫a { f ( x , α )} dx where a and b are constants independent of α.
 ∂α

SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. Find the first order partial derivative of the following functions :

 x 2 + y2  −1  x 
(i) u = tan−1   (ii) u = cos   . (U.P.T.U., 2008)
 x+y   y
 
 x 2 + y2 
Sol. (i) u = tan −1  
 x+y 
 
∂u 1 ∂  x 2 + y2 
= .  
∂x 2 ∂x  x+y 
 x 2 + y2   
1+
 x + y 
 
278 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂ ∂
( x + y) ( x 2 + y2 ) − ( x 2 + y2 ) ( x + y)
( x + y )2 ∂x ∂x
= .
( x + y )2 + ( x 2 + y2 )2 ( x + y )2
( x + y ) . 2x − ( x 2 + y2 ) . 1
=
( x + y )2 + ( x 2 + y2 )2

∂u x 2 + 2xy − y2
⇒ = ...(1)
∂x ( x + y )2 + ( x 2 + y2 )2
Since u remains the same if we interchange x and y, u is symmetrical w.r.t. x and y. In equation
(1), on interchanging x and y, we have
∂u y2 + 2xy − x 2
= .
∂y ( x + y )2 + ( x 2 + y2 )2

−1  x 
(ii) u = cos  
 y
∂u −1 ∂ x −y 1 1
= .   = . =−
∂x x 2 ∂x  y  2
y −x 2 y y − x2
2
1−
y2
∂u −1 ∂ x −y  x  x
= .   =  − 2  = .
∂y x 2 ∂y  y  2
y −x 2
 y  y y − x2
2
1− 2
y
2
2 2  ∂z ∂z   ∂z ∂z 
2. If z(x + y) = x + y , show that  −  = 4 1 − − .
 ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y 

x 2 + y2
Sol. z =
x+y
∂ ∂
( x + y) ( x 2 + y2 ) − ( x 2 + y2 ) ( x + y)
∂z ∂x ∂x
∴ =
∂x ( x + y )2
∂z ( x + y ) . 2x − ( x 2 + y2 ) . 1 ∂z x 2 + 2xy − y2
or = or =
∂x ( x + y )2 ∂x ( x + y )2
∂z y2 + 2xy − x 2
Similarly, =
∂y ( x + y )2
2 2
 ∂z ∂z   2x 2 − 2 y 2  4( x + y )2 ( x − y )2 4( x − y )2
Now,  −  =  2
 = = ...(1)
 ∂x ∂y   ( x + y )  ( x + y )4 ( x + y )2

 ∂z ∂z   x 2 + 2xy − y2 y2 + 2xy − x 2 
4 1 − −  = 4 1 − − 
 ∂x ∂y   ( x + y)2 ( x + y)2 

 x 2 + y2 + 2xy − x 2 − 2xy + y2 − y2 − 2xy + x 2 
= 4 
 ( x + y)2 

4( x 2 − 2xy + y2 ) 4( x − y )2
= = ...(2)
( x + y) 2 ( x + y )2
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 279

2
 ∂z ∂z   ∂z ∂z 
From (1) and (2),  −  = 4 1 − −  Hence proved.
 ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y 

∂3 u ∂3 u
3. If u = xy, show that = .
∂x 2 ∂y ∂x ∂y∂x
Sol. u = xy
∂u
= xy . log x
∂y
∂2u ∂  ∂u  y −1 1
=   = yx . log x + x y . = xy –1 [y log x + 1]
∂x ∂y ∂x  ∂y  x

∂3u ∂  ∂2u  ∂
=   = [ x y − 1 ( y log x + 1)] ...(1)
2
∂x ∂y ∂x  ∂x ∂y  ∂x
 
∂u
= yxy – 1
∂x

∂2u ∂  ∂u 
= = x y − 1 + y . x y − 1 log x = xy – 1 (y log x + 1)
∂y∂x ∂y  ∂x 

∂3u ∂  ∂2u  ∂
 x y − 1 ( y log x + 1)
=  = ...(2)
∂x ∂y∂x ∂x  ∂y∂x  ∂x  
 
∂3u ∂3u
From (1) and (2), = Hence proved.
∂x 2∂y ∂x ∂y∂x
r2
− 1 ∂  2 ∂θ  ∂θ
n 4t
4. If θ = t e , find the value of n which will make .  r ∂r  = ∂t .
r2 ∂r  
r2
−
n 4t
Sol. θ = t .e
r2 r2
∂θ n
−  2r  1 −
= t . e 4t . −  = − rt n − 1 . e 4t
∂r  4t  2
r2
∂θ 1 −
∴ r2
= − r3 . t n − 1 . e 4t
∂r 2
 r2 r2  r2
∂  2 ∂θ  1 n −1 − −
3r 2 . e 4t + r3 . e 4t  − 2r   = − 1 t n − 1 . r 2 . e − 4t  r2 
∂r  r ∂r  = − 2 t   4t  
2
. 3 −


2t 
    
 
r2
1 ∂  2 ∂θ  1 n − 1 − 4t  r2 
∴ .
2 ∂r 
r  = t .e  − 3
r  ∂r  2  2t 
 
r2 r2 r2
∂θ n −1
− −  r2  −  r2 
Also, = nt . e 4t + t n . e 4t .  2  = t n − 1 . e 4t n + 
∂t  4t   4t 
  
1 ∂  2 ∂θ  ∂θ
Since, .  r ∂r  = (given)
r 2 ∂r   ∂t
r2 r 2
1 n − 1 − 4t  r2  −  r2 
∴ t .e  − 3  = t n − 1 . e 4t n + 
2  2t   4t 
  
280 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1  r2  r2
 − 3 = n +
2  2t  4t
 
r2 3 r2 3
− = n+ ⇒ n= − .
4t 2 4t 2

2 –1/2 ∂  2 ∂u  ∂  2 ∂u 
5. If u = (1 – 2xy + y ) , prove that (1 − x ) + y .  = 0. (M.D.U., Dec., 2006)
∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y 
2 –1/2
Sol. Given u = (1 – 2xy + y )
= V −1 / 2 , where V = 1 – 2xy + y2
3
∂u 1 ∂V 1 −
= − V −3 / 2 . = − V −3 / 2 . ( − 2 y ) = yV 2
∂x 2 ∂x 2
∂2u ∂  3  ∂V
2
= y. (V −3 / 2 ) = y .  − V −5 / 2  .
∂x ∂x  2  ∂x
∂2u 3 y −5 / 2
= − V ( − 2 y ) = 3y2V –5/2
2 2
∂x
∂  2 ∂u  ∂2u ∂u ∂
∴ (1 − x )  = (1 − x 2 ) 2 + . (1 − x 2 ) = (1 − x 2 ) 3 y2 V −5 / 2 + yV −3 / 2 . ( − 2x )
∂x  ∂x  ∂x ∂x ∂x
= yV −3 / 2 [3 yV −1 (1 − x 2 ) − 2x ] ...(1)
∂u 1 ∂V 1
= − V −3 / 2 . = − V −3 / 2 . ( − 2x + 2 y ) = V–3/2 . (x – y)
∂y 2 ∂y 2
∂ 2u ∂ ∂  3  ∂V
2 = V −3 / 2 . ( x − y) + ( x − y) . (V −3 / 2 ) = V −3 / 2 . ( −1) + ( x − y )  − V −5 / 2  .
∂y ∂y ∂y  2  ∂y
 3 
= − V −3 / 2 + ( x − y )  − V −5 / 2  . ( − 2x + 2 y ) = − V −3 / 2 + 3( x − y )2 . V −5 / 2 .
 2 
2 2
∂  2 ∂u  2 ∂ u ∂u ∂ 2 2 ∂ u ∂u
∴ y  =y 2
+ . ( y ) = y 2
+ 2y
∂y  ∂y  ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y

= y2  − V −3 / 2 + 3( x − y )2 V −5 / 2  + 2 y . V −3 / 2 . ( x − y )
 
= yV −3 / 2  − y + 3 y( x − y )2V −1 + 2( x − y )  = yV −3 / 2 3 y( x − y )2 V −1 + (2x − 3 y ) 
   
...(2)
Adding (1) and (2), we have

∂  2 ∂u  ∂  2 ∂u  −3 / 2 
(1 − x ) + y  = yV 3 yV −1 (1 − x 2 ) − 2x + 3 y( x − y )2V −1 + 2x − 3 y 
∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y   

R.H.S. = yV −3 / 2 3 yV −1 (1 − x 2 + x 2 + y2 − 2xy ) − 3 y 
 

= yV −3 / 2 3 yV −1 (1 + y2 − 2xy ) − 3 y 
 

= yV −3 / 2 3 yV −1 . V − 3 y  = 0 = L.H.S. Hence proved.

 
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 281

2
 ∂ ∂ ∂  9
6. If u = log(x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz), show that  + +  u = − .
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ( x + y + z )2
3 3 3
Sol. u = log(x + y + z – 3xyz)
∂u 3x 2 − 3 yz ∂u 3 y2 − 3zx ∂u 3z 2 − 3xy
= 3 , = 3 and = 3
∂x 3 3
x + y + z − 3xyz ∂y 3 3
x + y + z − 3xyz ∂z x + y3 + z 3 − 3xyz
∂u ∂u ∂u 3( x 2 + y2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx ) 3
Adding, + + = 3 3 3
=
∂x ∂y ∂z x + y + z − 3xyz x+y+z
2
 ∂ ∂ ∂   ∂ ∂ ∂   ∂u ∂u ∂u   ∂ ∂ ∂  3 
Now,  + +  u =  + +  + +  =  + +   
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z   x + y + z 
3 3 3 9
= − − − = − .
( x + y + z )2 ( x + y + z )2 ( x + y + z )2 ( x + y + z )2

x y z ∂2 z
7. If x y z = c, show that at x = y = z, = – (x log ex)–1.
∂x ∂y
x y z
Sol. x y z = c defines z as a function of x and y.
Taking logs, we have x log x + y log y + z log z = log c
Differentiating partially w.r.t. y, we have
1 1 ∂z ∂z
y. + 1 . log y + z . . + 1 . log z . =0
y z ∂y ∂y
∂z
or 1 + log y + (1 + log z ) =0 ...(1)
∂y
∂z 1 + log y
or = −
∂y 1 + log z
∂z 1 + log x
Similarly, = − ...(2)
∂x 1 + log z
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x, we have
 1 ∂z  ∂z ∂2z
 z ∂x  ∂y + (1 + log z ) ∂x ∂y = 0
 
∂2z 1 ∂z ∂z
or = − . . ...(3)
∂x ∂y z(1 + log z ) ∂x ∂y
when x = y = z
∂z ∂z
From (2), = – 1, = – 1.
∂x ∂y
∂2z 1 1 1
From (3), = − ( − 1) ( − 1) = − =−
∂x ∂y x (1 + log x ) x (log e + log x ) x log ex
∂2z
Hence, = – (x log ex)–1. Hence shown.
∂x ∂y
∂2u ∂ 2u 1
8. If u = f(r) and x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ. Prove that 2
+
= f ′′(r ) + f ′( r ) .
∂x ∂y2 r
(M.D.U., Dec., 2007; U.P.T.U., 2007; A.U.U.P., 2009)
Sol. Given, x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
2 2 2
⇒ x +y = r ...(1)
282 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Differentiating partially w.r.t. x, we get

∂r ∂r x
2x = 2r or =
∂x ∂x r
∂r y
Similarly, =
∂y r
Now, u = f(r)
∂u ∂r x
∴ = f ′(r ) = f ′( r )
∂x ∂x r
Differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get

∂2u 1  1 ∂r  x ∂r
= f ′(r ) + x  − 2  f ′( r ) + r f ′′( r ) . ∂x
∂x 2 r  r ∂x 
1 x x x x 1 x2 x2
= f ′(r ) − 2 . . f ′(r ) + f ′′(r ) . = f ′(r ) − f ′(r ) + 2 . f ′′( r )
r 3
r r r r r r r
r2 − x 2 x2 y2 x2
= . f ′(r ) + f ′′(r ) = f ′( r ) + f ′′(r )
r3 r2 r3 r2
∂2u x2 y2
Similarly, 2 = f ′(r ) + f ′′(r )
∂y r3 r2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 1
∴ + = 3
. f ′(r ) + f ′′( r ) = f ′( r ) + f ′′(r ) (ä x2 + y2 = r2)
∂x 2
∂y 2
r r2 r
9. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, prove that
∂r ∂x 1 ∂x ∂θ ∂ 2θ ∂ 2θ
(i) = (ii) . =r (iii) = =0.
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x ∂x 2 ∂y2
∂r
Sol. (i) means partial derivative of r w.r.t. x, treating y as constant.
∂x
∴ We express r in terms of x and y.
As x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ,
x2 + y2 = r2
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x, we get
∂r ∂r x
2r = 2x or =
∂x ∂x r
x = r cos θ
∂x x ∂r ∂x
⇒ = cos θ = ∴ =
∂r r ∂x ∂r
(ii) Expressing x in terms of r and θ, we have
x = r cos θ
∂x 1 ∂x y
⇒ = – r sin θ = – y ⇒ . = −
∂θ r ∂θ r
Expressing θ in terms of x and y, we have
y −1  y 
tan θ = or θ = tan  
x x
∂θ 1  y  y y
= . − 2  = − 2 2
=− 2
∂x 2
y  x  x +y r
1+
x2
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 283

∂θ y ∂θ 1 ∂x
⇒ = − r ∴ r = .
∂x r ∂x r ∂θ
(iii) Expressing θ in terms of x and y, we have
−1  y 
θ = tan  
x
∂θ y
= − 2 = − y( x 2 + y2 )−1
∂x x + y2

∂2θ 2 2 −2 2xy
= y( x + y ) . 2x =
∂x 2 ( x 2 + y2 )2
∂θ 1 1 x
= . = = x ( x 2 + y2 )−1
∂y y2 x x 2 + y2
1+
x2
∂ 2θ 2 2 −2 2xy
= − x ( x + y ) . (2 y ) = −
∂y 2
( x + y2 )2
2

∂ 2θ ∂ 2θ
∴ + = 0.
∂x 2 ∂y2

∂x 1 ∂y ∂y 1 ∂x
10. If x = er cos θ cos (r sin θ), y = er cos θ sin (r sin θ), prove that = , = − . . Hence
∂r r ∂θ ∂r r ∂θ

∂2x 1 ∂x 1 ∂ 2x
deduce that 2
+ + 2 = 0.
∂r r ∂r r ∂θ2
r cos θ
Sol. x =e . cos (r sin θ)

∂x
∴ = er cos θ . cos θ . cos (r sin θ) – er cos θ . sin (r sin θ) . sin θ
∂r
r cos θ
=e [cos θ . cos (r sin θ) – sin θ . sin (r sin θ)]
= er cos θ . [cos (θ + r sin θ)] ...(1)

∂x
= er cos θ (– r sin θ) . cos (r sin θ) – er cos θ . sin (r sin θ) . r cos θ.
∂θ
= – rer cos θ [sin θ . cos (r sin θ) + cos θ . sin (r sin θ)]
= – rer cos θ . sin (θ + r sin θ) ...(2)
Also, y = er cos θ . sin (r sin θ)

∂y
∴ = er cos θ . cos θ . sin (r sin θ) + er cos θ . cos (r sin θ) . sin θ
∂r
= er cos θ [sin θ cos (r sin θ) + cos θ . sin (r sin θ)]
∂y
or = er cos θ . (sin θ + r sin θ) ...(3)
∂r
∂y
= er cos θ (– r sin θ) sin (r sin θ) + er cos θ . cos (r sin θ) . r cos θ
∂θ
= rer cos θ . cos (θ + r sin θ) ...(4)
∂x 1 ∂y
From (1) and (4), = . ...(5)
∂r r ∂θ
284 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂y 1 ∂x
From (2) and (3), = − . ...(6)
∂r r ∂θ
∂2x 1 ∂y 1 ∂ 2 y
From (5), 2
= − 2
. + .
∂r r ∂θ r ∂r . ∂θ
∂x ∂y
From (6), = −r
∂θ ∂r
∂2x ∂2 y ∂2 y
∴ 2
= −r =−r
∂θ ∂θ∂r ∂r ∂θ
2
∂ x 1 ∂x 1 ∂2x 2 2
∴ 2
+ . + 2 . 2 = − 1 . ∂y + 1 . ∂ y + 1 . ∂y − 1 . ∂ y
∂r r ∂r r ∂θ r 2 ∂θ r ∂r∂θ r 2 ∂θ r ∂r∂θ
= 0. Hence proved.
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z  ∂u   ∂u   ∂u   ∂u ∂u ∂u 
11. If 2
+ 2
+ 2 = 1, prove that   +   +   = 2 x +y +z. .
a +u b +u c +u  ∂x   ∂y   ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z 

x2 y2 z2
Sol. Given 2
+ 2
+ 2
= 1 ...(1)
a +u b +u c +u
or x2(a2 + u)–1 + y2 (b2 + u)–1 + z2 (c2 + u)–1 = 1
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x, we have
∂u ∂u ∂u
2x ( a 2 + u )−1 − x 2 ( a 2 + u )−2 . − y2 (b2 + u )−2 . − z 2 ( c2 + u )−2 . =0
∂x ∂x ∂x

2x  x2 y2 z2  ∂u
or =  2 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 2
.
2
a +u  ( a + u) (b + u) (c + u)  ∂x
2 2 2
2x ∂u x y z
2 = V. , where V = + +
a +u ∂x ( a 2 + u )2 (b2 + u )2 ( c2 + u )2
∂u 2x
or =
∂x V (a2 + u)
∂u 2y ∂u 2z
Similarly, = and =
∂y V (b2 + u) ∂z V ( c2 + u )
2
 ∂u 
2
 ∂u   ∂u 
2
4  x2 y2 z2 
∴  ∂x  +  ∂y  +  ∂z  = 2  2 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 2

      V  ( a + u ) (b + u) (c + u ) 
4 4
= . (V ) = ...(2)
V2 V
 ∂u ∂u ∂u   2x 2 2 y2 2z 2 
Now, 2 x +y +z  = 2 + + 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  2 2 2
 V ( a + u) V (b + u) V (c + u) 
4  x2 y2 z2  4 4
=  2 + 2 + 2  = (1) =
V  a + u b + u c + u  V V
[Using equation (1)]
2 2 2
 ∂u   ∂u   ∂u 
=   +  +  [Using equation (2)]
 ∂x   ∂y   ∂z 
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 285

 ∂u   ∂x  l2  ∂y   ∂v  l 2 + m2
12. If u = lx + my, v = mx – ly, show that     = 2 and 
 ∂v  ∂y  = .
 ∂x  y  ∂u v l + m2  x  u l2
Sol. Given u = lx + my ...(1) and v = mx – ly ...(2)
 ∂u 
(i)   = The partial derivative of u w.r.t. x, keeping y as constant.
 ∂x  y
∴ We need a relation expressing u as a function of x and y.
 ∂u 
From (1),  ∂x  = l
 y
 ∂x 
 ∂u  = The partial derivative of x w.r.t. u, keeping v as constant.
 v
2 2 2 2
From (1) and (2), lu + mv = l x + lmy + m x – lmy = (l + m ) x
lu + mv
x =
l 2 + m2
 ∂x  l
∴  ∂u  =
 v l + m2
2

 ∂u   ∂x  l l2
Hence,  ∂x   ∂u  = l . 2 =
 y  v l + m2 l 2 + m2

 ∂y 
(ii)   = The partial derivative of y w.r.t. v keeping x constant
 ∂v  x
mx − v
From (2), y =
l
 ∂y  1
∴  ∂v  = −
 x l

 ∂v 
Also,   = Partial derivative of v w.r.t. y keeping u constant.
 ∂y u
∴ We need a relation expressing v as a function of y and u.
Eliminating x between equations (1) and (2), we have
2 2
mu – lv = (l + m ) y
mu − (l2 + m2 ) y
or v =
l
 ∂v  l2 + m2
∴   = −
 ∂y u l

 ∂y   ∂v  2
 1  l + m 
2
l2 + m2
Hence,  ∂v   ∂y  =  −   −  =

 x  u  l l  l2
This proves the result.
( x − a )2
−
1 4y
13. Prove that if f(x, y) = .e , then fxy = fyx.
y
( x − a )2 ( x − a )2
− −
1 4y −1 / 2 4y
Sol. f(x, y) = .e =y .e
y
286 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

( x − a )2
∂f −
∂  ( x − a )2 
fx = = y −1 / 2 . e 4y
. − 
∂x ∂x  4 y 
( x − a )2 ( x − a )2
− −
−1 / 2  2( x − a )  1
= y .e 4y
. −  = − y −3 / 2 . ( x − a ) e 4y
 4y  2
( x − a )2 1 ( x − a )2
∂f 1 − − −
∂  ( x − a )2 
fy = = − y −3 / 2 . e 4y
+y 2 .e 4y
. − 
∂y 2 ∂y  4 y 
( x − a )2  1 1 (x − a) 2
− − 2 −
= e
4y  − y −3 / 2 + y 2 . ( x − a )  = 1 y −3 / 2 e 4y
[ − 2 + y −1 ( x − a )2 ]
 2 4 y2  4
 
∂  ∂f 
fxy =  
∂x  ∂y 
3  (x − a)
2
( x − a )2 
1 − 2  − 4y ∂  ( x − a )2  −

= y e . −
−1 2
 [− 2 + y (x − a) ] + e
4y
. 2 y −1 . ( x − a )
4  ∂x 
 4 y 
 
 
3 ( x − a )2
1 −2 −  2( x − a ) 
= y .e 4y
− [ − 2 + y −1 ( x − a )2 ] + 2 y −1 ( x − a ) 
4  4 y 
3 ( x − a )2
1 −2 − 4y x −a  1 −1 2 
= y .e . − [ − 2 + y ( x − a ) ] + 2
4 y  2 
5 ( x − a )2
1 −2 −
4y
 ( x − a )2 
= y (x − a) e 3 − 
4  2 y 

 5 ( x − a )2 3 ( x − a )2 
∂  ∂f  1  3 −2
−
4y
−
2
−
4y ( x − a )2 
fyx = = − ( x − a ) − y . e + y . e .
∂y  ∂x  2  2
4 y2 

 
5 ( x − a )2
1 − −
4y
 ( x − a )2 
= − (x − a) y 2 . e − 3 + 
4  2 y 

5 ( x − a )2
1 −2 −
4y
 ( x − a )2 
= y (x − a) e 3 − 
4  2 y 
∴ fxy = fyx. Hence proved.
∂z ∂z
14. If z = eax + by f (ax – by), show that b +a = 2abz.
∂x ∂y
Sol. We have z = eax + by . f (ax – by) ...(1)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x partially, we get
∂z
= e ax + by . f ′( ax − by ) . a + f ( ax − by ) . e ax + by . a
∂x
∂z
∴ b = abe ax + by [ f ′( ax − by ) + f ( ax − by )] ...(2)
∂x
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 287

Again differentiating (1) w.r.t. y partially, we get

∂z
= e ax + by . f ′( ax − by ) . ( − b) + f ( ax − by ) . e ax + by . b
∂y
∂z
a = abe ax + by . [ − f ′( ax − by ) + f ( ax − by )] ...(3)
∂y
Adding (2) and (3), we get
∂z ∂z
b +a = 2abz.
∂x ∂y
y z x ∂u ∂u ∂u
15. If u = + + , show that x +y +z = 0.
z x y ∂x ∂y ∂z
y z x
Sol. Given u = + + ...(1)
z x y
∂u z 1 ∂u z x
= − 2 + ∴ x = − + ...(2)
∂x x y ∂x x y
∂u 1 x ∂u y x
= − 2 ∴ y = − ...(3)
∂y z y ∂y z y
∂u y 1 ∂u y z
= − 2 + ∴ z = − + ...(4)
∂z z x ∂z z x
Adding (2), (3) and (4), we get
∂u ∂u ∂u z x y x y z
x +y +z = − + + − − + = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z x y z y z x

∂3u
16. If u = exyz, prove that = (1 + 3xyz + x2y2z2)exyz.
∂x ∂y∂z
(U.P.T.U., 2007; A.U.U.P., 2008; M.D.U., 2009)
xyz
Sol. Given u = e
∂u
= xyexyz
∂z
∂ 2u ∂  ∂u  ∂
= = [ xye xyz ] = xexyz + exyz . xy . xz = xexyz [1 + xyz]
∂y∂z ∂y  ∂z  ∂y
∂3u ∂
= [ x . e xyz + x 2 yze xyz ] = exyz + xyzexyz + 2xyzexyz + yz . x2exyz . yz
∂x ∂y∂z ∂x
∂3u
= exyz + 3xyz . exyz + x2y2z2 . exyz = exyz (1 + 3xyz + x2y2z2).
∂x ∂y∂z
Hence proved.

17. Find p and q, if x = a ( sin u + cos v) , y = a ( cos u − sin v ) , z = 1 + sin (u – v)

∂z ∂z
where p and q mean and respectively.
∂x ∂y
2 2
Sol. x = a(sin u + cos v)
2 2
y = a(cos u – sin v)
∴ x2 + y2 = a[(sin u + cos v)2 + (cos u – sin v)2]
2 2 2 2
= a[sin u + cos v + 2 sin u cos v + cos u + sin v – 2 sin v cos u]
= a[2 + 2 (sin u cos v – cos u sin v)] = 2a[1 + sin (u – v)] = 2az
288 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

x2 + y2 = 2az
x 2 + y2
∴ z =
2a
∂z 2x x ∂z 2y y
= or ; = or
∂x 2a a ∂y 2a a
x y
Hence, p = , q = .
a a

∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
18. If V = (x2 + y2 + z2)–1/2, prove that 2
+ 2
+ = 0. (U.P.T.U., 2009)
∂x ∂y ∂z 2
1
−
Sol. Given V = ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2
3 3
∂V 1 2 − −
2 2 2 2 2
= − ( x + y + z ) 2 . 2x = − x ( x + y + z ) 2
∂x 2
3 5
∂2V −  3 −
= − ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2 − x .  −  ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2 (2x )
∂x 2  2
5 3
− −
= 3x 2 ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2 − ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2
3
−
= ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2 [3x 2 ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−1 − 1]
3
∂ 2V −
Similarly, = ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2 [3 y2 ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−1 − 1]
∂y2
3
∂2V −
= ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2 [3z 2 ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−1 − 1]
∂z 2
Adding these, we get
3
∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V −
2
+ 2
+ 2 = ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2 [3x2(x2 + y2 + z2)–1 – 1
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2 2 2 –1 2 2 2 2 –1
+ 3y (x + y + z ) – 1 + 3z (x + y + z ) – 1]
3
−
( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2
RHS = [3x2 – (x2 + y2 + z2) + 3y2 – (x2 + y2 + z2)
( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )
+ 3z2 – (x2 + y2 + z2)]
5
−
or RHS = ( x 2 + y2 + z2 ) 2 [2x2 – y2 – z2 + 2y2 – x2 – z2 + 2z2 – x2 – y2]
5
−
2 2 2 2
⇒ RHS = ( x + y + z ) .0 =0
2 2 2
∂ V ∂ V ∂ V
Hence L.H.S. = 0 i.e., 2
+ 2
+ = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z 2
19. If r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 and V = rm, show that Vxx + Vyy + Vzz = m(m + 1) rm – 2.
(M.D.U., Dec., 2005, 2008 and A.U.U.P., 2007; U.P.T.U., 2008)
r = x + y2 + z2
2 2
Sol. Given
and V = rm
∂V m − 1 ∂r
∴ = mr .
∂x ∂x
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 289

∂2V  ∂r  ∂ 2r
2
∴ = m(m − 1)rm − 2   + mrm − 1 .
∂x 2  ∂x  ∂x 2
2
 ∂r  ∂ 2r
i.e., Vxx = m(m − 1)rm − 2   + mrm − 1 .
 ∂x  ∂x 2
 2
 ∂r  
2 2  ∂ 2r ∂ 2r ∂2r 
m − 2  ∂r   ∂r  m −1
∴ Vxx + Vyy + Vzz = m(m − 1)r  ∂x  +  ∂y  +  ∂z   + mr  2 + 2 + 2
 
     
  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

∂r 2x x ∂r 2y y ∂r 2z z
Now, = or , = or , = or
∂x 2r r ∂y 2r r ∂z 2r r
∂r x
Now, =
∂x r
∂r x2
∂2r r .1 − x . r− ∂2r r2 − x 2
∴ = ∂x = r ⇒ =
∂x 2 r2 r2 ∂x 2 r3
∂ 2r r 2 − y2 ∂2r r2 − z 2
Similarly, ∂y2 = 3
and =
r ∂z 2 r3
∂ 2r ∂ 2r ∂ 2r r 2 − x 2 + r 2 − y2 + r 2 − z 2
∴ 2
+ 2
+ 2 =
∂x ∂y ∂z r3
3r 2 − ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 3r 2 − r 2 2r 2 2
= 3
= 3
= or
r r r3 r
 x 2 y2 z 2  2
Hence, Vxx + Vyy + Vzz = m(m − 1) rm − 2  2 + 2 + 2  + mrm − 1 .
 r r r  r
= m(m – 1) rm – 2 . 1 + 2mrm – 2
= rm – 2 . [m(m – 1) + 2m] = rm – 2 . [m2 + m]
m–2
Vxx + Vyy + Vzz = m(m + 1) r . Hence shown.
2 2 2
1 ∂ u ∂ u ∂ u
20. If x2 + y2 + z2 = , prove that 2
+ 2
+ = 0.
u 2 ∂x ∂y ∂z 2
1
2 2 2 2 –1 −
Sol. Given u = (x + y + z ) or u = ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2

3 3
∂u 1 − −
∴ = − ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2 . (2x ) = − x ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2
∂x 2
3
∂2u −
= ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2 [3x 2 ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−1 − 1]
∂x 2
3
∂2u −
Similarly, = ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2 [3 y2 ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−1 − 1]
∂y2
3
∂2u −
2
= (x + y + z ) 2 2 2 [3z 2 ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−1 − 1]
∂z 2
Adding these, we get
5
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂2u −
+ + = ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) 2 [2x2 – y2 – z2 + 2y2 – x2 – z2 + 2z2 – x2 – y2]
∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂z 2
290 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

5
−
2 2 2 2
= (x + y + z ) .0 =0
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂2u
Hence, 2
+ = 0.
2
+
∂x ∂y ∂z 2
21. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, prove that

 ∂r 
2
 ∂r 
2
∂2r ∂2r 1  ∂r 2  ∂r 2 
(i)   +   = 1. (ii) + =   +    .
 ∂x   ∂y  ∂x 2 ∂y2 r  ∂x
   ∂y  
(U.P.T.U., 2008)
Sol. (i) x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
∴ x2 + y2 = r2
∂r ∂r x
2r . = 2x or =
∂x ∂x r
∂r y
=
∂y r
2 2
 ∂r   ∂r  x2 y2 x 2 + y2
∴  ∂x  +  ∂y  = + = =1.
    r2 r2 r2
x
∂r x ∂2r r .1 − x . 2 2
(ii) = , ∴ = r =r −x ,
∂x r ∂x 2 r2 r3
∂ 2r r 2 − y2
Similarly, =
∂y 2
r3
∂ 2r ∂ 2r r 2 − x 2 + r 2 − y2 2r 2 − ( x 2 + y2 )
∴ + = =
∂x 2 ∂y2 r3 r3
r2 1 1  ∂r 2  ∂r 2 
= = .1 =   +    .
r3 r r  ∂x 
  ∂y  
n 2
22. Find the value of n so that the equation V = r (3 cos θ – 1) satisfies the relation
∂  2 ∂V  1 ∂  ∂V 
∂r  r ∂r  + sin θ . ∂θ  sin θ ∂θ  = 0 . [M.D.U., May 2007]
   
Sol. V = rn (3 cos2 θ – 1)
∂V
= (3 cos2 θ – 1) . nrn–1
∂r
∂V
r2 = n(3 cos2 θ – 1) rn+ 1
∂r
∂  2 ∂V 
r = n(n + 1) (3 cos2 θ – 1) rn = n(n + 1) V
∂r  ∂r 
∂V
= rn(– 6 cos θ sin θ)
∂θ
∂V
sin θ . = – 6 rn cos θ sin2 θ
∂θ
∂  ∂V 
sin θ . = − 6r n [cos θ . 2 sin θ cos θ + sin 2 θ ( − sin θ)]
∂θ  ∂θ 
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 291

= – 6rn . sin θ(2 cos2 θ – sin2 θ)

1 ∂  ∂V 
∴ . sin θ = – 6rn (2 cos2 θ – sin2 θ)
sin θ ∂θ  ∂θ 
Now, 2 cos2 θ – sin2 θ + cos2 θ – cos2 θ = 3 cos2 θ – 1
∴ RHS of above equation becomes – 6rn (3 cos2 θ – 1) or – 6V.
By putting the values in the given equation, we have
n(n + 1)V – 6V = 0 or n(n + 1) – 6 = 0
2
n +n–6 = 0
(n + 3) (n – 2) = 0 ⇒ n = 2, –3.
Thus required values of n are 2, –3.

∂2 z ∂2 z
23. If z = f (x + ay) + φ(x – ay), prove that 2
= a2 . .
∂y ∂x 2
[U.P.T.U., (AG) 2005; M.D.U., 2008; A.U.U.P., 2009]
Sol. z = f (x + ay) + φ(x – ay)
∂z
= f ′( x + ay ) . 1 + φ′( x − ay ) . 1 = f ′( x + ay ) + φ′( x − ay )
∂x

∂2z
⇒ = f ′′( x + ay ) + φ′′( x − ay ) ...(1)
∂x 2
∂z
Now, = f ′( x + ay ) . a + φ′( x − ay ) . ( − a ) = a [ f ′( x + ay ) − φ′( x − ay )]
∂y

∂2z
⇒ = a [ f ′′( x + ay ) . a − φ′′( x − ay ) ( − a )]
∂y2
∂2z
or = a 2 [ f ′′( x + ay ) + φ′′( x − ay )] ...(2)
∂y2
∂2z ∂2z
From (1) and (2), we have 2 = a2 . . Hence proved.
∂y ∂x 2

3 3 2 2 ∂ 2u ∂2u ∂ 2u
24. If u = log (x + y – x y – xy ), show that +2 + = – 4(x + y)–2..
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2
3 3 2 2 2 2
Sol. Given u = log (x + y – x y – xy ) = log [x (x – y) – y (x – y)]
= log [(x2 – y2) (x – y)] = log [(x + y) (x – y)2]
or u = log (x + y) + 2 log (x – y)
∂u 1 2 .1
∴ = + ...(1)
∂x x+y x−y
∂u 1 2
= − ...(2)
∂y x+y x−y

∂2u 1
= − − 2 . ( x − y )2 ...(3)
∂x 2
( x + y )2
292 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂ 2u 1 2
= − − ...(4)
∂y2 ( x + y )2 ( x − y )2

∂2u −1 1
= +2. ...(5)
∂x ∂y ( x + y )2 ( x − y )2
From (3), (4) and (5), we have
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 4 2 2 4
2
+2 + 2 = − − − +
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ( x + y )2 ( x − y )2 ( x − y )2 ( x − y )2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 4
∴ +2 + 2 = − or – 4(x + y)–2. Hence shown.
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y ( x + y )2

−1 y x ∂ 2u
2
25. If u = x tan − y2 tan−1 , 3, find the value of . (U.P.T.U., 2007)
x y ∂x ∂y
∂u y 1  y  1 1
Sol. = 2x tan −1 + x 2 . .  − 2  − y2 . . 
∂x x 2
y  x  x  y 2
1+ 1+ 2
x2 y
y x2y y3
= 2x tan −
1
− 2 2
− 2
x x +y x + y2

∂2u 1 1 [( x 2 + y2 ) . 1 − y . 2 y ] [( x 2 + y2 ) . 3 y2 − y3 (2 y )]
= 2x .   − x2 . −
∂x ∂y y2 x ( x 2 + y2 )2 ( x 2 + y2 )2
+1
x2

2x 2 x 2 ( x 2 − y2 ) 3x 2 y2 + y4
= 2 2
− 2 2 2
−
x +y (x + y ) ( x 2 + y2 )2

2x 2 ( x 2 + y2 ) − x 2 ( x 2 − y2 ) − y2 (3x 2 + y2 )
=
( x 2 + y2 )2

2x 4 + 2 x 2 y 2 − x 4 + x 2 y 2 − 3x 2 y 2 − y 4 x 4 − y4 ( x 2 + y2 ) ( x 2 − y2 )
= 2 2 2 = 2 2 2
=
(x + y ) (x + y ) ( x 2 + y2 )2

∂2u x 2 − y2
Hence, = 2 .
∂x ∂y x + y2
26. State Euler’s Theorem on homogeneous functions and verify Euler’s Theorem for the function
u = (x1/2 + y1/2) (xn + yn). (U.P.T.U., 2006; M.D.U., 2007)
Sol. A function f (x, y) is said to be homogeneous of degree (or order) n in the variables x and y if
 y x
it can be expressed in the form x n φ   or yn φ   .
x  y
An alternative test for a function f (x, y) to be homogeneous of degree (or order) n is that
n
f (tx, ty) = t f (x, y).
x+y
For example, if f (x, y) = , then
x + y
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 293

 y  y
x 1 +  x 1 + 
 x  x 1/ 2  y
(i) f(x, y) = = = x .φ 
 y   y  x
x 1 +  1 + 
 x  x
1
⇒ f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree in x and y.
2
tx + ty t( x + y )
(ii) f (tx, ty) = = = t . f ( x , y)
tx + ty t ( x + y)
⇒ f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree 1/2 in x and y.
Euler’s Theorem :
∂u ∂u
If u is a homogeneous function of degree n in x and y, then x +y = nu.
∂x ∂y
∂ 2u∂ 2u 2
2 ∂ u
Also, x2 + 2xy
+ y . = n(n – 1)u.
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y2
To verify Euler’s Theorem for the function :
 1 1
n n
u =  x 2 + y2  (x + y ) ...(1)
 
 
 1  1
1 1   n 1
 y2  n  yn  n+  y 2   y  n+
= x2 1 + 1  x 1 + n  = x 2

1 +  x   1 +    = x 2 . f  y 
   x    x   x
  
 x 2 
1
⇒ u is a homogeneous function of degree n + in x and y.
2
∴ By Euler’s Theorem, we should have
∂u ∂u  1
x +y = n +  u ...(2)
∂x ∂y  2

∂u 1 −1 / 2 n  1 1
From (1), = x ( x + yn ) + nx n − 1  x 2 + y 2 
∂x 2  
 
1  1 1
∂u 1 2 n n n  2 2
x = x ( x + y ) + nx x + y
∂x 2  
 
1  1 1
∂u 1 −2 n
= y ( x + yn ) + nyn − 1  x 2 + y2 
∂y 2  
 
1  1 1
∂u 1 2 n
y = y ( x + yn ) + nyn  x 2 + y2 
∂y 2  
 
1 1  1 1
∂u ∂u
1 2
∴ x +y ( x + y 2 ) ( x n + yn ) + n( x n + yn )  x 2 + y 2 
=
∂x 2 ∂y  
 
1  1
= u + nu =  n +  u
2  2
which is the same as (2). Hence the verification.
294 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

−1 x y
27. Verify Euler’s Theorem for the function : u = sin + tan−1 .
y x
−1 x y
Sol. u = sin + tan −1 ...(1)
y x
−1 y y  y
= cosec + tan −1 0
= x .f x
x x  
⇒ u is a homogeneous function of degree 0 in x and y.
∴ By Euler’s Theorem, we should have
∂u ∂u
x +y =0 ...(2)
∂x ∂y
∂u 1 1 1  y  1 y
From (1), = . + . −  = −
∂x x 2 y y2  x 2  2
y −x 2 x 2 + y2
1− 1+
y2 x2
∂u x xy
∴ x = −
∂x 2
y −x 2 x + y2
2

∂u 1  x  1 1 x x
= .  − 2  + . = − + 2
∂y x 2
 y  1+ y
2 x 2
y y −x 2 x + y2
1− 2 2
y x
∂u x xy
∴ y = − +
∂y y −x2 2 x 2 + y2
∂u ∂u
∴ x +y = 0, which is the same as (2). Hence the verification.
∂y ∂y

−1 x 3 + y3 ∂u ∂u
28. If u = tan , prove that x +y = sin 2u.
x−y ∂x ∂y

x 3 + y3 x 3 (1 + y3 / x 3 )  y
Sol. Here u is not a homogeneous function but tan u = = = x 2. f  
x−y x (1 − y / x ) x
is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x and y.
∴ By Euler’s theorem, we have
∂ ∂
x (tan u ) + y (tan u) = 2tan u
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
x . sec2 u + y sec2 u = 2tan u
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u 2 tan u
or x +y = = 2 sin u cos u = sin 2u. Hence proved.
∂x ∂y sec2 u
x 4 + y4 ∂u ∂u
29. If u = log , show that x +y = 3.
x+y ∂x ∂y
Sol. Here u is not a homogeneous function
x 4 + y4 x 4 + y4
u = log ⇒ eu =
x+y x+y
which is a homogeneous function of degree 3 in x, y.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 295

∴ By Euler’s theorem, we have

∂ u ∂ u
x (e ) + y ( e ) = 3. eu
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
or xeu + yeu = 3eu ⇒ x +y = 3.
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

−1 x + 2y + 3z ∂u ∂u ∂u
30. If u = sin , show that x +y +z + 3 tan u = 0.
8
(x + y + z ) 8 8 ∂x ∂y ∂z

Sol. Here u is not a homogeneous function

x + 2 y + 3z
sin u = f (x, y, z) =
( x 8 + y8 + z 8 )

t( x + 2 y + 3 z )
f (tx, ty, tz) = = t −3 f ( x , y , z )
4 8 8 8
t (x + y + z )
⇒ sin u is a homogeneous function of degree –3 in x, y, z.
∴ By Euler’s Theorem, we have
∂ ∂ ∂
x (sin u) + y (sin u) + z (sin u) = –3 sin u
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂u ∂u ∂u
or x cos u + y cos u + z cos u + 3 sin u = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂u ∂u ∂u
or x +y +z + 3 tan u = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z

x2 y ∂2u ∂2u ∂u
31. If u = , show that x 2 + y = .
x+y ∂x ∂y∂x ∂x
 y
x3  
x2y
 x  = x2 . f  y 
Sol. Here, u = = x
 x+y
y  
x 1 + 
 x
is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x and y.

∂u ∂u
∴ By Euler’s theorem, we have x +y = 2u ...(1)
∂x ∂y
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x,

∂2u ∂u ∂ 2u ∂u ∂2u ∂2u ∂u

x 2
+ .1 + y = 2 ⇒ x 2
+y = .
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y∂x ∂x
2 2 2
x+y ∂ u ∂ u ∂ u sin u cos 2u
32. If u = sin
−1
, prove that x2 + 2xy + y2 = − .
x + y ∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y2 4 cos3 u

−1 x+y x+y
Sol. u = sin is not a homogeneous function but sin u = is a homogeneous
x + y x + y

1
function of degree in x and y.
2
296 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ By Euler’s theorem, we have

∂ ∂ 1 ∂u ∂u 1
x (sin u) + y (sin u) = sin u or x cos u + y cos u = sin u
∂x ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y 2

∂u ∂u 1
or x +y = tan u ...(1)
∂x ∂y 2
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x, we have
2 2
∂ u ∂u ∂ u 1 ∂u
x 2
+1. +y = sec2 u .
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y 2 ∂x

∂2u1 2 ∂2u
 ∂u
or x =  sec u − 1 
+y ...(2)
∂x 22  ∂x
∂x ∂y
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. y, we have
2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂u 1 ∂u
x + y 2 +1. = sec2 u .
∂y∂x ∂y ∂y 2 ∂y

∂ 2u ∂ 2u 1 ∂u
or + y 2 =  sec2 u − 1 
x ...(3)
∂x ∂y ∂y 2  ∂y
Multiplying (2) by x, (3) by y and adding, we get

2 ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2
2 ∂ u 1 2   ∂u ∂u  1 2  1
x + 2xy +y =  sec u − 1  .  x +y =  sec u − 1  . tan u
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y2 2   ∂x ∂y  2  2
2
2 cos u − 1 1 sin u sin u cos 2u
= − . = − . Hence proved.
2
2 cos u 2 cos u 4 cos3 u
2
 y  y 2 ∂ z ∂2 z 2
2 ∂ z
33. If z = xf   + g   , show that x 2
+ 2xy +y = 0. (U.P.T.U., 2006, 2008)
x x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2

 y  y
Sol. Let u = xf   and v = g  
x x
so that z = u+v ...(1)
Since u is a homogeneous function of degree n = 1 in x, y
2 2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂ u
∴ 2
x2
+ y2 2 = n(n – 1) u = 0
+ 2xy ...(2)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Since v is a homogeneous function of degree n = 0 in x, y

2 ∂ 2v ∂ 2v 2
2 ∂ v
∴ x 2
+ 2xy +y = n(n – 1) v = 0 ...(3)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2
Adding (2) and (3), we have

2 ∂2 ∂2 2 ∂
2
x 2
(u + v) + 2xy (u + v) + y (u + v) = 0
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2
2 2 2
∂ z ∂ z ∂ z
or x2 2
+ 2xy + y2 2 = 0.
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
2 2
−1  x + y  ∂u ∂u
34. If u = sin   , prove that x +y = tan u. (A.U.U.P., 2009)
 ∂x ∂y
 x+y 
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 297

 y2 
x 2 1 + 
x + y 2 2
x +y  2 2 x 2 
  y
Sol. u = sin −1   ⇒ sin u = = = x.f x
 x+y  x+y  y  
  x 1 + 
 x
is a homogeneous function of degree 1 in x, y.
∴ By Euler’s theorem,
∂ ∂
x (sin u) + y (sin u) = sin u
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
x cos u + y cos u = sin u or x +y = tan u.
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
3 3 2 2 2
x +y −1 2 ∂ u ∂ u 2 ∂ u
35. If u = tan , prove that x + 2xy + y = sin 4u – sin 2u = 2 cos 3u sin u.
x−y ∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2
(M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
Sol. As given in question 27, we have already shown that
∂u ∂u
x +y = sin 2u
∂x ∂y

Here, φ (u) = sin 2u, ∴ φ′(u) = 2 cos 2u.

∴ By deduction from Euler’s Theorem, we know that
2 2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂ u
x2 2
+ 2xy + y2 2 = φ(u) [φ(u) – 1] = sin 2u [2 cos 2u – 1]
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
= 2 sin 2u cos 2u – sin 2u = sin 4u – sin 2u
= 2 cos 3u sin u. Hence proved.
−1 x −1 y ∂u ∂u
36. If u = sin + tan , then find the value of x +y . (U.P.T.U., 2007)
y x ∂x ∂y
−1 x y
Sol. u = sin + tan −1 ...(1)
y x
y y 0  y
−1
+ tan −1 = x .f  
= cosec
x x x
⇒ u is a homogeneous function of degree 0 in x and y.
∂u ∂u
∴ By Euler’s theorem, x +y =0
∂x ∂y
∂u x xy
Here from (1), we get x = −
∂x 2
y −x 2 x + y2
2

∂u x xy ∂u ∂u
y = − + ⇒ x +y = 0.
∂y 2 2 x 2 + y2 ∂x ∂y
y −x
−1 x+y ∂u ∂u 1
37. If u = cos , show that x +y + cot u = 0.
x + y ∂x ∂y 2

x+y
Sol. Given cos u =
x + y

1
is a homogeneous function of degree in x, y.
2
298 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ By Euler’s theorem, we have

∂ ∂ 1
x (cos u) + y (cos u) = cos u
∂x ∂y 2

∂u ∂u 1
− x sin u − y sin u = cos u
∂x ∂y 2

∂u ∂u 1  1 
or x +y = cos u  − 
∂x ∂y 2  sin u 

∂u ∂u 1 ∂u ∂u 1
x +y = − cot u ⇒ x +y + cot u = 0. Hence shown.
∂x ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y 2

n  y −n x ∂2 z ∂2 z 2
2 ∂ z ∂z ∂z
38. Given z = x f1   + y f2   , prove that x 2 + 2xy + y +x +y = n2z.
x y
  ∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y
(M.D.U., Dec., 2005, 2007)
n  y −n x n   y y−n  x 
Sol. z = x f1   + y f2  y  = x  f1  x  + n f2  y  
x      x   
∴ z is a homogeneous function of degree n in x and y.
∂z ∂z
∴ By Euler’s theorem x +y = nz ...(1)
∂x ∂y
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
∂z∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂z
x +y2
+ = n
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x
Multiplying by x, we get
2 2
2 ∂ z ∂z ∂ z ∂z
x 2
+x + xy = nx ...(2)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. y, we get

∂2z ∂ 2 z ∂z ∂z
x +y 2 + = n
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
Multiplying by y, we get
2 2
∂ z ∂ z ∂z ∂z
xy + y2 2 + y = ny ...(3)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
Adding (2) and (3), we get

2 ∂2z ∂2z 2
2 ∂ z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
x 2
+ 2xy +y 2
+x +y = nx + ny
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
 ∂z ∂z 
= n x + y  = n . nz [Using equation (1)]
 ∂x ∂y 
= n2z. Hence proved.
x y z ∂u ∂u ∂u
39. If u = + + , show that x +y +z = 0.
y+z z+x x+y ∂x ∂y ∂z
x y z
Sol. u = + + = f (x, y, z )
y+z z+x x+y
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 299

tx ty tz 0  x y z 
+
f (tx, ty, tz) = + = t  + +
ty + tz tz + tx tx + ty  y + z z + x x + y 
∴ u is a homogeneous function of degree or order 0 in the variables x, y, z.
∂u ∂u ∂u
∴ By Euler’s Theorem, x +y +z = 0.u = 0. Hence shown.
∂x ∂y ∂z
1
 1 1 2
 x 2 + y2  2 2 2
∂ u ∂ u 2 ∂ u tan u
40. If u = cosec
−1
 1  , prove that x2 2
+ 2xy + y 2
= (13 + tan2 u) .
 3
1
 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 144
3 
x + y 
(M.D.U., May 2006, Dec., 2006; U.P.T.U., 2009; A.U.U.P., 2007, 2008)
1
 1 1 2
−1  x 2 + y2 
Sol. u = cosec  1 1 
 3 3

x + y 
1
 1  1 2
x2   y 2  
 1 1   1 +    
x + y 
2 2  x 
  
cosec u =  1 1 =  1 
 3  1  
3   y 3  
 x + y  x3 1 +   
   x  
   
1
 1  1  2 1
x3   y 3    1 2
 1 +     1 +  y  3 
 x  −
1
 x 
    
∴ sin u =   = x 12  1
 1
 1    y 2 
x2
  y 2   1 +   
1 +   
   x     x  
   

Let z = sin u, then z is a homogeneous function of (x, y) of order  − 1  .

 12 
∴ By Euler’s theorem,
∂z ∂z 1
x +y = − z
∂x ∂y 12
∂ ∂ 1
x (sin u) + y (sin u) = − sin u
∂x ∂y 12
∂u ∂u 1
x cos u + y cos u = − sin u
∂x ∂y 12
∂u ∂u 1
∴ +y x = − tan u ...(1)
∂x ∂y 12
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x and then multiplying both sides by x, we get
∂u ∂2u ∂ 2u 1 ∂u
x+ x 2 2 + xy = − x sec2 u . ...(2)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y 12 ∂x
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. y and then multiplying both sides by y, we get
∂ 2u ∂u 2
2 ∂ u 1 2 ∂u
xy +y +y = − y sec u . ...(3)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y2 12 ∂y
300 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Adding (2) and (3), we get

2 2
∂ u ∂u ∂ u  ∂u ∂u  1  ∂u ∂u 
x2 + 2xy + y2 2 +  x ∂x + y ∂y  = −
2
sec u .  x +y
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y   12  ∂x ∂y 
Using equation (1), we get
2 2
∂ u ∂u ∂ u  1
tan u  = − 1 sec2 u .  − 1 tan u  = 1 tan u sec2 u

x2 + 2xy + y2 2 +  −
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y  12  12  12  144
∂ 2u ∂u 2
2 ∂ u 1 1 1
or x
2
+ 2xy +y = tan u + tan u sec2 u = tan u (sec2 u + 12)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y2 12 144 144
1
= tan u (13 + tan2 u) Hence proved.
144
2
−1  y
2  2 ∂ u ∂ 2u 2
2 ∂ u 2
41. If u = tan   , show that x + 2xy + y 2 = – sin 2u sin u.
 x  ∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y
 
y2
Sol. tan u = is a homogeneous function of degree 1 in x and y.
x
∂ ∂
∴ x (tan u) + y (tan u) = tan u
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
x sec2 u + y sec2 u . = tan u
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u tan u 1
or +y = 2
= sin 2u
x ...(1)
∂x ∂y sec u 2
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we get
∂u ∂2u ∂2u 1 ∂u
+x 2 +y = cos 2u . .2
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y 2 ∂x
2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂u
or 2
x= (cos 2u − 1) +y ...(2)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. y, we get
2 2
∂ u ∂u ∂ u 1 ∂u
x + +y 2 = cos 2u . 2 .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y 2 ∂y
2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂u
or + y 2 = (cos 2u − 1)
x ...(3)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
Multiplying (2) by x, we have
2 2
∂ u 2 ∂ u ∂u
x = x (cos 2u − 1)
2
+ xy ...(4)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x
Multiplying (3) by y, we have
∂ 2u 2
2 ∂ u ∂u
+y xy = y (cos 2u − 1) ...(5)
∂x ∂y ∂y2 ∂y
Adding (4) and (5), we get
2 2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂ u  ∂u ∂u 
x2 + y2 + 2xy = (cos 2u − 1)  x +y
∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y 
1  2 1 
= (cos 2u − 1)  sin 2u  = (− 2 sin u)  sin 2u 
 2  2 
= – sin 2u . sin2u. Hence shown.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 301

2 2 2
42. If u = x2 tan–1  y  − y2 tan −1  x  , then evaluate x 2 ∂ u + 2xy ∂ u + y2 . ∂ u .
x   ∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y2
   y
(M.D.U., May 2007, May 2009; U.P.T.U., 2008, A.U.U.P., 2007)
Sol. Let u = v–w
2 −1  y 
Consider first term v = x tan   . v is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x and y.
x
∂v ∂v
∴ By Euler’s Theorem, x +y = 2v ...(1)
∂x ∂y
Partial differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we have

∂ 2v ∂v
∂v ∂ 2v
x +
= 2 +y ...(2)
∂x 2 ∂x
∂x ∂x ∂y
Partial differentiating (1) w.r.t. y, we have

∂ 2v ∂v ∂ 2v ∂v
x + +y 2 = 2 ...(2A)
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
After multiplying (2) by x and (2A) by y and then adding, we obtain,
∂ 2v ∂ 2v 2
2 ∂ v
x2 + 2xy
+ y = 2v ...(3)
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y2
Similarly, for the second term
2 −1  x 
w = y tan  
 y
w is homogeneous function of degree 2 in x and y
∴ By Euler’s Theorem,
∂w ∂w
+y = 2w x
∂x ∂y
Partial differentiating w.r.t. x, we have

∂ 2w ∂w ∂ 2w ∂w
x 2
+ +y = 2 ...(4)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x
Partial differentiating w.r.t. y, we have

∂ 2w ∂w ∂ 2w ∂w
x + +y 2 = 2 ...(5)
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
Multiplying equation (4) by x and equation (5) by y and on adding, we obtain

∂ 2w ∂ 2w ∂ 2w
x2 2
+ 2xy + y2 2 = 2w ...(6)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
Subtracting (6) from equation (3) gives :

∂2 ∂2 ∂2
x2 2
(v − w ) + 2xy (v − w ) + y2 . 2 (v − w ) = 2(v – w)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
2 2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂ u
or x2 + 2xy + y2 2 = 2u. Hence the result.
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y
302 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

du 3
43. If u = sin–1 (x – y), x = 3t, y = 4t3, show that = .
dt 2
1−t
Sol. The given equations define u as a composite function of t.
du ∂u dx ∂u dy 1 1
∴ = . + . = .3 + . ( − 1) . 12 t 2
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt 1 − ( x − y) 2
1 − ( x − y) 2

3(1 − 4t 2 ) 3(1 − 4t 2 ) 3(1 − 4t )

2 2
3(1 − 4t )
= = = =
2 3 2 2 4 6 2 2 4
1 − ( x − y) 1 − (3t − 4 t ) 1 − 9t + 24 t − 16 t (1 − t ) (1 − 8t + 16 t )

du 3(1 − 4t 2 ) 3
Hence = = .
dt 2
(1 − t ) (1 − 4t )
2 2
1−t
2

∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
44. If z is a function of x and y, where x = eu + e–v and y = e–u – ev, show that − = x −y .
∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y
Sol. Here z is a composite function of u and v. (M.D.U., 2007)
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z u ∂z −u
∴ = . + . = .e + . (− e )
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z −v ∂z v
and = . + . = (− e ) + . (− e )
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z u −v ∂z −u v ∂z ∂z ∂z
Subtracting, we get − = (e + e ) − (e − e ) =x −y . Hence shown.
∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂u
45. If u = f (y – z, z – x, x – y), prove that + + = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z
[U.P.T.U., (AG) 2005; M.D.U., 2008; A.U.U.P., 2009]
Sol. Here, u = f (X, Y, Z)
where X = y – z, Y = z – x, Z = x – y
∴ u is a composite function of x, y and z.

∂u ∂u ∂X ∂u ∂Y ∂u ∂Z ∂u ∂u ∂u
= . + . + . = . (0) + . (− 1) + . (1) ...(1)
∂x ∂X ∂x ∂Y ∂x ∂Z ∂x ∂X ∂Y ∂z

∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
Similarly, = (1) + (0) + (−1) ...(2)
∂y ∂X ∂Y ∂Z

∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
= ( −1) + (1) + (0) ...(3)
∂z ∂X ∂Y ∂Z

∂u ∂u ∂u
On adding (1), (2) and (3), we get + + = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z

2 2 2 2
 ∂w  1  ∂w   ∂f   ∂f 
46. If w = f(x, y), x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, show that   + 2  ∂θ  =   +   .
 ∂r  r   ∂
 x  ∂y 
Sol. The given equations define w as a composite function of r and θ.
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y
= . + .
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 303

∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂f ∂f
= . cos θ + . sin θ or = cos θ + . sin θ ...(1)
∂r ∂x ∂y ∂r ∂x ∂y
[ä w = f (x, y)]
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w
Also, = . + . = (− r sin θ) + . (r cos θ)
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ ∂x ∂y

1 ∂w ∂f ∂f
or . = − sin θ + . cos θ ...(2)
r ∂θ ∂x ∂y
Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get
2 2 2 2
 ∂w  1  ∂w   ∂f   ∂f 
 ∂r  + 2  ∂θ  =  ∂x  +  ∂y  .
  r      
47. If u is a homogeneous function of nth degree in x, y, z, prove that (U.P.T.U., 2008)
∂u ∂u ∂u
x +y +z = nu.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Sol. Since u is a homogeneous function of degree n in x, y, z
n y z y z
let u = x . f  ,  or u = xn . f (t, s), where t = , s =
 x x  x x
Here, u is a composite function of x, y, z.
∂u  ∂f ∂t ∂f ∂s 
∴ = nx n − 1 f (t, s) + x n  . + . 
∂x  ∂t ∂x ∂s ∂x 

n −1 n  ∂f  y  ∂f  z  
= nx f (t, s) + x  . − 2  + .  − 2 
 ∂t  x  ∂s  x  
∂u n −1 ∂f ∂f
⇒ x n
= nx f (t, s) − yx − zx n − 1 . ...(1)
∂x ∂t ∂s
∂u n  ∂f ∂t ∂f ∂s  n  ∂f 1 
= x  . + . =x  ∂t . x 
∂y  ∂t ∂y ∂s ∂y   
∂u n −1 ∂f
y = yx . ...(2)
∂y ∂t
∂u n  ∂f ∂t ∂f ∂s  ∂f 1 ∂u n − 1 ∂f
⇒ = x  . + .  = xn . . ⇒ z = zx ...(3)
∂z  ∂t ∂z ∂s ∂z  ∂s x ∂z ∂s
∂u ∂u ∂u
Adding (1), (2) and (3), we have x +y +z = nxn f (t, s) = nu.
∂x ∂y ∂z
48. If by the substitution u = x2 – y2, v = 2xy, f (x, y) = θ(u, v) show that
(U.P.T.U., 2007; M.D.U., 2008; A.U.U.P., 2009)

∂ f
2 2
∂ f 2 2
 ∂2 θ ∂2 θ 
+ = u( x + y )  2 + 2  .
∂x 2 ∂y 2  ∂u ∂v 
Sol. Here, u = x2 – y2, v = 2xy, f(x, y) = q(u, v)
∂f ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂θ ∂θ
∴ = . + . = . 2x + . 2y
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂v
 ∂ ∂  ∂
= 2 x +y θ or ≡ 2  x ∂ + y ∂ 
 ∂u ∂v  ∂x  ∂u ∂v 
304 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂2 f ∂  ∂f   ∂ ∂    ∂θ ∂θ  
⇒ = = 2 x +y 2 x +y
∂x
2 ∂x  ∂x   ∂u ∂v    ∂u ∂v  
 2 2 2
∂ θ ∂ θ 2 ∂ θ
= 4 x 2 + 2xy + y  ...(1)
2 ∂u∂v 2
 ∂u ∂v 
∂f ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂θ ∂θ
Also, = . + . = ( − 2 y) + . (2x )
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂u ∂v
∂f  ∂ ∂  ∂  ∂ ∂ 
⇒ = − 2y −x θ or = − 2y −x
∂y  ∂u ∂v  ∂y  ∂u ∂v 

∂2 f
∂  ∂f   2 ∂ 2θ 2
∂ θ
2
∂ θ
⇒ ==4 y − 2xy + x2 2  ...(2)
∂y ∂y  ∂y 
2
 ∂u
2 ∂u∂v ∂v 
Adding (1) and (2), we get
∂2 f ∂2 f  2 2
2 ∂ θ 2
2
2 ∂ θ
2
+ 2 = 4 (x + y ) 2 + (x + y ) 2 
∂x ∂y  ∂u ∂v 
2 2 2
∂ f ∂ f 2 2 ∂ θ ∂ 2θ 
+ = 4 (x + y )  2 + 2  .
∂x 2
∂y 2  ∂u ∂v 

dz
49. If z = x 2 + y 2 and x3 + y3 + 3axy = 5a2, find the value of , when x = y = a.
dx
Sol. The given equations are of the form
z = f(x, y) and φ(x, y) = c
∴ z is a composite function of x and y.
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy ∂z ∂z dy
⇒ = . + . = + . ...(1)
dx ∂x dx ∂y dx ∂x ∂y dx
1
∂z 1 2 2 − x
Now, = (x + y ) 2 . 2x =
∂x 2 x + y2
2

∂z y
Similarly, =
∂y x + y2
2

Also, differentiating x + y3 + 3axy = 5a2 w.r.t. x, we have

3

dy dy
3x 2 + 3 y2 . + 3ay + 3ax . = 0
dx dx
dy
or ( y2 + ax ) = – (x2 + ay)
dx
dy x 2 + ay
∴ = −
dx y2 + ax
dz x y  x 2 + ay 
∴ From (1), = + − 2 
dx  
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2  y + ax 

dz a a a2 + a2 
When x = y = a, = + − 2  = 0.
dx  2
2a 2 2a 2  a + a 
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 305

50. If x + y = 2eθ cos φ and x – y = 2ieθ sin φ, show that

∂ 2u ∂2u ∂2u
2
+ 2 = 4xy .
∂θ ∂φ ∂x ∂y
θ
Sol. Here, x + y = 2e cos φ
x – y = 2ieθ sin φ
On adding, we get 2x = 2eθ (cos φ + i sin φ)
or x = eθ . eiφ
Subtracting y = eθ . e–iφ
Clearly, u is a composite function of θ and φ
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u θ iφ ∂u θ −iφ
∴ = . + . = (e . e ) + (e . e )
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ ∂x ∂y
θ  iφ ∂u −iφ ∂u  θ  iφ ∂ −iφ ∂ 
= e e +e = e e +e u
 ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y 
∂ θ  iφ ∂ −iφ ∂ 
or = e e +e
∂θ  ∂x ∂y 
2
∂ u ∂  ∂u  θ  iφ ∂ −iφ ∂   θ  iφ ∂ −iφ ∂  
⇒ = = e e +e e  e ∂x + e u
∂θ
2  
∂θ  ∂θ   ∂x ∂y    ∂y  

2θ  2iφ ∂2u ∂2u ∂ 2u − 2iφ ∂ 2u 

= e e 2
+ + +e 
 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y∂x ∂y2 

2θ  2iφ ∂ 2u ∂2u 2
− 2iφ ∂ u 
= e e + 2 + e  ...(1)
 ∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y2 
2
∂ u
Similarly, we will obtain .
∂φ2
∂u
∂φ
=
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y
. + .
∂x ∂φ ∂y ∂φ
=
∂u
∂x
. e θ . ieiφ +
∂u  θ
∂y 
e . (− ieiφ )
 ( )
 ∂u −iφ ∂u  θ  iφ ∂ −iφ ∂ 
= ie θ  eiφ −e  = ie  e ∂x − e u
 ∂x ∂y   ∂y 
∂ θ  iφ ∂ ∂ 
or = ie  e − e −iφ
∂φ  ∂x ∂y 

∂2u ∂  ∂u  2 2θ  2iφ ∂ 2u ∂2u 2

∂ u
2
∂ u
∴ = = i e e − − + e −2iφ 2 
∂φ 2 ∂φ  ∂φ   ∂x
2 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y 

2θ  2iφ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2
−2iφ ∂ u 
= −e e 2
−2 +e  ...(2)
 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2 
Adding (1) and (2), we have

∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2θ ∂2u ∂2u
2
+ 2 = 4e . = 4xy . (ä e2θ = xy)
∂θ ∂φ ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

y du 2
51. If u = xe . z, where y = a 2 − x 2 , z = sin x, find
.
dx
Sol. Here, u is a function of x, y, z while y and z are functions of x.
306 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

du ∂u dx ∂u dy ∂u dz
∴ = . + . + .
dx ∂x dx ∂y dx ∂z dx
y y 1 2 2 −1 / 2
= e . z . 1 + xe . z . (a − x ) (− 2x ) + xe y . 2 sin x cos x
2
du y 2 y 2 2 −1 / 2 y
or = e . z − x e z (a − x ) + xe . sin 2x
dx
 
du y x 2z
⇒ = e z − + x sin 2x  .
dx  2
a −x
2 
 
2 2
52. If z = 2xy – 3x y and if x increases at the rate of 2 cm per second when it passes through the value
x = 3 cm, show that if y is passing through the value y = 1 cm, y must be decreasing at the rate of
2
2 cm per second, in order that z shall remain constant.
15

2 2 dx dy
Sol. Given : z = 2xy – 3x y and = 2 cm/sec, when x = 3 cm, we have to find when y = 1 cm.
dt dt
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy 2 dx dy
Now, = . + . = (2 y − 6xy) + (4xy − 3x 2 )
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt dt dt
dz
Since z remains constant, = 0.
dt
2 dy 2 dy
∴ 0 = (2 y − 18 y) 2 + (12 y − 27) or 0 = 4 y − 36 y + (12 y − 27)
dt dt
When y = 1 cm, we have
dy dy 32
0 = 4 − 36 + (12 − 27) or = − which is negative.
dt dt 15
2
∴ When y = 1 cm, y is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec.
15
du
53. Find if u = sin (x2 + y2), where a2x2 + b2y2 = c2.
dx
Sol. The given equations are of the form u = f (x, y) and φ (x, y) = k.
∴ u is a composite function of x.
du ∂u dx ∂u dy du ∂u ∂u dy
= . + . or = + . ...(1)
dx ∂x dx ∂y dx dx ∂x ∂y dx
∂u
Now, = 2x cos (x2 + y2),
∂x
∂u
= 2y cos (x2 + y2)
∂y
2 2 2 2
Also, differentiating a x + b y = c w.r.t. x, we have
2
dy dy a x
2a 2x + 2b2 y . = 0 or = − 2
dx dx b y
du  a 2x 
∴ From (1), = 2x cos (x 2 + y2 ) + 2 y cos ( x 2 + y2 ) .  − 2 
dx
 b y 
 2 2 2
du a x 2 2 2(b − a ) 2 2
or = 2  x − 2  cos (x + y ) = x . cos (x + y ) .
dx  b  b
2
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 307

dy
54. Find when xy + yx = c.
dx
Sol. Let f (x, y) = xy + yx, then f (x, y) = c. If we are given an implicit function f (x, y) = c, then
∂f
dy ∂ fx dy yx y − 1 + y x . log y
= − x =− ⇒ = − y .
dx ∂f fy dx x log x + xy x − 1
∂y
dy
55. If (cos x)y = (sin y)x, find .
dx
Sol. Let f (x, y) = (cos x)y – (sin y)x = 0

dy fx y (cos x ) y − 1 (− sin x ) − (sin y)x log (sin y)

∴ = − =−
dx fy (cos x ) y log cos x − x (sin y)x − 1 cos y

y (cos x ) y − 1 sin x + (sin y)x log (sin y)

= [ä (sin y)x = (cos x)y]
(cos x ) y log cos x − x (cos x ) y (sin y)−1 cos y

 sin x 
(cos x ) y  y . + log sin y 
 cos x 
= y
(cos x ) [log cos x − x cot y]
dy y tan x + log sin y
Hence, = .
dx log cos x − x cot y
2 2
∂ z ∂ z ∂2 z ∂2 z
56. Given x = u cos α – v sin α and y = u sin α + v cos α. Prove that + = + .
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂u
2
∂v
2

Sol. Here z is a composite function of u and v.

∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z
= . + . = cos α . + . sin α
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂x ∂y
∂  ∂ ∂ 
or (z ) =  cos α . + sin α .  z
∂u  ∂x ∂y 
∂ ∂ ∂
⇒ = cos α . + sin α . ...(1)
∂u ∂x ∂y

∂2z ∂  ∂z   ∂ ∂  ∂z ∂z 
∴ 2
=
∂u  ∂u  =  cos α . ∂x + sin α . ∂y   cos α . ∂x + sin α . ∂y 
∂u     
2 2 2
2 ∂ z ∂ z ∂ z
= cos α . 2
+ 2 sin α cos α . + sin 2 α . 2 ...(2)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z
Also, = . + . = (− sin α) + (cos α)
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂y
∂  ∂ ∂ 
or (z ) =  − sin α . + cos α z
∂v  ∂x ∂y 
∂ ∂ ∂
⇒ = − sin α + cos α ...(3)
∂v ∂x ∂y

∂2z ∂  ∂z   ∂ ∂  ∂z ∂z 
= =  − sin α + cos α − sin α + cos α
∂v
2 ∂v  ∂v   ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y 
308 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2 2 2
2 ∂ z ∂ z ∂ z
= sin α 2
− 2 sin α cos α + cos2 α 2 ...(4)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
2 2 2 2
∂ z ∂ z ∂ z ∂ z
Adding (2) and (4), we get + = 2
+ .
∂u
2
∂v
2
∂x ∂y2
∂f ∂φ dz ∂f ∂φ
57. If f (x, y) = 0, φ (y, z) = 0, show that . . = . . [U.P.T.U., (AG) 2005]
∂y ∂z dx ∂x ∂y
dz dz dy
Sol. = . ...(1)
dx dy dx
∂f ∂φ
dy ∂ dz ∂y
f (x, y) = 0 gives = − x ; φ(y, z) = 0 gives =−
dx ∂f dy ∂φ
∂y ∂z
∂f ∂φ
.
dz ∂x ∂y ∂f ∂φ dz ∂f ∂φ
∴ From (1), = ⇒ . . = . .
dx ∂f ∂φ ∂y ∂z dx ∂x ∂y
.
∂y ∂z
 ∂y   ∂z   ∂x 
58. If φ(x, y, z) = 0, show that  ∂z   ∂x   ∂y  = – 1. (U.P.T.U., 2009)
 x   y  z
Sol. The given relation defines y as a function of x and z.
Treating x as constant
∂φ
 ∂y 
 ∂z  = − ∂z
 x ∂φ
∂y
The given relation defines z as a function of x and y. Treating y as constant
∂φ
 ∂z  ∂
 ∂x  = − x
 y ∂φ
∂z
∂φ
 ∂x  ∂y
Similarly,   = − ∂φ
∂y
 z
∂x
Multiplying all these, we get the desired result.

∂2u ∂2u
59. Transform the equation 2
+ = 0, into polar co-ordinates.
∂x ∂y2
Sol. The relations connecting cartesian co-ordinates (x, y) with polar co-ordinates are
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
2 2 2
Squaring and adding, r = x +y
y
Dividing, we have tan θ =
x
−1  y 
θ = tan  
x
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 309

−1  y 
Thus, r = x 2 + y2 , θ = tan  
x
∂r x r cos θ
= = cos θ
= 2 2 r
∂x x +y
∂r y
= = sin θ
∂y x + y2
2

∂θ 1  y 
= . − 2  ,
2
∂x  y  x 
1+ 
x
∂θ y sin θ
or = − 2 2
=−
∂x x +y r
∂θ 1 1 x r cos θ cos θ
= − . = = =
∂y y2 x x 2 + y2 r2 r
1+
x2
Here u is a composite function of x and y.
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂θ ∂u sin θ ∂u
= . + . = cos θ . − .
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂θ ∂x ∂r r ∂θ
∂  ∂ sin θ ∂ 
(u ) =  cos θ . − . u
∂x  ∂r r ∂θ 
∂ ∂ sin θ ∂
⇒ ≡ cos θ . − . ...(1)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂θ
Also, = . + .
∂y ∂r ∂y ∂θ ∂y
∂u ∂u cos θ ∂u
= sin θ . + .
∂y ∂r r ∂θ
∂
or (u) =  sin θ ∂ + cos θ . ∂  u
∂y  ∂r r ∂θ 

∂ ∂ cos θ ∂
⇒ ≡ sin θ . + . ...(2)
∂y ∂r r ∂θ
Now, we shall make use of relations (1) and (2).
∂2u ∂  ∂u   ∂ sin θ ∂   ∂u sin θ ∂u 
= = cos θ − .  ×  cos θ − .
∂x 2 ∂x  ∂x   ∂r r ∂θ   ∂r r ∂θ 
∂
 ∂u sin θ ∂u  sin θ ∂  ∂u sin θ ∂u 
= cos θ .  cos θ ∂r − r . ∂θ  − r . ∂θ  cos θ . ∂r − r . ∂θ 
∂r
   
 2 2 
∂ u ∂u  1  sin θ ∂ u
= cos θ cos θ . 2 − sin θ . − − . 
 ∂ r ∂θ  r 2  r ∂r∂θ 

sin θ  ∂u ∂2u cos θ ∂u sin θ ∂ 2u 

−  − sin θ . + cos θ . − . − . 2
r  ∂r ∂θ∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ 
310 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂ 2u 2 cos θ sin θ ∂u sin2 θ ∂u 2 cos θ sin θ ∂ 2u sin2 θ ∂ 2u

= cos2 θ 2
+ . + . − . + . 2 ...(3)
∂r r2 ∂θ r ∂r r ∂r∂θ r2 ∂θ
Similarly, we get :
∂2u ∂  ∂u  2 ∂ 2u 2 cos θ sin θ ∂u cos2 θ ∂u
2 =   = sin θ . 2 − . + .
∂y ∂y  ∂y  ∂r r2 ∂θ r ∂r

2 cos θ sin θ ∂2u cos2 θ ∂ 2u

+ . + . 2 ...(4)
r ∂r∂θ r2 ∂θ

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂2u 1 ∂u 1 ∂2u
Adding (3) and (4), we get 2
+ 2
= + + .
∂x ∂y 2 r ∂r r 2 ∂θ2
∂r

∂2u 1 ∂u 1 ∂2u
∴ The transformed equation in polar co-ordinates is 2
+ + = 0.
∂r r ∂r r 2 ∂θ2
−1  y  du
60. If u = tan   , where x = et – e–t, y = et + e–t, find .
x
  dt
(M.D.U., 2009; U.P.T.U., 2007; A.U.U.P., 2008)
Sol. The given equations define u as a composite function of t.
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
∴ = . + .
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

1  y  1 1 t
= 2
.  − 2  . ( et + e −t ) + 2
. ( e − e −t )
y  x  y x
1+ 1+
x2 x2

y x ( et − e −t ) x 2 − y2
= − . ( et + e − t ) + = ...(1)
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2

x2 – y2 = (x + y) (x – y) = (2et) (– 2e–t) = – 4 ...(2)

2 2 t –t 2 t –t 2 2t –2t
x +y = (e – e ) + (e + e ) = 2(e + e ) ...(3)
2 2
du x −y −4 2
Using (2) and (3), we get from equation (1), = 2 = −2t
= − 2t .
dt x +y 2 2t
2( e + e ) e + e −2t
y−x z−x ∂u ∂u ∂u
61. If u = u  ,  , show that x2 + y2 + z2 . = 0. (U.P.T.U., 2005)
 xy xz  ∂x ∂y ∂z
Sol. Let u = u(v, w) ...(1)
y−x 1 1 z−x 1 1
where, v = = − ...(2) and w = = − ...(3)
xy x y xz x z
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂w ∂u  1  ∂u  1 
Now, = . + . = − 2  + − 2 
∂x ∂v ∂x ∂w ∂x ∂v  x  ∂w  x 
∂u ∂u ∂u
⇒ x2 = − − ...(4)
∂x ∂v ∂w
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂w ∂u  1  ∂u
= . + . = . + . (0)
∂y ∂v ∂y ∂w ∂y ∂v  y2  ∂w
∂u ∂u
⇒ y2 = ...(5)
∂y ∂v
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 311

∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂w ∂u ∂u  1 
and = . + . = . (0) +  
∂z ∂v ∂z ∂w ∂z ∂v ∂w  z 2 
∂u ∂u
⇒ z2 = ...(6)
∂z ∂w
∂u ∂u ∂u
Adding (4), (5) and (6), we get x2 + y2 + z2 = 0. Hence proved.
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂z ∂z
62. If φ(cx – az, cy – bz) = 0, show that a +b = c.
∂x ∂y
Sol. Let cx – az = v
cy – bz = w
then, we have φ(v, w) = 0 ...(1)
∂φ ∂φ ∂v ∂φ ∂w
∴ = . + .
∂x ∂v ∂x ∂w ∂x
∂φ  ∂z  ∂φ  ∂z  ∂φ ∂z  ∂φ ∂φ 
or 0 =
∂v  c − a ∂x  + ∂w  − b ∂x  = c ∂v + ∂x  − a ∂v − b ∂w 
   
∂φ
ac
∂z ∂v
⇒ a = ...(2)
∂x ∂φ ∂φ
a +b.
∂v ∂w
∂φ ∂φ ∂v ∂φ ∂w
Also, = . + .
∂y ∂v ∂y ∂w ∂y
∂φ  ∂z  ∂φ  ∂z 
0 = − a + c − b 
∂v  ∂y  ∂w  ∂y 

∂φ ∂z  ∂φ ∂φ 
0 = c +  −a −b
∂w ∂y  ∂v ∂w 

∂φ
bc
∂z ∂ w
⇒ b = ...(3)
∂y ∂φ ∂φ
a +b
∂v ∂w
Adding (2) and (3), we get
 ∂φ ∂φ 
c a +b
∂z ∂z  ∂v ∂w 
a +b = =c. Hence shown.
∂x ∂y  ∂φ ∂φ 
 a ∂v + b ∂w 
 

ax + by ∂z ∂z
63. If z = e f(ax – by), prove that b +a = 2abz.
∂x ∂y
(V.T.U., 2005, 2007; U.P.T.U., 2006; M.D.U., 2008; A.U.U.P., 2009)
Sol. z = eax + by . f(ax – by)
∂z
= eax + by . a . f(ax – by) + eax + by f ′(ax – by) . a
∂x
∂z
= aeax + by [ f ( ax − by ) + f ′( ax − by )]
∂x
∂z
= b . e ax + by f ( ax − by ) + e ax + by . f ′( ax − by ) ( − b)
∂y
312 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂z
∂y
= be
ax + by
[ f (ax − by) − f ′(ax − by)]
∂z ∂z
∴ b +a = abeax + by [f(ax – by) + f ′(ax – by)] + abeax + by [f (ax – by) – f ′(ax – by)]
∂y ∂y
∂z ∂z
or b +a = 2abeax + by . f (ax – by) = 2abz. Hence proved.
∂x ∂y
x y z ∂u ∂u ∂u
64. If u = f (r, s, t) and r = ,s = ,t= , prove that : x +y +z = 0. (M.D.U., 2007)
y z x ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂s ∂u ∂t ∂u  1  ∂u ∂u  z 
Sol. = . + . + . = . + . (0) + − 
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂s ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂r  y  ∂s ∂t  x 2 
∂u ∂u 1 z ∂u
= . − .
∂x ∂r y x 2 ∂t
∂u x ∂u z ∂u
⇒ x = . − . ...(1)
∂x y ∂r x ∂t
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂s ∂u ∂t ∂u  x  ∂u  1  ∂u
Similarly, = . + . + . = − + + (0)
∂y ∂r ∂y ∂s ∂y ∂t ∂y ∂r  y2  ∂s  z  ∂t
∂u x ∂u 1 ∂u
= − 2 +
∂y y ∂r z ∂s
∂u x ∂u y ∂u
⇒ y = − + ...(2)
∂y y ∂r z ∂s
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂s ∂u ∂t
Similarly, = . + . + .
∂z ∂r ∂z ∂s ∂z ∂t ∂z
∂u ∂u ∂u  y  ∂u  1  y ∂u 1 ∂u
or = (0) + − + = − 2 +
∂z ∂r ∂s  z 2  ∂t  x  z ∂s x ∂t
∂u y ∂u z ∂u
⇒ z = − + ...(3)
∂z z ∂s x ∂t
Adding (1), (2) and (3), we get
∂u ∂u ∂u x ∂u z ∂u x ∂u y ∂u y ∂u z ∂u
x +y +z = − − + − +
∂x ∂y ∂z y ∂r x ∂t y ∂r z ∂s z ∂s x ∂t
= 0. Hence proved.
du
65. If u = x log (xy), where x3 + y3 + 3xy = 1, find .
dx
Sol. u = x log (xy) ...(1)

∂u 1 
∴ = x . y  + log xy = 1 + log xy
∂x  xy 

∂u 1 x
= x. .x =
∂y xy y
Also, x3 + y3 + 3xy = 1 ...(2)
Differentiating (2), we get
dy  dy  dy  x2 + y 
3x 2 + 3 y2 + 3 x + y = 0 ⇒ = − 
dx  dx  dx  x + y2 
 
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 313

du ∂u ∂u dy x   x 2 + y 
= + . = 1 + log xy + .  −  
dx ∂x ∂y dx y   x + y2  

du x( x 2 + y)
or = 1 + log xy − .
dx y( x + y2 )
∂u ∂u ∂u
66. If u = f (r, s), r = x + y, s = x – y, show that + = 2 .
∂x ∂y ∂r

∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂s
Sol. = . + .
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂s ∂x
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂r ∂s
or = + ...(1) ∵ = =1
∂x ∂r ∂s ∂x ∂x
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂s ∂u ∂u
= . + . = − ...(2)
∂y ∂r ∂y ∂s ∂y ∂r ∂s
∂u ∂u ∂u
Adding (1) and (2), we get + = 2 .
∂x ∂y ∂r
2 2 x du
67. If u = x – y + sin yz, where y = e and z = log x, find . (U.P.T.U., (AG) 2005)
dx
du ∂u ∂u dy ∂u dz x 1
Sol. = + . + . = 2x + ( − 2 y + z cos yz ) e + ( y cos zy )
dx ∂x ∂y dx ∂z dx x
 1
= 2x + [– 2ex + log x cos (ex log x)]ex + e x cos ( e x log x ) . 
 x
du  1
⇒ = 2( x − e2x ) + e x cos ( e x log x )  log x +  .
dx  x

∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v 2 ∂v
68. If v = f (r), r2 = x2 + y2 + z2, then 2
+ 2
+ 2
= +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂r 2 r ∂r
(M.D.U., May 2008; U.P.T.U., 2009, A.U.U.P., 2007)
2
Sol. r = x2 + y2 + z2
∂r ∂r x
2r = 2x or =
∂x ∂x r
∂r y ∂r z
Similarly, = , =
∂y r ∂z r
Now, v = f (r)
∂v ∂r x x ∂v
∴ = f ′(r ) . = f ′( r ) = .
∂x ∂x r r ∂r

∂2v 1  1 ∂r  x ∂r
∴ = f ′(r ) + x .  − 2  f ′(r ) + r f ′′( r ) . ∂x
∂x 2 r  r ∂x 

1 1 ∂r x ∂r 1 1 x2 x2
= f ′(r ) − 2 x . f ′(r ) + f ′′(r ) = f ′(r ) − 2 . . f ′(r ) + 2 f ′′(r )
r r ∂x r ∂x r r r r
∂2v r2 − x 2 x2
2
= 3
f ′(r ) + f ′′(r ) ...(1)
∂x r r2
314 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂2v r 2 − y2 y2
Similarly, 2 = f ′(r ) + f ′′(r ) ...(2)
∂y r3 r2
∂2v r2 − z 2 z2
2
= 3
f ′( r ) + f ′′(r ) ...(3)
∂z r r2
Adding (1), (2) and (3), we get
∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v f ′(r ) f ′′(r )
2
+ 2
+ 2 = 3
{3r 2 − x 2 − y2 − z 2 } + ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z r r2
2r 2 2
= f ′(r ) . + f ′′( r ) = f ′( r ) + f ′′( r )
r3 r
∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
2 ∂v ∂2v
2
+ 2
+ 2
. = +
∂x ∂y ∂z r ∂r 2
∂r
69. If z is a function of x and y, and u and v be two other variables such that u = lx + my, v = ly – mx, show

∂2 z ∂2 z 2 2
 ∂2 z ∂2 z 
that + = (l + m )  2 + 2  .
∂x 2 ∂y2  ∂u ∂v 

Sol. u = lx + my
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
= l, = m, = –m, = l
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂z
= . + . =l −m
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂v
∂z ∂z  ∂ ∂ 
=  l −m z
∂x ∂x  ∂u ∂v 
∂ ∂ ∂
⇒ = l −m
∂x ∂u ∂v

∂ 2z ∂  ∂z   ∂ ∂   ∂z ∂z 
∴ 2
=
∂x  ∂x  =  l ∂u − m ∂v   l ∂u − m ∂v 
∂x     

∂2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= l2 2
+ m2 2
− 2lm ...(1)
∂u ∂v ∂u∂v

∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v
= . + .
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y
∂z ∂z ∂z  ∂ ∂ 
= .m + l = m +l z
∂y ∂u ∂v  ∂u ∂v 
∂ ∂ ∂
⇒ = m +l
∂y ∂u ∂v

∂2z ∂  ∂z   ∂ ∂   ∂z ∂z 
∴ =  = m +l m +l
∂y2 ∂y  ∂y   ∂u ∂v   ∂u ∂v 

∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= m2 2
+ l2 2
+ 2 lm ...(2)
∂u ∂v ∂u∂v
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 315

Adding (1) and (2), we get

∂2z ∂2z 2 ∂2z ∂2z ∂ 2z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
+ = l + m2 + m2 + l2 2 2
= (l + m ) + (l2 + m2 )
∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂u2 ∂v2 ∂u2 ∂v2 ∂u2 ∂v2

∂2z ∂2z 2 2
 ∂2z ∂2z 
or + = (l + m )  2 + 2  .
∂x 2
∂y 2  ∂u ∂v 

∂2u ∂2u  ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 
= e −2r  2 + 2  .
r r
70. If x = e cos θ, y = e sin θ, show that +
∂x 2
∂y 2  ∂r ∂θ 

∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂θ ∂u  1  ∂u  1 
Sol. = . + . =  + . 
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂θ ∂x ∂r  er cos θ  ∂θ  − er sin θ 
1 ∂u 1 ∂u
= − .
er cos θ ∂r er sin θ ∂θ
∂u 1  1 ∂ 1 ∂ 
= r  . − . u
∂x e  cos θ ∂r sin θ ∂θ 
∂ 1  1 ∂ 1 ∂ 
⇒ = .
r  cos θ ∂r
− . 
∂x e  sin θ ∂θ 

∂2u ∂  ∂u  1  1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1  1 ∂ 1 ∂  
=   = r  . − .  r  . − .  u
2 ∂x  ∂x  e  cos θ ∂r sin θ ∂θ   e  cos θ ∂r sin θ ∂θ  
∂x

1 1 ∂ 2u 1 1 ∂ 2u 2 ∂ 2u
= 2r
. 2 2
+ 2r
. 2 2
− . ...(1)
e cos θ ∂r e sin θ ∂θ sin θ cos θ ∂r∂θ
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂θ
= . + .
∂y ∂r ∂y ∂θ ∂y
∂y ∂y
As y = er sin θ, = er cos θ, = er sin θ
∂θ ∂r
∂u 1 ∂u 1 ∂u
∴ = r . + .
∂y e sin θ ∂r er cos θ ∂θ

∂u 1  1 ∂ 1 ∂ 
= r  + . u
∂y e  sin θ ∂r cos θ ∂θ 
∂ 1  1 ∂ 1 ∂ 
⇒ = r  . + . 
∂y e  sin θ ∂r cos θ ∂θ 
∂2u ∂  ∂u  1  1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1  1 ∂u 1 ∂u  
=   = r  . + .   . + . 
∂y2 ∂y  ∂y  e  sin θ ∂r cos θ ∂θ   er  sin θ ∂r cos θ ∂θ  

1  1 ∂2u 1 ∂2u 2 ∂2u 

 = . + . +  ...(2)
e2r  sin2 θ ∂r 2 cos2 θ ∂θ2 sin θ cos θ ∂r∂θ 
Adding (1) and (2), we get

∂ 2u ∂ 2u 1  ∂2u  1 1  ∂2u  1 1  1  ∂2u ∂ 2u 

+ =  .  +  +  +   =  + .
∂x 2 ∂y2 e2r  ∂r 2  sin2 θ cos2 θ  ∂θ2  sin2 θ cos2 θ   e2r  ∂r 2 ∂θ2 
316 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

71. By changing the independent variables x and y to u and v by means of the relations u = x – ay,
∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
v = x + ay, show that a 2 − transforms into 4a 2 .
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂u∂v
∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v
Sol. = . + .
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x
∂z ∂z ∂z
= +
∂x ∂u ∂v
∂( z )  ∂ ∂ 
or =  + z
∂x  ∂u ∂v 
∂ 2z ∂  ∂z   ∂
+
∂   ∂z ∂z 
+
∴ =   =   
∂x 2 ∂x  ∂x   ∂u ∂v   ∂u ∂v 
∂ 2z ∂2z ∂ 2z ∂2z
= + +2 ...(1)
∂x 2 ∂u2 ∂v2 ∂u∂v
∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂z
= . + . = −a +a
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂u ∂v
∂z  ∂z ∂z   ∂ ∂ 
or = −a −  = − a − z
∂y  ∂u ∂v   ∂u ∂v 
∂  ∂ ∂ 
∴ = −a −
∂y  ∂u ∂v 

∂2z ∂  ∂z  2  ∂ ∂   ∂z ∂z   2
2 ∂ z ∂2z ∂2z 
⇒ 2
=   = a  ∂u − ∂v   ∂u − ∂v  = a  2 + 2 − 2 
∂y ∂y  ∂y   ∂u ∂v ∂u∂v 
...(2)
2
Multiplying (1) by a , we have
∂ 2z  2
2 ∂ z ∂2z ∂2z 
a2 2
= a  2 + 2 +2 
∂x  ∂u ∂v ∂u∂v 
2
∂ z ∂2z ∂2z
∴ a2 2
− 2
= 4a2 . Hence shown.
∂x ∂y ∂u∂v
72. If u and v are functions of 2 independent variables x and y, then define Jacobian of u, v with
−1 y ∂( r , θ )
respect to x, y. If r = x 2 + y 2 , θ = tan evaluate .
x ∂( x , y )
∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y
Sol. The determinant is called Jacobian of u, v w.r.t. x and y and is denoted by the
∂v ∂v
∂x ∂y
 u, v  ∂(u, v)
symbol J   or ∂( x , y ) .
 x, y 
−1 y
Given r = x 2 + y2 , θ = tan
x
∂r x ∂r y
= , =
∂x x +y2 2 ∂y x 2 + y2
∂θ 1  y  y
= 2− 2  = − 2 ,
∂x y  x  x + y2
1+
x2
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 317

∂θ 1 1  x
= .  = 2
∂y y   x + y2
2 x
1+
x2
∂r ∂r x y
∂( r , θ ) ∂x ∂y x + y2
2
x + y2
2
∴ = =
∂( x , y ) ∂θ ∂θ y x
− 2
∂x ∂y x + y2 x 2 + y2

x2 y2 x 2 + y2 1
= 2 2 3/2
+ 2 2 3/2
= 2 2 3/2
= .
(x + y ) (x + y ) (x + y ) x + y2
2

∂ ( x , y, z )
73. If x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ, show that = r2 sin θ.
∂(r, θ, φ)
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂r ∂θ ∂φ
sin θ cos φ r cos θ cos φ − r sin θ sin φ
∂ ( x , y, z ) ∂y ∂y ∂y
Sol. = = sin θ sin φ r cos θ sin φ r sin θ cos φ
∂(r, θ, φ) ∂r ∂θ ∂φ
cos θ − r sin θ 0
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂r ∂θ ∂φ
Taking out common factors (r from second column and r sin θ from third column)
sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ
2
= r sin θ sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ cos φ
cos θ − sin θ 0
Expanding by third row
 cos θ cos φ − sin φ  sin θ cos φ − cos θ cos φ
= r 2 sin θ cos θ  + sin θ
 cos θ sin φ cos φ  sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ
= r2 sin θ [(cos θ cos2φ + cos θ sin2φ) cos θ + sin θ (sin θ cos2φ + sin θ sin2φ)]
= r2 sin θ [cos2θ + sin2θ] = r2 sin θ.
x y z ∂ ( u , v, w )
74. If u = ,v= ,w= , show that = 0.
y−z z−x x−y ∂( x , y , z )
x y z
Sol. Here, u = , v = , w =
y−z z−x x − y
⇒ log u = log x – log(y – z) ...(1)
log v = log y – log(z – x) ...(2)
log w = log z – log(x – y) ...(3)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x
1 ∂u 1 ∂u u
. = ⇒ =
u ∂x x ∂x x
∂u u ∂u u
Similarly, we have = − , =
∂y y−z ∂z y−z
Similarly from (2) and (3), we have
∂v v ∂v v ∂v v
= , = , = −
∂x z−x ∂y y ∂z z−x
318 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂w w ∂w w ∂w w
= − , = , =
∂x x−y ∂y x−y ∂z z

∂u ∂u ∂u u u u 1 1 1
− −
∂x ∂y ∂z x y−z y−z x y−z y−z
∂ ( u , v, w ) ∂v ∂v ∂v v v v 1 1 1
∴ = = − = uvw −
∂( x , y, z ) ∂x ∂y ∂z z−x y z−x z−x y z−x
∂w ∂w ∂w w w w 1 1 1
− −
∂x ∂y ∂z x−y x−y z x−y x−y z
Multiplying R1, R2, R3 by y – z, z – x, x – y respectively

y−z
−1 1
x
uvw z−x
= 1 −1
( y − z ) ( z − x ) ( x − y) y
x−y
−1 1
z
Multiplying C1, C2, C3 by x, y, z respectively, we get
y−z −y z
uvw
= x z−x −z
xyz( y − z ) ( z − x ) ( x − y )
−x y x−y
Operating C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
0 −y z
1  u 1 v 1 w 1 
= 2 2 2
0 z−x −z =0 ∵ = , = , = 
( y − z ) ( z − x ) ( x − y)  x y − z y z − x z x − y
0 y x−y

∂ ( u , v, w )
Hence = 0.
∂( x , y, z )
∂( x , y ) ∂( r , θ )
75. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, find and .
∂( r , θ ) ∂( x , y )

∂x ∂x
∂( x , y ) ∂r ∂θ cos θ − r sin θ
Sol. = = = r(cos2 θ + sin2 θ) = r
∂( r , θ ) ∂y ∂y sin θ r cos θ
∂r ∂θ
∂( x , y ) ∂( r , θ ) 1
∴ = r, = .
∂( r , θ ) ∂( x , y ) r

∂( x , y ) a2
76. If x = a cosh α cos β, y = a sinh α sin β, then show that = [cosh 2 α − cos 2 β]
∂( α , β ) 2
∂x ∂x
∂( x , y ) ∂α ∂β
Sol. = ...(1)
∂( α , β ) ∂y ∂y
∂α ∂β
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 319

Differentiating partially w.r.t. α and β, the equations

x = a cosh α cos β ...(2)
and y = a sinh α sin β ...(3)
∂x ∂x
We get = a sinh α cos β, = – a cosh α sin β
∂α ∂β

∂y ∂y
= a cosh α sin β, = a sinh α cos β
∂α ∂β
Putting in (1), we have

∂( x , y ) a sinh α cos β − a cosh α sin β

= = a2(sinh2 α cos2β + cosh2 α sin2β)
∂( α , β ) a cosh α sin β a sinh α cos β

= a2[(cosh2 α – 1) cos2β + cosh2 α (1 – cos2β)]

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= a [cosh α cos β – cos β + cosh α – cosh α cos β]

a2 a2
= a2[cosh2 α – cos2β] = [cosh 2α + 1 − 1 − cos 2 β ] = [cosh 2α − cos 2 β] .
2 2

∂( x , y ) (1 − c 2 ) cos2 θ + c 2 cos2 φ
77. If x = sin θ 1 − c 2 sin2 φ and y = cos θ cos φ, then = − sin φ .
∂( θ, φ) 1 − c 2 sin2 φ
Sol. Differentiating partially x and y w.r.t. θ and φ respectively, we get
∂x ∂x sin θ [ − 2 c2 sin θ cos φ]
= cos θ 1 − c2 sin 2 φ , =
∂θ ∂φ 2 1 − c2 sin2 φ

∂y ∂y
= – sin θ cos φ, = – cos θ sin φ
∂θ ∂φ

∂x ∂x
sin θ ( − 2c2 sin θ cos φ)
∂( x , y ) ∂θ ∂φ cos θ 1 − c2 sin2 φ
Now, =
∂y ∂y
= 2 1 − c2 sin2 φ
∂( θ, φ)
∂θ ∂φ − sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ

2 2 2 c2 sin2 θ cos2 φ sin φ

= − cos θ sin φ 1 − c sin φ −
1 − c2 sin2 φ

− sin φ [cos2 θ (1 − c2 sin2 φ) + c2 sin2 θ cos2 φ]

=
1 − c2 sin2 φ

− sin φ [cos2 θ − c2 cos2 θ sin2 φ + c2 (1 − cos2 θ) cos2 φ]

=
1 − c2 sin2 φ

− sin φ [cos2 θ − c2 cos2 θ(1 − cos2 φ) + c2 cos2 φ − c2 cos2 θ cos2 φ ]

=
1 − c2 sin2 φ

− sin φ [(1 − c2 ) cos2 θ + c2 cos2 φ]

=
1 − c2 sin2 φ
320 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

x 2 x3 x x x x ∂( y1 , y2 , y3 )
78. If y1 = , y2 = 1 3 , y3 = 1 2 , then show that Jacobian = 4.
x1 x2 x3 ∂( x1 , x 2 , x3 )
(U.P.T.U., 2005; M.D.U., 2009; A.U.U.P. 2008; V.T.U., 2007)
x 2 x3 ∂y1 x x ∂y1 x ∂y1 x
Sol. y1 = , = − 2 23 , = 3 , = 2
x1 ∂x1 x1 ∂x2 x1 ∂x3 x1
x1x3 ∂y2 x ∂y2 x x ∂y2 x
y2 = then = 3 , = − 1 23 and = 1
x2 ∂x1 x2 ∂x2 x2 ∂x3 x2
x1x 2 ∂y3 x ∂y3 x ∂y3 x x
y3 = , then = 2 , = 1 and = − 1 22
x3 ∂x1 x3 ∂x2 x3 ∂x3 x3

∂y1 ∂y1 ∂y1 x 2 x3 x3 x2

−
∂x1 ∂x 2 ∂x3 x12 x1 x1
∂( y1 , y2 , y3 ) ∂y2 ∂y2 ∂y2 x3 x1x3 x1
∴ = = −
∂( x1 , x 2 , x3 ) ∂x1 ∂x 2 ∂x3 x2 x22 x2
∂y3 ∂y3 ∂y3 x2 x1 x1x2
−
∂x1 ∂x 2 ∂x3 x3 x3 x32

− x 2 x3 x1x3 x1x2 −1 1 1
1 x12 x 22 x32
= x 2 x3 − x1x3 x1x2 = 1 −1 1
x12x 22 x32 x12 x 22 x32
x 2 x3 x1x3 − x1x2 1 1 −1
= –1(1 – 1) – 1(– 1 – 1) + 1(1 + 1) = 0 + 2 + 2 = 4. Hence shown.
79. If y1 = 1 – x1, y2 = x1 (1 – x2), y3 = x1x2(1 – x3), ... yn = x1x2x3 ...xn – 1 (1 – xn), then show that
∂( y1 , y2 , ...., yn )
= ( − 1)n . x1n − 1 . x 2n − 2 ... xn − 1 .
∂( x1 , x 2 , ..., xn )
Sol. We know that
∂( y1 , y2 , ...., yn ) ∂y1 ∂y2 ∂y
= . .... n
∂( x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂xn
= (–1) (– x1) (–x1 x2) .... (–x1x2 ...xn – 1)
n −1
n
= ( − 1) . x1 . x2n − 2 ... xn − 1 .
80. If y1 = cos x1, y2 = sin x1 cos x2, y3 = sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 then show that

∂( y1 , y2 , y3 )
= – sin3x1 sin2x2 sin x3.
∂( x1 , x 2 , x3 )

∂( y1 , y2 , y3 ) ∂y ∂y ∂y
Sol. Since we know that = 1. 2 . 3
∂( x1 , x 2 , x3 ) ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
∂y1
Now, = – sin x1
∂x1
∂y2
= sin x1 (– sin x2) = – sin x1 sin x2
∂x2
∂y3
= sin x1 sin x2 (– sin x3) = – sin x1 sin x2 sin x3
∂x3
∂( y1 , y2 , y3 )
Hence = – sin3x1 . sin2x2 . sin x3.
∂( x1 , x 2 , x3 )
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 321

∂( x , y, z )
81. (i) If u = xyz, v = x2 + y2 + z2, w = x + y + z, find the Jacobian .
∂ ( u , v, w )
(U.P.T.U., 2008; M.D.U., 2007; A.U.U.P., 2009)
∂( x , y, z )
(ii) If x + y + z = u, y + z = uv, z = uvw then show that = u2v.
∂ ( u , v, w )
Sol. (i) Let F1 = u – xyz
2 2 2
F2 = v – x – y – z
F3 = w – x – y – z
We know that
∂( x , y, z ) 3  ∂( F1 , F2 , F3 ) ∂( F1 , F2 , F3 ) 
= ( − 1) .  ...(1)
∂ ( u , v, w )  ∂(u, v, w ) ∂( x , y, z ) 
∂F1 ∂F1 ∂F1
∂u ∂v ∂w 1 0 0
∂( F1 , F2 , F3 ) ∂F2 ∂F2 ∂F2
Now, = = 0 1 0 =1
∂ ( u , v, w ) ∂u ∂v ∂w
0 0 1
∂F3 ∂F3 ∂F3
∂u ∂v ∂w
∂F1 ∂F1 ∂F1
∂x ∂y ∂z
− yz − zx − xy
∂( F1 , F2 , F3 ) ∂F2 ∂F2 ∂F2
= = −2 x −2 y −2z = 2(x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
∂( x , y, z ) ∂x ∂y ∂z
−1 −1 −1
∂F3 ∂F3 ∂F3
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂( x , y, z ) −1
∴ = [From (1)]
∂ ( u , v, w ) 2( x − y ) ( y − z ) ( z − x )
(ii) x+y+z = u
y+z = uv
z = uvw
⇒ x = u – uv = u(1 – v)
y = uv – uvw = uv(1 – w)
z = uvw
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v ∂w 1−v −u 0
∂( x , y, z ) ∂y ∂y ∂y
∴ = = v(1 − w ) u(1 − w ) −uv
∂ ( u , v, w ) ∂u ∂v ∂w
vw uw uv
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂u ∂v ∂w
Applying R1 → R1 + (R2 + R3), the R.H.S. is
1 0 0
= v(1 − w ) u(1 − w ) −uv
vw uw uv
= u2v(1 – w) + u2vw = u2v Hence shown.
322 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

x+y ∂(u, v)
82. If u = and v = tan–1x + tan–1y, find . Are u and v functionally related ? If so, find the
1 − xy ∂( x , y )
relationship. (M.D.U., 2007)
∂u ∂u 1 + y2 1 + x2
∂(u, v) ∂x ∂y (1 − xy )2 (1 − xy )2 1 1
Sol. = = = − =0
∂( x , y ) ∂v ∂v 1 1 (1 − xy )2
(1 − xy )2
∂x ∂y 1 + x2 1 + y2
Hence u, v are not independent and are functionally related.
x+y
tan x + tan y = v = tan −1 
–1 –1

 1 − xy 
∴ v = tan–1u ⇒ u = tan v
which is the required relationship.

–1 –1 ∂(u, v)
83. If u = sin x + sin y, v = x 1 − y2 + y 1 − x 2 . Find . Are u, v functionally related ? If so,
∂( x , y )
find the relationship. (U.P.T.U., 2006, 2008; M.D.U., 2009; A.U.U.P. 2008)
Sol. u = sin–1 x + sin–1 y ...(1)
∂u 1 ∂u 1
= , =
∂x 1−x 2 ∂y 1 − y2

v = x 1 − y2 + y 1 − x 2 ...(2)
∂v xy ∂v xy
= 1 − y2 − , = − + 1 − x2
∂x 1−x 2 ∂y 1− y 2

1 1
∂u ∂u
2
∂(u, v) ∂x ∂y 1−x 1 − y2
Now, = =
∂( x , y ) ∂v ∂v xy − xy
1 − y2 − + 1 − x2
∂x ∂y 1−x 2
1 − y2
− xy xy
= +1 −1 + = 0.
2 2
(1 − y ) (1 − x ) (1 − y ) (1 − x 2 )
2

Hence u and v are not independent. They are functionally related.

From (1), we have u = sin x + sin y = sin −1 ( x 1 − y2 + y 1 − x 2 )

–1 –1

u = sin–1v ⇒ v = sin u.
which is the required relationship between u and v.

x+y xy
84. Determine functional dependence and find relation between u = ,v= .
x−y ( x − y )2
∂u − 2y ∂u 2x
Sol. = , =
∂x ( x − y )2 ∂y ( x − y )2
∂v − y( x + y ) ∂v x ( x + y)
= 3
, =
∂x ( x − y) ∂y ( x − y )3
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 323

− 2y 2x
2
∂(u, v) ( x − y) ( x − y )2 2( x + y ) − y x
Now, = = =0
∂( x , y ) − y( x + y ) x ( x + y) ( x − y )5 − y x
( x − y )3 ( x − y )3
Hence the functional relationship exists between u and v.
x+y u +1 2x x u +1
Now, u = ⇒ = = ⇒ x= y  ...(1)
x−y u −1 2y y u −1
u +1
y2  
v =
xy
= u −1
( x − y )2 u +1 
2
y2  − 1
 u − 1 
 u + 1  (u − 1)2 u2 − 1
or v =  . = ⇒ u2 – 4v = 1
u −1 4 4
which is the required relationship between u and v.
x−y x+y
85. If u = ,v= . Are u and v functionally related ? If so, find their relationship.
x+y x
∂u 2y ∂u − 2x
Sol. = , =
∂x ( x + y )2 ∂y ( x + y )2
∂v −y ∂v 1
= , =
∂x x2 ∂y x
− 2x
2y
∂(u, v) ( x + y )2
( x + y )2 2 y −x
Now, = = 2 2 − y
=0
∂( x , y ) −y 1 x ( x + y) x
x2 x
Hence functional relationship exists between u and v.
x−y u +1 2x x
Now, u = , = =−
x+y u −1 − 2y y
1 + u 
⇒ x = y  ...(1)
1 − u 
x+y y 1−u
We have, v = =1 + =1 +
x x 1+u
2
or v =
1+u
which is the required relationship between u and v.

a b h
86. Show that ax2 + 2hxy + by2 and Ax2 + 2Hxy + By2 are independent unless = = .
A B H
Sol. Let u = ax2 + 2hxy + by2, v = Ax2 + 2Hxy + By2. u and v will not be independent if there exists
∂(u, v)
a relationship between them and in that case should vanish identically.
∂( x , y )
324 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2( ax + hy) 2(hx + by)

i.e., =0
2( Ax + Hy) 2( Hx + By)

or (ax + hy) (Hx + By) – (hx + by) (Ax + Hy) = 0

or (aH – Ah)x2 + (aB – Ab)xy + (Bh – bH)y2 = 0
2 2
Now, the variables x and y are independent and as such the coefficients of x and y should vanish
separately.
a h
∴ aH – Ah = 0 or =
A B
h b
and Bh – bH = 0 or =
H B
a h b
Hence = = and these conditions also make the coefficient of xy zero.
A H B

a b h
Hence = = are the required conditions.
A B H
87. If u3 + v3 + w3 = x + y + z, u2 + v2 + w2 = x3 + y3 + z3, u + v + w = x2 + y2 + z2, then show that
∂(u, v, w) (x − y) ( y − z ) (z − x )
= .
∂(x, y, z ) (u − v) (v − w) (w − u)
Sol. Let F1 = u3 + v3 + w3 – x – y – z
F2 = u2 + v2 + w2 – x3 – y3 – z3
F3 = u + v + w – x2 – y2 – z2

∂( F1, F2 , F3 )
∂(u, v, w) 3 ∂(x , y, z )
= (− 1) . ...(i)
∂(x, y, z ) ∂( F1, F2 , F3 )
∂(u, v, w)

Now, consider

∂F1 ∂F1 ∂F1

∂x ∂y ∂z −1 −1 −1
∂( F1, F2 , F3 ) ∂F2 ∂F2 ∂F2 2 2 2
= = − 3x − 3y − 3z ...(ii)
∂(x , y, z ) ∂x ∂y ∂z
− 2x − 2y − 2z
∂F3 ∂F3 ∂F3
∂x ∂y ∂z

Applying C1 → C1 – C3 and C2 → C2 – C3

0 0 −1 0 0 −1
2 2 2 2 2
= 3(z − x ) 3(z − y ) 3z = 6(z − x ) (z − y) z + x z + y z2
2(z − x ) 2(z − y) − 2z 1 1 −z

= 6(z – x) (z – y) (– 1) (x – y) = 6(x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 325

Now, consider

∂F1 ∂F1 ∂F1

∂u ∂v ∂w 3u2 3v2 3w2
∂( F1, F2 , F3 ) ∂F2 ∂F2 ∂F2
= = 2u 2v 2w ...(iii)
∂(u, v, w) ∂u ∂v ∂w
1 1 1
∂F3 ∂F3 ∂F3
∂u ∂v ∂w

Applying C1 → C1 – C3, C2 → C2 – C3

u2 − w2 v2 − w2 3w2 u + w v + w 3w2
= 6 u−w v −w 2w = 6(u − w) (v − w) 1 1 2w
0 0 1 0 0 1

= 6(u – w) (v – w) (u – v)
∂(u, v, w) 3 6( x − y) ( y − z ) ( z − x ) ( x − y) ( y − z ) ( z − x )
∴ = (− 1) . = .
∂(x, y, z ) 6(u − v) (v − w) (u − w) (u − v) (v − w) (w − u)
1 1 1
2 − 2 − 2 −
88. If u = x(1 − r ) 2 , v = y(1 − r ) 2 , w = z(1 − r ) 2 , where r2 = x2 + y2 + z2, then show that
∂( u , v , w )
= (1 – r2)–5/2. (U.P.T.U., 2008, 2009; A.U.U.P., 2007)
∂( x , y , z )
1
2 −
2 2 2 –1/2
Sol. u = x(1 − r ) 2 = x[1 – x – y – z ]
2 2 2 2 2
x = u (1 – x – y – z )
y2 = v2(1 – x2 – y2 – z2)
z2 = w2(1 – x2 – y2 – z2)
Let f1 = x2 – u2(1 – x2 – y2 – z2) = 0 ...(1)
2 2 2 2 2
f2 = y – v (1 – x – y – z ) = 0 ...(2)
2 2 2 2 2
f3 = z – w (1 – x – y – z ) = 0 ...(3)
We know that,
∂( f1, f2 , f3 )
∂(u, v, w) 3 ∂( x , y, z )
= (− 1) ...(4)
∂(x, y, z ) ∂( f1, f2 , f3 )
∂(u, v, w)
∂f1 ∂f1 ∂f1
∂x ∂y ∂z 2x(1 + u2 ) 2 yu2 2zu2
∂( f1, f2 , f3 ) ∂f2 ∂f2 ∂f2
= = 2xv2 2 y(1 + v2 ) 2zv2
∂(x, y, z ) ∂x ∂y ∂z 2 2 2
∂f3 ∂f3 ∂f3 2xw 2 yw 2z(1 + w )
∂x ∂y ∂z

1 + u2 u2 u2
= 8xyz v2 1 + v2 v2
2 2 2
w w 1+w
326 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Applying R1 → R1 + (R2 + R3)

1 + u 2 + v 2 + w 2 1 + u 2 + v2 + w 2 1 + u2 + v2 + w 2
= 8xyz v2 1 + v2 v2
2 2 2
w w 1+w

1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
= 8xyz(1 + u + v + w ) v 1+v v2
w2 w2 1 + w2
Applying C2 → C2 – C1, C3 → C3 – C1

1 0 0
2 2 2 2
= 8xyz(1 + u + v + w ) v 1 0 = 8xyz (1 + u2 + v2 + w2) ...(5)
2
w 0 1
Now, consider

∂f1 ∂f1 ∂f1

∂u ∂v ∂w
∂( f1, f2 , f3 ) ∂f2 ∂f2 ∂f2
=
∂(u, v, w) ∂u ∂v ∂w
∂f3 ∂f3 ∂f3
∂u ∂v ∂w

− 2u(1 − x 2 − y2 − z 2 ) 0 0
2 2 2
= 0 − 2v(1 − x − y − z ) 0
2 2 2
0 0 − 2w(1 − x − y − z )

= – 8uvw (1 – x2 – y2 – z2)3 = – 8uvw (1 – r2)3 ...(6)

Using (5) and (6) in (4), we get
2 2 2
∂(u, v, w) 3 8(1 + u + v + w ) xyz
= (− 1)
∂(x, y, z ) − 8uvw (1 − r 2 )3
 x2 y2 z2  r2
1 + 2
+ 2
+ 2
xyz 1+ 2
 1−r 1−r 1 − r  1−r 1
= 2 − 3/2 2 3
= 2 3/2
= 2 5/2
= (1 − r 2 )−5 / 2 .
xyz (1 − r ) . (1 − r ) (1 − r ) (1 − r )
∂(u, v, w)
89. If u, v, w are the roots of the equation (x – a)3 + (x – b)3 + (x – c)3 = 0, then find .
∂(a, b, c)
Sol. u, v, w are the roots of the equation (U.P.T.U., 2009)
(x – a)3 + (x – b)3 + (x – c)3 = 0
3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
i.e., 3x – 3x (a + b + c) + 3x(a + b + c ) – (a + b + c ) = 0
3(a + b + c)
then S1 = u + v + w = =a+b+c
3
S2 = uv + vw + wu = a2 + b2 + c2
3 3 2
a +b +c
S3 = uvw =
3
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 327

Let F1 = u + v + w – a – b – c = 0
2 2 2
F2 = uv + vw + wu – a – b – c = 0
1 3
F3 = uvw − (a + b3 + c3 ) = 0
3
∂(u, v, w) 3  ∂( F , F , F ) ∂( F1 , F2 , F3 ) 
∴ = ( − 1)  1 2 3 ...(1)
∂(a, b, c)  ∂(a, b, c) ∂(u, v, w) 

−1 −1 −1
∂( F1, F2 , F3 )
Now, = − 2 a − 2 b − 2 c = – 2(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
∂(a, b, c) 2 2 2
−a −b −c
1 1 1
∂( F1, F2 , F3 )
Also, = v + w w + u u + v = – (u – v) (v – w) (w – u)
∂(u, v, w)
vw uw uv
Hence from (1),
∂(u, v, w) 3 [ − 2(a − b) (b − c) (c − a)] 2(a − b) (b − c) (c − a)
= (− 1) . = − .
∂(a, b, c) [− (u − v) (v − w) (w − u)] (u − v) (v − w) (w − u)
3 3 3
90. If u, v, w are the roots of the cubic (λ – x) + (λ – y) + (λ – z) = 0 in λ, find J (u, v, w).
Sol. If u, v, w are the roots of the equation
3 3 3
(λ – x) + (λ – y) + (λ – z) = 0
3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
i.e., 3λ – 3λ (x + y + z) + 3λ(x + y + z ) – (x + y + z ) = 0
Then S1 = u + v + w = x + y + z ; S2 = uv + vw + wu = x2 + y2 + z2

x 3 + y3 + z 3
S3 = uvw =
3
Let F1 = u + v + w – x – y – z ; F2 = uv + vw + wu – x2 – y2 – z2

x 3 + y3 + z 3
F3 = uvw −
3
∂( F1, F2 , F3 )
∂(u, v, w) 3 ∂(x , y, z )
∴ = (− 1) . ...(1)
∂(x, y, z ) ∂( F1, F2 , F3 )
∂(u, v, w)

−1 −1 −1
∂( F1, F2 , F3 )
Now, = − 2x − 2 y − 2z
∂(x , y, z ) 2 2 2
−x −y −z
Applying C2 → C2 – C1, C3 → C3 – C1

1 0 0
= ( − 2) x y−x z−x = (– 2) (y – x) (z – x) (z + x – y – x)
2 2 2 2 2
x y −x z −x
= – 2(y – x) (z – x) (z – y) = –2(x – y) (– z + y) (z – x)

1 1 1
∂( F1, F2 , F3 )
Also, = v+w w+u u+v
∂(u, v, w)
vw uw uv
328 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Applying C2 → C2 – C1, C3 → C3 – C1

1 0 0
u−v u−w
= v+w u −v u−w =
w(u − v) v(u − w)
vw w(u − v) v(u − w)
= (u – v) (u – w) (v – w) = – (u – v) (v – w) (w – u)
∂(u, v, w) − 2(x − y) (− z + y) (z − x )  2( x − y) ( y − z ) ( z −x ) 
Hence, = . ( − 1)3 = −  .
∂(x, y, z ) − (u − v) (v − w) (w − u)  (u − v) (v − w) (w − u) 
1 1 x+ y
91. If f (0) = 0, f′(x) = , f′(y) = , prove that f(x) + (fy) = f   without using the
1 + x2 1 + y2  1 − xy 
method of integration.
Sol. Let u = f(x) + f(y) ...(1)
x+y
v= ...(2)
1 − xy
∂u ∂u
∂(u, v) ∂x ∂y
= ...(3)
∂(x, y) ∂v ∂v
∂x ∂y

∂u 1 ∂u 1
= f ′(x ) = , f ′( y) =
∂x 1 + x2 ∂y = 1 + y2

∂v (1 − xy) + ( x + y) y 1 + y2 ∂v 1 + x2
= = , =
∂x (1 − xy) 2
(1 − xy)2 ∂y (1 − xy)2
Putting these values in (3), we get

1 1
1 1
∂(u, v) 1 + x2 1 + y2 1 2 2
= 2 2 = 1+x 1+ y
∂(x, y) 2
1+ y 1+x (1 − xy) 2 2
1+ y 1+x
(1 − xy)2 (1 − xy)2

1 1 + x 2 1 + y2 
=  − =0
(1 − xy) 1 + x 2 1 + y2 
2

Thus there is a relation between u and v.

x+y
Let u = φ(v), then f(x) + f (y) = φ  
 1 − xy 
Putting y = 0, we get f(x) + 0 = φ (x) ⇒ φ (x) = f (x) [∵ f (0) = 0]
Hence function φ = f.
x+y
Therefore, f (x) + f (y) = f  . Hence proved.
 1 − xy 
92. If u = x + 2y + z, v = x – 2y + 3z, w = 2xy – xz + 4yz – 2z2, show that they are not independent. Find
the relation between u, v and w.
Sol. u, v and w will not be independent if
∂(u, v, w)
=0
∂(x, y, z )
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 329

∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 2 1
∂(u, v, w) ∂v ∂v ∂v
Hence, = = 1 −2 3
∂(x, y, z ) ∂x ∂y ∂z
2y − z 2x + 4z (− x + 4 y − 4z )
∂w ∂w ∂w
∂x ∂y ∂z

Applying C2 → C2 – 2C1, C3 → C3 – C1

1 0 0
−4 2
= 1 −4 2 =
2x − 4 y + 6z − x + 2 y − 3z
2 y − z 2x − 4 y + 6z − x + 2 y − 3z )
= – 4 (–x + 2y – 3z) – 2(2x – 4y + 6z)
= 4x – 8y + 12z – 4x + 8y – 12z = 0.
Hence u, v and w are not independent.
2
Now, u = x + 2y + z, v = x – 2y + 3z, w = 2xy – xz + 4yz – 2z
u + v = 2x + 4z, u – v = 4y – 2z
Multiplying these, we get
2
(u + v) (u – v) = (2x + 4z) (4y – 2z) = 4(x + 2z) (2y – z) = 4[2xy – xz + 4yz – 2z ]
or (u + v) (u – v) = 4w
2 2
i.e., u – v = 4w is the relation between u, v and w.
x+y y+z y(x + y + z )
93. If u = ,v= ,w= , then show that u, v, w are not independent. Find the
z x xz
relation between them. (U.P.T.U., 2008; A.U.U.P., 2009)
Sol. u, v and w will not be independent if
∂(u, v, w)
=0
∂(x, y, z )

1 1 x+y
− 2
z z z
∂(u, v, w) ( y + z) 1 1
Now, = −
∂(x, y, z ) x2 x x
2
− y − yz x + 2y + z − xy − y2
2 xz 2
x z xz
z z − ( x + y)
1
= − ( y + z ) x x
x 4 z 4 − yz( y + z ) xz(x + 2 y + z ) − xy(x + y)

Applying C2 → C2 – C1 and C3 → C3 – C1

z 0 − (x + y + z )
1
= − ( y + z ) x + y + z x+y+z
x 4 z 4 − yz( y + z ) z(x + y)(x + y + z ) y(z − x )(x + y + z )

z 0 −1
(x + y + z )2
= − ( y + z) 1 1
x 4z4 − yz( y + z ) z(x + y) y(z − x )
330 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Applying C1 → C1 + zC3
2 0 0 −1
(x + y + z )
= 4 4
−y 1 1
x z − yz( y + x ) z(x + y) y(z − x )

(x + y + z )2 −y 1
= −
x 4z4 − yz( y + x ) z( x + y)
2
(x + y + z )
= − 4 4
[− yz( x + y) + yz( y + x )] = 0
x z
Hence, u, v and w are not independent.
x + y y + z xy + xz + y2 + yz xy + y2 + yz y(x + y + z )
Now, uv = . = = 1+ =1 +
z x xz xz xz
∴ uv = w + 1 is the required relation between them.

y2 x 2 + y2 ∂(u, v)
94. If u = , v = , find . (M.D.U., 2007; U.P.T.U., 2008)
2x 2x ∂(x, y)
2
∂u y ∂u y
Sol. = − 2, =
∂x 2x ∂y x
2 2 2 2 2 2
∂v − (x + y ) 2 + (2x )(2x ) 2(x − y ) x −y
= 2
= 2 =
∂x 2
4x 4x 2x
∂v 1 y
= . 2y =
∂y 2x x

y2 y
−
∂(u, v) 2x 2 x 1 − y2 2xy 2xy − y2 1
= = =
∂(x, y) ( x 2 − y2 ) y 4x 4 2
x −y
2
2xy 4x 4 2
x −y
2
1
2 x
2x
y − x2y y
= 3
( − y2 − x 2 + y2 ) = 3
=− .
2x 2x 2x
∂(x, y)
95. In polar co-ordinates, x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ. Show that = r.
∂(r, θ)
∂x ∂x
Sol. = cos θ, = – r sin θ
∂r ∂θ
∂y ∂y
= sin θ, = r cos θ
∂r ∂θ
∂(x, y) cos θ − r sin θ
∴ = = r cos2θ + r sin2θ = r(cos2θ + sin2θ) = r.
∂(r, θ) sin θ r cos θ

∂(x, y, z )
96. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z, evaluate .
∂(r, θ, z )

∂x ∂x ∂x
∂r ∂θ ∂z cos θ − r sin θ 0
∂(x, y, z ) ∂y ∂y ∂y cos θ − r sin θ
Sol. = = sin θ + r cos θ 0 =
∂(r, θ, z ) ∂r ∂θ ∂z sin θ r cos θ
∂z ∂z ∂z 0 0 1
∂r ∂θ ∂z
= r(cos2θ + sin2θ) = r.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 331

97. If u = x(1 – y), v = xy, prove that JJ′ = 1.

∂(u, v) ∂(x, y)
Sol. J = , J′ =
∂(x, y) ∂(u, v)
1− y −x
Now, J = = x(1 − y) + xy = x
y x
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
J′ =
∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
Given u = x(1 – y), v = xy
v v
∴ u + v = x, y = =
x u+v
∂x ∂x ∂y v ∂y u
∴ = =1, = − , = −
∂u ∂v ∂u (u + v)2 ∂v (u + v)2
Substituting these values in J ′, we get
1 1
u+v 1 1 1
J′ = − v u = = = ∴ JJ ′ = x . =1 .
2 u+v x x
(u + v)
(u + v)2 (u + v)2
∂(u, v)
98. If u = 2xy, v = x2 – y2, x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, evaluate .
∂(r, θ)
∂(u, v) ∂(u, v) ∂(x, y)
Sol. = ×
∂(r, θ) ∂(x, y) ∂(r, θ)
∂u ∂u
Now, u = 2xy, = 2y, = 2x
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v
v = x2 – y2, = 2x, = –2y
∂x ∂y
∂x ∂x
x = r cos θ, = cos θ, = –r sin θ
∂r ∂θ
∂y ∂y
y = r sin θ, = sin θ, = r cos θ
∂r ∂θ
∂u ∂u
∂(u, v) ∂x ∂y 2 y 2x
= = = – 4(x2 + y2)
∂(x, y) ∂v ∂v 2x −2 y
∂x ∂y
∂(x, y) cos θ − r sin θ 2 2
= = r(cos θ + sin θ) = r
∂(r, θ) sin θ r cos θ
∂(u, v)
∴ = –4(x2 + y2) . r = – 4r3.
∂(r, θ)
99. State Taylor’s Theorem for a function f (x, y) of 2 independent variables x and y.

1 2 2
Sol. f (x + h, y + k) = f (x, y) + (hfx + kfy) + [h fxx + 2hkfxy + k fyy ] + ....
2!
2 2 2
∂f ∂f ∂ f ∂ f ∂ f
where, fx = , fy = , fxx = , f = , f = and so on.
∂x ∂y ∂x
2 xy ∂x ∂y yy
∂y2
332 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

100. Expand ex sin y in powers of x and y, as far as terms of the 3rd degree.
x
Sol. Here f (x, y) = e sin y, f(0, 0) = 0
x
fx(x, y) = e sin y, fx(0, 0) = 0
x
fy(x, y) = e cos y, fy(0, 0) = 1
x
fxx(x, y) = e sin y, fxx(0, 0) = 0
x
fxy(x, y) = e cos y, fxy(0, 0) = 1
x
fyy(x, y) = – e sin y, fyy(0, 0) = 0
x
fxxx(x, y) = e sin y, fxxx(0, 0) = 0
fxxy(x, y) = ex cos y, fxxy(0, 0) = 1
x
fxyy(x, y) = – e sin y, fxyy(0, 0) = 0
x
fyyy(x, y) = – e cos y, fyyy(0, 0) = –1
∴ ex sin y = f(x, y)
1 2 2
= f(0, 0) + [xfx(0, 0) + yfy(0, 0)] + [x fxx (0, 0) + 2xyfxy (0, 0) + y fyy (0, 0)]
2!
1 3 2 2 3
+ [x fxxx (0, 0) + 3x yfxxy (0, 0) + 3xy fx yy (0, 0) + y fyyy (0, 0)] +...
3!
1 2 1 3
= 0 + [x . 0 + y . 1] + 2
[x . 0 + 2xy . 1 + y . 0] + [x . 0 + 3x 2 y . 1 + 3xy2. 0 + y3 (− 1)] + ....
2! 3!
1 2 1
= y + xy + x y − y3 + ....
2 6
−1 y
101. Expand f (x, y) = tan in the neighbourhood of (1, 1) upto third degree terms. Hence compute
x
f(1.1, 0.9) approximately. (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
y −1 π
Sol. Here, f (x, y) = tan −1 , f(1, 1) = tan (1) =
x 4
1  y  y 1
fx(x, y) = − =− 2 , fx(1, 1) = −
y2  x 2  x + y2 2
1+ 2
x
1 1 x 1
fy(x, y) = 2
. = , fy(1, 1) =
y x x 2 + y2 2
1+ 2
x
2 2 −2 2xy 1
fxx(x, y) = − y (− 1) (x + y ) . 2x = , fxx(1, 1) =
(x 2 + y2 )2 2

(x 2 + y2 ) . 1 − x . 2x y2 − x 2
fxy(x, y) = 2 2 2
= , fxy(1, 1) = 0
(x + y ) (x 2 + y2 )2

2 2 −2 2xy 1
fyy(x, y) = x(− 1) (x + y ) . (2 y) = − , fyy(1, 1) = −
(x 2 + y2 )2 2

(x 2 + y2 )2 . 1 − x(x 2 + y2 ) . 2 . 2x
fxxx(x, y) = 2 y .
(x 2 + y2 )4

( x 2 + y 2 ) − 4x 2 2 y( y2 − 3x 2 )
fxxx(x, y) = 2 y . =
( x 2 + y2 )3 ( x 2 + y2 )3
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 333

1
⇒ fxxx(1, 1) = −
2
(x 2 + y2 )2 ( − 2x ) − ( y2 − x 2 ) . 2(x 2 + y2 ) . 2x 2x( x 2 − 3 y2 )
fxxy(x, y) = = ,
(x 2 + y2 )4 ( x 2 + y2 )3
1
∴ fxxy(1, 1) = −
2
(x 2 + y2 )2 . 1 − x . 2(x 2 + y2 )(2x ) − 2 y . ( x 2 + y2 − 4x 2 ) − 2 y( y2 − 3x 2 )
fxyy(x, y) = − 2 y . = =
(x 2 + y2 )4 ( x 2 + y2 )3 ( x 2 + y2 )3
− 2 . 1 . ( − 2) 1
∴ fxyy(1, 1) = =
8 2
(x 2 + y2 )2 . 1 − y(x 2 + y2 ) 2 . 2 y
fyyy(x, y) = − 2x .
(x 2 + y2 )4

− 2x (x 2 + y2 − 4 y2 ) − 2x (x 2 − 3 y2 ) 2x(3 y2 − x 2 )
or fyyy(x, y) = 2 2 3
= 2 2 3
=
(x + y ) (x + y ) (x 2 + y2 )3
1
fyyy(1, 1) =
2
−1  y
∴ tan  x  = f (x, y)
 
1 2
= f (1, 1) + [(x – 1)fx(1, 1) + (y – 1) fy(1, 1)] + [(x − 1) fxx (1,1) + 2(x − 1) ( y − 1) fxy (1,1)
2!
1 3 2
+ ( y − 1)2 fyy (1, 1)] + [(x − 1) fxxx (1,1) + 3(x − 1) ( y − 1) fxxy (1, 1)
3!
+ 3(x − 1) ( y − 1)2 fxyy (1, 1) + ( y − 1)3 fyyy (1, 1)] + ....

π   1 1 1  2 1  1 
= + (x − 1)  −  + ( y − 1)  + + 2( x − 1) ( y − 1) (0) + ( y − 1)2  −  
4   2 2 2 ( x − 1) . 2  2 
1  3 1 2  1 2 1 3  1 
+
6 ( x − 1)  − 2  + 3( x − 1) ( y − 1)  − 2  + 3( x − 1) ( y − 1) . 2 + ( y − 1)  2   + ....
    
π 1 1
− [(x − 1) − ( y − 1)] + [(x − 1)2 − ( y − 1)2 ]
=
4 2 4
1
− [(x − 1) + 3(x − 1)2( y − 1) − 3(x − 1) ( y − 1)2 − ( y − 1)3 ] + ...
3
12
Putting x = 1.1 and y = 0.9
π 1 1 1
f (1.1, 0.9) = − (0.2) + (0) − [0.1]3 + 3(0.1)2(– 0.1) – 3(0.1) (– 0.1)2 – (0.1)3]
4 2 4 12
= 0.7854 – 0.1 + .0003 = 0.6857.
x
102. Find the first six terms of the expansion of the function e log (1 + y) in a Taylor’s series in the
neighbourhood of the point (0, 0). (M.D.U., May 2008)
x
Sol. Here f(x, y) = e log(1 + y), f (0, 0) = 0
x
fx(x, y) = e log(1 + y), fx(0, 0) = 0

ex
fy(x, y) = , fy(0, 0) = 1
1+ y
334 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

fxx(x, y) = ex log(1 + y), fxx(0, 0) = 0

x
e
fxy(x, y) = , fxy(0, 0) = 1
1+ y

ex
fyy(x, y) = − , fyy(0, 0) = –1
(1 + y)2
fxxx(x, y) = ex log(1 + y), fxxx(0, 0) = 0
ex
fxxy(x, y) = , fxxy(0, 0) = 1
1+ y

ex
fxyy(x, y) = − , fxyy(0, 0) = –1
(1 + y)2

2e x
fyyy(x, y) = , fyyy(0, 0) = 2
(1 + y)3
x
∴ e log(1 + y) = f (x, y)
1 2
= f (0, 0) + [xfx (0, 0) + yfy (0, 0)] + [x fxx (0, 0) + 2xyfxy (0, 0) + y2 fyy (0, 0)]
2!
1 3 2 2 3
+ [x fxxx (0, 0) + 3x yfxxy (0, 0) + 3xy fxyy (0, 0) + y fyyy (0, 0] + ...
3!
1 2 1
= 0 + [x.0 + y.1] + [x .0 + 2xy.1 + y2(− 1)] + [x 3.0 + 3x 2 y.1 + 3xy2(–1) + 2y3] + ...
2 6
1 2 1 2 1 1
= y + xy − y + x y − xy2 + y2 ....
2 2 2 3
103. Expand x2y + 3y – 2 in powers of x – 1 and (y + 2) using Taylor’s Theorem. (M.D.U., Dec., 2006)
Sol. Expansion of f (x, y) in powers of x – a and y – b is given by
1 2
f (x, y) = f (a, b) + [(x − a) fx (a, b) + ( y − b) fy (a − b)] + [(x − a) fxx (a, b)
2!
1
+ 2( x − a) ( y − b) fxy (a, b) + ( y − b)2 fyy (a, b)] + [(x − a)3 fxxx (a, b)
3!
+ 3(x – a)2(y – b) fxxy(a, b) + 3(x – a) (y – b)2 fxyy(a, b) + (y – b)3 fyyy(a, b)]
+ .... ...(1)
2
Here, f (x, y) = x y + 3y – 2, a = 1, b = – 2
f (1, – 2) = – 2 – 6 – 2 = – 10
fx = 2xy, fx(1, –2) = – 4; fy = x2 + 3, fy(1, – 2) = 4,
fxx = 2y, fxx(1, – 2) = – 4; fxy = 2x, fxy(1, – 2) = 2,
fyy = 0, fyy(1, – 2) = 0; fxxx = 0, fxxx(1, – 2) = 0
fxxy = 2, fxxy(1, – 2) = 2, fxyy = 0, fxyy(1, – 2) = 0
fyyy = 0, fyyy(1, – 2) = 0
∴ From (1), we have
2
x y + 3y – 2 = f (x, y)
1
= − 10 + [(x − 1)(− 4) + ( y + 2)4] + [(x − 1)2(− 4) + 2(x − 1)( y + 2)(2)
2
1
+ ( y + 2)2(0)] + [(x − 1)3 0 + 3(x − 1)2( y + 2) (2) + 3(x − 1) ( y + 2)2(0) + (y + 2)3 . 0]
6
2 2
= − 10 − 4( x − 1) + 4( y + 2) − 2( x − 1) + 2( x − 1)( y + 2) + (x – 1) (y + 2).
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 335

104. Expand eax sin by in powers of x and y as far as the terms of third degree.
Sol. f(x,y) = eax sin by, f (0, 0) = 0
fx(x, y) = aeax sin by, fx(0, 0) = 0
fy(x, y) = beax cos by, fy(0, 0) = b
fxx(x, y) = a2eax sin by, fxx(0, 0) = 0
ax
fxy(x, y) = abe cos by, fxy(0, 0) = ab
2 ax
fyy(x, y) = – b e sin by, fyy(0, 0) = 0
fxxx(x, y) = a3eax sin by, fxxx(0, 0) = 0
fxxy(x, y) = a2beax cos by, fxxy(0, 0) = a2b
ax 2
fxyy(x, y) = ae . (– b sin by), fxyy(0, 0) = 0
fyyy(x, y) = – b3eax cos by, fyyy(0, 0) = – b3
Now,
eax sin by = f (x, y)
1 2
= f (0, 0) + [xfx (0, 0) + yfy (0, 0)] + [x fxx (0, 0) + 2xyfxy (0, 0)
2!
2 1 3 2
+ y fyy (0, 0)] + [x fxxx (0, 0) + 3x yfxxy (0, 0) + 3xy2fxyy(0, 0) + y3fyyy(0, 0) + ....
3!
1 2 1 3
= 0 + [x.0 + y.b] + [x . 0 + 2xy . ab + y2. 0] + [x .0 + 3x 2 y . a2b + 3xy2.0 + y3.(− b3 )] + ....
2! 3!
1 2 2 3 3
= by + abxy + (3a bx y − b y ) + ....
3!
105. Expand exy at (1, 1) in powers of (x – 1) and (y – 1).
Sol. Expansion of f(x, y) in powers of (x – a) and (y – b) is given by
f(x, y) = f (a, b) + [(x – a) fx(a, b) + (y – b) fy(a, b)]
1 2 2
+ [(x − a) fxx (a, b) + ( y − b) fyy (a, b) + 2(x − a) ( y − b) fxy (a, b)] + ...
2!
Now, f(x, y) = exy, a = 1, b = 1
f(1, 1) = e1 or e
xy
fx(x, y) = ye , fx(1, 1) = e
xy
fy(x, y) = xe , fy(1, 1) = e
2 xy
fxx(x, y) = y e , fxx(1, 1) = e
fyy(x, y) = x2exy, fyy(1, 1) = e
xy
fxy(x, y) = xye , fxy(1, 1) = e
xy 1 2 2
∴ e = e + [(x − 1)e + ( y − 1)e] + [(x − 1) e + ( y − 1) e + 2(x − 1) ( y − 1) e] + ...
2!
 1 
= e 1 + ( x − 1) + ( y − 1) + [( x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2 + 2( x − 1) ( y − 1)] + ...
 2! 
 π
106. Expand sin xy in powers of (x – 1) and  y −  upto the second degree terms.
 2
(M.D.U., Dec., 2005)
π
Sol. Here, f (x, y) = sin xy, a = 1, b =
2
 π
f 1,  = 1
 2
336 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 π π π
fx(x, y) = y cos xy, fx 1,  = cos = 0
 2 2 2
 π π
fy(x, y) = x cos xy, fy 1,  = cos = 0
 2 2
2
 π π
fxx(x, y) = – y2 sin xy, fxx 1,  = −
 2 4
 π π
fxy(x, y) = – xy sin xy, fxy 1,  = −
 2 2
 π
fyy(x, y) = –x2 sin xy, fyy 1,  = –1
 2
 π
Taylor’s expansion of f (x, y) in powers of (x – 1) and  y −  is given by
 2
 π  π  π  π
f(x, y) = f 1,  + (x − 1) fx 1,  +  y −  fy 1, 
 2  2  2  2
2
1  2  π  π  π  π  π 
+ (x − 1) fxx 1, 2  + 2( x − 1)  y − 2  fxy 1, 2  +  y − 2  fyy 1, 2   + ...
2!            

 π 1  π2   π  π 2 
= 1 + ( x − 1) . 0 +  y −  . 0 + (x − 1)2 −  + 2( x − 1)  y −   −  +  y − π  (− 1)  + ...
 2  2  4   2  2   2
   
2
1 2 π  π 1  π
= 1− π (x − 1)2 − (x − 1)  y −  − y − 2 .
8 2  2 2  
 π
107. Expand ex cos y at  1,  . (U.P.T.U., (AG) 2005)
 4
x π
Sol. f (x, y) = e cos y, a = 1, b =
4
 π π e
f 1,  = e cos =
 4 4 2
 π e
fx(x, y) = ex . cos y, fx 1,  =
 4 2
 π e
fy(x, y) = – ex sin y, fy 1,  = −
 4 2
 π e
fxx(x, y) = ex cos y, fxx 1,  =
 4 2
 π e
fxy(x, y) = – ex sin y, fxy 1,  = −
 4 2
 π e
fyy(x, y) = – ex cos y, fyy 1,  = −
 4 2
 π  π  π  π
f(x, y) = f 1,  + (x − 1) fx 1,  +  y −  fy 1, 
 4   4   4   4
2
+
1  2  π  π  π  π  π 
2! ( x − 1) fxx 1, 4  + 2( x − 1)  y − 4  fxy 1, 4  +  y −  fyy 1,   + ....
        4  4  
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 337

 2 
e  π 1 2  π 1  π
ex cos y = 1 + ( x − 1) −  y −  + ( x − 1) − ( x − 1)  y −  −  y − 4  + ...
2   4 2  4 2   

108. If f(x, y) = tan–1 (xy), compute f(0.9, –1.2) approximately. [M.D.U., May 2009]
Sol. f(x, y) = tan–1 (xy)
f(0.9, –1.2) = f{1 – 0.1, –1 – 0.2}
So let us expand f(x, y) near the point (1, –1)
–1 π
f(x, y) = tan (xy), f(1, –1) = tan–1 (–1) = −
4
y 1
fx = , fx (1, − 1) = −
1 + x 2 y2 2
x 1
fy = 2 2
, fy (1, − 1) =
1+x y 2
3
−2xy 1
fxx = 2 2 2
, fxx (1, − 1) =
(1 + x y ) 2
3
−2x y 1
fyy = 2 2 2
, fyy (1, − 1) = +
(1 + x y ) 2

1 + x 2 y2 − x(2xy2 )
fxy = , fxy (1, − 1) = 0
(1 + x 2 y2 )2
Taylor’s Theorem for a function of two independent variables x and y is

f(x + h, y + k) = f(x, y) + (hfx + kfy) +

1
2!
2
{ 2
h fxx + 2hk fxy + k fyy + ... }
Put, x = 1, y = – 1, h = – 0.1, k = – 0.2.
  1  1  1  1   1 
⇒ f(0.9, –1.2) = f (1, − 1) + (− 0.1)  −  − (0.2)    + (0.01)  2  + 2.(0.02) (0) + (0.04)  + 2  
  2  2  2 !     
π 1 π
= − + 0.05 − 0.1 + (0.005 + 0.02) = − + 0.05 − 0.1 + 0.0125
4 2 4
= – 0.786 + 0.05 – 0.1 + 0.0125
= – 0.786 – 0.0375 = – 0.8235
3 3
109. Examine the function x + y – 3axy for maxima and minima. (U.P.T.U., 2005)
3 3
Sol. Here, f (x, y) = x + y – 3axy
fx = 3x2 – 3ay, fy = 3y2 – 3ax
fxx = 6x, fyy = 6y, fxy = –3a
Now, fx = 0 and fy = 0 ⇒ 3x2 – 3ay = 0 ...(1)

x2
⇒ x2 = ay or y = and 3y2 – 3ax = 0 ...(2)
a
2
⇒ y = ax

x4
2
= ax or x4 – a3x = 0 or x(x3 – a3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, a.
a
When x = 0, y = 0; when x = a, y = a
∴ There are 2 stationary points (0, 0) and (a, a).
338 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Now, fxx = r = 6x, fxy = s = – 3a, fyy = t = 6y

2
∴ rt – s = 36xy – 9a2
At (0, 0), rt – s2 = –9a2 < 0
⇒ there is no extreme value at (0, 0)
2 2 2 2
At (a, a), rt – s = 36a – 9a = 27a > 0.
⇒ f (x, y) has extreme value at (a, a).
Now, r = 6a
If a > 0, r > 0 so that f (x, y) has a minimum value at (a, a).
Minimum value = f (a, a) = a3 + a3 – 3a3 = – a3
If a < 0, r < 0 so that f (x, y) has a maximum value at (a, a).
Maximum value = f (a, a) = a3 + a3 – 3a3 = – a3.
110. Discuss the maxima and minima of x3y2 (1 – x – y).
Sol. Here, f (x, y) = x3y2(1 – x – y)
or f (x, y) = x3y2 – x4y2 – x3y3
fx = 3x2y2 – 4x3y2 – 3x2y3
fy = 2x3y – 2yx4 – 3y2x3
r = fxx = 6xy2 – 12x2y2 – 6xy3
s = fxy = 6x2y – 8x3y – 9x2y2
t = fyy = 2x3 – 2x4 – 6yx3
Now, fx = 0 and fy = 0
⇒ x2y2 (3 – 4x – 3y) = 0 ...(1) and x3y(2 – 2x – 3y) = 0 ...(2)

1 1 
Solving (1) and (2), the stationary points are (0, 0) and  ,  .
2 3
Now, rt – s2 = (6xy2 – 12x2y2 – 6xy3) (2x3 – 2x4 – 6x3y) – [x2y(6 – 8x – 9y)]2
= 12x4y2(1 – 2x – y) (1 – x – 3y) – x4y2(6 – 8x – 9y)2
2
At (0, 0), rt – s = 0
∴ at (0, 0) further investigation is needed.
Consider f(a + h, b + k) – f (a, b) = f (h, k) – f (0, 0)
3 2
= h k (1 – h – k)
= h3k2 (Neglecting h4k2 + h3k3 which is very small as compared to h3k2)
which is > 0 if h > 0 and < 0 if h < 0.
∴ f (a + h, b + k) – f (a, b) does not keep same sign for all small values of h and k (positive or
negative).
∴ There is no extreme value at (0, 0).
1 1  1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1
At  ,  , rt – s2 = 12 . . −  −  − . (1) = − = >0
2 3 16 9  3   2  16 9 72 144 144

1 1  1 1
Also, r = 6xy2 (1 – 2x – y) = 6 . . 1 − 1 − 3  = − 9 < 0
2 9  

1 1 
∴ f (x, y) has a maximum value at  ,  .
2 3
1 1  1 1 1
Maximum value = .
8 9 1 − 2 − 3  = 432 .
 
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 339

111. Locate the stationary points of x4 + y4 – 2x2 + 4xy – 2y2 and determine their nature.
Sol. Here, f(x, y) = x4 + y4 – 2x2 + 4xy – 2y2
fx = 4x3 – 4x + 4y, fy = 4y3 + 4x – 4y, r = fxx = 12x2 – 4
s = fxy = 4, t = fyy = 12y2 – 4
Now, fx = 0 and fy = 0
⇒ x3 – x + y = 0 ...(1) y3 + x – y = 0 ...(2)
3 3
Adding (1) and (2), we get x +y =0 ⇒ y=–x

Putting y = – x in (1), we get x3 – 2x = 0 or x(x2 – 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ± 2

Since y = – x, the stationary points are (0, 0), ( 2, − 2), (− 2, 2) .

2 2 2
Now, rt – s = (12x – 4) (12y – 4) – 16
2
At (0, 0), rt – s = 0
∴ At (0, 0), further investigation is needed.
Now, f (0, 0) = 0
4 4 2 2 4 4 2
f (x, y) = x + y – 2(x – 2xy + y ) = x + y – 2(x – y)
When h and k are small,
f (h, k) = 2 h4 > 0 for h = k
and f (h, k) = –2(h – k)2 < 0 for h ≠ k (Neglecting h4 + k4 which is very small)
⇒ f (0, 0) < f (h, k) for h = k
f (0, 0) > f (h, k) for h ≠ k
⇒ There is no extreme value at (0, 0).
At ( 2, − 2) , rt – s2 = (12 × 2 – 4)2 – 16 = 384 > 0
r = 20 > 0
∴ f (x, y) has a minimum value at ( 2, − 2)
Minimum value = 4 + 4 – 4 – 8 – 4 = – 8
Similarly, f (x, y) has a minimum value –8 at ( − 2, 2) .
112. Examine sin x + sin y + sin(x + y) for minimum and maximum values. (U.P.T.U., 2008)
Sol. Here, f(x, y) = sin x + sin y + sin(x + y)
fx = cos x + cos(x + y), fy = cos y + cos(x + y)
r = fxx = – sin x – sin(x + y), s = fxy = – sin(x + y)
t = fyy = – sin y – sin(x + y)
Now, fx = 0 and fy = 0
⇒ cos x + cos(x + y) = 0 ...(1) cos y + cos(x + y) = 0 ...(2)
Subtracting (2) from (1), cos x – cos y = 0 or cos x = cos y ∴ x = y
From (1), cos x + cos 2x = 0 or cos 2x = – cos x
cos 2x = cos (π – x) ⇒ 2x = π – x
π
∴ x=
3
π
∴ x=y= is a stationary point.
3
π π 3 3 3 3 3
At  ,  , r= − − = − 3 < 0, s = , t = − − =− 3
3 3 2 2 2 2 2
3 9
rt – s2 = 3 − = >0
4 4
340 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Also r<0
π π
∴ f (x, y) has a maximum value at  ,  .
3 3
π π π π 2π 3 3 3 3 3
Maximum value = f  ,  = sin + sin + sin = + + = .
3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
113. A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a given capacity. Find the dimensions of the box
requiring least material for its construction. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
Sol. Let x, y and z be the length, breadth and height respectively. Let V be the given capacity and
S, the surface. V is given ⇒ V is constant.
V
V = xyz or z = ...(1)
xy
2V 2V
S = xy + 2xz + 2yz = xy + + = f (x, y)
y x
2V 2V
fx = y − 2 , fy = x −
x y2
4V 4V
r = fxx = 3 , s = fxy = 1, t = fyy =
x y3
Now, fx = 0 and fy = 0

2V 2V
⇒ y− 2
=0 ...(1) x− =0 ...(2)
x y2

2V
From (1), y = 2 ,
x
2V  x3  1/3
∴ From (2), x − . x4 or x 1 −  = 0 or x = (2V )
4V
2  2V 
 
1
2V 2V
and y = 2
= 2/3
= (2V ) 3 (∵ x ≠ 0)
x (2V )
1
∴ x = y = (2V ) 3 is a stationary point.
4V 4V 4V
At this point, r = 3
= = 2 > 0 , s = 1, t = = 2 so that rt – s2 = 4 – 1 = 3 > 0 and r > 0.
x 2V 2V
1
⇒ S is minimum when x = y = (2V ) 3 .
1 1
V V V 1 / 3 . 23 (2V ) 3 y
Also, z = = = = =
xy (2V )2 / 3 1 2 2
2/3 3
2 .2
1
Hence S is minimum when x = y = 2z = (2V ) 3 .
114. Prove that if the perimeter of a triangle is constant, its area is maximum when the triangle is
equilateral.
Sol. Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle whose perimeter 2s is constant.
Then 2s = a + b + c or c = 2s – a – b ...(1)
∆ = s( s − a ) ( s − b) ( s − c ) = s( s − a ) ( s − b) ( a + b − s )
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 341

Let z = ∆2 = s(s – a) (s – b) (a + b – s) = f (a, b)

∂
fa = s( s − b) [( s − a ) ( a + b − s )]
∂a
= s(s – b) [– (a + b – s) + (s – a)] = s(s – b) (2s – 2a – b)
∂
fb = s( s − a ) [( s − b) ( a + b − s )] = s(s – a) [– (a + b – s) + (s – b)]
∂b
or fb = s(s – a) (2s – 2b – a)
r = faa = – 2s(s – b)
s = fab = s[– (2s – 2b – a) – (s – a)] = s[– (3s – 2b – 2a)] = s(2b + 2a – 3s)
t = fbb = – 2s(s – a)
Now, fa = 0 and fb = 0
⇒ s(s – b) (2s – 2a – b) = 0 ...(1)
s(s – a) (2s – 2b – a) = 0 ...(2)
i.e., (s – b) (2s – 2a – b) = 0 and (s – a) (2s – 2b – a) = 0
From (1), s = b or 2s = 2a + b
When s = b, from (2) (b – a) (– a) = 0 or b = a (∵ a ≠ 0)
b
When 2s = 2a + b from (2) ( a − b) = 0 or a = b (∵ b ≠ 0)
2
If we express z as a function of b and c, we similarly get b = c.
2s
∴ a = b=c=
3
s 2 s2
r = − 2 s( s − b) = − 2 s   = − <0
3 3
 4s 4s   s s2
‘s’ = s(2b + 2a –3s) = s  + − 3s  = s  −  = − <0
 3 3   3 3
s 2s2
t = – 2 s(s – a) = − 2 s   = −
3 3
 2s2   2s2   s4  4s4 s4 3s4 s4
rt – s2 =  −  − −  = − = = >0
 3  3   9  9 9 9 3
    
Also, r <0
2s
∴ z and hence ∆ is maximum when a = b = c = i.e., when the triangle is equilateral.
3
115. Show that the rectangular solid of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a given sphere is a
cube. (U.P.T.U., 2007)
Sol. Let x, y, z be the length, breadth and height of the rectangular solid. If V is the volume of the
solid, then
V = xyz ...(1)
Since each diagonal of the solid passes through the centre of the sphere.
∴ Each diagonal = diameter of sphere = d (say)

⇒ x 2 + y2 + z 2 = d or x2 + y2 + z2 = d2 or z = d 2 − x 2 − y2

∴ From (1) V = xy d 2 − x 2 − y2
342 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

V2 = x2y2(d2 – x2 – y2) or V2 = x2y2d2 – x4y2 – x2y4 = f (x, y)

fx = 2d2xy2 – 4x3y2 – 2xy4, fy = 2x2yd2 – 2x4y – 4x2y3
r = fxx = 2d2y2 – 12x2y2 – 2y4, s = fxy = 4xyd2 – 8x3y – 8xy3
t = fyy = 2d2x2 – 2x4 – 12x2y2
Now, fx = 0 and fy = 0
⇒ d – 2x – y2 = 0
2 2
...(2) d2 – x2 – 2y2 = 0 ...(3)
Subtracting (3) from (2),
– x2 + y2 = 0 ⇒ y = x
d
∴ From (2), x = y=
3
d2 d2 d
z = d 2 − x 2 − y2 = d2 − − =
3 3 3
d d 2 12x 2d d 2 d4
At x = y = , r = 2d2y2 – 12x2y2 – 2y4 = 2d 2 . − . −2.
3 3 3 3 9
2d4 12d 4 2d 4 8d4
= − − =− <0
3 9 9 9
d 2 8d 4 8d 4 4d 4
s = 4d2xy – 8x3y – 8xy3 = 4d 2 . − − =−
3 9 9 9
d 2 2d 4 12d 4 8d 4
t = 2d 2 . − − =−
3 9 9 9
d 8 16d 8 16d 8
rt – s2 = 64
− = > 0 , Also, r < 0
81 81 27
2
∴ V and hence, V is maximum when x = y = z i.e., when the rectangular solid is a cube.
116. Find the volume of the largest rectangular parallelopiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid,
x2 y2 z2
+ += 1. (M.D.U., Dec., 2005, May 2008)
a 2 b2 c2
Sol. Let (x, y, z) be a vertex of the parallelopiped, then it lies on the ellipsoid

x2 y2 z2
=1 + + ...(1)
a2 b2 c2
Also its dimensions are 2x, 2y, 2z so that the volume V is given by V = 2x . 2y . 2z = 8xyz
 x 2 y2   2 2 x 4 y2 x 2 y4 
⇒ V2 = 64x2y2z2 = 64 x 2 y2c2 1 − − 2  = 64c2  x y − 2 − 2  = f (x, y)
 a 2
b   a b 
 
 4 x 3 y2 2xy4   2x 4 y 4 x 2 y3 
∴ fx = 64c2  2xy2 − − 2 , fy = 64c2  2x 2 y − 2 − 
 a2 b   a b2 
 
 12x 2 y2 2 y4   8x 3 y 8xy3 
r = fxx = 64c2  2 y2 − − 2 , s = fxy = 64c2  4 xy − 2 − 2 
 a2 b   a b 
 
 2x 4 12x 2 y2 
t = fyy = 64c2  2x 2 − 2 − 
 a b2 

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 343

Now, fx = 0 and fy = 0
 2x 2 y 2   x 2 2 y2 
⇒ 128c2xy2 1 − − 2  = 0 and 128c2x 2 y 1 − 2 − 2  = 0
 a2 b   a b 
 
2x 2 y2
⇒ 1− − =0 ...(1) (∵ x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0)
a2 b2
x2 2 y2
1− − =0 ...(2)
a2 b2
Subtracting (2) from (1),

− x2 y2 bx
2
+ 2
= 0 or y =
a b a
3x 2 a
∴ From (1), = 1 or x =
a2 3
b  x 2 y2   1 1  c2
∴ y = and z2 = c2 1 − 2 − 2  or z2 = c2 1 − −  =
3  a b   3 3 3

c
∴ z =
3
a b
Thus x = ,y= is a stationary point.
3 3
 2b2 12 a2 b2 2 b4  512 2 2
At this point, r = 64c2  − 2. . − 2.  or r = − b c <0
 3 a 3 3 b 9  9

 a b 8 a3 b 8 a b3  256
s = 64c2 4 . . − 2. . − 2. .  or s = − abc2
 3 3 a 3 3 3 b 3 3 3  9

 a2 2 a4 12 a2 b2  512 2 2
t = 64c2 2 . − 2. − . .  or t = − a c
 3 a 9 b2 3 3  9

2 2 2
 512  2 2 4  256  2 2 4 256  2 2 4
rt – s2 =   a b c −  a b c =   a b c (4 − 1) > 0
 9   9   9 
Also, r <0
2
∴ V and hence, V is maximum.
a b c
When x = , y = , z =
3 3 3
8abc
Maximum Volume = 8xyz = .
3 3
117. In a plane triangle ABC, find the maximum value of cos A cos B cos C.
Sol. cos A cos B cos C = cos A cos B cos [π – (A + B)] (∵ A + B + C = π)
or cos A cos B cos C = cos A cos B . [– cos (A + B)] = – cos A cos B cos (A + B) = f (A, B)
∂f
= – cos B [– sin A cos (A + B) – cos A sin (A + B)]
∂A
= cos B [sin A cos (A + B) + cos A sin (A + B)] = cos B . sin (2A + B)
344 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂f
= – cos A [– sin B cos (A + B) – cos B sin (A + B)]
∂B
= cos A [sin (A + 2B)] = cos A sin (A + 2B)
r = 2cos B cos (2A + B)
s = – sin A sin (A + 2B) + cos A . cos (A + 2B)
or s = cos [A + (A + 2B)] = cos (2 A + 2B)
t = 2cos A cos (A + 2B).
∂f ∂f
Now, = 0 and = 0
∂A ∂B
⇒ cos B sin (2 A + B) = 0 ...(1) cos A sin (A + 2B) = 0 ...(2)
π
If cos B = 0, then B =
2
From (2), cos A . sin (A + π) = 0 or – sin A cos A = 0
π
⇒ either cos A = 0 i.e., A = which is not possible.
2
or sin A = 0 i.e., A = 0 or π which is not possible.
∴ cos B ≠ 0. Similarly, cos A ≠ 0.
∴ From (1), sin (2 A + B) = 0 or 2A + B = π
From (2), sin (A + 2B) = 0 or A + 2B = π
π
Solving these equations, A = B=
3
π π 4π 1 π
At A = B = , r = 2 cos cos π = − 1 , s = cos = − , t = 2 cos cos π = − 1
3 3 3 2 3
1 3
rt – s2 = 1 − = >0, Also, r = –1 < 0
4 4
π
⇒ f (A, B) is maximum at A = B =
3
π π π π 2π 1
Maximum value = f  ,  = − cos cos cos = .
 3 3  3 3 3 8
118. Show that of all triangles inscribed in a circle, the one with maximum area, is equilateral.
Sol. Let ABC be a triangle inscribed in a circle of radius R. Let x, y,
A
z be the angles of triangle ABC so that 0 < x < π, 0 < y < π, 0 < z < π
and x + y + z = π. x
If S denotes the area of ∆ ABC, then b
c
1
S = ab sin z
2
where a, b denote the lengths of the sides containing the angle z.
y z
a b c
Since, R = = = B a C
2 sin x 2 sin y 2 sin z
∴ a = 2R sin x, b = 2R sin y
1
and S = . 2 R sin x . 2 R sin y . sin [ π − ( x + y )]
2
= 2R2 sin x sin y sin (x + y)
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 345

S
We have to maximize S or equivalently .
2 R2
S
Let f (x, y) = = sin x sin y sin (x + y)
2R2
fx = sin y[cos x sin (x + y) + sin x cos (x + y)]
= sin y [sin (x + y + x)] = sin y sin (2x + y)
fy = sin x . [cos y sin (x + y) + sin y . cos (x + y)] = sin x . sin [x + y + y] = sin x . sin (x + 2y)
r = fxx = 2sin y cos (2x + y)
s = fxy = cos x sin (x + 2y) + sin x cos (x + 2y) = sin (x + 2y + x) = sin (2x + 2y)
t = fyy = 2sin x cos (x + 2y)
Now, fx = 0 and fy = 0 ⇒ sin(2x + y) = 0 = sin(x + 2y) because
sin x ≠ 0, sin y ≠ 0 since 0 < x < π, 0 < y < π
⇒ 2x + y = π and x + 2y = π
π  π
so that x= y=  and hence z = π − x − y = 3 
3  
π π π
At x = ,y = , r = 2 sin cos π = − 3
3 3 3
4π  π π 3
s = sin = sin  π +  = − sin = −
3  3 3 2
π 3
t = 2sin x cos (x + 2y) = 2 sin cos π = 2 . . ( − 1) = − 3
3 2
3 9
Since rt – s2 = 3 − = >0
4 4
π π
and r < 0, therefore f (x, y) has a maximum at  ,  .
3 3
π
⇒ S is maximum when x = y = z = .
3
⇒ area of inscribed triangle is maximum when the triangle is equilateral.
119. Test the function f (x, y) = x3y2 (6 – x – y) for maxima and minima for points not at the origin.
3 2 3 2 4 2 3 3
Sol. Here, f (x, y) = x y (6 – x – y) = 6x y – x y – x y
∴ fx = 18x2y2 – 4x3y2 – 3x2y3
fy = 12x3y – 2x4y – 3x3y2
r = fxx = 36xy2 – 12x2y2 – 6xy3 = 6xy2 (6 – 2x – y)
2 3 2 2 2
s = fxy = 36x y – 8x y – 9x y = x y (36 – 8x – 9y)
t = fyy = 12x 3 − 2x 4 − 6x 3 y = x 3 (12 − 2x − 6 y )
Now, fx = 0 ⇒ x2y2 (18 – 4x – 3y) = 0 ...(1)
and fy = 0 ⇒ x3y(12 – 2x – 3y) = 0 ...(2)
From (1) and (2),
4x + 3y = 18, 2x + 3y = 12 and x = y = 0
Solving, we get x = 3, y = 2 and x = 0 = y
leaving x = 0 = y, we get x = 3, y = 2.
Hence (3, 2) is the only stationary point under consideration.
346 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Now, rt – s2 = 6 x 4 y2 (6 − 2x − y ) (12 − 2x − 6 y ) − x 4 y2 (36 − 8 x − 9 y )2

At (3, 2), rt – s2 = + ve (> 0)
r = 6xy2 (6 − 2x − y ) = 6.3.4( − 2) = − 144 < 0
∴ f (x, y) has a maximum value at (3, 2).
120. Examine x2 + y2 + 6x + 12 for extreme values.
2 2
Sol. Let f(x, y) = x + y + 6x + 12
∴ fx = 2x + 6, fy = 2y
fxx = 2, fxy = 0, fyy = 2
For maxima and minima,
fx = 0 and fy = 0
2x + 6 = 0 and 2y = 0 ⇒ x = – 3 and y = 0
Hence (– 3, 0) is the stationary point.
2
At (– 3, 0), rt – s = 4 > 0 Also, r=2>0
Hence f (x, y) is minimum when x = – 3, y = 0.
2 2 2
Minimum Value = x + y + 6x + 12 = (– 3) + 0 + 6(– 3) + 12 = 3.
2
+ y2 )
121. Test the function f (x, y) = ( x 2 + y2 ) e − ( x for maxima and minima for points not on the circle
x2 + y2 = 1.
2
+ y2 )
Sol. Here, f (x, y) = ( x 2 + y2 ) e − ( x
2
+ y2 ) 2
+ y2 ) 2
+ y2 )
fx = ( x 2 + y 2 ) e − ( x . ( − 2x ) + 2x . e − ( x = 2x (1 − x 2 − y2 ) e − ( x
2 2 2
+ y2 ) 2
+ y2 )
fy = ( x 2 + y 2 ) e − ( x + y ) . ( − 2 y ) + 2 y . e − ( x = 2 y(1 − x 2 − y2 ) e − ( x
Now, fx = 0 and fy = 0
2 2 2 2
⇒ 2x (1 − x 2 − y2 ) e − ( x + y ) = 0 and 2 y(1 − x 2 − y2 ) e − ( x + y )
= 0
⇒ x = 0, y = 0 and x2 + y2 = 1
2 2
Leaving x + y = 1 as given, take x = 0, y = 0
Hence (0, 0) is the only stationary point.
2
+ y2 )
fx = (2 x − 2x 3 − 2xy2 ) e − ( x
2
+ y2 ) 2
+ y2 )
r = fxx = (2 − 6 x 2 − 2 y2 ) e − ( x + (2x − 2x 3 − 2xy2 ) e − ( x . ( − 2x )
2 2
= e− ( x +y )
. (4 x 4 − 10x 2 + 4 x 2 y2 − 2 y2 + 2)
2
+ y2 ) 2
+ y2 )
s = fxy = ( − 4xy ) e − ( x + (2x − 2x 3 − 2xy2 ) e − ( x . ( − 2 y)
2
+ y2 )
= ( − 8 xy + 4 x 3 y + 4 xy3 ) e − ( x
2
+ y2 ) 2
+ y2 )
t = fyy = e − ( x . (2 − 2x 2 − 6 y2 ) + e − ( x . (2 y − 2x 2 y − 2 y3 ) ( − 2 y)
2 2
= e − ( x + y ) . (2 − 2x 2 − 10 y2 − 4 x 2 y2 + 4 y4 )
At (0, 0), r = 2, s = 0, t = 2
rt – s2 = 4 > 0
r = 2 (> 0)
∴ f (x, y) has a minimum value at (0, 0).
2
+ y2 )
Minimum Value = ( x 2 + y2 ) e − ( x = (0 + 0) . e–0 = 0.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 347

122. Examine for extreme values f (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 – xy + x – 2z.

Sol. Working rule to find maximum or minimum of any function u = f (x, y, z) is
∂u ∂u ∂u
(i) Find , , and equate them to zero.
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
(ii) Find , , , , , . They are denoted by A, B, C, F, G, H respectively.
∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂z 2 ∂y∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
A H G
2 A H
(iii) Also find AB – H = = D1 (say) and find H B F = D2 (say).
H B
G F C
The given function will have a
(a) minimum if A > 0, D1 > 0, D2 > 0
(b) maximum if A < 0, D1 > 0, D2 < 0
(c) If above conditions are not satisfied, then we have neither maximum nor minimum.
2 2 2
Now, here u = x + y + z – xy + x – 2z
∂u ∂u ∂u
= 2x – y + 1, = 2y – x, = 2z – 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂u ∂u
For extreme values, = 0, = 0, = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∴ 2x – y + 1 = 0, 2y – x = 0, 2z – 2 = 0
Solving these equations, we get
2 1
x= − , y = − , z = 1
3 3
 2 1 
Hence  − , − , 1  is the stationary point.
 3 3 
∂2u ∂ 2u
Now, A= = 2 ( > 0) , B = = 2 ( > 0)
∂x 2 ∂y2
∂2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂2u
C= =2, F = = 0 , G = = 0 , H = = −1
∂z 2 ∂y∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
∴ D1 = AB – H2 = 4 – 1 = 3 (> 0)
A H G 2 −1 0
D2 = H B F = −1 2 0 = 6 ( > 0)
G F C 0 0 2
 2 1 
Since A > 0, D1 > 0, and D2 > 0 hence the given function u will have a minimum at  − , − , 1  .
 3 3 
Minimum Value = x2 + y2 + z2 – xy + x – 2z
2 2
 2  1 2 2 4 1 2 2 4
= −  + −  + 1 − − − 2 = + + 1 − − − 2 = − .
 3  3 9 3 9 9 9 3 3

5xyz
123. Given f(x, y, z) = . Find values of x, y, z for which f (x, y, z) is maximum, subject to the
x + 2y + 4z
condition xyz = 8.
5xyz
Sol. u = f (x, y, z) = ...(1)
x + 2 y + 4z
xyz = 8 ...(2)
348 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

40
From (1) and (2), u =
x + 2 y + 4z
40
∴ du = . (dx + 2dy + 4dz )
( x + 2 y + 4 z )2
For maximum and minimum of u, du = 0 ⇒ dx + 2dy + 4dz = 0 ...(3)
From (2), log x + log y + log z = log (8)
1 1 1
Differentiating, we get dx + dy + dz = 0 ...(4)
x y z
From (3) and (4), after introducing λ such that
 λ  λ  λ
dx 1 +  + dy  2 +  + dz  4 +  = 0
 x   y   z
λ
⇒ 1+ = 0 ⇒ x = –λ
x
λ λ
2+ = 0 ⇒ y = −
y 2
λ λ
4+ = 0 ⇒ z = −
z 4
λ3
From (2), xyz = 8 ⇒ − = 8 ⇒ λ = –4
8
Hence, x = 4, y = 2, z = 1
∴ u is stationary at the point (4, 2, 1).
40
Now, u =
x + 2 y + 4z
∂u 40  ∂z 
= − . 1 + 4
∂x ( x + 2 y + 4 z )2  ∂x 
From (2), log x + log y + log z = log (8)
Differentiation w.r.t. x partially gives us
1 1 ∂z ∂z z
+ . =0 ⇒ = −
x z ∂x ∂x x
∂u 40  4z 
∴ = − . 1 −
∂x ( x + 2 y + 4 z )2  x 

∂2u 80  ∂z   4z  40  4 z 4 ∂z 
∴ = . 1 + 4 1− − . 2 − . 
∂x 2
( x + 2 y + 4 z )3  ∂x   x  ( x + 2 y + 4 z )2 x x ∂x 
2
80  z 40  8z   ∂z z
= . 1−4  −
3  2  2 ∵ ∂x = − x 
( x + 2 y + 4z )  x  ( x + 2 y + 4z )  x   
At the stationary point,
∂ 2u 80 40 1  20
r = 2
= 3
(1 − 1)2 −  2  = − 144 < 0
∂x (12) 144  
∴ u is maximum at the point (4, 2, 1).
124. What is Lagrange’s Method of Undetermined Multipliers ?
Sol. Let f (x, y, z) be a function of x, y, z which is to be examined for maximum or minimum value.
Let the variables (x, y, z) be connected by the relation φ (x, y, z) = 0.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 349

Consider Lagrange’s function

F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z) + λ . φ(x, y, z) where λ is a parameter.
For stationary values of F(x, y, z), dF = 0
∂f ∂φ ∂f ∂φ ∂f ∂φ
This implies +λ = 0, +λ = 0 and +λ = 0
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
These equations together with φ(x, y, z) = 0, give the values of x, y, z, λ for a maximum or minimum.
This method is called Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers and used to find maximum
or minimum value. However, this method does not enable us to find whether there is a maximum
or minimum. This fact is determined from the physical considerations of the problem.
125. Find the maximum and minimum distances of the point (3, 4, 12) from the sphere
2 2 2
x + y + z = 1. (M.D.U., May 2007)
Sol. Let (x, y, z) be any point on the sphere. Distance of the point A(3, 4, 12) from (x, y, z) is given

by ( x − 3)2 + ( y − 4)2 + ( z − 12)2

If the distance is maximum or minimum, so will be the square of the distance.
Let, f (x, y, z) = (x – 3)2 + (y – 4)2 + (z – 12)2 ...(1)
Subject to the condition
2 2 2
φ (x, y, z) = x + y + z – 1 = 0 ...(2)
Consider Lagrange’s function
F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z) + λ . φ(x, y, z)
2 2 2 2 2 2
= (x – 3) + (y – 4) + (z – 12) + λ(x + y + z – 1)
For stationary values, dF = 0
⇒ 2(x – 3)dx + 2(y – 4)dy + 2(z – 12)dz + 2λxdx + 2λydy + 2λzdz = 0
⇒ 2(x – 3) + 2λx = 0 ...(3)
2(y – 4) + 2λy = 0 ...(4)
2(z – 12) + 2λz = 0 ...(5)
Multiplying (3) by x, (4) by y, (5) by z and adding, we get
2 2 2 2 2 2
2(x + y + z ) – 6x – 8y – 24z + 2λ(x + y + z ) = 0
or 2 – 6x – 8y – 24z + 2λ = 0
3x + 4y + 12z = 1 + λ ...(6)
From (3), (4) and (5),
3 4 12
x = , y = , z =
1+λ 1+λ 1+λ
Putting these values of x, y, z in (6), we have
169
= 1+λ
1+λ
2
or (1 + λ) = 169 or 1 + λ = ± 13 or λ = 12, –14
3 4 12
When λ = 12, x = , y = , z =
13 13 13
3 4 12
When λ = – 14, x = − , y = − , z = −
13 13 13

 3 4 12   3 4 12 
Thus we get two points P  , ,  and Q  − ,− ,−  on the sphere which are at a
 13 13 13   13 13 13 
maximum or minimum distance from the given point A.
350 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2 2 2
 3   4   12 
Now, AP =  3 − 13  +  4 − 13  + 12 − 13  = 12
     
2 2 2
 3   4   12 
AQ = 3 + 13  +  4 + 13  + 12 + 13  = 14
     
∴ P is at a minimum distance from A and the min. distance = 12
Q is at a maximum distance from A and the maximum distance = 14.
126. Find the minimum value of x2 + y2 + z2 given that ax + by + cz = p. [U.P.T.U. (AG) 2005]
2 2 2
Sol. Let u = x +y +z ...(1)
Where φ (x, y, z) = ax + by + cz – p = 0 ...(2)
Consider Lagrange’s function
F(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 + λ(ax + by + cz – p)
For stationary values, dF = 0
⇒ (2x + λa)dx + (2y + λb)dy + (2z + λc)dz = 0
⇒ 2x + λa = 0 ...(3)
2y + λb = 0 ...(4)
2z + λc = 0 ...(5)
Multiplying (3) by x, (4) by y, (5) by z and adding, we get
2(x2 + y2 + z2) + λ(ax + by + cz) = 0
or 2u + λp = 0
2u
∴ λ = −
p
au bu cu
From (3), (4) and (5), x = , y = , z =
p p p
( a 2 + b2 + c2 ) u2
∴ From (1), u =
p2
p2
or u =
a 2 + b2 + c2
This is the maximum or minimum value of u. Now u is the square of O(0, 0, 0)
the distance of any point P(x, y, z) on the plane (2) from the origin.
Also, the length of perpendicular from O on the plane is
p
a + b2 + c2
2
P M
Clearly, OP is least when P coincides with m, the foot of the perpen-
dicular from O on the plane.
(x, y, z)
p2
Hence the minimum value of u = .
a 2 + b2 + c2

a 2 b2 c2
127. Find the minimum value of ax + by + cz subject to the condition + + = 1.
x y z
Sol. Let f (x, y, z) = ax + by + cz ...(1)
a2 b2 c2
where φ(x, y, z) = + + −1 = 0 ...(2)
x y z
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 351

Consider Lagrange’s function

 a2 b2 c2 
F(x, y, z) = (ax + by + cz) + λ  + + − 1
 x y z 
 
For stationary values, dF = 0
 λ a2   λb2   λc 2 
⇒  a − 2  dx +  b − 2  dy +  c − 2  dz = 0
 x   y   z 
  

λ a2 λb2 λc 2
⇒ a− = 0 ...(3) b− =0 ...(4) c− =0 ...(5)
x2 y2 z2

From (3), (4) and (5), x = λa , y = λb , z = λc

Putting these values in (2), we have

a2 b2 c2
+ + = 1
λa λb λc

λ = (a3/2 + b3/2 + c3/2)

3/2
⇒ λ = (a + b3/2 + c3/2)2
1 1
3/2
∴ x = a 2 (a + b3 / 2 + c3 / 2 ) , y = b 2 ( a3 / 2 + b3 / 2 + c3 / 2 )
1
z = c 2 ( a3 / 2 + b3 / 2 + c3 / 2 )
The stationary point is
 1 1 1 
 a 2 ( a3 / 2 + b3 / 2 + c3 / 2 ), b 2 ( a3 / 2 + b3 / 2 + c3 / 2 ), c 2 ( a3 / 2 + b3 / 2 + c3 / 2 )  and the minimum value
 
 
of f is
1 1
ax + by + cz = a ( a 2 ) ( a3 / 2 + b3 / 2 + c3 / 2 ) + b (b 2 ) ( a3 / 2 + b3 / 2 + c3 / 2 )
1
+ c (c 2 ) ( a3 / 2 + b3 / 2 + c3 / 2 )
2
 3 3 3
=  a 2 + b2 + c 2  .
 
 
128. Given x + y + z = a, find the maximum value of xmynzp.
m n p
Sol. Let f (x, y, z) = x y z ...(1)
where φ(x, y, z) = x + y + z – a = 0 ...(2)
Consider Lagrange’s function
m n p
F(x, y, z) = x y z + λ(x + y + z – a)
For stationary values, dF = 0
m–1 n p
⇒ (mx y z + λ)dx + (nxmyn – 1zp + λ)dy + (pxmynzp – 1 + λ)dz = 0
m–1 n p
⇒ mx y z +λ = 0 ...(3)
nxmyn – 1zp + λ = 0 ...(4)
m n p–1
px y z +λ = 0 ...(5)
352 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Multiplying (3), (4) and (5) by x, y, z respectively and adding, we get

m n p
(m + n + p) x y z + λ(x + y + z) = 0
(m + n + p ) f
⇒ (m + n + p)f + λa = 0 ⇒ λ = −
a
From (3), multiplying by x, we have
mf
mf + λx = 0 ⇒ x = −
λ
ma
∴ x=
m+n+ p
na pa
Similarly, y= , z =
m+n+ p m+n+ p
∴ Maximum value of f = xmynzp
m n p
 ma   na   pa  mmnn p pam + n + p
=       = .
m + n + p m + n + p m + n + p (m + n + p)m + n + p
129. Find the dimensions of the rectangular box, open at the top, of maximum capacity whose surface is
432 sq. cm. (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
Sol. Let x, y, z be the edges of the box.
Capacity of the box = xyz
Surface area = xy + 2yz + 2zx = 432
Let f (x, y, z) = xyz ...(1)
where φ(x, y, z) = xy + 2yz + 2zx – 432 = 0 ...(2)
Consider Lagrange’s function
F(x, y, z) = xyz + λ(xy + 2yz + 2zx – 432)
For stationary values, dF = 0
⇒ [yz + λ(y + 2z)]dx + [xz + λ(x + 2z)]dy + [xy + λ(2y + 2x)]dz = 0
⇒ yz + λ(y + 2z) = 0 ...(3)
xz + λ(x + 2z) = 0 ...(4)
xy + λ(2y + 2x) = 0 ...(5)
Multiplying (3) by x, (4) by y and subtracting, we get
2zλ(x – y) = 0 ⇒ x = y
Multiplying (4) by y, (5) by z and subtracting, we get
xλ(y – 2z) = 0 ⇒ y = 2z
∴ x = y = 2z
∴ From (2), xy + 2yz + 2zx = 432
x x
x 2 + 2x .
+ 2x . = 432
2 2
2 2 2
x + x + x = 432
3x2 = 432
x2 = 144, x = 12
∴ y = 12, z = 6
Hence the dimensions of the box are 12 cm, 12 cm and 6 cm.

x2 y2 z2
130. Prove that the stationary values of u = + + where lx + my + nz = 0 and
a4 b4 c4

x2 y2 z2 l2 a4 m2b4 n 2 c4
+ + = 1, are the roots of the equation + + = 0.
a2 b2 c2 1 − a2u 1 − b2 u 1 − c2 u
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 353

Sol. Consider Lagrange’s function

x2 y2 z2  x 2 y2 z 2 
F(x, y, z) = + + + λ(lx + my + nz ) + µ  2 + 2 + 2 − 1 
a 4 4
b c4 a b c 
 
For stationary values, dF = 0
 2x 2µx   2y 2µy   2z 2µz 
⇒  4 + λl + 2  dx +  4 + λm + 2  dy +  4 + λ n + 2  dz = 0
a a  b b  c c 
2x 2µx 2y 2µy
⇒ + λl + =0 ...(1) 4
+ λm + =0 ...(2)
a4
a2
b b2
2z 2µz
+ λn + 2 = 0 ...(3)
c4 c
Multiplying (1), (2), (3) by x, y, z respectively and adding, we get
 x 2 y2 z 2   x 2 y2 z 2 
2  4 + 4 + 4  + λ(lx + my + nz ) + 2µ  2 + 2 + 2  = 0
a b c  a b c 
 
⇒ 2u + λ(0) + 2µ(1) = 0
⇒ µ = –u
∴ Equation (1) becomes
2x 2ux 2x λla 4
+ λl − = 0 or (1 − a2u) = – λl or x = −
a4 a2 a4 2(1 − a 2u )

λmb4 λnc4
Similarly, y = − , z = −
2(1 − b u ) 2
2(1 − c2u )
To eliminate λ between them, multiplying these values by l, m, n respectively and adding, we get
λ  l 2a 4 m2b4 n2c4 
lx + my + nz = −  + + 
2  l − a 2u 1 − b2u 1 − c2u 

l 2a 4 m2b4 n2c4
Since lx + my + nz = 0. We have 2
+ 2
+ =0
1−a u 1−b u 1 − c2u
Which is a quadratic in u and gives two stationary values of u.
131. Find the semi-vertical angle of the cone of maximum volume and of a given slant height.
Sol. Let l be the slant height and θ be the semi-vertical angle of the cone. Then
radius of the base, r = OC = l sin θ, and height of cone, h = OA = l cos θ.
Let V be the volume of the cone then
A
1 2 1 2
V = πr h = π(l sin θ) (l cos θ)
3 3
q
1 3 2
= πl sin θ cos θ
3
l
dV 1 3 2
∴ = πl [sin θ ( − sin θ ) + cos θ (2 sin θ cos θ )]
dθ 3
dV 1 B C
= πl3 sin θ (2 cos2 θ − sin2 θ) O
dθ 3
d2V 1 3
= πl [sin θ( − 4 cos θ sin θ) − 2 sin θ cos θ) + (2 cos2 θ − sin 2 θ) cos θ]
dθ2 3
354 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 3
= πl [ − 6 sin 2 θ cos θ + 2 cos3 θ − sin 2 θ cos θ]
3
dV
For maxima and minima, = 0
dθ
2 –1
⇒ Either sin θ = 0 or tan θ = 2 ⇒ θ = 0 or θ = ± tan 2.
When θ = 0, volume of cone becomes zero and the cone becomes a straight line which is not the
case.

−1 d2V 1 3 2 1 
When θ = tan 2 , we have
2
= πl  − 6 . . + 0  = (–)ve
dθ 3  3 3 

Hence the volume of cone is maximum when θ = tan −1 2 . When θ = – tan −1 2 , volume of cone
becomes negative which is meaningless hence is not the case.
132. The sum of 3 positive numbers is constant. Prove that their product is maximum when they are
equal.
Sol. Let x, y, z be the three positive numbers.
x + y + z = k (say) ...(1)
Let u = xyz ...(2)
Consider Lagrange’s function
F(x, y, z) = xyz + λ(x + y + z – k)
For stationary values, dF = 0
⇒ (yz + λ)dx + (zx + λ)dy + (xy + λ)dz = 0
⇒ yz + λ = 0 ...(3) zx + λ = 0 ...(4) xy + λ = 0 ...(5)
Multiplying (3), (4) and (5) by x, y and z respectively and adding, we get
3xyz + λ(x + y + z) = 0
3u + λk = 0
3u
λ= −
k
3u 3u
From (3), (4) and (5), yz − =0 zx − =0
k k
3u 3ux
xy − =0 ⇒ xyz − =0
k k
3ux k
u− =0 ⇒ x =
k 3
k k
Similarly, y= , z=
3 3
k k k
Hence  , ,  is the stationary point. Now to find whether u is maximum or minimum
3 3 3
Let z be a function of x and y
∂z ∂z
Then, from x + y + z = k, we have = – 1, = –1
∂x ∂y
Now, u = xyz
∂u  ∂z 
∴ = y z + x = y( z − x )
∂x  ∂x 

∂2u  ∂z 
r = = y  − 1 = y (–1 – 1) = – 2y
∂x 2  ∂x 
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 355

∂2u
s = = (z – x) . 1 + y(–1) = z – x – y
∂x ∂y

∂u  ∂z 
Also, = x z + y  = x ( z − y)
∂y  ∂y 

∂ 2u  ∂z 
t = =x
2
− 1  = x ( − 2) = − 2x
∂y  ∂y 
rt – s2 = (– 2y) (–2x) – (z – x – y)2 = 4xy – (z – x – y)2
2
k k  k  k
= 4. . − −
3 3  3  ∵ x = y = z = 3 
 

4k2 k2 k2
= − = ( > 0)
9 9 3
k
Also, r = − 2y = − 2 ( − ve) < 0
3
k
∴ u is maximum at x = y = z =
3
k k k k3
Maximum value = . . = .
3 3 3 27
2 2
133. Find the maximum and minimum distances from the origin to the curve x + 4xy + 6y = 140.
Sol. Let (x, y) be any point on the curve.

Distance of the point A(0, 0) from (x, y) is given by x 2 + y2 .

If the distance is maximum or minimum, so will the square of the distance.
2 2
Let f (x, y) = x + y ...(1)
2 2
subject to the condition φ(x, y) = x + 4xy + 6y – 140 = 0 ...(2)
Consider Lagrange’s function
F(x, y) = f (x, y) + λφ(x, y) = x2 + y2 + λ(x2 + 4xy + 6y2 – 140)
For stationary values, dF = 0
⇒ [2x + λ(2x + 4y)]dx + [2y + λ(4x + 12y)]dy = 0
⇒ 2x + λ(2x + 4y) = 0 ...(3) 2y + λ(4x + 12y) = 0 ...(4)
Multiplying (3) by x and (4) by y and adding, we get
2 2 2 2
2x + λ(2x + 4xy) + 2y + λ(4xy + 12y ) = 0
2 2 2 2
or 2(x + y ) + λ(2x + 8xy + 12y ) = 0
(x2 + y2) + λ(x2 + 4xy + 6y2) = 0
2 2
x + y + 140 λ = 0
x 2 + y2 f
∴ λ = − =−
140 140
f f
From (3) and (4) 2x − (2x + 4 y ) = 0 or 2x − ( x + 2 y) = 0
140 70
f
and 2y − ( x + 3 y ) = 0 ⇒ (140 – f )x – 2fy = 0 ...(5)
35
– fx + (70 – 3f )y = 0 ...(6)
356 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Solving (5) and (6), we get

2
(140 – f ) (70 – 3f ) = 2f ⇒ f 2 – 490f + 9800 = 0

490 ± (490)2 − 4(9800) 490 ± 70 41

∴ f = =
2 2
= 245 ± 35 41 = 469.1093, 20.8906
Hence, Maximum distance = 469.1093 = 21.65
Minimum distance = 20.8906 = 4.57.
2 2
134. Find the maximum and minimum distances from the origin to the curve 5x + 6xy + 5y – 8 = 0.
[M.D.U., May 2009]
Sol. Consider Lagrange’s Function
F(x, y) = (x – 0)2 + (y – 0)2 + λ(5x2 + 6xy + 5y2 – 8) = 0
∂F
For stationary values, = 2x + 10λx + 6λy = 0 or x + λ(5x + 3y) = 0 ...(1)
∂x
∂F
= 2y + 6λx + 10λy = 0 or y + λ(3x + 5y) = 0 ...(2)
∂y
Equations (1) and (2) can be rewritten as
(1 + 5λ)x + 3λy = 0 ...(3) (3λ)x + (5λ + 1)y = 0 ...(4)
Multiplying (3) by 3λ and (4) by 1 + 5λ and on subtracting, we obtain
9λ2 – (5λ + 1)2 = 0 or 9λ2 – 25λ2 – 10λ – 1 = 0
2
–16λ – 10λ – 1 = 0 or 16λ2 + 10λ + 1 = 0
2
16λ + 8λ + 2λ + 1 = 0 or 8λ(2λ + 1) + 1(2λ + 1) = 0
⇒ 8λ + 1 = 0 and 2λ + 1 = 0
1 1
⇒ λ = − ,−
2 8
1
Putting λ = − in (1) and (2), we get
2
2x – (5x + 3y) = 0 ⇒ x = – y
2y – (3x + 5y) = 0 ⇒ x = – y
Putting x = – y in 5x2 + 6xy + 5y2 – 8 = 0, we have
2 2 2
5x – 6x + 5x – 8 = 0 or 4x2 = 8
2
or x =2 or x= ± 2
∴ Points be ( 2, − 2) and ( − 2, 2)
1
Putting λ = − in (1) and (2), we have
8
8x – 5x – 3y = 0 ⇒ x = y
8y – 3x – 5y = 0 ⇒ x = y
Putting x = y in 5x2 + 6xy + 5y2 – 8 = 0 or 5x2 + 6x2 + 5x2 – 8 = 0
1 1 −1
or 16x2 = 8 or x2 = or x = ,
2 2 2

 1 −1 
Extreme points are ( 2, − 2) , ( − 2, 2) ,  ,  value of F at these points are
 2 2

2 2
 1   −1  1 1
x 2 + y2 = 2 + 2 = 2 (Maximum) and   +  = + = 1 (Minimum)
 2  2 2 2
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 357

135. A tent of given volume has a square base of side 2a and has its four sides of height b vertical and
is surrounded by a pyramid of height h. Find the values of a and b in terms of h so that the canvas
required for its construction be minimum. (M.D.U., Dec. 2007)
Sol. Let V be the volume and S be the surface of the tent.
1
V = 4a 2b + (4a 2 )h , S = 8ab + 4 a a 2 + h2
3
∂S ∂V
+λ = 0
∂a ∂a

4a 2  8ah 
⇒ 8b + 4 a 2 + h2 + + λ  8ab + = 0 ...(1)
a +h 2  2 3 

∂S ∂V
+λ = 0 ⇒ 8a + 4λa2 = 0 ...(2)
∂b ∂b
∂S ∂V 4ah 4
+λ = 0 ⇒ + λa 2 = 0 ...(3)
∂h ∂h 2
a +h 2 3

From (2), λa + 2 = 0 ...(4)

From (3), 12ah + 4 λa 2 a 2 + h2 = 0 or 3h + λa a 2 + h2 = 0 ...(5)

Using (4), (5),

⇒ 3h − 2 a 2 + h2 = 0 or 9h2 = 4(a2 + h2)

2 5h
5h = 4a2 or a = ...(6)
2
From (1), using (4) and (6), we get
3h 2.5h2  8h 
8b + 4 . + + ( − 2)  8b + = 0
2 3h  3 
10 h 10 h
or 8b + 6h + h − 16b − 16 = 0 or − 8b + 6h + h − 16 = 0
3 3 3 3
h 10h h
– 8b = 16 − − 6h = − 12 = − 4h
3 3 3
h
∴ b = ...(7)
2
h h
Thus, when a = 5 and b = , we get the minimum value of S (Canvas required for tent
2 2
construction).
2
136. The temperature T at any point (x, y, z) in space is T = 400 xyz . Find the highest temperature a
canvas required for text construction the surface of a unit sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
Sol. Consider Lagrange’s function
F(x, y, z) = 400xyz2 + λ(x2 + y2 + z2 – 1) ...(1)
For stationary values, dF = 0

⇒ [400 yz 2 + λ(2x )] dx + [400 xz 2 + λ(2 y )] dy + [800 xyz + λ(2z )] dz = 0

2
⇒ 400yz + 2λx = 0 ...(2)
2
400xz + 2λy = 0 ...(3)
800xyz + 2λz = 0 ...(4)
358 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Multiplying (2) by x, (3) by y and (4) by z and adding, we get

1600xyz2 + 2λ(x2 + y2 + z2) = 0 or 1600xyz2 + 2λ = 0 or λ = – 800xyz2
1 1
From (2), 400yz2 – 1600x2yz2 = 0 or 400 – 1600x2 = 0 or x2 = or x = ±
4 2
1
Similarly, y = ±
2
1
From (4), 800xyz – 1600xyz3 = 0 ⇒ 1 – 2z2 = 0 ⇒ z= ±
2
Putting values of x, y, z in T, we get
2 1  1  1 
T = 400xyz = 400       = 50.
2 2 2
137. Use Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers to find the minimum value of x2 + y2 + z2
subject to the conditions x + y + z = 1, xyz + 1 = 0.
Sol. Here, u = x2 + y2 + z2
subject to x + y + z = 1 and xyz + 1 = 0
For a minimum u, du = 2xdx + 2ydy + 2zdz = 0
⇒ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0 ...(1)
Also dx + dy + dz = 0 ...(2) and yzdx + zxdy + xydz = 0 ...(3)
Multiplying (1) by 1, (2) by λ and (3) by µ and adding, we get
x + λ + µyz = 0 ...(4) y + λ + µzx = 0 ...(5)
z + λ + µxy = 0 ...(6)
Subtracting (5) from (4), we get
x – y + µz (y – x) = 0 ⇒ (x – y) (1 – µz) = 0
⇒ x = y or µz = 1
Similarly, y = z or µx = 1 [From (5) and (6)]
From these, we choose the solution,
1
x = y and µ = ...(7)
x
Multiplying (4) and (5) by x and y respectively and subtracting (5) from (4), we get
2 2
x – y + λ(x – y) = 0 ⇒ (x – y) + (x + y + λ) = 0
⇒ x = y or x+y+λ=0
Similarly, y = z or y+z+λ = 0 ...(8)
1
From (4), (7) and (8), x + λ + µyz = 0 or x – (y + z) + (yz) = 0
x
1  1 1
or x − (1 − x ) + − = 0 or x −1 + x − 2 = 0
x  x  x
1
2x – 1 – x2 = 0
3
2x − 2 − 1 = 0 or
x
2
(1 – x) (2x + x + 1) = 0
Real solution is x = 1, y = x = 1,
xyz − 1
z = = = −1
xy 1.1
Hence the minimum u = x2 + y2 + z2 = (1)2 + (1)2 + (–1)2 = 3
Since u can increase indefinitely for numerically large x, y, z therefore the above value is
minimum.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 359

138. If x and y satisfy the relation ax2 + by2 = ab, prove that the extreme values of the function
u = x2 + xy + y2 are given by the roots of the equation 4(u – a) (u – b) = ab.
Sol. Here, u = x2 + xy + y2
Consider Lagrange’s function
 x 2 y2 
F(x, y) = x 2 + xy + y2 + λ  + − 1 ...(1)
 b a 
 
For stationary values, dF = 0

  2x     2 y 
⇒ (2x + y) + λ    dx + ( x + 2 y) + λ    dy = 0
  b     a 
2λ x 2λy
⇒ 2x + y + = 0 ...(2) x + 2y + =0 ...(3)
b a
Multiplying (2) by x and (3) by y and adding, we get
 x 2 y2 
2( x 2 + xy + y2 ) + 2λ  +  = 0 ⇒ 2u + 2λ = 0 or λ = –u ...(4)
 b a 

2ux  u
From (2), 2x + y − = 0 ⇒ 2 1 −  x + y = 0 ...(5)
b  b

2uy  u
From (3), x + 2y − = 0 ⇒ 2 1 −  y + x = 0 ...(6)
a  a
x −1 x  u
From (5), = From (6), = − 2 1 − 
y  u y  a
2 1 − 
 b
x
Equating the values of y , we get

1  u  u u
− = − 2 1 −  or 4 1 −  1 −  = 1
 u  a  a b
2 1 − 
 b
⇒ 4(u – a) (u – b) = ab, which is the required equation.
139. A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a volume of 32 c.c. Find the dimensions of the box
requiring least material for its construction.
Sol. Let x, y, z cm. be the edges of box and S be its surface.
S = xy + 2yz + 2zx ...(1) xyz = 32 ...(2)
32 64 64 ∂S 64 ∂S 64
∴ z = , S = xy + + , = y − 2 = 0, = x− 2 =0
xy x y ∂x x ∂y y

64 64 64 . x 4 x4
⇒ y = 2
, x = 2
= 2
= or x3 = 64 ⇒ x = 4, ∴ y = 4
x y (64) 64

∂2S 128 ∂2S ∂ 2S 128

r = 2
= 3 , ‘s’ = =1, t = = 3
∂x x ∂x ∂y ∂y2 y
128 128
∴ rt – s2 = × − 1 = 3 (+ve) > 0.
64 64
128
r = = 2 (> 0)
64
360 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

r is also positive when rt – s2 is positive.

Hence S is minimum for x = y = 4.
From equation (2), i.e., xyz = 32
16z = 32 or z = 2.
Hence x = 4 cm, y = 4 cm, z = 2 cm.
Volume is 32 c.c. and surface S is minimum.
140. Divide 2u into three parts such that the continued product of the first, square of the second and
cube of the third, may be maximum.
Sol. Let x, y, z be the three parts
2 3
x + y + z = 2u ...(1) P = xy z ...(2)
To maximise P subject to condition (1), consider Lagrange’s function
F(x, y, z) = P + λ(x + y + z – 2u) = xy2z3 + λ(x + y + z – 2u)
∂F ∂F
= y2z3 + λ = 0 ...(3) = 2xyz3 + λ = 0 ...(4)
∂x ∂y
∂F
= 3xy2z2 + λ = 0 ...(5)
∂z
Subtracting (4) from (3), we get
2 3 3
y z – 2xyz = 0 or yz3(y – 2x) = 0 ⇒ y = 2x
Subtracting (5) from (4), we get
3 2 2
2xyz – 3xy z = 0 or xyz2(2z – 3y) = 0
3
⇒ 2z – 3y = 0 or z= y
2
∴ From (1), x + y + z = 2u or x + 2x + 3x = 2u or 6x = 2u
u 2u
x = ...(6) ∴ y= , z = u ...(7)
3 3
u 2u
Hence, x = ,y= , z = u are the three parts.
3 3
141. Find points on the surface z2 = xy + 1 nearest to the origin. (M.D.U., 2005, May 2007)
Sol. Let (x, y, z) be any point which is at a least distance from the origin.
2 2 2 2 2 2
So d = x + y +z or d2 = x + y + z
Given z2 – xy – 1 = 0
∴ F = d2 + λ(z2 – xy – 1)
F = x 2 + y2 + z 2 + λ ( z 2 − xy − 1) ...(1)
∂F ∂F
= 2x – λy = 0 ...(2) = 2y – λx = 0 ...(3)
∂x ∂y
∂F
= 2z + 2zλ = 0 ...(4)
∂z
Multiplying (2) by y and (3) by x and subtracting (3) from (2), we get
2xy − λy2 − 2xy + λx 2 = 0
λ(x2 – y2) = 0 or x2 = y2 i.e., x = y
From (4), 2z = – 2zλ ⇒ λ = – 1
Using (2), 2x + y = 0 or 2x + x = 0 or 3x = 0
x = 0, y = 0
Now, z2 = xy + 1 or z2 = 1 or z = ± 1
Thus the required point is (0, 0, ± 1).
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 361

142. Divide 24 into 3 parts such that the continued product of the first, square of the second and the
cube of the third may be maximum. (M.D.U., 2008, 2009, U.P.T.U., 2009)
Sol. Let x, y, z be 3 parts.
2 3
x + y + z = 24 ...(1) P = xy z ...(2)
2 3
∴ F = P + λ(x + y + z – 24) or F = xy z + λ(x + y + z – 24)
∂F ∂F
= y2z3 + λ = 0 ...(3) = 2xyz3 + λ = 0 ...(4)
∂x ∂y
∂F
= 3xy2z2 + λ = 0 ...(5)
∂z
Subtracting (4) from (3), we get
2 3 3 3
y z − 2xyz = 0 or yz ( y − 2x ) = 0 or y – 2x = 0 or y = 2x
Subtracting (5) from (4), we get

3 2 2 2 3
2xyz – 3xy z = 0 or xyz (2z – 3y) = 0 or 2z – 3y = 0 or 2z = 3y or z = y
2
As x + y + z = 24 or x + 2x + 3x = 24 or x = 4
∴ y = 8, z = 12.
Hence the three parts are 4, 8, 12.
2 2 2 3
143. Find the minimum value of x + y + z when xyz = a .
Sol. Let u = x2 + y2 + z2 ...(1) where φ(x, y, z) = xyz – a3 = 0 ...(2)
Consider Lagrange’s function
F(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 + λ(xyz – a3)
For stationary values, dF = 0
⇒ (2x + yzλ)dx + (2y + λxz)dy + (2z + λxy)dz = 0
⇒ 2x + λyz = 0 ...(3) 2y + λxz = 0 ...(4) 2z + λxy = 0 ...(5)
Multiplying (3) by x, (4) by y, (5) by z and adding, we get
2u
2(x2 + y2 + z2) + 3λxyz= 0 or 2u + 3λa3 = 0 or λ = − 3
3a
From (3), (4) and (5),

a3  2u 
2x + . −  =0 [Using (2)]
x  3a3 
2u 2 u
or 2x − =0 or x =
3x 3
2u u
2y − =0 or y2 =
3y 3
⇒ x2 = y2 or x=y
2u u
Similarly, 2z − =0 or z2 =
3z 3
∴ z = x=y
Since xyz = a3 or x3 = a3 or x=a
2 2 2 2
∴ u = x + y + z = 3x or u = 3a2
∴ Minimum value of u = 3a2.
362 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1
xα − 1
144. Evaluate the integral
∫
0
log x
. dx by applying differentiation under the integral sign (α ≥ 0).
(M.D.U., 2005; U.P.T.U., 2009; A.U.U.P., 2007)
1
xα − 1
Sol. Let F(α) =
∫
0
log x
. dx ...(1)

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. α,

1 1
∂  xα − 1 1  d x x 
F (α) =
∫
0
  dx =
∂α  log x  ∫
0
log x
. x α log x dx ∵ dx (a ) = a log a 

1 1
 xα + 1  1
∫x
= α
. dx =   =
 α + 1  0 1 + α
0
Integrating both sides w.r.t. α,
F(α) = log(1 + α) + c ...(2)
From (1), when α = 0, F(0) = 0.
∴ From (2), 0 = log 1 + c = c ⇒ c = 0
F(α) = log(1 + α) where α > –1
1
xα − 1
Hence, ∫ log x
. dx = log(1 + α).
0

a 1
log (1 + ax ) log (1 + x ) π
145. Evaluate ∫ 1 + x2
. dx and hence show that
∫ 1 + x2
. dx =
8
log 2 .
0 0
(M.D.U., 2006, May 2009)
a
log(1 + ax )
Sol. Let F(a) =
∫
0
1 + x2
. dx ...(1)

Here the upper limit involves the parameter a. Differentiating w.r.t. a

a
F ′( a ) = ∂  log(1 + ax )  log(1 + a 2 ) d log(1 + a . 0) d
∫
0

∂a  1 + x 2 

dx +
1+a 2
.
da
(a ) −
1+0
.
da
(0)

a
1 1 log (1 + a 2 )
=
∫
0
1+x 2
.
1 + ax
. xdx +
1 + a2
a
x log (1 + a 2 )
=
∫
0
(1 + ax ) (1 + x 2 )
dx +
1 + a2
...(2)

x A Bx + C
Let = + ⇒ x = A(1 + x2) + (Bx + C) (1 + ax)
(1 + ax ) (1 + x 2 ) 1 + ax 1 + x2
1
Putting 1 + ax = 0 i.e., x = − ,
a
1  1  a
− = A 1 + 2  or A = −
a  a  1 + a2
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 363

Comparing co-efficients of x2, we get

A 1
0 = A+B.a ⇒ B = − =
a 1 + a2
Comparing constant terms, we get
a
0 = A+C ⇒ C = −A=
1 + a2

x a x+a 1  −a x+a
∴ 2
= − 2
+ 2 2
= 2
 + 
(1 + ax ) (1 + x ) (1 + a ) (1 + ax ) (1 + a ) (1 + x ) 1 + a 1 + ax 1 + x 2 
a a
x 1  1 −1 
∫ (1 + ax ) (1 + x )
2
⇒ 2
. dx =  − log (1 + ax ) + 2 log (1 + x ) + a tan
2
x
0
1+a
0

1  2 1 2 −1 
=  − log (1 + a ) + 2 log (1 + a ) + a tan a 
2
1+a

1  1 2 −1 
=  − log (1 + a ) + a tan a 
1 + a2  2

1  1 2 −1  log (1 + a 2 )
∴ From (2), we get F ′( a ) =  − log (1 + a ) + a tan a  +
1 + a2  2 1 + a2

1 1 2 −1 
=  2 log (1 + a ) + a tan a 
2
1+a

1 1 a tan −1 a
Integrating w.r.t. a, F(a) = log (1 + a 2 ) .
∫ . da + ∫ da + c
2 1 + a2 1 + a2

1 −1 2a  a tan −1 a
2
tan −1 a . da  +
∫
= log (1 + a ) tan a −
2  1+a 2
 ∫ 1 + a2
da + c

1
F(a) = log (1 + a 2 ) tan −1 a + c ...(3)
2
Putting a = 0 in (1), F(0) = 0
Putting a = 0 in (3), F(0) = c or c = 0
1
∴ From (3), we have F(a) = log (1 + a 2 ) tan −1 a .
2
a
log (1 + ax ) 1
log (1 + a 2 ) tan −1 a
Hence
∫ 1 + x2
dx =
2
0
Putting a = 1, we get
1
log (1 + x ) 1 π
log 2 . tan −1(1) = log 2 .
∫ 0
1 + x2
dx =
2 8
364 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∞
tan −1ax
146. Evaluate ∫ x(1 + x 2 ) dx by applying differentiation under the integral sign.
0 (M.D.U., Dec., 2006, May 2008)
∞
tan −1ax
Sol. Let F(a) =
∫ x(1 + x 2
)
dx ...(1)
0

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. a,

∞ ∞
∂  tan −1 ax  1 1
F′ (a) = ∫
0
∂a
 2
 dx =
 x (1 + x ) 
∫ x(1 + x
0
2
.
) 1 + a 2x 2
. xdx

∞ ∞
1 1  1 a2 
= ∫ (1 + x
0
2
) (1 + a x ) 2 2
. dx =
∫ (1 − a ) . 1 + x
2 2
− 2 2
 dx
1 + a x 
0
2 ∞
1 ∞
tan −1 x  − a dx
=
1−a 
2 0 1 − a2 ∫ 1 + a2x 2
0

2 ∞
1
 tan −1 ∞ − tan −1 0  − a 1 dx
=
1−a 2   1−a a2
. 2
∫x
0
2
+
1
a2
 1  ∞
π 1  −1  x  
=  − .a tan  1 / a  
2  1 − a2  1 − a2   0
 
π a −1 −1
= 2
− 2
[tan ∞ − tan 0]
2(1 − a ) 1−a
π a π π π
= 2
− 2
. = {1 − a } =
2(1 − a ) 1−a 2 2(1 − a 2 ) 2(1 + a)
π 1
.
F ′( a ) =
2 1+a
Integrating both sides w.r.t. a,
π
log (1 + a) + c
F(a) = ...(2)
2
From (1), when a = 0, F(0) = 0
π π
∴ From (2), 0 = log 1 + c = 0 + c ⇒ c = 0 ∴ F(a) = log(1 + a)
2 2
∞
tan −1 ax π
Hence,
∫ x(1 + x
0
2
)
. dx =
2
log(1 + a) .

π/2
dx
147. Evaluate
∫
0
( a cos x + b2 sin 2 x )2
2 2
.

π/2
dx
Sol. Let I = ∫ (a
0
2
cos x + b2 sin 2 x )2
2 ...(1)

π/2
dx
Let us first evaluate
∫
0
a 2 cos2 x + b2 sin 2 x
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 365

Dividing the numerator, denominator by cos2x

π/2 π/2
dx sec2 xdx
∫
0
2 2
a cos x + b sin x 2 2
=
∫
0
a + b2 tan 2 x
2

π
Put tan x = t, sec2xdx = dt, when x = 0, t = 0; when x = , t = ∞.
2
π/2 ∞ ∞
sec2 xdx dt 1 dt
∴ ∫ 2
a + b tan x 2 2
= ∫a
0
2
+ b2t 2
=
b2 ∫t
0
2
+
a2
0
b2
∞
 
1 1  −1 t  1 −1 −1 π
= .  tan = (tan ∞ − tan 0) =
b
2 a a ab 2ab
 
b  b 0
π/2
dx π
∴
∫
0
a 2 cos2 x + b2 sin 2 x
=
2ab
...(2)

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. a

π/2
∂ ∂  π 
∫
0
∂a
[( a 2 cos2 x + b2 sin 2 x )−1 ]dx =
∂a  2ab 

π/2
π
∫ − (a cos2 x + b2 sin 2 x )−2 . 2a cos2 xdx =
2
or 2
2a b
0
π/2
π
∫ − (a cos2 x + b2 sin 2 x )−2 . 2a cos2 xdx =
2
or ...(3)
4a3b
0
Similarly, differentiating (2) partially w.r.t. b, we get
π/2
sin 2 x . dx π
∫ (a
0
2 2
cos x + b sin x ) 2 2 2 =
4ab
3
...(4)

Adding (3) and (4), we get

π/2
dx π π
∫ (a
0
2
cos2 x + b2 sin 2 x )2
=
4a b
3
+
4ab
3

π/2
dx π
⇒
∫ (a
0
2
cos2 x + b2 sin 2 x )2
=
4a b
3 3
(a2 + b2 )

2 2
π (a + b )
Hence I = 3 3 .
4a b
π
1 1 
148. If |a| < 1, prove that ∫ log (1 + a cos x ) dx
0
= π log  +
2 2
1 − a2  .


Sol. Let F(a) = ∫ log (1 + a cos x ) dx

0
...(1)
366 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Differentiating w.r.t. a,
π
∂
F ′( a ) = ∫ ∂a [log(1 + a cos x )]dx
0
π π
1 1  1 
F ′( a ) =
∫
0
1 + a cos x
. cos x dx =
a ∫ 1 − 1 + a cos x  dx
0
π π
1 1 dx π 1 1  −1 a + 1 . cos x 
=
a
[ x ]0π −
a ∫0
1 + a cos x
= − .
a a 1 − a2 cos 1 + a cos x 
 0
[∵ |a| < 1]

π 1  −1 a − 1 −1 a + 1  π 1 −1 −1
= −
a a 1 − a2 cos 1 − a − cos 1 + a  = a − 2
[cos ( − 1) − cos (1)]
  a 1−a

 
π 1 π 1
=− [ π − 0] = 1 − 
a a 1 − a2 a 2
1−a 

Integrating w.r.t. a,
da
F(a) = π log a − π
a 1−a
2
+c ∫
1 1
Put a = , da = − 2 dt
t t
da dt
∫a = − log  t + t − 1 
2
∴
1−a
2
= − ∫ 2
t −1  

1 1   1 1 
∴ F(a) = π log a + π log  + 2
− 1  + c = π log a  +
 − 1   + c
a
2
a    a a  

= π log (1 + 1 − a 2 ) + c ...(2)
From (1), when a = 0, F(0) = 0
∴ From (2), F(0) = π log 2 + c ⇒ c = –π log 2
1 + 1 − a2 
2  
∴ F(a) = π log (1 + 1 − a ) − π log 2 = π log  
2
 
π
1 1 
Hence ∫ log(1 + a cos x ) dx
0
= π log  +
2 2
1 − a2  .


1 1
1
149. By successive differentiation of
∫
0
x mdx =
m+1
w.r.t. m, evaluate
∫x
m
(log x )ndx .
0
1
1
∫x
m
Sol. Given . dx =
m +1
0
Differentiating w.r.t. m, we have
1 1
∂ d  1  1
∫ ( x m ) dx =
∫x
m
⇒ log x dx = −
∂m dm  m + 1  (m + 1)2
0 0
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 367

Differentiating again w.r.t. m, we have

1 1
∂ d  1  (− 1) (− 2)
∫0
∂m
( x m log x ) dx = − 2

dm  (m + 1) 
⇒ ∫x
m
(log x )2 dx =
(m + 1)3
0
1
(log x )3 dx = ( − 1) (− 2) (− 3)
∫x
m
Similarly,
0
(m + 1)4
1
( − 1) (− 2) (− 3) (− 4)
∫x
m
(log x )4 dx =
(m + 1)5
0
..............................................................................................................
1
(− 1) ( − 2) (− 3) (− 4) .... (− n) ( − 1)n . n !
∫
0
x m (log x )n dx =
(m + 1)n + 1
=
(m + 1)n + 1
.

x 2
d y
∫
2
150. If y = f (t ) sin [ k( x − t )]dt , prove that y satisfies the differential equation + k y = kf (x).
2
dx
0
x
Sol. Given y =
∫ f (t) sin [k( x − t )]dt
0
...(1)

Here the upper limit involves the parameter x. Differentiating w.r.t. x, we have
x
dy ∂ d d
dx
=
∫ ∂x [ f (t ) sin [k(x − t)]dt + f ( x ) sin[k( x − x )] dx ( x ) − f (0) sin[k(x − 0)] . dx (0)
0
x

∫
= kf (t ) cos [ k( x − t )]dt
0
Differentiating again w.r.t. x, we have
2 x
d y ∂ d d
dx
2
= ∫ ∂x [kf (t) cos[k( x − t)]dt] + kf ( x ) cos[k(x − x )] . dx (x ) − kf (0) cos [k(x − 0)] . dx (0)
0
x x

∫ − k f (t) sin [k(x − t)] dt + kf (x ) = − k ∫ f (t) sin [k(x − t)] dt + kf (x )

2 2
=
0 0
= – k2 . y + k . f (x) [Using (1)]
2
d y
⇒
2
+ k2 y = kf (x). Hence proved.
dx
∞
sin ax
∫e
x
151. Evaluate . dx , by the method of differentiation under the integral sign.
x
0
(M.D.U., Dec, 2006; U.P.T.U., 2007; A.U.U.P., 2009)
∞
sin ax
∫e
x
Sol. Let I(a) = . dx
x
0
By Leibnitz’s Rule of differentiation under the integral sign
∞ ∞ x ∞
∂  x sin ax  e
∫ ∫ ∫e
x
I ′( a ) = e dx = . cos ax . x .dx = cos ax dx
∂a  x  x
0 0 0
368 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∞ ax
e
∫
ax
∵ e cos bx dx = [a cos bx + b sin bx ]
a 2 + b2
0
∞ ∞
1
e x [cos ax + a sin ax ]
∫e
I ′( a ) = x
∴ cos ax dx =
1+a  2 0
0
1 1
= . ( − 1) = −
1 + a2 1 + a2
Integrating both sides w.r.t. a,

π
I(a) = – tan–1a + c as a → ∞, I(∞) = – tan–1∞ + c = 0 ⇒ c =
2
x
sin ax π
∫e dx = − tan −1 a .
x
∴ I(a) =
x 2
0
∞
sin x
∫e
−xy −1
152. Prove that for y > 0, dx = cot y .
x
0
∞
sin x
∫e
−xy
Sol. Let I(y) = dx
x
0
Differentiating under the integral sign, we have
∞ ∞ ∞
∂  −xy sin x  sin x
∫ ∫ (− x ) e −xy
∫e
−xy
I ′( y ) = e . dx = dx = − sin x dx
∂y  x  x
0 0 0

e ax
∫
ax (a sin bx − b cos bx )
∵ e sin bx dx =
a + b2
2

Here, a = – y, b = 1
∞ ∞
 e −xy 
∫
−xy
∴ I ′( y ) = − e sin xdx = −  2
(− y sin x − cos x ) 
1 + y  0
0
1 1
= −
. [(− 1) (− 1)] = −
1 + y2 1 + y2
Integrating both sides w.r.t. y,
–1
I(y) = – tan y + c
As y → ∞, I(∞) = 0
π π
I(∞) = − tan −1 ∞ + c = − +c=0 ⇒ c=
2 2
π
∴ I(y) = − tan −1 y = cot −1 y .
2
π
log (1 + sin α cos x )
153. Prove that
∫
0
cos x
dx = πα . (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)

π
log (1 + sin α cos x )
Sol. Let F(α) =
∫
0
cos x
. dx
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 369

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. α, we get

π π
cos α . cos x 1 cos α
F ′ (α) =
∫
0
.
(1 + sin α cos x ) cos x
. dx =
∫ 1 + sin α cos x
0
. dx

π  π
dx  1  −1 sin α + cos x  
= cos α
∫
0
1 + sin α cos x
= cos α . 
2
 1 − sin α


cos 
1 + sin α cos x  0 

−1 sin α + cos π −1 sin α + cos 0
= cos − cos = cos–1 (–1) – cos–1 (1) = π
1 + sin α cos π 1 + sin α cos 0
Integrating w.r.t. α, F(α) = πα + C
Now, at α = 0, F(α) = 0 ⇒ C = 0
π
log (1 + sin α . cos x )
∴
∫
0
cos x
. dx = πα. Hence proved.

154. Comment on Approximation of errors.

Sol. Let z = f (x, y)
Let δx, δy, δz be small changes or errors in x, y and z, then
∂f ∂f
. δx +
δz = . δy
∂x ∂y
Replacing δx, δy and δz by dx, dy, dz respectively then, we have
∂f ∂f
dz = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
Note : If δx is the error in x, then
δx δx
relative error = ; percentage error = × 100 .
x x
155. Find the percentage error in the area of an ellipse when an error of +1 percent is made in measuring
the major and minor axes.
Sol. If x and y are semi-major and semi-minor axes of the ellipse, then its area A is given by
A = πxy
Taking logs, log A = log π + log x + log y
dA dx dy
Taking differentials = 0+ +
A x y
dA dx dy
or × 100 = × 100 + × 100 = 1 + 1 = 2
A x y
∴ Error in the area = 2%.

l
156. The period of a simple pendulum is T = 2π . Find the maximum error in T due to the possible
g
errors upto 1% in l and 2.5% in g. (U.P.T.U., 2009)
l 1 1
Sol. bT = 2π Taking log, log T = log 2π + log l − log g
g 2 2
On differentiating, we get
dT 1 dl 1 dg
= −
T 2 l 2 g
370 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dT 1  dl dg  1
× 100 = × 100 − × 100  = [1 ± 2.5]
T 2  l g  2

1
Maximum error in T = [3.5] = 1.75% .
2
157. The work that must be done to propel a ship of displacement D for a distance ‘s’ in time ‘t’ is
2 2 /3
S D
proportional to 2
. Find approximately the increase of work necessary when the displace-
t
ment is increased by 1%, the time diminished by 1% and the distance decreased by 2%.
Sol. Let the work done be W, then
2 2/3
S 2D2 / 3 k.S D
W ∝ 2
⇒ W= 2
, where k is a constant.
t t
2
Taking logs, log W = log k + 2 log S + log D − 2 log t
3
Differentiating, we get
dW 2dS 2 dD 2dt
= + −
W S 3 D t
dW 2dS 2 dD 2dt 2 4
or × 100 = × 100 + × 100 − × 100 = 2(− 2) + (1) − 2(− 1) = −
W S 3 D t 3 3
4
∴ Approximate increase of work = − %.
3
158. The diameter and altitude of a can in the shape of a right circular cylinder are measured as 4 cm
and 6 cm respectively. The possible error in each measurement is 0.1 cm. Find approximately the
maximum possible error in the value computed for the volume and lateral surface.
Sol. Let the diameter and altitude of the can be denoted by D and H respectively.
D
Then radius =
2
(i) The volume V of the can is given by
π 2
V = πr 2h = D H
4
∂V ∂V π π 2 π
dV = dD + dH = [2DHdD + D2dH ] = [2 × 4 × 6 × 0.1 + 4 × 0.1] = (6.4)
∂D ∂H 4 4 4
dV = 1.6π cu.cm.
(ii) The lateral surface S of the can is given by
S = 2πrh = πDH
∂S ∂S
∴ dS = dD + dH = πHdD + πDdH = π(6 × 0.1 + 4 × .1) = π sq. cm.
∂D ∂H
159. If the base radius and height of a cone are measured as 4 and 8 inches with a possible error of 0.04
and 0.08 inches respectively, calculate the % error in calculating volume of the cone.
1 2
Sol. Volume of cone, V = πr h
3
1
Taking log, log V = log + log π + 2 log r + log h
3
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 371

δV δr δh δV  .04  .08
Differentiating, we get = 2 + ⇒ = 2  + 8 = .03
V r h V  4 
∴ Percentage (%) error in volume = .03 × 100 = 3%.
160. A balloon is in the form of right circular cylinder of radius 1.5 m and length 4m and is surrounded
by hemispherical ends. If the radius is increased by 0.01 m and the length by 0.05 m, find the
percentage change in the volume of balloon. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
Sol. Here, r = 1.5 m, h = 4 m.
Let V be the volume of the balloon.
2 2 3 2 3 4
Then, V = πr h + πr + πr = πr 2h + πr3
3 3 3
4 1.5 m
Now, δ V = π .2rδr . h + π . r 2δh + π .3r 2.δr
3 4m
= πr[2hδr + r.δh + 4rδr]
δV πr [2(h + 2r) δr + rδh] 2(h + 2r)δr + rδh
= =
V 4 4
πr 2h + πr3 rh + r 2
3 3
2(7)(0.01) + 1.5 × .05 0.215
= =
4 9
1.5 × 4 + × (1.5)2
3
δV .215 21.5
∴ × 100 = × 100 = = 2.389% .
V 9 9
Hence, the percentage change in the volume of the balloon is 2.389.
161. What error in the common logarithm of a number will be produced by an error of 1% in the
number ?
Sol. Consider x as any number.
Let y = log10x
Then,
1 δx  δx  1 
δy = log10 e (δx ) = log10 e =  × 100   log10 e 
x x  x   100 
 1 1
= (1) 

log10 e  = log10 e = .43429 = .0043429
 100  100 100
which is the required error.
162. If the sides and angles of a triangle ABC vary in such a way that its circum-radius remains
da db dc
constant, prove that + + = 0.
cos A cos B cos C
Sol. The circum-radius R of a ∆ ABC is given by
a b c
R = = =
2 sin A 2sin B 2sin C
a = 2R sin A (R is constant), b = 2R sin B
da
c = 2R sin C, da = 2R cos A dA or = 2R dA
cos A
db dc
Similarly, = 2R} dB; = 2RdC
cos B cos C
372 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

da db dc
Adding, we get + + = 2R(dA + dB + dC)
cos A cos B cos C
As A + B + C = π, dA + dB + dC = 0
da db dc
∴ + + = 0.
cos A cos B cos C
163. The angles of a triangle are calculated from the sides a, b, c. If small changes δ a, δ b, δ c are made
in the sides, find δ A, δ B and δ C approximately, where ∆ is the area of the triangle ABC and A, B,
C are angles opposite to sides a, b, c respectively. Also show that δ A + δ B + δ C = 0.
2 2 2
Sol. We know that a = b + c – 2bc cos A ...(1)
Differentiating equation (1), we get
2a δa = 2bδb + 2cδc – 2bδc cos A – 2cδb cos A + 2bc sin A δA (approx.)
or bc sin A δA = aδa – (b – c cos A)δb – (c – b cos A)δc
or 2 ∆ δA = aδa – (a cos C + c cos A – c cos A)δb – (a cos B + b cos A – b cos A)δc
a
or δA = (δa − δb cos C − δc cos B ) ...(2)
2∆
b
Similarly, we get δ B = (δb − δc cos A − δa cos C ) ...(3)
2∆
c
δC = (δc − δa cos B − δb cos A) ...(4)
2∆
Adding equations (2), (3) and (4), we get
1
δA + δB + δC = [(a − b cos C − c cos B) δa + (b − c cos A − a cos C )δb
2∆
+ (c – a cos B – b cos A)δc]
1
= [(a − a) δa + (b − b) δb + (c − c) δc] = 0.
2∆
164. If u = xyz, find d2u.
Sol. We know that if u = f (x, y, z) then
∂u ∂u ∂u  ∂ ∂ ∂ 
du = . dx + . dy + . dz =  dx + dy + dz u
∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

 ∂ ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ ∂ 
∴ d2u = d(du) =  dx + dy + dz dx + dy + dz u
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z 
2
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
=  dx + dy + dz u
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
2 2 2
 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 
= (dx ) 2
+ (dy) 2
+ (dz ) 2
+ 2dxdy + 2 dydz + 2 dzdx u
 ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂y∂z ∂z ∂x 

2 2
∂ 2u 2 ∂ 2u 2 ∂ 2u 2 ∂ 2u ∂ u ∂ u
d2u = (dx ) + (dy) + (dz ) + 2 dxdy + 2 dydz + 2 dzdx
∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂z 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y∂z ∂z ∂x
...(1)
Here, u = xyz
∂u ∂u ∂u
∴ = yz, = xz, = xy
∂x ∂y ∂z
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 373

2
∂ u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2
∂ u ∂ 2u 2
∂ u
2
= 2
= 2
= 0; = z, = x, = y
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂y∂z ∂z ∂x
Substituting these values in (1), we get
2
d u = 2zdxdy + 2xdydz + 2ydzdx.
165. In estimating the number of bricks in a pile which is measured to be (5m × 10m × 5m), the count
of bricks is taken as 100 bricks per m3. Find the error in the cost when the tape is stretched 2%
beyond its standard length. The cost of bricks is ` 2000 per thousand bricks.
Sol. Let x, y, z m be the length, breadth and height of the pile so that its volume
V = xyz
Taking log, we get log V = log x + log y + log z
δV δx δy δz
Differentiating, we get = + +
V x y z
δV  δx   δy   δz 
× 100 =  × 100  +  × 100  +  × 100  = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6
V  x   y   z 
6 6
∴ V = (5 × 10 × 5) = 15 m3
δV =
100 100
∴ Number of bricks in δV = 15 × 100 = 1500
2000
Thus, error in the cost = 1500 × = ` 3000
1000
Hence, ` 3000 is the required error in the cost.
166. In estimating the cost of a pile of bricks measured as 6 m × 50 m × 4 m, the tape is stretched 1%
3
beyond the standard length. If the count is 12 bricks in 1 m and bricks cost ` 100 per 1,000, find
the approximate error in the cost. (U.P.T.U., 2005)
Sol. Let x, y and z m be the length, breadth and height of the pile so that its volume
V = xyz
Taking log, we get log V = log x + log y + log z
δV δx δy δz
Differentiating, we get = + +
V x y z
δV δx   δy   δz
⇒ × 100 =  × 100  +  × 100  + 

× 100  = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
V  x   vy   z 
3 3
⇒ V = (6 × 50 × 4) = 36 m3
δV =
100 100
∴ Number of bricks in δV = 36 × 12 = 432
100
Thus, error in cost = 432 × = ` 43.20.
1000
167. Find the possible percentage error in computing the parallel resistance r of three resistances r1, r2, r3
1 1 1 1
from the formula = + + , if r1, r2, r3 are each in error by + 1.2%.
r r1 r2 r3

1 1 1 1
Sol. We have, = + + ...(1)
r r1 r2 r3
Differentiating, we get
1 1 1 1
− δr = − δr1 − δr2 − δr3
r
2
r12 r22 r32
374 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1  δr  1  δr1  1  δr2  1  δr3 

⇒  r × 100  = r  r × 100  + r  r × 100  + r  r × 100 
r   1  1  2  2  3  3 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
= (1.2) + (1.2) + (1.2) = (1.2 )  + +  = (1.2)  
r1 r2 r3 r
 1 r2 r3 r

δr
⇒ × 100 = 1.2
r
Hence, % error in r = 1.2.
168. If ∆ be the area of a triangle, prove that the error in ∆ resulting from a small error in c is given by
∆ 1 1 1 1 
δ∆ = + + − δc .
4  s s − a s − b s − c 

Sol. We know that, ∆ = s(s − a )(s − b)(s − c)

1
⇒ log ∆ = [log s + log(s − a) + log(s − b) + log(s − c)]
2
Differentiating w.r.t. c, we get
1 . δ∆ 1 1 δs 1 δ(s − a) 1 δ(s − b) 1 δ(s − c) 
∆ δc
=
2  s δc + (s − a) δc
+
s − b δc
+
s −c δc 
...(1)

1 δs 1
Now, s = ( a + b + c) ∴ =
2 δc 2
1 δ(s − c) 1
Also, s–c = ( a + b − c) ∴ = −
2 δc 2
1 δ(s − a) 1
Similarly, s–a = (b + c − a) ⇒ =
2 δc 2
1 δ(s − b) 1
and s–b = (a + c − b) ⇒ =
2 δc 2
From (1),
1 δ∆ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1 
. =
2 s . 2 + s − a . 2 + s − b . 2 + s − c .  − 
∆ δc   2 
1 1 1 1 1 
=
4 s + s − a + s − b − s − c 
 
∆ 1 1 1 1 
Hence, δ∆ = + + − δc .
4  s s − a s − b s − c 
169. Two sides a, b of a triangle and included angle C are measured. Show that the error δ c in the
computed length of third side c due to a small error in the angle C is given by δc = s sin B . δ c
2 2 2
a +b −c
Sol. We know that, cos C = ...(1) [By cosine formula]
2ab
⇒ c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C ...(2)
Differentiating (2), we get 2cδ c = – 2ab(– sin C δC)
⇒ c δ c = ab sin C δC ...(3)
By sine formula, we know that
b c
=
sin B sin C
⇒ b sin C = c sin B
∴ From (3), c δ c = ac sin B δ C or δc = a sin B δ C.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 375

1
170. If the kinetic energy T is given by T = mv2 , find approximate change in T as the mass changes
2
from 49 to 49.5 and the velocity v changes from 1600 to 1590.
1
Sol. T = mv2
2
1 1 1 2
∴ δT = (δm)v2 + m (2vδv) = v δm + mvδv ...(1)
2 2 2
It is given that m changes from 49 to 49.5
∴ δ m = 0.5
Also, δ v = – 10
1
∴ From (1), δT =(1600)2(0.5) + (49)(1600)( − 10) = – 144000
2
Thus, T decreases by 144000 units.
A
171. In determining the specific gravity by the formula S = where A is the weight in air and w
A −w
is the weight in water; A can be read within 0.01 gm and w within 0.02 gm. Find approximately
the maximum error in S if the readings are A = 1.1 gm, w = 0.6 gm. Find also the maximum
relative error.
A
Sol. S =
A −w
( A − w) δA − A(δA − δw)
On differentiating, we get δS = ...(1)
( A − w)2
Maximum error in S can be obtained if we take δA = – .01 and δw = .02.
(1.1 − .6) (− .01) − (1.1) (−.01 − .02)
∴ From (1), δS = = 0.112
(1.1 − .6)2
(δS )max 0.112
Maximum relative error in S = = = 0.05091 .
S  1.1 
 1.1 − .6 
 
172. Find approximate value of (1.04)3.01.
y
Sol. Let f (x, y) = x
∂f ∂f
= yxy – 1, = xylog x
∂x ∂y
Here let x = 1, dx = 0.04, y = 3, dy = 0.01
∂f ∂f
Now, df = dx + dy = yx y − 1dx + x y log x dy
∂x ∂y
= 3(1)2(.04) + (1)3log 1 . (.01) = 0.12
3.01
∴ (1.04) = f (1, 3) + df = (1)3 + 0.12 = 1.12.
1
2
173. Find approximate value of (0.98 ) + (2.01) + (1.94 )  2 .
2 2
 
1
Sol. Let f (x, y, z) = (x 2 2
+ y +z )
2 2
...(1)

Taking x = 1, y = 2 and z = 2 so that

dx = – .02, dy = .01 and dz = – .06
376 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂f
From (1), = x( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−1 / 2
∂x
∂f
= y( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−1 / 2
∂y
∂f
= z( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−1 / 2
∂z
∂f ∂f ∂f
Now, df = . dx + . dy + . dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2 2 −1 / 2
= (x + y + z ) ( xdx + ydy + zdz )
1
= . (− .02 + .02 − 2 × .06) = – .04
3
2 2 2 1/2
∴ [(0.98) + (2.01) + (1.94) ] = f (1, 2, 2) + df = 3 + (– .04) = 2.96.

1 1 2
174. The focal length of a mirror is given by the formula − = . If equal errors δ are made in the
v u f

δf 1 1
determination of u and v, show that the relative error in the focal length is given by δ  +  .
f u v
1 1 2
Sol. We have, − = ...(1)
v u f
Differentiating, we get

1 1 2
− δv + δu = − δf
v
2
u
2
f2

1 1 2  δf 
⇒ − δ+ δ = − [∵ δv = δu = δ (given)]
v
2
u
2 f  f 

1 1  1 1  2  δf 
⇒ −δ −  +  = −  f 
v u v u f  

 2  1 1  2  δf 
⇒ −δ  +  = −
 f  v u f  f 

δf 1 1 
= δ + .
f v u
175. The area of a ∆ ABC is determined from the side a and the two angles B and C. If there are small
errors in values of B and C, show that the resulting error in the calculated value of the area will be
1 2
(b ∆C + c2 ∆B ) .
2
Sol. Let S be the area of ∆ ABC. Then,
1
S = ab sin C ...(1)
2
a b c
and = = ...(2)
sin A sin B sin C

1 2 sin B sin C
∴ From (1) and (2), S = a ...(3)
2 sin A
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 377

 a2 
Taking log, log S = log   + log sin B + log sin C − log sin A
 2 
 
Differentiating, we get
∆S cos B cos C cos A
= ∆B + ∆C − ∆A
S sin B sin C sin A
cos B cos C cos A
= ∆B + ∆C − (− ∆B − ∆C ) [∵ ∆A + ∆B + ∆C = 0]
sin B sin C sin A
 cos B cos A   cos C cos A 
=  +  ∆B +  sin C + sin A  ∆C
 sin B sin A   
sin ( A + B) sin ( A + C )
= . ∆B + . ∆C
sin A sin B sin A sin C
sin C sin B
= . ∆B + . ∆C ...(4)
sin A sin B sin A sin C

1 2 sin A sin C 1 2 sin A sin B

Since S = b = c [From (3)]
2 sin B 2 sin C

∆S 1 c2 b2 1 2 2
∴ From (4), = ∆B + ∆C ⇒ ∆S = (b ∆C + c ∆B ) . Hence shown.
S 2 S 2S 2
176. In estimating the cost of a pile of bricks measured as 8 by 50 by 5 ft., the tape is stretched 1%
beyond the standard length. If the count is 12 bricks to 1ft3 and bricks cost ` 1400 per thousand,
find the approximate error in cost.
Sol. Let x, y and z ft. be the length, breadth and height of the pile of bricks so that its volume
V = xyz
Taking log, we get log V = log x + log y + log z
δV δx δy δz
Differentiating, we get = + +
V x y z
 δV   δx   δy   δz 
⇒  V × 100  =  × 100  +  × 100  +  × 100  = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
   x   y   z 
3 3
⇒ δV = V = (8 × 50 × 5) = 60 ft3
100 100
∴ No. of bricks in δV = 12 × 60 = 720
1400
Thus, error in cost = 720 × = ` 1008.
1000
177. The diameter and altitude of a can in the shape of a right circular cylinder are measured as 40 cm
and 64 cm respectively. The possible error in each measurement is 5%. Find approximately the
maximum possible percentage errors in the computed value for the volume and the lateral surface.
π 2
Sol. (i) V = πr2h = D H where D is diameter and H is altitude of the can. D = 40 cm,
4
H = 64 cm, dD = 5% of 40 = 2, dH = 5% of 64 = 3.2
π
dV = [2DHdD + D2dH ]
4
π
= [2 × 40 × 64 × 2 + 40 × 40 × 3.2] = π(2560 + 1280)
4
378 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

π
dV = 3840 π, V = × 40 × 40 × 64 = 25600π
4
dV 3840π
∴ × 100 = × 100 = 15%
V 25600π
S = πDH, dS = π(HdD + DdH)
dS HdD + DdH 64 × 2 + 40 × 3.2 256 1
∴ = = = =
S DH 40 × 64 2560 10

dS 1
∴ × 100 = × 100 = 10%.
S 10
178. Find the percentage error in the area of a rectangle when an error of 1% is made in measuring its
length and breadth.
Sol. Area of a rectangle, A = xy where x is length and y is the breadth.
⇒ log A = log x + log y
dA dx dy
= +
A x y
dA dx dy
× 100 = × 100 + × 100 = 1 + 1 = 2
A x y
∴ Error in the area = 2%.
179. The radius of a circle is found to be 100 cm. Find the relative error in the area of the circle due to
an error of 1 mm in measuring the radius.
Sol. Area of the circle, A = π r2
⇒ log A = log π + 2 log r
dA dr 1 1
⇒ = 2 =2× × = 0.002 sq. cm.
A r 10 100
180. The radius of a sphere is found to be 10 cm with possible error of .02 cm. What is the relative error
in computing the volume ?
4 3
Sol. V = πr , where r is the radius of the sphere.
3
Taking log, log V = log (4/3) + log π + 3 log r
dV dr 3 . (.02)
On differentiating, we get = 3. = = .006 cm3 .
V r 10
2
181. If z = xy(x + y), find d z when x and y are the independent variables.
Sol. We know that if z = f(x, y) then

∂z ∂z  ∂ ∂ 
dz = dx + . dy =  dx + dy z
∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y 

2
 ∂ ∂   ∂2 2 ∂
2
∂2 
∴ d2z = d(dz ) =  dx + dy  z = (dx )2 + (dy) + 2dxdy z
∂x ∂y  2 2 ∂x ∂y 
  ∂x ∂y

∂ 2z 2 ∂ 2z 2 ∂2z
= 2
(dx ) + 2
(dy) + 2 . dxdy
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
Here, z = xy(x + y) = x2y + xy2
∂z ∂z
= 2xy + y2, = x2 + 2xy
∂x ∂y
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 379

2
∂ z ∂2z 2
∂ z
2
= 2y, 2 = 2x, = 2x + 2y
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
2 2 2
∴ d z = 2y(dx) + 2x(dy) + 2(2x + 2y)dxdy
or d2z = 2y(dx)2 + 2x(dy)2 + 4(x + y)dxdy.
182. Find the possible percentage error in computing the parallel resistance r of two resistance r1 and r2
1 1 1
from the formula = + where the error in both r1 and r2 is 3% each.
r r1 r2
1 1 1
Sol. We have = + ...(1)
r r1 r2
Differentiating, we get
1 1 1
− 2
δr = − δr1 − δr2
r r12 r22

1  δr  1  δr1  1 1  1 1 1 1  1
⇒  × 100  =  × 100  +  . δr2 × 100  = (3) + (3) = 3  +  = 3 .
r r  r1  r1  r2  r2  r1 r2  r1 r2  r

δr
⇒ × 100 = 3
r
Hence % error in r = 3.
183. The side a and the opposite angle A of a ∆ ABC remain constant, show that when the other sides
δb δc
and angles are slightly varied + = 0.
cos B cos C
Sol. We know that, a = b cos C + c cos B
δa = δb cos C + δc cos B
Since a is constant, δa = 0
∴ δb cos C + δc cos B = 0

δb δc
Dividing by cos B . cos C, we get + = 0.
cos B cos C
184. In estimating the cost of a pile of bricks measured as 2 m × 15 m × 1.2 m, the tape is stretched 1%
beyond the standard length. If the count is 450 bricks to 1 m3 and bricks cost ` 130 per 1000, find
the approximate error in the cost.
Sol. Let x, y and z m be the length, breadth and height of the pile so that its volume
V = xyz
Taking log, we get log V = log x + log y + log z
δV δx δy δz
Differentiating, we get = + +
V x y z
δV  δx   δy   δz 
⇒ × 100 =  × 100  +  × 100  +  × 100  = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
V  x   y   z 
3V 3
⇒ =δV = × 2 × 15 × 1.2 = 1.08 m3
100 100
∴ No. of bricks in δV = 1.08 × 450 = 486
130
Thus, error in cost = 486 × = ` 63.18.
1000
380 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

PLAN π 2
, where A = d .
185. The indicated horsepower I of an engine is calculated from the formula I =
33000 4
Assuming that errors of r percent may have been made in measuring P, L, N and d, find the
greatest possible error in I.
Sol. Given horsepower I of the engine is,
PLAN π 2
I = , A = d
33000 4
Taking log, we get
log I = log P + log L + log A + log N – log 33000
π
= log P + log L + 2 log d + log N – log 33000 + log  
4
Differentiating, we get
∂I ∂P ∂L 2∂d ∂N
× 100 = + + +
I P L d N
∂I  ∂P   ∂L   ∂d   ∂N 
∴ × 100 =  × 100  +  × 100  + 2  × 100  +  × 100 
I  P   L   d   N 
= r + r + 2r + r = 5r
∴ Maximum error in I = 5r%.
186. The voltage V across a resistor is measured with an error h and the resistance R is measured with
V2
an error k. Show that the error in calculating the power W = generated in the resistor is
R
V
2
(2Rh − Vk) .
R
V2
Sol. Given W =
R
Taking log, log W = 2log V – log R
dW 2dV dR
On Differentiating, we get = −
W V R
Given that dV = h, dR = k
dW 2h k
∴ = −
W V R

 2h k  V 2  2h k  V 2  2Rh − Vk 
dW = W  −  = − =
V R R  V R R 
 VR 

V
dW = 2
(2Rh − Vk)
R
V
∴ Error in calculating W = 2
(2Rh − Vk) .
R
8πIl
187. The torsional rigidity of a length of a wire is obtained from the formula N =
2 4
. If l is decreased
t r
by 2%, t increased by 1.5%, r increased by 2%, show that the value of N is diminished by 13%
approximately.
8πIl
Sol. Given N = 2 4
t r
log N = log 8πI + log l – 2log t – 4log r
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 381

∂N ∂l 2∂t ∂r
Differentiating, we get = − −4
N l t r
∂N  ∂l   ∂t   ∂r 
⇒ × 100 =  × 100  − 2  × 100  − 4  × 100 
N  l   t   r 
= (– 2) – 2(1.5) – 4(2) = – 2 – 3 – 8 = – 13
∴ N is diminished by 13% approximately.
2
v sin 2 α
188. The range R of a projectile which starts with a velocity v at an elevation α is given by R = .
g
1
Find the percentage error in R due to an error of 1% in v and an error of % in α.
2
2
v sin 2α
Sol. Given R =
g
Taking log, log R = 2log v + log sin 2α – log g
∂R ∂v
Differentiating we get, = 2 + 2 cot 2α . α
R v
∂R  ∂v 
or × 100 = 2  × 100  + 2 cot 2α . (α × 100)
R  v 
∂R 1 
× 100 = 2 (1) + 2 cot 2α .   = 2 + cot 2α
R 2
Percentage error in R = cot 2α + 2.

2 2 2 dx dy dz
189. If ax + by + cz = 1 and lx + my + nz = 0, prove that = = .
bny − cmz clz − anx amx − bly
Sol. Given ax2 + by2 + cz2 = 1
Differentiating, we get
2axdx + 2bydy + 2czdz = 0 ...(1)
Also given lx + my + nz = 0
Differentiating, we get
ldx + mdy + ndz = 0 ...(2)
From (1) and (2), we have
dx dy dz
= − =
2byn − 2czm (2axn − 2clz ) 2axm − 2bly
dx dy dz
∴ = = Hence proved.
bny − cmz clz − anx amx − bly
190. Find the percentage error in the area of an ellipse when an error of +1% is made in measuring the
major and minor axes.
Sol. If x and y are semi-major and semi-minor axes of the ellipse, then its area A is given by
A = πxy
Taking logs, log A = log π + log x + log y
dA dx dy
Taking differentials = 0+ +
A x y
dA dx dy
or × 100 = × 100 + × 100 = 1 + 1 = 2
A x y
∴ Error in the area = 2%.
382 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

191. Find the % error in the area of an ellipse when an error of 7% is made in measuring the major and
minor axes. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
Sol. Proceeding as in the previous Q. No. 190, error in the area = 7 + 7 = 14%.
192. Prove that the relative error of a quotient does not exceed the sum of the relative errors of the
dividend and divisor. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
Sol. Let the quotient, dividend and divisor be Q, x and y respectively. Then
x
Q =
y
Taking logs, log Q = log x – log y
dQ dx dy
Taking differentials, = −
Q x y

dQ dx dy
∴ Max. Relative error ≤ + Hence the result.
Q x y
193. If J be the Jacobian of the system u, v with regard to x, y and J′ is the Jacobian of the system x, y
with regard to u, v, then prove that JJ′ = 1. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
Sol. Let u = u(x, y) and v = v(x, y) so that u and v are functions of x, y.
Differentiating partially w.r.t. u and v, we get
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y
1 = . + . = ux xu + uy yu ; 0= . + . = ux xv + uy yv
∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y
0 = . + . = vx xu + vy yu ; 1= . + . = vx xv + vy yv
∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v

∂(u, v) ∂(x , y) ux u y xu xv
Now, . =
∂(x, y) ∂(u, v) vx vy yu yv
Interchanging rows and columns in the second determinant.
ux u y xu yu ux xu + uy yu ux xv + uy yv 1 0
= = = =1
vx vy xv yv vx xu + vy yu ux xv + vy yv 0 1
Hence, JJ′ = 1.




 5
Applications of Single Integration

BRIFE DEFINITIONS AND IMPORTANT FORMULAE

1. Revolution about x-axis
The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about x-axis, of the area bounded by the
b

∫ πy dx .
2
curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the ordinates x = a, x = b is
a

2. Revolution about y-axis

b

∫ πx
2
Vol. = dy.
a
3. Volume of Revolution (Polar Curves)
The volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve r = f(θ) and
the radii vectors θ = α, θ = β
α
2
∫3πr
3
(i) about the initial line OX (θ = 0) is sin θdθ.
β
β
 π 2
(ii) About the line OY  θ =  is
 2 ∫
α
3
. πr 3 cos θdθ .

4. Volume Between Two solids

The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the x-axis of the area bounded by the
curves y = f(x), y = φ(x), and the ordinates x = a, x = b is

∫ π(y
2
1 − y22 ) dx where y is the ‘y’ of the upper curve and y that of the lower curve.
1 2
a

5. Surface Formulae for Cartesian, Parametric and Polar Equations

x =b
2
ds
. dx, where ds = 1 +  dy 
(a)
x =a
∫ 2πy
dx dx  dx 
(For Cartesian equation).

(b) Curved surface of solid generated by the revolution about the x-axis, of the area bounded
by the curve x = f(t), y = φ(t), the x-axis and the ordinates at the points, where t = a, t = b is
t =b 2 2
ds ds  dx   dy 
∫
t =a
2πy
dt
. dt , where
dt
=   +  dt 
 dt   

383
384 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

(c) Surface Formula for Polar Equations

θ=β 2
ds ds  dr 
∫
θ=α
2πy
dθ
. dθ , where
dθ
= r2 +  
 dθ 

and y = r sin θ, gives curved surface of the solid generated by the revolution, about the
initial line, of the area bounded by the curve r = f (θ) and the radii vectors θ = α, θ = β.

SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. Find the volume of a sphere of radius a.

Sol. The sphere is the solid of revolution generated by the revolution of a semicircular area
about its bounding diameter.
Let the equation of the circle of radius ‘a’ be
x2 + y2 = a2 ...(1)
whose centre is O.
Now for the semicircle above the x-axis, x varies from – a to a.
∴ Required volume of the sphere
Y
a

∫ πy dx
2
=
−a
a a
 x3 
= ∫
−a
π( a 2 − x 2 ) dx = π a 2x −


3 
−a

 3 2a3  4 πa3 X
= π  2a −  = A′ (–a, 0) O A
 
3  3 (0, 0) (a, 0)

x2 y2
2. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the ellipse + = 1 about the major axis.
a2 b2
(M.D.U., Dec., 2005)
Sol. Equation of the ellipse is

x2 y2 y2 x2 b2
+ = 1 or = 1− 2
(a2 − x 2 )
or y2 = ...(1)
a 2
b 2
b a 2 a2
Since the ellipse is symmetrical about y-axis.
∴ Required volume generated by the ellipse by the revolution about x-axis
= 2 × Volume generated by the arc in first quadrant about the x-axis.
Now for the arc in the first quadrant, x varies from 0 to a.
a a
b2
∴ Required volume = 2
∫
0
πy2dx = 2π
∫a
0
2
( a 2 − x 2 ) dx [From (1)]

a
b2  2 x3  b2  3 a3  b2 2a3 4 2
= 2π . a x −  = 2π 2 a − − 0  = 2π 2 . = πab .
2
a  3  a 3 a 3 3
0  
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE INTEGRATION 385

3. Find the volume of the solid formed by the revolution about the x-axis, of the loop of the curve

2 x 2 (a + x )
y = .
a−x

2 x 2 (a + x )
Sol. The equation of the curve is y = or (a – x)y2 = x2(a + x) ...(1)
a−x
To trace the curve roughly to find the limits of integration :
(i) The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis.
2 2
(ii) The curve passes through the origin and the tangent at the origin are given by y = x or
y = ± x.
(iii) The curve meets the x-axis at the point (– a, 0). The curve meets the y-axis only at the
origin.
(iv) The curve has an asymptote a – x = 0 or x = a || to y-axis.
Thus the shape of the curve is roughly as Y
shown in the figure. x=0
For the upper half of the loop, x varies from
– a to 0.
0 A O
X
∫ πy dx
2
∴ Required volume = X¢ (–a, 0)
−a
0
x 2 (a + x )
= π
∫
−a
a−x
dx
Y¢

0
ax 2 + x 3
= π
∫
−a
a−x
. dx [Divide the num. by denom.]

0 0
 2 2a3   x3 
∫ − ax 2 − 2a 2x − 2a3 log ( a − x ) 
2
= π  − x − 2ax − 2a +  dx = π  −
 a − x   3  −a
−a

  a3 
= π  − 2a3 log a −  − a3 + 2a3 − 2a3 log 2a  
  3 
 

 2a3   4 a3   2
= π − 2a3 + 2a3 log 2a − 2a3 log a  = π  − + 2a3 log 2 = 2πa3  log 2 −  .
 3   3   3 
2 2 3
4. Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the curve y(a + x ) = a about its
asymptote.
2 2 3
Sol. The equation of the curve is y(x + a ) = a ...(1)
To trace the curve roughly to find limits of integration : Y
(i) The curve is symmetrical about y-axis.
(ii) The curve does not pass through the origin. (0, a)
(iii) The curve does not meet x-axis. It meets y-axis at
the point (0, a).
(iv) The asymptote || to x-axis is y = 0 i.e., the x-axis
X
itself. The curve has no other asymptote. O
386 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

The shape of the curve is as shown in the figure.

Required volume = 2 × Volume generated by half of the curve in first quadrant.
For the arc in first quadrant x varies from 0 to ∞
∞ ∞ 2 ∞
 a3  dx
∴ Required volume = 2 ∫
0
πy2dx = 2
∫π 2  dx = 2πa 6
 x + a2 
0  
∫ (x
0
2
+ a 2 )2
Put x = a tan θ, dx = a sec2 θ dθ
π
When x = 0, θ = 0; when x = ∞, θ =
2
π/2 π/2 π/2
a sec2 θ . dθ 2πa 6 sec2 θ dθ
∫ (a ∫ ∫ cos
6 3 2
∴ Required volume = 2πa 2
= = 2πa θ dθ
tan 2 θ + a 2 )2 a3 sec4 θ
0 0 0
1 π 1 2 3
= 2πa3 . . = π a .
2 2 2
2 3
5. Find the volume of the solid formed by the revolution of the cissoid y (2a – x) = x about its
asymptote. (U.P.T.U., 2007)
x3
Sol. Equation of the curve is y2 = ...(1)
2a − x
The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis and the asymptote is the line 2a – x = 0 or x = 2a.
If P(x, y) be any point on the curve and PM ⊥ on the asymptote (the axis of revolution) and
PN ⊥ OX, then PM = NA = OA – NO = 2a – x and AM = NP = y, where A is the point of intersection
of the asymptote and the x-axis.
Y
∴
∫
Required volume = 2 π( PM )2 d( AM ) ...(2)
P M
x3 / 2 (x,y)
Now, AM = y = y x=2a
2a − x
A
X¢ X
x (3a − x ) O x N (2a, 0)
∴ d(AM) = 3/2
. dx
(2a − x )
∴ From (2),
2a
x (3a − x )
∫ (2a − x )
2
Required volume = 2π . . dx Y¢
(2a − x )3 / 2
0
2a
= 2π
∫0
x (2a − x )1 / 2 (3a − x ) . dx

Put x = 2a sin2θ, dx = 4a sin θ cos θ dθ

When x = 0, θ = 0; x = 2a, θ = π/2.
π/2
= 2π ∫0
2a sin 2 θ . 2a cos2 θ . (3a − 2a sin 2 θ) 4a sin θ cos θ dθ

π/2

∫ sin
3 2
= 16πa θ cos2 θ . (3 − 2 sin 2 θ) dθ
0
π/2

∫ (3 sin
3 2
= 16 πa θ cos2 θ − 2 sin 4 θ cos2 θ) dθ
0
 1 1 π 3 1 1 π  3π π 
= 16πa 3 . . . − 2 . . . .  = 16πa3 
3
−  = 2π2a3 .
 4 2 2 6 4 2 2 16 16 
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE INTEGRATION 387

6. The area cut off from the parabola y2 = 4ax by the chord joining the vertex to an end of the latus
rectum is rotated through four right angles about the chord. Find the volume of the solid generated.
Sol. The equation of the parabola is y2 = 4ax
Let LSL′ be the latus rectum and A the vertex of the parabola.
Then the co-ordinates of L are (a, 2a) and of A are (0, 0).
2a
Equation of the line AL is y – 0 = ( x − 0) or 2x – y = 0
a
Let P (x, y) be any point on the arc AL of the parabola.
Draw PM ⊥ AL and join AP.
Then PM = ⊥ distance of P (x, y) from the line AL i.e., 2x – y = 0
)
2x − y 2x − y Y , 2a
∴ PM = = L (a
4 +1 5 y)
(x,
P
M
2x − 4 ax 2 x ( x − a)
= =
5 5
X¢ X
A (0, 0) S
4 x ( x + a − 2 ax )
∴ PM2 =
5
Now, AM2 = AP2 – PM2
L¢
2 4 x ( x + a − 2 ax )
2 Y¢
= x +y −
5

4 x ( x + a − 2 ax ) 1
= x 2 + 4 ax − = ( x + 4 ax )2
5 5

x + 4 ax
∴ AM =
5

1  1  1  x +2 a
∴ d(AM) = 1 + 4 a . =  
dx
5 2 x 5  x 
a a
4 x ( x − a )2 1  x +2 a
∴ Required volume =
∫
0
π( PM )2 d( AM ) = π
∫ 5
.
5

 x
 dx

0
a
4π ∵ For the arc AL,
5 ∫
= x ( x − a )2 ( x + 2 a ) dx x varies from 0 to a.
5
0

1 Put x = at 2 , dx = 2at dt
4π
=
5 5 ∫
0
a t( a t − a )2 ( a t + 2 a ) 2at dt When x = 0, t = 0
When x = a, t = 1
1 1
8πa3 8πa3
=
5 5 ∫ 0
t 2 (t + 2) (t 2 − 2t + 1) dt =
5 5 ∫ t (t
2 3
− 3t + 2)dt
0
1
8πa3  t 6 3t 4 2t3  8πa3  1 3 2 
=  − +  =  − + 
5 5  6 4 3 
0 5 5 6 4 3
3
8πa  2 − 9 + 8  2πa3
=  12  = .
5 5   15 5
388 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

7. Find the volume of the solid formed by the revolution of one arch of the cycloid x = a (θ – sin θ),
y = a(1 – cos θ) about its base.
Sol. The equation of the cycloid are x = a(θ – sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ)
The cycloid is symmetrical about the line through the point, where θ = π, ⊥ to x-axis. For the first
half of the cycloid, in the first quadrant, θ varies from 0 to π. The base is x-axis.
∴ Required volume of the solid formed by the revolution about its base (x-axis)
π Y
dx
= 2 ∫
0
πy2
dθ
. dθ

π
q=p
∫ a (1 − cos θ)
2 2
= 2π . a(1 − cos θ) dθ
0
π

∫ (1 − cos θ)
3 3
= 2πa dθ q=0 q = 2p
X
0 θ
π π/2
Put = t, dθ = 2dt
 θ
3 2
= 2πa3
∫  2 sin ∫ (2 sin
2
dθ = 2πa3 2
t )3 2 . dt When θ = 0, t = 0
2 
0 0 π
π/2
When θ = π, t =
5 3 1 π 2
∫ sin
3
= 32πa3 6
t dt = 32πa . . . . = 5 π2 a 3 .
6 4 2 2
0
8. Find the volume of the solid formed by the revolution of one arch of the cycloid x = a(θ + sin θ ),
y = a(1 – cos θ ) about the tangent at the vertex.
Sol. The equations of the cycloid are x = a(θ + sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ)
The cycloid is symmetrical about the y-axis and the tangent at the vertex is x-axis. For half of the
curve, θ varies from 0 to π.
Y

q=p q=p
B

X¢ X
O q=0
Y¢
π π
dx
∫ ∫a
2
∴ Required volume = 2 πy2 . d θ = 2π (1 − cos θ)2 . a(1 + cos θ) dθ
dθ
0 0
π π 2
 2 θ  2 θ
= 2πa 3
∫ (1 − cos θ)2 (1 + cos θ) dθ = 2πa3
∫
0
 2 sin 2   2 cos 2  dθ
   
0
π/2
θ
= 2πa3
∫ (2 sin
2
t )2 (2 cos2 t ) 2dt where =t
2
0
π/2
3 1 1 π
= 32πa3
∫ sin
4
t cos2 t dt = 32 πa3 . . . . = π2a3.
6 4 2 2
0
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE INTEGRATION 389

9. Prove that the volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the x-axis of the loop of the

2 t3 3π
curve x = t , y = t − is .
3 4
Y
t3
Sol. Equations of the curve are x = t2, y = t −
3
The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis and for the loop, putting
y = 0, we get t=0 t = Ö3
X
 2  O B
t
t 1 −  =0 ∴ t = 0, ± 3
 3 
 
Thus for the upper half of the loop, t varies from 0 to 3.
3
dx
∫ πy
2
∴ Required volume = dt
dt
0

3 2 3 3
 t3   t 6 2t 4   3 t7 2t5 
=
∫ π  t −  . 2tdt = 2π

 3  ∫
0
t  t2 +

 9
−
3 
 dt = 2π
∫
0
t +

 9
−  dt
3 
0

3
 t4 1 t8 2 t6   9 81 2 27 
= 2π  + . − .  = 2π  + − . 
 4 9 8 3 6  0  4 72 3 6 

9 9   18 + 9 − 24  3 3π
= 2π  + − 3  = 2 π   = 2π   = . Hence proved.
4 8   8  8 4
2/3
10. Find the volume of the spindle shaped solid generated by revolving the astroid x + y2/3 = a2/3
about the x-axis.
Sol. The equation of the curve is Y
2/3 2/3 2/3 p
x +y = a B t= 2
The parametric equations of the curve are
x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t
The curve is symmetrical about both the axes and for the portion t=0
X
A¢ A
π
of the curve in the first quadrant, t varies from 0 to .
2
∴ Required volume = 2 × Volume generated by the arc in B¢
the first quadrant
π/2 π/2
dx
∫ πy2
∫a
2
= 2 dt = 2π sin6 t . ( − 3a cos2 t . sin t ) dt
dt
0 0
π/2
6.4 .2.1 32
∫ sin
3
= − 6πa3 7
t . cos2 t . dt = − 6πa =− πa3
9.7.5.3.1 105
0
32
= πa3 (in magnitude).
105
390 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

11. Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the plane area bounded by y2 = 9x and
y = 3x about the x-axis.
Sol. The line y = 3x cuts the parabola y2 = 9x at A(1, 3).
Y
1

∫ π (y
2
Required volume = 1 − y22 ) dx 2 =9
x A (1, 3)
y
0
1

∫ π (9x − 9x
2
= ) dx O X
0
1 1
 x2 x3 

0
∫
= 9π ( x − x 2 ) dx = 9π 
 2
− 
3 
0

 1 1  3π
= 9π  −  = .
2 3 2
12. The figure bounded by a parabola and the tangents at the extremities of its latus rectum revolves
about the axis of the parabola. Find the volume of the solid thus generated.
Sol. Let the equation of the parabola be
y2 = 4ax ...(1)
Let LSL′ be its latus rectum and LT, L′T be the tangents at the extremities L, L′.
Equation of the tangent at L(a, 2a) is
yy1 = 2a(x + x1)
y . 2a = 2a(x + a)
or y = x+a ...(2)
This meets the x-axis, putting y = 0, we get x = – a.
Thus the point T is (– a, 0). The curve and the two tangents are symmetrical about the x-axis.
a a Y

∫ πy dx ∫ πy dx
2 2
∴ Required volume = − (a, 2a)
L
−a 0
(for tangent) (for parabola)
a a T X
O S
∫ ∫
2
= π ( x + a ) dx − π 4ax dx
−a 0
L¢
a a
 (x + a) 3 x 2
= π  − 4a π  
 3  −a  2  0

π 4a π 2 8 2
= (8a3 ) − . a = πa3 − 2a 3π = πa 3 .
3 2 3 3
13. Find the volume of the solid formed by the revolution of the curve r = a + b cos θ (a > b) about the
initial line (θ = 0). Hence or otherwise show that volume of the solid generated by the revolution of
8
the cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ) about the initial line is πa 2 .
3
(M.D.U., Dec., 2007 and U.P.T.U. 2008)
Sol. Equation of the curve is r = a + b cos θ (a > b) ...(1)
The curve is symmetrical about the initial line (θ = 0) and for the upper half of the curve, θ varies
from 0 to π.
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE INTEGRATION 391

Y
π
2 3
∴ Required volume =
∫
0
3
πr sin θ dθ

π
2
=
3 ∫
π ( a + b cos θ)3 sin θ dθ
0 q=p q=0
X
π B O A
2 π
∫ (a + b cos θ)
3
= − . ( − b sin θ) dθ
3 b
0
π
2π  ( a + b cos θ)4  π
= −   = − [( a − b)4 − ( a + b)4 ]
3b  4  0 6b

π π
= [( a + b)4 − ( a − b)4 ] = [( a + b)2 + ( a − b)2 ] [( a + b)2 − ( a − b)2 ]
6b 6b
π 4
= [2 . ( a 2 + b2 ) . 4ab] = πa ( a 2 + b2 ) ...(2)
6b 3
Putting b = a in (1), the curve becomes r = a(1 + cos θ)
4 8
∴ Required volume = πa ( a 2 + a 2 ) = πa3 .
3 3
14. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving one loop of the lemniscate r2 = a2 cos 2θ about
π
the line θ = . (M.D.U., Dec., 2006, May 2009 and U.P.T.U., 2007)
2
2 2
Sol. The given curve is r = a cos 2θ ...(1)
The curve is symmetrical about the initial line. For a loop, putting r = 0 in (1), we get
cos 2θ = 0
π π
∴ 2θ = ± , θ= ± (Two consecutive values)
2 4
π π
Thus as θ varies from − to , we get a loop. For the upper half of this loop, θ varies from
4 4
π
0 to .
4
∴ Required volume obtained by revolution of the loop about θ = π/2.
π/4 π/4
2 3 4
∫ ∫ a (cos 2θ)
3 3/2
= 2 πr cos θ dθ = π cos θ dθ
3 3
0 0

π/4
4
πa3
∫ (1 − 2 sin
2
= θ)3 / 2 . cos θ dθ
3
0

Put, 2 sin θ = sin φ ⇒ 2 cos θ dθ = cos φ dφ

π
When θ = 0, φ = 0; and when θ = , φ = π/2
4
π/2
4 cos φ
πa3
∫ (1 − sin
2
∴ Required volume = φ)3 / 2 dφ
3 2
0
392 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

π/2
4 πa3 4 πa 3 3 1 π π2a3
=
3 2 ∫
0
cos4 φ dφ = . . . =
3 2 4 2 2 4 2
.

x
15. Find the surface generated by the revolution of arc of the catenary y = c cos h from x = 0 to any
c
point (x, y) about the x-axis.
x
Sol. Equation of the curve is y = c cosh
c
dy x 1 x
= c . sinh . = sinh
dx c c c
2
dS  dy  x x
∴ = 1+  = 1 + sinh2 = cosh
dx  dx  c c
If the arc be measured from the vertex (where x = 0) to any point (x, y), then the required surface
x x
dS x x
=
∫
x =0
2πy
dx ∫
. dx = 2π c cosh . cosh . dx
0
c c

x x  2x 
x  1 + cosh c 
∫ ∫
2
= 2πc cosh dx = 2πc   dx
c  2 
0 0
 
x x
  2x    c  2x  
= πc ∫0
1 + cosh 


 c 
 dx = πc .  x + 2 sinh  c  
   0

 c  2x  
= πc .  x + sinh   .
 2  c 
16. Find the surface of the solid generated by the revolution of the ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 16 about its major
axis.
Sol. Equation of the ellipse is
x2 + 4y2 = 16

2 16 − x 2
or 4y = 16 – x2 or y = ...(1)
2
dy 1 1 −x
∴ = . (16 − x 2 )−1 / 2 ( − 2x ) =
dx 2 2 2 16 − x 2

2
dS  dy  x2 64 − 3x 2
= 1+  = 1+ = .
dx  dx  4(16 − x 2 ) 4(16 − x 2 )
The ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 16 meets x-axis, where putting y = 0, we get x2 = 16 or x = ± 4.
Thus for the upper half of the ellipse in first quadrant, x varies from 0 to 4.
Since ellipse is symmetrical about y-axis,
∴ Required surface = 2 × surface generated by the arc in the first quadrant
4 4
dS 16 − x 2 64 − 3x 2
∫
= 2 2πy
0
dx
. dx = 4 π
∫
0
2
.
4(16 − x 2 )
. dx
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE INTEGRATION 393

4 4
64
= π
∫
2
64 − 3x . dx = 3π
∫
0
3
− x 2 . dx
0
4
x 64 64 1  x 
= 3π  − x2 + . sin −1  
 2 3 3 2  64 / 3   0
 16 32  3   8 32 π 
= 3π  2 + sin −1    = 3π  + .
 3 3  2    3 3 3 

32π2 3  4π 
= 8π + = 8π 1 + .
9  3 3
17. A parabolic reflector of an automobile headlight is 12 cm in diameter and 4 cm deep. Find the cost
2
of plating of the front portion of the reflector if the cost of plating is ` 5 per cm .
2
Sol. Let y = 4ax be the equation of the parabola.
Y
Since, OA = 4 cm, AP = 6 cm
Co-ordinates of P are (4, 6). As P lies on the parabola P (4, 6)
9
62 = 4a × 4 or a =
4
∴ Equation of parabola is y2 = 9x.
The surface S of the parabolic reflector is formed by revolving O X
the arc OP of the parabola about x-axis. A

dy 3
For the arc OP, y = 3 x, =
dx 2 x
4 4 2
dS  dy 
S =
∫0
2πy
dx
. dx = 2π
∫
0
3 x . 1+  . dx
 dx 

4 4
9 9
= 6π ∫
0
x . 1+
4x
. dx = 6π
∫
0
x+
4
. dx

4
  3/2 
9
2 x +    3/2 3/2
  4  = 4 π  4 + 9  9 
= 6π     −  
3  4  4  
 
  0

125 27 
= 4π  − = 49π = 154 cm2
 8 8 
Cost of plating = ` 154 × 5 = ` 770.
18. Find the surface of the solid generated by the revolution of the astroid x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 or x = a cos3 t,
y = a sin3 t about the x-axis.
Sol. Surface formula for parametric equations is given by
t =b 2 2
dS dS  dx   dy 
∫
t=a
2πy
dt
. dt where
dt
=  dt  +  dt 
   
394 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

The given curve is symmetrical about both the axes and it lies in the square bounded by the lines
x = ± a, y = ± a.
π
For the portion of the curve in the first quadrant t varies from 0 to .
2
dx dy
Now, = – 3a cos2 t sin t, = 3a sin2 t cos t
dt dt
dS
∴ = 3a sin t cos t
dt
t = π/2 π/2
dS
∴ Required surface = 2
∫ 2πy
dt
. dt = 4 π ∫
0
a sin3 t . 3a sin t cos t dt
t=0
π/2 π/2
 sin5 t 
∫
2
= 4 π . 3a sin 4 t cos t dt = 12πa 2  
0  5  0
12 12 2
= πa 2 (1 − 0) = πa .
5 5
19. Find the surface area of the solid generated by revolving the cycloid x = a (θ – sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ)
about the x-axis.
Sol. The equations of the cycloid are x = a(θ – sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ)
The cycloid is symmetrical about the line through the point θ = π to the x-axis.
For the first half of the cycloid, θ varies from 0 to π.
dx dy
Now, = a(1 – cos θ), = a sin θ
dθ dθ
2 2
dS  dx   dy  2 2 2 2
∴ =  dθ  +  dθ  = a (1 − cos θ) + a sin θ
dθ    
θ θ
= a 2(1 − cos θ) = a 4 sin2 = 2a sin
2 2
π π
dS dS
∴ Required surface = 2
∫ 2πy
dθ
. dθ = 4 π ∫
0
y
dθ
. dθ
0
π π
θ  θ θ
∫ ∫ a  2 sin
2
= 4π a(1 − cos θ) . 2a sin dθ = 4 π 2a sin dθ
2 2  2
0 0
π
θ
= 16πa 2
∫
0
sin3
2
dθ

θ
Put = t, dθ = 2dt, when θ = 0, t = 0 and when θ = π, t = π/2
2
π π/2
2 64
∫ ∫ sin t dt = 32πa 2 . πa 2 .
2
= 16πa 2 sin3 t dt = 32πa 2 3
=
3.1 3
0 0
20. Find the surface area of the solid generated by revolving the cycloid x = a(θ + sin θ ), y = a(1 – cos θ )
about the tangent at the vertex.
Sol. Equations of the cycloid are x = a(θ + sin θ) and y = a(1 – cos θ)
The cycloid is symmetrical about the y-axis and the tangent at the vertex is x-axis. For half of the
curve, θ varies from 0 to π.
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE INTEGRATION 395

π
dS
∴ Required surface area = 2
∫
0
2πy
dθ
. dθ

dx dy dS θ
= a(1 + cos θ), = a sin θ, = a 2(1 + cos θ) = 2a cos
dθ dθ dθ 2
π π
θ θ θ
∴ Required surface area = 4 π ∫
0
a(1 − cos θ) . 2a cos
2
dθ = 4 π
∫
0
2a 2 . 2 sin 2
2
. cos dθ
2

π
 θ
π sin3 
2 θ θ 2  2 32 2
∫
2
= 16πa sin . cos . dθ = 16πa   = πa .
2 2  3. 1  3
0  2  0
21. Determine the area of the surface generated by the revolution of the loops of the curve r2 = a2 cos 2θ
about the initial line.
2 2
Sol. The equation of the curve is r = a cos 2θ ...(1)
π
The curve is symmetrical about the initial line and the line θ = .
2
For a loop, putting r = 0, we get cos 2θ = 0
π π π
2θ = ± , θ= , − (Two consecutive values)
2 4 4
π π
The curve consists of two equal loops and θ = − ,θ= are the tangents at the pole. In the first
4 4
π
quadrant, for half of the loop, θ varies from 0 to .
4
dr dr − a 2 sin 2θ
From (1), 2r = – 2a2 sin 2θ or =
dθ dθ r
2
dS  dr  a 4 sin2 2θ
∴ = r 2 +   = a 2 cos 2θ +
dθ  dθ  r2

a2 sin2 2θ a2 (cos2 2θ + sin2 2θ)

= a2 cos 2θ + =
cos 2θ cos 2θ
dS a
⇒ =
dθ cos 2θ
π/4 π/4
dS a
∴ Required surface area = 2 ∫
0
2πy
dθ
. dθ = 4 π
∫ 0
r sin θ .
cos 2θ
. dθ

π/4
1
= 4 πa ∫
0
a cos 2θ . sin θ .
cos 2θ
. dθ

π/4
π/4  1 
sin θ dθ = 4 πa 2 [ − cos θ]0
= 4 πa 2
∫
0
= 4 πa 2  −
 2
+ 1


2
= 2πa [2 − 2] .
396 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

22. Find the volume of the paraboloid generated by the revolution of y2 = 4ax about x-axis from x = 0
to x = b.
Sol. Volume of solid generated by the revolution of y2 = 4ax about x-axis

b b b
 x2  b2

0
∫ 0
2

 0
∫
= πy dx = π 4ax dx = 4 πa   = 4 πa .
2  2
= 2πab2 .

23. Find the volume of the reel-shaped solid formed by the revolution about the y-axis of the part of the
parabola y2 = 4ax cut off by the latus rectum.
Sol. Volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the y-axis of the area bounded by the
2a
y2
curve x = , the y-axis and the abscissae y = – 2a to y = 2a is ∫ πx 2dy . As the curve is
4a
−2a

symmetrical about y-axis,

2a 2a 2
 y2 
Volume = 2
∫ πx 2dy = 2π ∫   dy
 4a 
0 0  
2a 2a
2π  y5 
2π π 32 3 4 3
∫
4
= y dy = .   =
2  5 
(2a )5 = πa = πa .
16a 2 16a  0 40a 2 40 5
0
2
24. Find the volume generated by revolving the portion of the parabola y = 4ax cut off by its latus
rectum about the axis of the parabola. (M.D.U., May 2006)
a a a
 x2  a2
Sol. Volume = ∫
0 0
∫
πy2dx = π 4ax dx = 4 πa   = 4 πa .
 2  0 2
= 2πa3

25. Area bounded by x-axis, y2 = 4ax and the ordinate x = 3a is revolved about the x-axis. Find the
volume generated.
3a 3a
(3a )2
Sol. Volume =
∫
0
πy2dx = 4 πa
∫
0
x dx = 4 πa .
2
= 18πa3.

26. Find the volume formed by the revolution of loop of the curve y2(a + x) = x2(3a – x), about the x-axis.
Sol. The equation of the curve is
2 2
y (a + x) = x (3a – x)
(i) The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis.
(ii) The curve passes through the origin.
(iii) The curve meets x-axis at the point (3a, 0).
(iv) The curve has an asymptote a + x = 0 i.e., x = – a || to y-axis.
For the upper half of the loop, x varies from 0 to 3a.
3a 3a
π [ x 2 (3a − x )]
∴ Required volume = ∫
0
πy2dx =
∫
0
a+x
dx

3a 3a
 − x 3 + 3ax 2   4a3 
= ∫
0
π

 x+a
 dx = π


∫
0
 − x 2 + 4 xa − 4a 2 +


 dx
x + a 
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE INTEGRATION 397

3a
 x3 x2 
= π − + 4a . − 4a 2x + 4a3 log( x + a )
 3 2  0

= π [ − 9a3 + 18a3 − 12a3 + 4 a3 (log 4 a − log a )]

= π [ − 3a3 + 4 a3 (log 4)] = πa3 (8 log 2 − 3) .

27. Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ about the y-axis.
Sol. Eliminating θ, we have equation of the curve as

x2 y2 x2 y2 a2
+ = 1 or = 1− or x2 = 2
(b2 − y2 )
2 2 2 b 2
a b a b
Since the ellipse is symmetrical about x-axis,
∴ Required volume generated by the ellipse by the revolution about y-axis
= 2 × Volume generated by the arc in the first quadrant about the x-axis
b b
a2
= 2
∫ 0
πx 2dy = 2π
∫b
0
2
(b2 − y2 ) dy

b
a2  2 y3  a2  b3  a2 2 b3 4 π 2
= 2π 2  b y −  = 2π 2  b3 −  = 2π . = a b.
b  3  b  3  b2 3 3
0
2 2
28. Find the volume when the loop of the curve y = x(2x – 1) revolves about the x-axis.
Sol. Equation of the curve is y2 = x(2x – 1)2
1 
The curve meets the x-axis at, where putting y = 0, (0, 0) and  , 0  .
2 
1
∴ For loop of the curve, x varies from 0 to
2
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2

∫ πy2dx = π
∫ x (2x − 1)2 dx = π
∫ x(4x
2
Required volume = + 1 − 4 x ) dx
0 0 0
1
1/ 2
 4x 4 x 2 4x 3  2  1 1 1 π
= π
∫
0
(4 x 3 + x − 4 x 2 ) dx = π 
 4
+
2
−
3 
 = π + − =
16 8 6  48
.
0
2 2 2 2 2
29. Show that the volume of the solid obtained by the revolution of the curve a y = x (a – x ) about the
4
x-axis is πa3 .
15

x2
2
Sol. Given curve is y = (a2 − x 2 )
a2
The curve meets the x-axis at (± a, 0).
The curve is symmetrical about the y-axis.
a a a
x2 2π  2 x 3 x 5  
∫ πy dx ∫
2 2 2
∴ Required volume = 2 = 2π ( a − x ) dx =  a − 
a2 a2  3 5  
0 0 0
2 3
2π  a . a a 5  2π 2 5 4π 3
= .  − = 2. a = a .
2 15
a  3 5  a 15
398 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

30. Prove that the volume of the reel formed by the revolution of the cycloid x = a(θ + sin θ ), y = a(1 – cos θ )
2 3
about the tangent at the vertex is π a .
Sol. The equations of the cycloid are x = a(θ + sin θ) and y = a(1 – cos θ)
The cycloid is symmetrical about the y-axis and the tangent at the vertex is x-axis.
For half the curve, θ varies from 0 to π.
π π
dx
∫ ∫ a (1 − cos θ)
2 2 2
∴ Required volume = 2 πy . d θ = 2π . a(1 + cos θ) dθ
dθ
0 0
π 2 π
 2 θ  2 θ θ θ
∫ ∫ sin
3 3 4
= 2πa  2 sin 2   2 cos 2  dθ = 16πa cos2 dθ
    2 2
0 0
π/2
 θ
∫ 2 . sin
3 4
= 16 πa t cos2 t dt t = 2 
 
0
3 1 1 π3
= 32πa . . . . = π2 a 3 .
6 4 2 2
31. Find the volume generated by revolving about x-axis, the area cut off from the parabola
9y = 4(9 – x2) by the line 4x + 3y = 12.
Sol. The line meets the parabola at (3, 0).
3 3 2 2
 4(9 − x 2 )  12 − 4 x 
∴ Required volume =
∫
0
π ( y12 − y22 ) dx = π
∫
0

 9
 −
  3 
 . dx

3
16(81 + x − 18x 2 ) 144 + 16x 2 − 96x 
4
= π
∫
0

 81
−
9
 dx

3
π
∫ [16(81 + x
4
= − 18x 2 ) − 9(144 + 16x 2 − 96x )] dx
81
0
3 3
π 16π  x5 
− 9x 3 + 27x 2 
=
81 ∫
0
(16x 4 − 432x 2 + 864 x ) dx =
81

 5  0

16π  243  48 π
= − 243 + 243  = .
81  5  5
32. The area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4x and the straight line 4x = 3y – 2 is rotated about the
y-axis. Obtain the volume of the solid formed by this revolution.
b b
 y 4  3 y − 2 2 
Sol. Required volume =
∫
a
π( x12 − x 22 ) dy = π
∫
a
 −
 16  4  
  dy

Line meets the parabola where

y2 = 3y – 2 or y2 – 3y + 2 = 0
(y – 2) (y – 1) = 0 or y = 1, 2
2 2
 y4 9 y2 + 4 − 12 y  π  y5 9 y3 12 y2 
∴ Volume = π
∫
1

 16
−
16
 dy =


16  5
−
3
− 4y +
2 

1

π  32 1  π  8 4 π
=  − 24 − 8 + 24 −  − 3 − 4 + 6   =  − 5 + 5  = 20 .
16  5 5  16  
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE INTEGRATION 399

33. Show that the volume of the solid generated by revolving the area included between the curves
2 3 2 3 5π
y = x and x = y about x-axis is .
28
Sol. Volume of the solid generated by revolution about x-axis
b

∫ π (y y12 = x3
2
= 1 − y22 ) dx where and y22 = x
4/3

a
Both the curves meet where y3 = x2, y2 = x3
x2 1 1
∴ y= 3
= ⇒ 2
= x3 or x5 = 1 ⇒ x = 1
x x x
1
 7 
1
 4   3.x 3 x 4  3 1  5π
∫
3
 x 3 − x  dx = π 
∴ Required volume = π −  =π −  = .
   7 4   7 4  28
0  
  0
34. The cardioid r = a(1 – cos θ ) revolves about the initial line. Find the volume of the solid generated.
Sol. The cardioid is symmetrical about the initial line or x-axis. Figure shows the shape of the
curve. The curve lies entirely within a circle of radius 2a.
π p
2 3 a, 2
∫ πr sin θ dθ B
Required volume = 3
0
q=0
π X
2 A 2a (0, 0)
∫ a (1 − cos θ)
3 3
= π sin θ dθ (2a, p)
3 C p
0 a, 3 2
π
2 3  (1 − cos θ)4 
= πa  
3  4  0

πa3 πa 3 8πa3
= [(1 − cos π)4 − (1 − cos 0)4 ] = . 16 = .
6 6 3
x
35. Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the arc of the catenary y = c cosh from x = 0
c
to x = c about the x-axis.
x
Sol. Equation of the curve is y = c cosh
c
2
dy x dS  dy  x
∴ = sinh , = 1+  = cosh c
dx c dx  dx 
c c
dS x
Required surface =
∫
0
2πy
dx
. dx = 2πc
∫
0
cosh 2
c
. dx

c
  2x   1 + cosh 2θ
= πc
∫
0
1 + cosh 

  dx
 c 
∵ cosh 2 θ =
2

c
 c  2x    c  πc2
= πc  x + sinh    = πc c + sinh 2  = [2 + sinh 2] .
 2  c 0  2  2
400 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

36. Prove that the surface area of the solid generated by the revolution, about the x-axis, of the loop of
2 1 3
the curve x = t , y = t − t is 3π.
3
1 3
Sol. Loop of the curve meets x-axis where y = 0 i.e., t − t =0
3
 t2  2
⇒ t 1 −  = 0 ⇒ t = 0 and t = 3
 3 
 
3
dS
∴ Required surface area =
∫
0
2πy
dt
dt

2 2
dS  dx   dy  2
=  dt  +  dt  = (2t )2 + (1 − t 2 )2 = (1 + t 2 )2 = 1 + t
dt    
3 3
 t3   t3 t5 
∴ Required surface area = 2π ∫
0
 t −  (1 + t 2 ) dt = 2π

 3  ∫ t −

 3
+ t 2 −  dt
3 
0
3
 t2 t4 t4 t6   3 9 9 27  54
= 2π  − + −  = 2π  − + −  = 2π . 36 = 3π . Hence proved.
 2 12 4 18  0  2 12 4 18 
37. The curve r = a(1 + cos θ ) revolves about the initial line. Find the area of the surface formed.
(M.D.U., May 2007, Dec., 2008)
Sol. The curve r = a(1 + cos θ) is symmetrical about the initial line (x-axis) and for the upper half
of the curve, θ varies from 0 to π.
π
dS
∴ Required surface area =
∫ 0
2πy
dθ
. dθ

2
dS  dr 
where, = r 2 +   , y = r sin θ
dθ  dθ 

= a 2 (1 + cos θ)2 + ( − a sin θ)2 = a 1 + cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + sin 2 θ

= a 2 (1 + cos θ) = 2a cos θ / 2
π
θ
∴ Required surface area = 2π
∫ r sin θ . 2a cos 2 . dθ
0
π π
θ θ
= 4 πa
∫
0
a(1 + cos θ) sin θ cos dθ = 8πa 2
2 ∫
0
cos3
2
sin θ dθ

π π
θ θ θ θ
∴ Required surface area = 8πa 2
∫
0
cos3
2
sin θ dθ = 8πa 2
∫
0
cos3 
2
2 sin cos  dθ
2 2

π
θ θ θ
= 16πa 2
∫ 0
cos3
2
. cos sin . dθ
2 2
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE INTEGRATION 401

π/2
θ
= 16πa 2
∫
0
2 cos4 t . sin t dt Put
2
= t, dθ = 2dt

π/2 When θ = π, t = π/2

 cos5 t   − 1
= 32πa 2   = 32πa 2  
 5  0  5 

32 2
= πa (Neglecting –ve sign).
5
38. Find the volume and surface area of the solid generated by revolving the cycloid x = a(θ + sin θ ),
y = a(1 + cos θ ) about its base.
Sol. The curve meets the x-axis where y = 0 i.e., when θ = ± π i.e., we have x = ± aπ.
Therefore, the curve meets the x-axis at the point (± aπ, 0).
Curve does not pass through the origin and curve is symmetrical about y-axis. The curve meets
the y-axis where x = 0 i.e., when θ = 0 or y = 2a. Therefore curve meets y-axis at (0, 2a). Least
value of y is 0 when θ = π and greatest value of y is 2a when θ = 0.
π π
dx
∫ ∫a
2 2
∴ Required volume = 2 πy . d θ = 2π (1 + cos θ)2 . a(1 + cos θ) dθ
dθ
0 0
π π 3 π
 2 θ θ
= 2πa 3
∫ (1 + cos θ)3 dθ = 2πa 3
∫ ∫
3
 2 cos 2  dθ = 16πa cos6 dθ
  2
0 0 0
π/2
θ
∫
3
⇒ Required volume = 16πa cos6 t . 2dt Put = t, dθ = 2dt
2
0
π/2
5 3 1 π   5π 
= 32πa3
∫ 0
cos6 t . dt = 32πa3  . . .  = 32πa3   = 5π2a3
6 4 2 2   32 
π
dS
Required surface area = 2
∫
0
2πy
dθ
. dθ

2 2
dS  dx   dy 
where =  dθ  +  dθ  = [ a(1 + cos θ)]2 + [ −a sin θ]2
dθ    
θ
= a 1 + cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + sin 2 θ = a 2(1 + cos θ) = 2a cos
2
π π
θ θ θ
∴ Required surface area = 4 π ∫
0
a(1 + cos θ) . 2a cos
2
. dθ = 8πa 2
∫ 0
2 cos2
2
. cos dθ
2
π
θ
∫
2
Required surface area = 16πa cos3 dθ
2
0
θ
π/2 Put = t, dθ = 2.dt
2 2
∫
2 3 2
∴ Area = 16πa 2 cos t dt = 32πa  
3 π
0 θ=π ⇒ t=
2
64 πa 2
= .
3
402 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

x2 y2
39. Prove that the surface area of the ellipsoid formed by the revolution of the ellipse 2
+ =1,
a b2
 1 
round its major axis is 2 πab  1 − e 2 + sin −1 e .
 e 

x2 y2
Sol. Equation of the ellipse is 2
+ =1 ...(1)
a b2
where b2 = a2(1 – e2) [e < 1]
The required surface area = 2 × Surface area of revolution generated by revolution about
the x-axis of the arc in the first quadrant.
From (1) on differentiation, we get

2x 2 y dy dy b2 x a2 (1 − e2 ) x x
2
+ . = 0 or = − 2. = − . = − (1 − e2 )
a b2 dx dx a y a2 y y
a 2 a
 dy  b x2
Required surface area = 2
∫
0
2πy 1 +   . dx = 4 π
 dx  ∫
0
a
a 2 − x 2 . 1 + (1 − e2 )2
y2
. dx

a
4 πb a2
=
a ∫
0
a 2 − x 2 . 1 + (1 − e2 )2 . x 2 .
b2 ( a 2 − x 2 )
. dx

a
4 πb a2
=
a ∫
0
a 2 − x 2 . 1 + (1 − e2 )2 . x 2 .
a (1 − e ) ( a 2 − x 2 )
2 2
. dx

a a
4 πb (1 − e2 )x 2 4 πb
=
a ∫
0
a2 − x 2 . 1 +
a2 − x 2
dx =
a ∫
0
a 2 − e2 x 2 . dx

a
 a2 
 2 
a x − x 2
4 πbe a2 4 πbe  e2 a −1  x  
∫
2
= − x . dx = + sin  
a e2 a  2 2e2  a / e 
0 
 
0

4 πbe  a 2 a2 
 1 
= a
2
− a 2 + 2 sin −1 ( e )  = 2πab  1 − e2 + sin −1 ( e )  .
a  e e   e 
 
40. The arc of the curve x2/3 2/3 2/3
+y =a in the first quadrant revolves about x-axis. Show that the
6 πa 2
area of the surface generated is . (U.P.T.U., 2008)
5
Sol. The parametric equations of the curve are x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t
dx dy
∴ = – 3a cos2 t sin t ; = 3a sin2 t cos t
dt dt
π/2 π/2 2 2
dS  dx   dy 
∴ Required surface area =
∫
0
2πy
dt
. dt =
∫
0
2πa sin3 t .   +  dt  dt
 dt   
π/2
= 2πa ∫
0
sin3 t . 9a 2 [cos4 t sin 2 t + sin 4 t cos2 t ] dt
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE INTEGRATION 403

π/2

∫
2
= 6πa sin3 t . sin t cos t dt
0
π/2
3 1  6πa 2
= 6πa 2
∫
0
sin 4 t cos t dt = 6πa 2  .  =
5 3  5
. Hence shown.

3
41. Find the volume of the spindle shaped solid generated by revolution of the astroid x = a cos t,
3
y = a sin t about the y-axis.
π
Sol. For the part of the curve in the first quadrant t varies from 0 to .
2
π/2 π/2
dy
∴ Required volume = 2
∫ πx
dt
2
. dt = 2π ∫
0
a 2 cos6 t . 3a sin 2 t cos t dt
0
π/2 3
3  6.4 .2  32πa
= 6πa3
∫
0
cos7 t sin 2 t dt = 6πa  =
 9.7.5.3.1  105
.

42. The part of the parabola y2 = 4ax, cut off by the latus rectum revolves about the tangent at the
vertex. Find the area of the curved surface of the reel thus generated.
Sol. Tangent to the parabola at the origin is y-axis. Required surface area = 2 × surface area
generated by the upper half of the parabola.
2
Equation of the curve is y = 4ax
2ydy dy 2a a
∴ = 4a ⇒ = =
dx dx y x
a
dS
∴ Required surface area = 2
∫
0
2πx
dx
. dx

2
dS  dy  a x+a
where = 1+  = 1+ x =
dx  dx  x
∴ Surface area
a a a 2 2
x+a  a a
= 4π ∫
0
x
x
. dx = 4 π
∫0
x 2 + ax . dx = 4 π
∫
0
 x + 2  −  2  dx
   
a
 2 2  2 2 
 x + a   x + a  −  a    x + a  +  x + a  −  a  
 
2  2   2      
2   2  
2 1 a 2 
= 4π  − . log  
 2 2 4  a/2  0
  3a 
 1 3a 9a 2 a 2 a 2  2 + 2a 
= 4π  . − − log  
2 2 4 4 8  a / 2 
  
 3a a2   3 2 2 a2 
= 4π  2a − log (3 + 2 2)  = 4 π  a − log (3 + 2 2) 
 4 8   4 8 

2  1   1 
= πa 3 2 − log (3 + 2 2) = πa 2 3 2 − log ( 2 + 1)2 
 2   2 

= πa2 3 2 − log ( 2 + 1) .

 
404 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

43. Find the surface area of the solid generated by revolution of the astroid x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t
about the x-axis.
Sol. The required surface area = 2 × Surface area of revolution about x-axis of the arc in the
first quadrant.

6πa 2 12πa 2
As already found out in Q. 40, the same is 2 × = .
5 5
44. Find the surface area generated if an arc of the cycloid x = a(θ – sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ) revolves
about the line y = 2a.
Sol. The shape of the curve is shown in the figure
The required surface area = 2 × Surface area generated by the revolution of the arc OM about
the line y = 2a
Y
x = a (θ – sin θ), y = a (1 – cos θ)

dx dy
= a (1 – cos θ), = a sin θ
dθ dθ
∴ The required surface area q=p
y = 2a
L M
π
ds
∫
= 2 2π( PL )
0
dθ
. dθ P (x, y) 2a
O X
π 2 2
 dx   dy 
∫
= 4 π (2a − y ) 
0
 +  . dθ
 dθ   dθ 
π
= 4π ∫ {2a − a(1 − cos θ)} a2 (1 − cos θ)2 + a2 sin2 θ . dθ
0
π π
θ θ
∫
2 2
2
= 4 πa (1 + cos θ) 2(1 − cos θ) . dθ = 4 πa 2 cos ∫ ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2sin2 ⋅ dθ
2 2
0 0
π
θ θ
= 16πa 2 cos2
∫0
2
sin ⋅ dθ
2

θ
Put = t, dθ = 2. dt,
2
π2 π2
 cos3 t  1  32
∫
2 2 2
= 16πa 2 . cos t sin t dt = 32πa   = 32πa 2   = πa 2.
0  −3  0 3
  3
2
45. Area bounded by x-axis, y = 4ax and the ordinate x = 3a is revolved about x-axis. Find the volume
generated. (M.D.U., May 2005)
2
Sol. We are given the area between x-axis, y = 4ax and x = 3a
∴ At x-axis, y = 0 ⇒ x = 0
At x = 3a, y2 = 4a . 3a = 12a2 ⇒ y = 2 3 a
Thus, we have to integrate between 0 and 2 3 . a
The volume is given by
2 3 .a 2 3 .a 2 3 .a
=
∫ [( x + y) − ( x − y)] dx = ∫
0
2 y dx =
∫ 2.2 ax . dx
0 0
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE INTEGRATION 405

2 3a
 x3 2  8 32
a 2 3 a  = 8 . a1 2 . 23 2 ( 3)
32
= 4 a  = . a3 2
 3 2  0 3 3
1 3
+
8 2
( 2) ( 2)
3 3
= .a . .3.2 2 = 24a 2 = 48 2 a 2 cubic units.
3

2 2 16a 2
46. Prove that the area common to the two parabolas x = 4ay and y = 4ax is .
3
Sol. The equations of the parabola are
2
x = 4ay ...(1) y2 = 4ax ...(2)
To find the points of intersection of the curves (1) and (2), eliminating y, we have

x2 x4
= y, y2 = 4ax ⇒ = 4ax
4a 16a2
4
x = 64a3x or x (x3 – 64a3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 4a
When x = 0, y = 0
When x = 4a, y = 4a
Hence the parabolas intersect at (0, 0) and (4a, 4a).
4a
Required area =
∫ (y
0
2 − y1 )dx

4a 4a
 x2   x3 / 2 x3  4 a (4a )3
=
∫
0
 4ax −


 dx = 2 a .
4a  
−
3 / 2 12a 

0
=
3
.(4a )3 2 −
12a
↓ ↓
upper lower
curve curve
(2) (1)

32 2 16a 2
= a − = 16a2/3.
3 3

47. Find the volume of the greatest rectangular parallelopiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid:

x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2
+=1 [M.D.U., May 2008]
a b c2
Sol. Let (x, y, z) be a vertex of the parallelopiped, then it lies on the ellipsoid

x2 y2 z2
+ +
=1
a2 b2 c2
Also its dimensions are 2x, 2y, 2z so that the volume V is given by
V = 2x × 2y × 2z = 8xyz
⇒ V2 = 64x2y2z2

2 2 2
 x 2 y2   2 2 x 4 y 2 x 2 y4 
= 64 x y c 1 − 2 − 2  = 64 c2  x y − 2 − 2 = f ( x , y) 
 a b   a b 
  

2
 2 4 x 3 y2 2xy4  2
 2 2x 4 y 4 x 2 y3 
fx = 64 c  2 xy − − 2  ; fy = 64 c  2 x y − 2 − 
 a2 b   a b2 
 
406 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 12 x 2 y2 2 y4   8 x 3 y 8xy3 
fxx = 64 c2  2 y2 − − 2 =r; fxy = 64 c2  4 xy − − 2  = s
 a2 b   a2 b 
 
 2x 4 12x 2 y2 
fyy = 64 c2  2x 2 − 2 −  = t
 a b2 
Now, fx = 0 and fy = 0
 2x 2 y 2 
⇒ 128 c2xy2 1 − 2 − 2  = 0
 a b 

 x 2 2 y2 
and 128 c2x 2 y 1 − 2 − 2  = 0 [ä x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0]
 a b 

2 x2 y2
⇒ 1− − = 0 ...(1)
a2 b2
x2 2 y2
and 1− − = 0 ...(2)
a2 b2
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
x2 y2 bx
− 2
+ 2
= 0 or y =
a b a
a2 a b
∴ From (1), x2 = or x = and y = .
3 3 3
2 2
2
 x y  c2
z2 = c  1 − 2 − 2  =
 a b  3

c
∴ z =
3
a b
Thus, x = and y = is a stationary point. At this point,
3 3
 2b2 12 a2 b2 2 b4   2 4b2 2b2 
2 2b
r = fxx = 64 c2  − 2. . − 2 .  = 64 c  − − 
 3 a 3 3 b 9   3 3 9 

2
 8b2  512 2 2
= 64c  −  = − b c <0
 9  9
 
256
Similarly, we get s = fxy = − abc 2 ; t = fyy = − 512 a 2c2
9 9
2 2 2
 512  2 2 4  256  2 2 4 256  2 2 4
∴ rt – s2 =   a b c −  a b c =   a b c (4 − 1) > 0
 9   9   9 
Also, r<0 ∴ V 2 and hence V is maximum
a b c
When x= , y= , z=
3 3 3

a b c 8 abc
Maximum volume = 8xyz = 8 . . . = .
3 3 3 3 3




 6
Multiple Integration

BRIEF DEFINITIONS AND IMPORTANT FORMULAE

1. Area by Double Integration
(a) Cartesian Co-ordinates: The area A of the region bounded by the curves y = f1(x), y = f2(x)
and the lines x = a, x = b is given by
b
f2 ( x )
A= ∫∫
a
f1 ( x )
dy dx

Similarly, the area A of the region bounded by the curves x = f1(y), x = f2(y) and the lines
y = c, y = d is given by
d
f2 ( y )
A= ∫∫
c
f1 ( y )
dx dy .

(b) Polar Co-ordinates: The area of the region bounded by the curves r = f1(θ), r = f2(θ) and the
lines θ = α, θ = β, is given by
β
f2 ( θ )
A= ∫∫
α
f1 ( θ )
r dr dθ .

2. Volume as a Double Integral

(a) Cartesian Co-ordinates:
Consider z = f(x, y), then

V= ∫∫ zdx dy
R
(b) Cylinderical Co-ordinates:
Consider z = f (r, φ), then

V= ∫∫ zrdr dφ
R
b d
Note 1. Consider
∫ ∫ f ( x , y) dy dx
a c

 

Limits of y

 

Limits of x
The integrand is to be solved w.r.t. y first, then w.r.t. x.
Note 2. In case of variable limits, the integration is to be performed w.r.t. that variable (having
variable limits) first and then w.r.t. the variable with constant limits.

407
408 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

3. Volume of Solids of Revolution

(a) If the area R revolves about x-axis, then the required volume is given by

V = 2π ∫∫ y dy dx
R
(b) If the area R revolves about y-axis, then the required volume is given by

V = 2π ∫∫ x dxdy
R
4. Volume as Triple Integral

Volume = ∫∫∫ dz dy dx
V
5. Calculation of Mass, C.G.
(a) For a plane Lamina of area A
Let ρ be the density at a point P (x, y).
Then, Mass M = Density × Area

= ∫∫ ρ dx dy
A

In polar co-ordinates, M= ∫∫ ρrdr dθ

A
(b) For a solid of volume V

M=
∫∫∫ ρdx dy dz
2
M= ∫∫∫ ρr sin θ dr dθ dφ

(c) The centre of gravity (C. G.) (x, y) of a plane lamina of area A, in cartesian co-ordinates,
1
x =
M ∫∫ ρx dx dy
1
y =
M ∫∫ ρy dx dy
In polar co-ordinates
1
x =
M ∫∫ ρr cos θ r dr dθ
1
y =
M ∫∫ ρr sin θ r dr dθ
(d) The C.G. of a solid of volume V is given by
1
x =
M ∫∫∫ ρx dx dy dz
1
y =
M ∫∫∫ ρy dx dy dz
1
z =
M ∫∫∫ ρz dx dy dz
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 409

SOLVED PROBLEMS

2 4 4 2

1. Prove that : ∫∫
1 3
( xy + e y )dydx =
∫ ∫ ( xy + e
y
) dxdy
3 1

2 4 2 4  2 4 2
 xy2   4 9 3
Sol. ∫∫
1 3
( xy + e y )dydx =
∫ ∫
1
 ( xy + e y )dy  dx =

3


∫
1

 2
+ e y  dx =
3 ∫
1
 8x + e − 2 x − e  dx
 

2 2
7 3
 x2 
∫
4 4 3
=  2 x + e − e  dx = 7 4 + ( e − e )x 
   1
1

7 21 4
= 7 + 2( e4 − e3 ) − − ( e 4 − e3 ) = + e − e3 ...(1)
4 4
4 2 4 2  4 2
 x2 
∫ ∫ ( xy + e ∫ ∫ ∫
y  ( xy + e y )dx  dy =
Now, )dxdy = y + xe y  dy
  2
3 1 3 1  3  1

4 4
 y y  3y y
∫ ∫
y
=  2 y + 2e − 2 − e  dy =  2 + e  dy
   
3 3
4
3  27 3 21 4 3
=  y2 + e y  = 12 + e4 − −e = +e −e ...(2) Hence proved.
 4 3 4 4
From (1) and (2), L.H.S. = R.H.S.
1 1
dxdy
2. Evaluate : ∫∫
0 0 (1 − x 2 )(1 − y 2 )
.

1 1 1 1  1
dxdy dx 1 1
Sol. ∫∫ 2
(1 − x )(1 − y ) 2
=
∫ ∫   dy =
 (1 − x 2 )(1 − y2 )  ∫ 1− y 2
sin −1 x  dy
 0
0 0 0 0  0

1
1 π π 1 π π π2
= ∫
0
. .dy = sin −1 y  = . =
1 − y2 2 2   0 2 2 4
.

1 1 1 1
x−y x−y
3. Show that : ∫ ∫ ( x + y)
0
dx
0
3
dy ≠
∫ ∫ ( x + y)
0
dy
0
3
dx .

1 1 1
x−y 2x − ( x + y )
Sol. L.H.S. =
∫ ∫ ( x + y)
0
dx 3
dy =
∫ ∫
0
dx
0
( x + y )3
dy

1 1 1 1
 2x 1   ( x + y )−2 ( x + y )−1 
= ∫ ∫
0
dx
0
 −  dy =
 ( x + y )3 ( x + y )2  ∫0
 2x .
 −2
−
−1 
 dx
0
1 1 1
 −x 1   −x 1 1 1
= ∫
0

 ( x + y )
2
+  dx =
x + y 
0
∫
0

 ( x + 1)
2
+ + −  dx
x +1 x x 
410 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 1
−x + x + 1  1  1 1
= ∫
0
( x + 1)2
dx =  −
 ( x + 1)
 = − +1 =
0 2 2

1 1
x + y − 2y
R.H.S. = ∫ ∫
0
dy
0
( x + y )3
. dx

1 1 1 1
 1 2y   −1 ( x + y )−2 
= ∫ ∫
0
dy
0

 ( x + y )
2
−  dx =
( x + y )3  ∫
0
dy 
 x + y
− 2y .
− 2 

0
1 1
 1 y 1 1  1 y 
= ∫
0
− +
 1 + y (1 + y )
2
+ −  dy =
y y  ∫
0
 − + 2
 1 + y (1 + y ) 
 dy

1 1 1
−1 − y + y 1  1  1 1
= ∫
0
 2 
 (1 + y ) 
dy =
∫
0
−
(1 + y )2
dy = 
1 +
 = −1 = −
y 0 2 2
Therefore, the two integrals are not equal.

1 1 + x2
dydx
4. Evaluate : ∫ ∫
0 0
1 + x 2 + y2
. (U.P.T.U., 2006)

1  1 + x2  1 1 + x2
 dy  1  y 
Sol. I= ∫
0


∫
0
 dx =
1 + x 2 + y2  ∫
0 1 + x2
tan −1

 1 + x

2
0
dx

 
1
1
= ∫
0 1 + x2
[tan −1 1 − tan −1 0] dx

1 1
π dx π  log ( x + 1 + x 2 )
=
4 ∫
0 1 + x2
=
4   0

π π
= log (1 + 2) − log 1 = log ( 2 + 1)
4 4
a a 2 − y2

5. Evaluate : ∫ ∫
0 0
a 2 − x 2 − y2 dxdy

a  a 2 − y2 
 
∫ ∫
2 2 2
Sol. I=  ( a − y ) − x dx  dy
0  0 
 

a a 2 − y2
 x a 2 − y2 − x 2 a 2 − y2 x 
=
∫
0



2
+
2
sin −1 
a2 − y2  0
. dy

a a
a 2 − y2 π
∫ sin −1 (1) . dy =
∫ (a
2
= − y2 ) dy
2 4
0 0
a
3 3
π  2 y π 3 a πa3
= a y −  = a − =
4  3  4  3  6
0
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 411

∫∫ e
2x +3y
6. Evaluate dxdy over the triangle bounded by x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1.

Sol. The Region R of integration is the triangle OAB. Here x varies from 0 to 1 and y varies from
x-axis upto the line x + y = 1 i.e., from 0 to 1 – x.
∴ The Region R can be expressed as Y

0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 – x
1 1−x B(0, 1)
∴
∫∫ e2x +3y dxdy = ∫ ∫
0 0
e2x + 3 y dydx

x=0 y = 1–x
1 1−x
 1 2x + 3 y 
= ∫
0
3 e


0
. dx

(1, 0)
X
1 O y=0 A
1
∫ (e
3−x 2x
= −e ) dx
3
0

1
1  3 − x 1 2x  1  1   1 
= − e − e  = −   e 2 + e 2  −  e3 +  
3  2 0 3  2   2 

1  2 1 2  1 2
= −  − e ( e − 1) + 2 ( e − 1)  = 6 ( e − 1) [2e − ( e + 1)]
3  
1 1 1
= ( e − 1) [2e 2 − e − 1)] = ( e − 1) ( e − 1) (2e + 1) = ( e − 1)2 (2e + 1)
6 6 6

7. Evaluate ∫∫ y dxdy , where R is the region bounded by the parabolas y

R
2
= 4x and x2 = 4y.

2
2 2  x2  3
Sol. Solving y = 4x and x = 4y, we have   = 4x or x(x – 64) = 0
 4 
 
∴ x = 0, 4. When x = 4, y = 4
∴ Both the parabolas meet each other at the points (0, 0) and (4, 4).

x2
The region R can be expressed as 0 ≤ x ≤ 4, ≤ y ≤ 2 x.
4

4 2 x 4 2 x
 y2 
∴ ∫∫ y dxdy = ∫ ∫ y dydx = ∫
0
  2 . dx
 2  x
R 0 x2 / 4 4

4 4
1  x4  1 x5  1  1024  48
=
2 ∫
0
 4x −

 16
 dx = 2x 2 −

 2 
 80
 =

0 2  32 − 80  = 5
 

x2 y2
8. Evaluate ∫∫ (x + y)2 dxdy over the area bounded by the ellipse
a2
+
b2
=1.
412 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

b
Sol. For the ellipse, a2 − x 2
y= ±
a
∴ The region of integration R can be expressed as
b b
– a ≤ x ≤ a, − a2 − x 2 ≤ y ≤ a2 − x 2
a a
a (b / a ) a 2 − x 2

∴ ∫∫ ( x + y)
R
2
dxdy =
∫∫ (x
2 2
+ y + 2xy) dxdy =
∫ ∫
− a ( −b / a ) a 2 − x 2
( x 2 + y2 + 2xy ) dydx

b 2 2
(b / a ) a 2 − x 2   a −x
a a a

= ∫ ∫
− a ( −b / a ) a 2 − x 2
( x 2 + y2 ) dydx +
∫ ∫
− a ( −b / a ) a2 − x 2
2xy dydx

Since (x2 + y2) is an even function of y and 2xy is an odd function of y, the second integral is 0.

a (b / a ) a 2 − x 2 a (b / a ) a 2 − x 2
  2 y3  
∴ I=
∫ ∫
2 2
2( x + y ) dydx =
−a
∫ 2  x y +

 

3  
0
. dx
−a 0
a
 2 b 1 b3 2 
= 2
∫
−a
x .
 a
a2 − x 2 + . 3 ( a − x 2 )3 / 2  dx
3 a 
a
 b 2 2 b3 
∫
2 2 2 3/2
= 4  x a − x + 3 ( a − x )  dx
 a 3a 
0
Put x = a sin θ When x = a, θ = π/2
dx = a cos θ When x = 0, θ = 0

a2 − x 2 = a cos θ
π/2
b 2 b3 
= 4
∫
0
 a sin 2 θ . a cos θ + 3 . a3 cos3 θ  a cos θ dθ
a
 3a 

π/2
 3 ab3 
= 4
∫
0
 a b sin 2 θ cos θ +

 3
cos4 θ  dθ


 1 1 π ab3 3 1 π π 3 3 π 2 2
= 4 a3b . . . + . . .  = ( a b + ab ) = ab ( a + b ) .
 4 2 2 3 4 2 2  4 4

9. Evaluate ∫∫ y dxdy over the part of the plane bounded by the line y = x and the parabola y = 4x – x2.
Sol. The line y = x meets the parabola y = 4x – x2 in 2 distinct points (0, 0) and (3, 3).
The region of integration R can be expressed as 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, x ≤ y ≤ 4x – x2.
2
3 4x − x 3 4x − x2 3
 y2  1
∫∫ y dxdy = ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ [(4x − x
2 2
∴ y dy . dx =   . dx = ) − x 2 ] dx
0 x 0  2  x 2
0
R
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 413

3 3
1 1 15x 3 x 5 8x 4 
=
2 ∫
0
(15x 2 + x 4 − 8x 3 ) dx =
2

 3
+
5
−
4 

0

 243 1  54
135 + 5 − 162 = 5
=
2
 
10. When the region R of integration is the triangle given by y = 0, y = x and x = 1, show that :
 
4 x 2 − y2 dxdy = 1  π + 3  .
R
∫∫ 
3 3 2 
Sol. The region of integration R is 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x.
1 x

∴ ∫∫
2 2
4 x − y . dxdy =
∫∫
0 0
4 x 2 − y2 . dydx
R
1 x
1 1 −1  y  
∫
2 2 2
=  y 4 x − y + . 4 x . sin    dx
2 2  2x   0
0

 x a2 − x 2 a2 x 

∵

∫ a 2 − x 2 . dx =
2
+
2
sin −1 
a

1 1
1 π 1  x 3 2π x 3 
= ∫
0

2
3x 2 + 4 x 2 .  dx =  3 .
6 2  3
+ .
3 3 

0

1 1 2π 1   1 π 1 π 3
= 3. + . =  + =  + 
2  3 3 3   2 3 9  3  3 2 

11. Evaluate ∫∫
S
xy − y2 dxdy where S is a triangle with vertices (0, 0), (10, 1) and (1, 1).

Sol. Let OAB be the triangle whose vertices are (0, 0), Y
(10, 1) and (1, 1) as shown in the figure.
The equation of the line joining O (0, 0) and A (1, 1) is
1−0
y–0 = ( x − 0) ⇒ y=x
1−0
Equation of line OB is
A (1, 1) B (10, 1)
1−0
y

y–0 = ( x − 0)
x=

10 − 0 0y
x=1
X
1 O
⇒ x or x = 10y
y= (0, 0)
10
Hence the region of integration R can be expressed as
y ≤ x ≤ 10y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
1 10 y

∴
∫∫
2
xy − y dxdy = ∫ ∫
0 y
xy − y2 dxdy
S

1 10 y 1 1 1
 ( xy − y2 )3 / 2  2  y3  18
= ∫
0

 (3 / 2) y  y
 dy =
∫
0
3y
(9 y2 )3 / 2 dy = 18
∫
0
y2dy = 18   =
 3  0 3
=6
414 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

12. Let D be the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves xy = 16, x = y, y = 0 and x = 8.

∫∫ x
2
Sketch the region of integration of the integral dxdy and evaluate it by expressing it as an
D
appropriate repeated integral.
Sol. The straight line x = y intersects the hyperbola xy = 16 Y y=x
at A (4, 4). The line x = 8 intersects the hyperbola xy = 16 at
xy = 16
B (8, 2). The shaded portion in the following figure is the
region of integration.
To evaluate the given integral, we divide the area OABNO
into 2 parts by AM.
A
16 (4, 4)
y=
x =4 y=x x =8 x
B (8, 2)
∫∫ x ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
2
Then dxdy = x 2 dxdy + x 2 dxdy
D x =0 y=0 x =4 y=0 X
O M N
16
4 x 8 x

∫ x 2dx
∫ ∫x ∫ dy
2
= dy + dx
0 0 4 0
4 8 4 8
 x4  16x 2 
=
∫
0 4
∫
x 3dx 16x dx =   + 

 = 64 + 8(64 − 16) = 64 + 384 = 448.
 4  0  2  4
3 2
13. Evaluate
∫ ∫ xy(1 + x + y) dydx .
0 1
3 2 3 2
 xy2 x 2 y2 xy3 
Sol.
∫ ∫ (xy + x y + xy ) dy . dx
2 2
= ∫
0

 2
+
2
+  . dx
3 
1
0 1
3
 8x x x 2 x 
=
∫
0
 x . 2 + 2x 2 +

 3
− −
2 2
−  dx
3 

3 3
 23x 3x 2   23 3 2
= ∫
0

 6

+
2 
 dx =
∫
0
 6 x + 2 x  dx
 
3
 23 x 2 3 x 3  23 9 3 27 123 3
=  . + .  = . + . = = 30
 6 2 2 3  0 6 2 2 3 4 4

1 x

∫ ∫ (x
2
14. Evaluate + y2 ) dydx .
0 x
1 x 1 x
 2 y3 
Sol. ∫ ∫
0 x
( x 2 + y2 ) dydx = ∫ x y +

 . dx
3 
0 x

1 1
 5 x3 / 2 x 3  2 7 2 4 x 4 
=
∫
0 
x2 +
 3
− x3 −
3 

dx =  . x 2 +
7

15
. x5 / 2 − .
3 4 
0
2 2 1 30 + 14 − 35 9 3
= + − = = or
7 15 3 105 105 35
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 415

∫∫ x
2 2 2 2
15. Evaluate y dxdy over the circle x + y = 1. [U.P.T.U., (Agr. Engg.) 2005]

Sol. The Region of integration is – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, − 1 − x2 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2

1 1 − x2 1 1 − x2

∫ ∫ ∫2 ∫
2 2
I = x y dxdy = y2 . dy . x 2dx
−1 − 1 − x 2 −1 0

1 1 − x2 1 1
 y3  2 4
∫ . x 2dx =
∫ (1 − x 2 )3 / 2 . x 2 . dx =
∫ x (1 − x
2 2 3/2
= 2   ) . dx
 3  0 3 3
−1 −1 0
Put x = sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ,
When x = 1, θ = π/2, x = 0, θ = 0
π/2
4 4 1 3 1 π π
∫ sin
2
= θ cos4 θ dθ = . . . . =
3 3 6 4 2 2 24
0
π / 2 a cos θ
16. Evaluate ∫ ∫
0 0
r a 2 − r 2 dr dθ

π/2  a cos θ  π/2  a cos θ 

1
Sol. I= ∫ 
 ∫ r a 2 − r 2 dr  dθ =
 ∫ 
 ∫ − ( − 2r ) a 2 − r 2 dr  dθ
2 
0  0  0  0 
π/2 a cos θ
 1 ( a 2 − r 2 )3 / 2 
= ∫
0
− .
 2 3/2

 0
. dθ

π/2
1 a3 2 π a3
= −
3 ∫
0
( a3 sin3 θ − a3 ) dθ = −
3  3 − 2  = 18 (3π − 4)
 

∫∫ r drdθ , over the area bounded between the circles r = 2 cos θ and r = 4 cos θ.
3
17. Evaluate

π π
Sol. Here r varies from 2 cos θ to 4 cos θ while θ varies from − to .
2 2

π/2 4 cos θ π/2 4 cos θ

 r4 
∴
∫ ∫
3
r dr dθ = ∫
− π/2
 
 4  2 cos θ
dθ
− π / 2 2 cos θ

π/2 π/2
1
=
4 ∫
− π/2
(256 cos4 θ − 16 cos4 θ) dθ = 60
∫
− π/2
cos4 θ dθ

4
Since cos θ is an even function of θ,
π/2
3 × 1 π 45π
∫ cos
4
= 60 × 2 θ dθ = 120 . × = .
4×2 2 2
0
416 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

18. Evaluate
∫∫ r sin θ dr dθ over the area of the cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ) above the initial line.
Sol. The region of integration R is covered by radial strips whose ends are r = 0 and
r = a(1 + cos θ), the strips starting from θ = 0 and ending at θ = π.
π a (1 + cos θ )
r = a(1 + cos q)
∴
∫∫
R
r sin θ drdθ =
∫
0
∫
0
r sin θ drdθ

π a(1 + cos θ )
 r2 
= ∫
0
sin θ  
 2  0
dθ q=p O q=0
X

π
1 2
∫ sin θ . (1 + cos θ)
2
= a dθ
2
0
π 2 π
a2 θ θ θ θ θ
=
2 ∫0
2 sin
2
cos  2 cos2  dθ = 4a 2
2 2 ∫
0
sin
2
cos5 . dθ
2

π/2 θ
Putting = φ, dθ = 2dφ,
∫
2
= 4a sin φ cos5 φ . 2dφ 2
0 π
when θ = π, φ =
2
π/2 π/2
 cos6 φ  4a 2 4a 2
∫
2 5 2
= 8a cos φ sin φ dφ = − 8a   =− (0 − 1) = .
0  6  0 3 3

rdrdθ
19. Evaluate ∫∫ a2 + r2
over one loop of the curve r2 = a2 cos 2θ. (M.D.U., Dec. 2006)

Sol. The Region of integration R is covered by radial strips whose ends are r = 0 and
π π
r = a cos 2θ , the strips starting from θ = − and ending at θ = .
4 4

π/4 a cos 2θ π/4 a cos 2θ

r drdθ rdr 1
∴ ∫∫ R a2 + r2
= ∫ ∫ a2 + r2
. dθ =
− π/4
∫ ∫
0
2
. ( a2 + r 2 )−1 / 2 (2r ) dr . dθ
− π/4 0

π/4 a cos 2θ π/4

 1 
 1 ( a2 + r 2 )1 / 2 
= ∫
− π/4

 2 1/ 2

 0
=
∫ ( a2 + a2 cos 2θ) 2 − a  dθ

− π/4 


π/4
 1  π/4
 1 
= a ∫
(1 + cos 2θ) 2 − 1 dθ = a

− π/4 


∫ (2 cos2 θ) 2 − 1 dθ

− π/4 


π/4 π/4
= a ∫
− π/4
( 2 cos θ − 1) dθ = 2a
∫(
0
2 cos θ − 1) dθ

π/4  1 π  π
= 2a  2 sin θ − θ  = 2a  2 . −  = 2a  1 − 
0  2 4  4
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 417

π a (1 − cos θ )

20. Evaluate ∫
0
∫
0
r 2 sin θ drdθ

π a (1 − cos θ )
 r3 
Sol. Given I = ∫
0
 
 3  0
. sin θ dθ

π 2 When t = 1 − cos θ, dt = sin θ dθ

a3 a3
∫ ∫t
3 3
= sin θ (1 − cos θ) dθ = dt When θ = 0, t = 0
3 3
0 0 When θ = π, t = 2
2
a3  t4  a3 4
∴ I =   = (16) = a3
3  4  0 12 3

∫∫ r drdθ where A is the area between the circles r = a cos θ and r = 2a cos θ.
2
21. Evaluate
A
π π
Sol. Here r varies from a cos θ to 2a cos θ and θ varies from − to .
2 2
π/2 2a cos θ π/2 2a cos θ
 r3 
∴ ∫∫
A
r 2drdθ =
∫ ∫ (r 2dr ) dθ =
∫  

 3 
a cos θ
dθ
− π/2 a cos θ − π/2

π/2 π/2
1 7 14a3  2  28a
3
=
3 ∫
− π/2
(8a3 cos3 θ − a3 cos3 θ) dθ =
3
× 2a3
∫
0
cos3 θ dθ =
3 3  = 9 .
 

∫∫ r
3
22. Evaluate drdθ over the area included between the circles r = 2 sin θ and r = 4 sin θ.

π π
Sol. Here r varies from 2 sin θ to 4 sin θ while θ varies from − to .
2 2
π/2 4 sin θ π/2 4 sin θ π/2 π/2
 r4  1
∴
∫ ∫ r3 drdθ = ∫  
 4 
. dθ =
4 ∫
240 sin4 θ dθ = 60 sin4 θ dθ
∫
− π / 2 2 sin θ − π/2   2 sin θ − π/2 − π/2

π/2
 3 1 π  45
∫ sin
4
= 120 θ dθ = 120  . .  = π
4 2 2 2
0
π a (1 + cos θ )

23. Evaluate ∫
0
∫
0
r 2 cos θ drdθ .

π a(1 + cos θ ) π a(1 + cos θ )

 r3 
Sol. I = ∫ ∫
0 0
r 2 cos θ drdθ =
∫
0
 
 3  0
cos θ dθ

π 3 π 3
a a3  2 θ  2 θ 2 θ
= ∫0
3
(1 + cos θ)3 cos θ dθ =
3 ∫
0
 2 cos 2   cos 2 − sin 2  dθ
   

π
8a 3 θ θ θ
=
3 ∫
0
cos6 
2
cos2 − sin2  dθ
2 2
418 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

θ
π π  Put = φ, dθ = 2dφ
8a 3  θ θ θ 2
∫
cos8 dθ −
∫ sin2 dθ 
6
= cos
3  2 2 2  π
0 0  When θ = π, φ =
2
 π/2 π/2 
8a 3  16a3  7.5.3.1 π 1.5.3.1 π
∫ ∫
cos6 φ sin2 φ dφ  =
8
= 2 . cos φ d φ − 2  − . 
3   3  8.6.4 .2 2 8.6.4 .2 2
 0 0 
16a3  35π 5π  16a3 30π 5 3
=
3  256 − 256  = 3 × 256 = 8 πa .
 
π / 2 a cos θ

24. Evaluate ∫ ∫
0 0
r sin θ drdθ .

π/2 a cos θ π/2

 r2  1
∫a
2
cos2 θ sin θ dθ
Sol.
∫
0
 
 2  0
sin θ dθ =
2
0
π/2 π/2
a2 a 2  cos3 θ  a2 a2
= −
2 ∫
0
cos2 θ ( − sin θ) dθ = − 
2  3 

0
=−
6
(0 − 1) =
6

∫∫ r drdθ over the area included between the circles r = 2a cos θ, r = 2b cos θ (b < a).
3
25. Evaluate

π π
Sol. θ varies from − to .
2 2
π/2 2a cos θ π/2 2a cos θ
 r4 
∫∫ r3drdθ = ∫ ∫
− π / 2 2b cos θ
r3drdθ =
∫
− π/2
 
 4 2b cos θ
. dθ

π/2 π/2
1
= ∫
− π/2
4
[(2a )4 cos4 θ − (2b)4 cos4 θ] dθ = 4( a 4 − b4 )
∫
− π/2
cos4 θ dθ

π/2
3.1 π 3π 4
∫ cos
4 4 4
= 8( a − b ) θ . dθ = 8( a 4 − b4 ) . . = ( a − b4 )
4 .2 2 2
0

26. Evaluate
∫∫ r sin θ drdθ over the cardioid r = a(1 – cos θ) above the initial line.
Sol. θ varies from 0 to π
π a (1 − cos θ ) π a (1 − cos θ )
 r2 
∫∫ r sin θ drdθ = ∫
0
∫
0
r sin θ drdθ =
∫
0
 
 2  0
sin θ dθ

π π 2
a2 a2 a2
∫ (1 − cos θ)2 sin θ dθ =
∫ ∫ t dt
2 2
= (1 − cos θ) sin θ dθ =
2 2 2
0 0 0
1 – cos θ = t, sin θ dθ = dt, t = 2
When θ = π, t = 0, When θ = 0
2
a2  t3  a 2 8 4a 2
=   = . =
2  3  0 2 3 3
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 419

2a3
27. Show that ∫∫ R
r 2 sin θ drdθ =
3
, where R is the region bounded by the semi-circle r = 2a cos θ,

above the initial line.

Sol. θ varies from 0 to π/2.
π / 2 2a cos θ π/2 2a cos θ
 r3 
∫
0
∫ 0
r 2 sin θ drdθ =
∫  
 3  0
. sin θ dθ
0
π/2 π/2
1 8a 3
∫ 8a 3 cos3 θ . sin θ dθ =
∫ cos
3
= θ sin θ dθ
3 3
0 0
π/2
3 4 3
8a  cos θ  8a  1  2a3
= −   =−  0− =
3  4  3  4 3
0

1 e
dydx
28. Evaluate the following integral by changing the order of integration ∫∫
0 ex
log y
.

Sol. The given limits show that the region of Y y = e B

integration is bounded by the curves y = ex, y = e, x = 0, C
x = 1.
It is the area shaded in the diagram. It can also be x = 0
considered as bounded by x= 1
x = 0, x = log y, y = 1, y = e y=e x

1 e e log y
dydx dxdy A
Hence, ∫∫ x
log y
= ∫ ∫
1 0
log y
y = 1
0 e
e log y
 x  O X
= ∫
1
 
 log y 0
dy

∫ 1 . dy = [ y]
e
= 1 = e −1
1
2 ex
29. Evaluate
∫ ∫ dydx
0 1
by changing the order of integration.

Sol. The given limits show that the region of integration Y

is bounded by curves x = 0, x = 2, y = 1 and y = ex.
It is the area shaded in the diagram. It can also be con-
sidered as bounded by (2, e2)
x = log y, x = 2, y = 1, y = e2 x
e
e 2
2 e 2 y= x=2

∴ I = ∫ ∫
1 log y
dxdy =
∫ (2 − log y) dy
1
1
y=1
2 2 X
= {2 y − y log y + y }1e = (3 y − y log y )1e O 2

= (3e2 − 2e2 ) − (3 − 0) = e2 − 3
420 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 2
x2
30. Evaluate by changing the order of integration :
∫ ∫e
0 2y
dxdy

Sol. The given limits show that the region of integration is bounded by the lines :
x = 2y, x = 2, y = 0, y = 1
We can also consider it as bounded by
x
y =0, y = , x = 0, x = 2
2
1 2 2 x/2 2
2
x2
∫ ∫ ∫e
2
∴
∫ ∫ 0 2y
e x dxdy =
0 0
e x dxdy =
0
[ y ]0x / 2 dx

2 2
x x2 1 x2 1 x2 2 e4 − 1
=
∫
0
2
e dx =
4
0
∫ 2x e dx =
4
(e ) 0 =
4
1 2−x
31. Change the order of integration in I =
∫ ∫
0 2
xy dydx and evaluate. (U.P.T.U., 2005)
x
Sol. Solving y = x2 and y = 2 – x, the co-ordinate of Y
A are (1, 1). Draw AM ⊥ OY. The region of
y=
integration is divided into 2 parts, OAM and MAB. 2 –x x =1
For the region OAM, x varies from 0 to y and y B (0, 2)

varies from 0 to 1. For the region MAB, x varies y = x2

from 0 to 2 – y and y varies from 1 to 2. x =0
M
A
1 2−x 1 y 2 2− y (1, 1)
∴
∫ ∫
0 2
xy dx dy =
∫ ∫ xy dxdy + ∫ ∫ xy dxdy
O y=0
X
x 0 0 1 0
1 y 2 2− y
 x2   x2 
=
∫
0
 
 2  0
y dy +
∫
1
y.  
 2  0
dy

1 2 1 2
1 1 1  y3  1
∫ y2dy +
∫ . y(2 − y )2 dy =
∫ (4 y − 4 y
2
=   + + y3 ) dy
2 2 2  3  0 2
0 1 1
2
1 1  2 4 y3 y4  1 1  32 4 1 3
= + 2 y − +  = + 12 − 3 − 2 + 3 − 4  = 8
6 2  3 4  6 2  
1
a a
x dxdy
32. Change the order of integration in ∫∫
0 y
x 2 + y2
and hence evaluate it.
Y
Sol. From the limits of integration, it is clear
that the region of integration is bounded by y=a B
x = y, x = a, y = 0 and y = a. Thus the region of integra- (a, a)
tion is the ∆ OAB and is divided into horizontal strips.
For changing the order of integration, we divide the re- x = 0
gion of integration into vertical strips. The new limits
y

x=a
=

of integration become : y varies from 0 to x and x varies

x

from 0 to a.

X
O y=0 A
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 421

a a a x
x dxdy x dydx
∫∫ 2
x +y 2 = ∫∫
0 0
x 2 + y2
0 y

a x a a
1 y π π   aπ
= ∫
0
x  tan −1  dx =
x x 0 ∫
0
4
dx =
4
x  =
 0 4

4a 2 ax

33. Change the order of integration in the integral ∫ ∫ dydx and evaluate it.
0 x 2 / 4a

(M.D.U., May 2009)

Sol. From the limits of integration, it is clear that we have to integrate first w.r.t. y which varies

x2
from y = to y = 2 ax and then w.r.t. x which varies from x = 0 to x = 4a.
4a

Thus the integration is first performed along the Y

vertical strip PQ which extends from a point P on
y2 = 4ax
x2
the parabola y = (i.e., x2 = 4ay) to the point Q on A y = 4a
4a P¢ (4a, 4a)
Q Q¢
the parabola y = 2 ax ( y2 = 4ax ) . Then the strip 2
x = 4ay
slides from O to A (4a, 4a), the point of intersection
P x = 4a
of the two parabolas. For changing the order of X
O
integration, we divide the region of integration
OPAQO into horizontal strips P′Q′ which extend from

2 y2
P′ on the parabola y = 4ax i.e., x = to Q′ on the
4a

parabola x2 = 4ay i.e., 2 ay .

Then this strip slides from O to A (4a, 4a) i.e., y varies from 0 to 4a.

4a 2 ax 4a 2 ay 4a 4a
 y2   y3 / 2 y3 
∴
∫ ∫ dydx =
∫ ∫ dxdy =
∫  2 ay −


 dy = 2 a
4a  
−
3 / 2 12a 

0
0 x 2 / 4a 0 y2 / 4 a 0

4 64 a3 32a 2 16a 2 16a 2

= a (4a )3 / 2 − = − = .
3 12a 3 3 3

a a 2 − y2

34. Change the order of integration in the integral

−a
∫ ∫
0
f ( x , y) dxdy .
422 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. From the limits of integration, it is clear that we Y

have to integrate first w.r.t. x which varies from x = 0
y=a B
to x = a 2 − y2 and then w.r.t. y which varies from Q¢
y = – a to y = a. Thus integration is first performed
P Q
along the horizontal strip PQ which extends from a
point P on x = 0 (i.e., y-axis) to the point Q on the circle A
X
2 2 2 2 2 O
x= a −y (i.e., x + y = a ). Then the strip slides
from B′ to B. x=a
For changing the order of integration, we divide the
region of integration B′AQBPB′ into vertical strips P′Q′ P¢
y = –a B¢
which extend from P′ on the circle y = − a 2 − x 2 to Q′

on the circle y = a 2 − y2 .
Then this strip slides from y-axis (x = 0) to A, where x = a.

a a 2 − y2 a a2 − x 2

∴
∫ ∫ f ( x , y ) dxdy = ∫
0 − a2 − x 2
∫ f ( x , y ) dydx
−a 0

a y
y
35. By changing the order of integration, evaluate ∫ ∫
0 2 ( a − x ) ax − y2
dxdy.
y /a

y2
Sol. The given limits show that the area of integration lies between x = , x = y, y = 0,
a
y = a. We can consider it as lying between y = x, y = ax , x = 0, x = a.
Here the given integral,
a ax a ax
y dydx 1 y dy
= ∫ ∫
0 x ( a − x ) ax − y 2
=
∫ ∫
0 x
(a − x )
.
ax − y2
dx

ax
 1 1 1
a a a
 ( ax − y2 ) 2  ( ax − 2 2
x )  x 2
=
∫
0
−
 a−x 
 dx =
∫
0
a−x
. dx =
∫
0
  dx
a − x
  x
∴ Given integral
1
π/2
 a sin2 θ  2
Put x = a sin2 θ, dx = 2a sin θ cos θ dθ,
=
∫
0
  . 2a sin θ cos θ . dθ
 a cos2 θ 
 
a − x = a cos θ
π/2 π/2 π
1 π When x = a, sin2 θ = 1 ⇒ θ =
∫ 2a sin ∫ 2
2 2
= θ d θ = 2a sin θ dθ = 2a . .
2 2 When x = 0, θ = 0
0 0

πa
= .
2
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 423

a a
y2dxdy
36. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate : ∫ ∫
0 y4 − a 2 x 2
.
ax

Sol. The given limits show that the area of integration lies between y2 = ax, y = a, x = 0 and x = a.
2
We can consider it as lying between y = 0, y = a, x = 0 and x = y /a by changing the order of
integration. Hence the given integral,

a a a y2 / a
y2dxdy y2dydx
∫ ∫ y4 − a 2 x 2
= ∫ ∫
y=0 x =0 y4 − a 2 x 2
x = 0 y = ax

a y2 / a a y2 / a
1 y2dydx 1   ax  
=
a ∫ ∫
0 0  y2 
2
=
a ∫
0
y2 sin −1

 2  
 y   0
dy

  − x 2
 a 

a a a
1 π π  y3  πa 2
∫ ∫
2 −1 −1 2
= y [sin (1) − sin (0)] dy = y dy =   =
a 2a 2a  3  6
0 0  0

∞ ∞ ∞
sin px π
∫ ∫e ∫
− xy
37. By changing the order of integration of sin px dxdy , show that: dx = .
x 2
0 0 0

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 
 
Sol. Let I= ∫∫
0 0
e − xy sin px dxdy =
∫
0

0
∫
sin px  e − xy dy  dx


∞ ∞ ∞
 e − xy  sin px

0
∫
= sin px . 
 − x 
 . dx =
0
∫0
x
dx ...(1)

∞ ∞  ∞ ∞
 e − xy 
Again I=
∫ ∫
0
 e − xy sin px dx  dy =

0


− 2
 p +y
0 
2 ∫
( p cos px + y sin px ) dy
 0

∞ ∞
p   y  π
= ∫
0
p2 + y 2
dy =  tan −1    =
  p  0 2
...(2)

∞
sin px π
Hence from (1) and (2), ∫
0
x
dx = .
2

π/2 π/2
2
( sin x sin y ) dxdy = π − π .
∫ ∫ sin x sin
−1
38. Show that :
4 2
0 0

π/2 π/2

∫ ∫ sin
−1
Sol. We have I= sin x dx (sin x sin y ) dy
0 0
424 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Put sin x sin y = sin z

so that sin x cos y dy = cos z dz
π/2 x π/2 x
z cos z dz z cos z dz
∴ I= ∫ ∫
0
dx
0
cos y
=
∫ ∫
0
dx
0 sin2 z
1−
sin2 x
π/2 x π/2 x
z sin x cos z . dz z sin x cos z dz
= ∫ dx ∫
0 0
2
sin x − sin z 2
=
∫ dx ∫
0 0 cos2 z − cos2 x
Changing the order of integration, we get
π/2 π/2 π/2 π/2
z cos z sin x dzdx sin x dx
I= ∫ ∫
z =0 x =z
2
cos z − cos x 2
=
z =0
∫ z cos z dz
x=z
∫ cos2 z − cos2 x

π/2 π/2 π/2 π/2

d (cos x )   cos x  
= −
∫0
z cos z dz
∫
z cos2 z − cos2 x
=−
∫
0
z cos z dz sin −1

 
 cos z   z

π/2 π/2
π π π π/2
= ∫
0
z cos z . . dz =
2 2 ∫ z cos z dz = 2 [z sin z + cos z ]
0
0

2
π π  π π
=
2  2 − 1 = 4 − 2 .
 
∞ ∞
e− y
39. Evaluate the following integral by changing the order of integration :
∫∫
0 x
y
dydx .

(M.D.U., May 2006, 2008)

Sol. The given limits show that the area of integration lies between y = x, y = ∞, x = 0 and
x = ∞.
We can consider it as lying between x = 0, x = y, y = 0 and y = ∞ by changing the order of integration.
Hence the given integral,
∞ ∞ ∞ y ∞ ∞
e− y e− y e− y
( )
∞
∫∫
0 x
y
dydx =
∫∫ y
dxdy =
∫ y
. ( x )0y dy =
∫e
−y
dy − − e − y
0
= 1 – 0 = 1.
0 0 0 0

a x
f ′( y ) dydx
40. Evaluate ∫∫
0 0
1
. Y
[( a − x ) ( x − y )]2
Sol. Here the limits are x = 0, x = a; y = 0, y = x B (a, a)
The region of integration clearly, is OABO.
By changing the order of integration, x=0
x

a a x=a
=

f ′( y ) dxdy
y

I = ∫∫
0 y
(a − x ) ( x − y)

X
O y=0 A
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 425

a a
dx
= ∫ f ′( y) dy . ∫
0 y
(a − x ) ( x − y)
...(1)

2 2
Put x = a cos θ + y sin θ
a sin θ – y sin θ = (a – y) sin2 θ
2 2
∴ a–x =
⇒ – dx = 2(a – y) sin θ cos θ dθ, keeping y constant
2 2 2
Also x–y = a cos θ + y(sin θ – 1) = (a – y) cos θ

2 π
When x = y, then x – y = 0 i.e., (a – y) cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ =
2
When x = a, a – x = 0 ⇒ (a – y) sin2 θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
a 0 π/2
dx − 2( a − y ) sin θ cos θ dθ π
∴ ∫ (a − x ) ( x − y)
=
π/2
∫ ( a − y ) sin θ cos θ
= 2 ∫ dθ = 2  2  = π
0
y

a
a
Now, I= ∫ π f ′( y) dy = π [ f ( y)]
0
0 = π [ f ( a ) − f (0)]

1 2 − x2
x dydx
41. Evaluate the integral by changing the order of integration
∫ ∫
0 x x 2 + y2
.

2 2
Sol. Limits for y are y = x and y = 2 − x 2 , x + y = 2.

Integration is from P (y = x) to Q ( y = 2 − x 2 ) and x varies from 0 to 1.

After changing the order of integration, the region of integration is OAB.
Draw AL ⊥ OB such that we have ∆ OAL and region ALB.
In ∆ OAL, x varies from 0 to y, y varies from O to L
(P″ to Q″)
B Q
1 y x
x P′ Q′ y=
∴ ∫∫ 0 0 x 2 + y2
dxdy ...(1)
L A (1, 1)
P″ Q″
In region ALB, x varies from P′(x = 0) to P
O
Q ′( x = 2 − y2 ) and y varies from y = 1 to y = 2.

2 2 − y2
x
∴ ∫ ∫
1 0 x + y2
2
dxdy ...(2)

1 2 − x2 1 y 2 2 − y2
x dydx x dxdy x
Hence
∫ ∫
0 x
2
x +y 2
=
∫∫
0 0
2
x +y 2
+
∫ ∫
1 0 x + y2
2
dxdy
426 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 2 1 2 1
y 2 − y2
=
∫  x 2 + y2  dy +
  0 ∫  x 2 + y2 
  0
dy = ∫
0
2 . ydy +
∫
1
[ 2 − y ]dy −
∫ y dy
0
0 1

1 2 1
 y2   y2   y2  1 1 1 1 1
= 2 .   +  2y −  −  = + 2 −1 − 2 + − =1 + − 2 =1 −
 2  0  2  2
  0 2 2 2 2 2
1

a 2a − x
42. Evaluate :
∫ ∫
0 x2 / a
xy dydx by changing the order of integration.

x2
Sol. y varies from y = to y = 2a – x and limits of x are 0 to a.
a
Y

C (0, 2a) x2
y= a

P¢ Q

(0, a) A B (a, a)

Q¢ P
x + y = 2a
X¢ X
O

Y¢

After changing the order of integration. In region OAB, at Q′(x = 0), at P ( x = ay ) and Q′P
moves for y = 0 to y = a
a ay

∫ ∫
0 0
xy dxdy ...(1)

In region ABC, at P′(x = 0), at Q(x = 2a – y) and P′Q moves for y = a to y = 2a.
2a 2a − y

∴ ∫ ∫
a 0
xy dxdy ...(2)

a 2a − x a ay 2a 2 a − y

∴ ∫ ∫
0 x2 / a
xy dydx =
∫ ∫ xy dxdy +
∫ ∫ xy dxdy
0 0 a 0

a ay 2a 2a − y a 2a
 x2   x2  1 1
∫ ay2dy +
∫ (2a − y ) y dy
2
= ∫
0
 
 2  0
ydy +
∫a
 
 2  0
y dy =
2
0
2
a
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 427

a 2a 2a
a  y3  1 a 4 1  2 2 4ay3 y4 
=
2
  +
 3  0 2 ∫
a
(4a 2 y − 4a 2 y + y3 ) dy =
6
+ 2a y −
2  3
+ 
4 
a

4
a 1 28a4 15a4  3a4
= + 6a 4 − + = .
6 2  3 4  8

a/ 2 a 2 − y2

43. Evaluate ∫
0
∫
y
x dxdy , changing the order of integration. (M.D.U., May 2005)

Sol. Limits of x are x = y to x = a 2 − y2

Limits of y are y = 0 to y = a / 2
x= a 2 − y2 ⇒ y = a2 − x 2

Thus new limits of y are y = x and y = a2 − x 2

a
New limits of x are x = 0 and x =
2
a a
Since y= ⇒ x =
2 2
Thus the integral becomes
a/ 2 a2 − x 2 a/ 2
 a2 − x 2 − x  x dx
∫ ∫ dy . x dx = ∫
0




0 x
a/ 2 a/ 2 a/ 2
 x a2 − x 2 − x 2  dx =
= ∫
0



 ∫
0
x a2 − x 2 . dx −
∫
0
x 2 . dx

Put a2 – x2 = t2. When x2 = a2/2, t2 = a2/2 or t = a / 2

∴ xdx = – tdt
a/ 2 a/ 2 3
 t3  1 a 
First Integral becomes −
∫
0
t 2dt =  − 
 3  0
= − 
3 2


Hence the given integral is

3 a/ 2 3
1 a   x3  1 a3 1 a  2 a3
−   −  = − −   = −
3 2  3  0 3 ( 2)3 3  2  3 ( 2)3

2a3 2 . a3
= − or (in magnitude)
6 6
3 4−y

44. Evaluate ∫ ∫
0 1
( x + y ) dxdy by changing order of integration.

[M.D.U., May 2007; U.P.T.U., 2008; A.U.U.P., 2009]

Sol. Given that x varies from 1 to 4 − y and y varies from 0 to 3.
2
After changing the order of integration y varies from 0 to 4 – x since x = 4−y
⇒ x2 = 4 – y or y = 4 – x2. x varies from 1 to 2, since y = 0 ⇒ x = 2 and y = 3 ⇒ x = 1.
428 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ Given integral becomes after changing order of integration,

2 4−x
2
2 4 − x2 2
 y2   (4 − x 2 )2 
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
2
( x + y ) dydx =  xy +  dx =  x (4 − x ) +  dx
 2   2 
1 0 1 0 1

2 2
 x4   4 3 5 
+ 8  dx = 2x 2 − x − 4 x + x + 8x 
= ∫
1
 4x − x 3 − 4x 2 +

 2 
  4 3 10 1

28 31 1 600 − 560 + 186 + 15 241

= 10 − + + = =
3 10 4 60 60
∞ x x2
−
45. Evaluate
∫ ∫ xe
0 0
y
dydx by changing the order of integration.

(M.D.U., Dec., 2005; U.P.T.U., 2006)

Sol. Given limits of integration are : x = 0 to x = ∞ and y = 0 to y = x
Thus after change of integration, x will vary from y to ∞ and y will vary from 0 to ∞.
∞ x x2
−
Given integral =
∫ ∫ xe
0 0
y
dydx becomes

∞ ∞ x2 ∞  x2 
− −
 y   2x  
= ∫ ∫ xe y
dxdy = ∫
0
− −
 2   y 
  
e y
. dx  dy

0 y

∞
∞  − x2  ∞ ∞
1 1 1
 y 
∫ − ye − y dy =
∫ ye
−y
= −
2 ∫
0
 ye
 
−
 dy = 2
0
2
0
dy

∞
1  1 ∞ 1 1
− ye − y + 1 . e − y dy  =  − ye − y − e − y  = (1) =
=
2  ∫  0 2   0 2 2

2 2
b ( a / b) b − y
46. Evaluate
∫
0
∫
0
xy dxdy by changing the order of integration.

Sol. Given limits of integration are :

a
y : 0 to b x : 0 to b2 − y2
b
a a2 a 2 y2 b2
Now, x= b2 − y2 ⇒ x2 = (b2 − y2 ) = a2 − or y2 = (a2 − x 2 )
2 2
b b b a2
b
∴ a2 − x 2
y=
a
When x = 0, y = b. When y = 0, x = a.
b
∴ After changing the order of integration, we have y varying from b to a 2 − x 2 and
a
x from a to 0.
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 429

∴ Given integral
2 2 2 2 2 2
b ( a / b) b − y 0 (b / a ) a − x 0 b/a b − x

∫ ∫ xy dxdy = ∫
a
∫
b
xy dxdy =
∫
a
∫b
ydy . xdx
0 0

b
0 a2 − x 2 0
 y2  a 1  b2 2 
∫
2 2
=
∫
a
 
 2 b
xdx =
a
2
 2 ( a − x ) − b  xdx
 a 

0 0 0
1  b2 2  b2 b2  x 4  b2  a 4  a 2b2
=
2 ∫
a
 − 2 x  xdx = −
 a


 2a 2 ∫
a
x 3dx = −
2
  =− 2
2a  4  a 2a
0 −

 4 
=
8

2
1 1−x

47. Evaluate the integral ∫ ∫

0 0
y2 dydx .

Sol. It is clear that here limits of x are 0 to 1 and y varies from 0 to 1 − x2 .

Now, y= 1 − x2 ⇒ y2 = 1 – x2 or x = 1 − y2

Thus, x varies from 0 to 1 − x 2 after changing the order of integration.

Clearly, y varies between 0 to 1, since y = 1 when x = 0 and y = 0 when x = 1.

1 1 − y2

Given integral becomes ∫ ∫

0 0
dx . y2dy

1 1
1 − y2
or I=
∫ [x ] 0
2
. y dy or I = ∫
0
y2 1 − y2 . dy
0
Put sin θ = y, dy = cos θ dθ, y = 1 ⇒ θ = π/2, y = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
π/2

∫ sin
2
∴ I= θ cos2 θ dθ
0

π/2 π/2 ∵ cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ 

1 1  1 − cos 4θ   
= ∫ 4
sin 2 2θ dθ =
4 ∫ 
 2  dθ
  or sin2 θ = 1 − cos 2θ 
0 0  2 
π/2
1  sin 4θ  1 π  π
= θ− = − 0 =
8  4  0 8  2  16
a x/a

48. Evaluate the integral ∫ ∫

0 x/a
( x 2 + y2 ) dydx by changing the order of integration.

x x
Sol. Given limits of integration are x varies from 0 to a and y varies from to .
a a
x x
y = ⇒ x = ay and y = ⇒ x = ay2
a a
430 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

It is clear that we have to integrate first w.r.t. y and then w.r.t. x which varies from 0 to a.
When x = 0, y = 0
When x = a, y = 1
∴ After changing the order of integration, y will vary from 0 to 1 whereas obviously x will vary
2
from ay to ay.
Therefore, the given integral becomes
1 ay 1 ay 1
 x3   a 3 y3 a 3 y6 
∫ ∫
2 2
( x + y ) dx . dy = ∫
0

 3
+ xy2 
 ay2
. dy =
∫
0

 3
+ ay3 −
3
− ay4  dy

0 ay2

1
 a3 y4 ay4 a3 y7 ay5  3 3
=  − + − . −  = a +a−a −a
 3 4 4 3 7 5  0 12 4 21 5

3  1 1  1 1 7 − 4 5 − 4 a3 a
= a  −  + a  −  = a3   +a  = +
 12 21  4 5  84   20  28 20
49. Evaluate the following integral by changing the order of integration :

a
2 a 2 − y2

∫
0
∫
y
log ( x 2 + y2 ) dxdy (a > 0).

a
Sol. Given limits of integration are y : 0 to and x : y to a 2 − y2 . After changing the order
2
of integration, it is seen that y will vary from x to a 2 − x 2 since x = y and x = a 2 − y2
⇒ x2 = a2 – y2 or y2 = a2 – x2 and hence y = a2 − x 2 .

a a2 a
When y = , x = a2 − =
2 2 2
When y = 0, x = 0
∴ The given integral becomes

a a
2 a2 − x 2 2 a2 − x 2

∫ ∫ log ( x 2 + y2 ) dydx = ∫
0
∫
x
1 . log ( x 2 + y2 ) dy . dx ...(1)
0 x

1
∫1 . log (x ∫y. x
2
Now, + y2 ) dy = y log ( x 2 + y2 ) − 2
2 y dy
+ y2

y2  x2 
∫
2 2
= y log ( x 2 + y2 ) − 2
∫x 2
+ y2
. dy = y log ( x + y ) − 2 . 1 − 2

 dy
x + y2 
dy 1 y
∫
2 2 2
= y log ( x + y ) − 2 y + 2x 2 2
2 2 2
= y log ( x + y ) − 2 y + 2x . . tan −1
x +y x x
y
= y log ( x 2 + y2 ) − 2 y + 2x tan −1 ...(2)
x
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 431

∴ (1) becomes in view of (2);

a
2 a2 − x 2
 −1 y 
∫
2 2 dx
 y log ( x + y ) − 2 y + 2x tan x 
 x
0

a
2   a2 − x 2  2 π
or
∫ 0
 a 2 − x 2 log a 2 − 2 a 2 − x 2 + 2x tan −1





x
 − x log 2x + 2x − 2x .  dx


4 

a
2  a2 − x 2 π 
∴I=
∫
0
 a2 − x 2 (log a2 − 2) + 2x tan −1


x
− x log 2x 2 + 2x −
2
x  dx


a a a
a
2 2 2 2 2
a −x  x2 π x2  2
∫ ∫ 2x tan ∫
2 2 2 −1
= a − x (log a − 2) dx + dx − x log 2x 2dx +  − . 
x  2 2 2 
0 0 0 0

a
 x a2 x  x 2 πx 2  2
= (log a 2 − 2)  a2 − x 2 + sin −1  + − 
 a  2
 2 2 4 
0

a a
2  a2 − x 2  2

∫ 2x tan ∫ x log 2x
−1   dx − 2
+ dx ...(3)
 x 
0   0

∫ x log 2x dx = ∫ x {log 2 + 2 log x } dx

2
Now,

x2 x2  x2 x2 1 
=
2
log 2 + 2
∫ x log x dx =
2
log 2 + 2 
 2
log x −
∫ . . dx 
2 x 

x2 x2
= log 2 + x 2 log x − ...(A)
2 2
a
2
 a2 − x 2 
Now to evaluate
0
2x tan −1 


∫
x
 dx


Put x = a sin θ, dx = a cos θ dθ
When x = 0, θ = 0
π a
When x = , θ =
2 4
The integral becomes
π/4 π/4 π/4
π  π
∫ ∫ sin θ cos θ dθ − 2a ∫ θ sin θ cos θ dθ
2 2 2
2a sin θ cos θ  − θ  dθ = 2a .
 2  2
0 0 0
432 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

π/4 π/4
πa 2
=
2 ∫0
sin 2θ dθ − a 2
∫ θ sin 2θ dθ
0

π/4 π/4
πa 2  cos 2θ   θ cos 2θ sin 2θ 
= − 2  − a2 − +
2  0  2 4  0

πa2 1 1 1  πa2 a2
= . − a2 .  0 +  = − ...(B)
2 2 2 2 4 4

a2 a2 a a2 πa 2 a 2
(A) becomes log 2 + log − and (B) is −
4 2 2 4 4 4
Using (A) and (B), we have from equation (3)
a
 x a2 x  x 2 πx 2  2 πa2 a2 a2 a2 a a2
(log a 2 − 2)  a2 − x 2 + sin −1  + −  + − − log 2 − log +
 
 2 2 a 2 4 
0
4 4 4 2 2 4

2
 a a a2 π  a2 πa2 πa2 a2 a2 a
= (log a − 2)  . + . + − + − log 2 − log
2 2 2 
2 4 2 8 4 4 2 2


 a2 πa2  a2 πa2 πa 2 a2 a2 a
=  +  (log a2 − 2) + − + − log 2 − log

 4 8  2 8 4 4 2 2

a2 a 2 πa 2 πa 2 a 2 πa 2 πa 2 a 2 a2 a2
= log a − + log a − + − + − log 2 − log
2 2 4 4 2 8 4 4 4 2

πa 2 πa 2
= log a − (on simplification)
4 8
πa 2  1
= log a − 
8  2
a a
x dydx
50. Evaluate the following by changing to polar co-ordinates : ∫∫
0 y
x 2 + y2
.

Sol. Limits are x = y, x = a and y = 0 to y = a.

Put x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
π
x = y ⇒ cos θ = sin θ or θ =
4
x = a ⇒ r cos θ = a or r = a sec θ
∴ r varies from 0 to a sec θ
π
θ varies from 0 to
4
π / 4 a sec θ π / 4 a sec θ
r cos θ dr dθ r2
∴ ∫ ∫
0 0
r2
|J | =
∫ ∫
0 0
cos θ .
r2
dr dθ
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 433

π/4 π/4
=
∫ cos θ . [r ]0a sec θ dθ = a
∫ sec θ . cos θ . dθ
0
0

π/4
  aπ
= a θ  =
 0 4
4 4
x dxdy
51. Evaluate the integral ∫∫
0 y
x 2 + y2
.

Sol. Limits are x = y, x = 4 and y = 0 to y = 4. y (4, 4)

x=
4 4
x dxdy
∫∫
0 y
x 2 + y2
...(1)

After changing to polar co-ordinates,

π / 4 4 sec θ

⇒ ∫ ∫
0 0
cos θ . drdθ ...(2)
x=4

When we put x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ O X

x = y ⇒ θ = π/4, r cos θ = 4
(∵ x = 4)
or r = 4 sec θ.
π/4 π/4
π
∴ (2) ⇒
∫ cos θ . 4 sec θ dθ = 4
∫ dθ = 4  4  = π
0
0
2
2 2x − x
x dydx
52. Evaluate
∫ ∫
0 0 x 2 + y2
by changing to polar co-ordinates. (M.D.U., May 2005)

Sol. y varies from 0 to 2x − x 2

x varies from 0 to 2
∴ y = 2x − x 2 or x2 + y2 = 2x
2 2 2
In polar co-ordinates, x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, x + y = r
r2 = 2r cos θ or r = 2 cos θ
Hence, r varies from 0 to 2 cos θ and θ varies from 0 to π/2
In the given integral replacing x by r cos θ, y by r sin θ, dydx by r drdθ, we have

2 2x − x 2 π / 2 2 cos θ
x dydx r cos θ . r drdθ
∫ ∫ 2
x +y 2
= ∫ ∫
0 0
r
0 0

π / 2 2 cos θ π/2 2 cos θ

 r2 
= ∫ ∫
0 0
r cos θ drdθ =
∫
0
cos θ .  
 2
 0
. dθ

π/2 π/2
2 4
∫ 2 cos3 θ . dθ = 2
∫ cos
3
= θ dθ = 2 × = .
3 3
0 0
434 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∞ ∞
− ( x 2 + y2 )
53. Evaluate
∫ ∫e
0 0
dydx by changing to polar co-ordinates. (U.P.T.U., 2007, 2009)

Sol. Changing to polar co-ordinates by putting

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
∂( x , y )
J = =r
∂( r , θ )
The region of integration is the whole of the first quadrant. To cover this region, r varies from 0
to ∞ and θ varies from 0 to π/2.
∞ π/2 ∞
2
−r2
∴ I (given integral) = ∫ ∫
0 0
e −r rdθdr =
∫ re
0
[ θ]0π / 2 dr

∞ ∞ 2
π −r 2 π ( − 2r ) e −r dr π 2 ∞ π π
= −  e −r  = − ( − 1) = .
=
2 ∫ re
0
dr = −
2 ∫
0
2 4   0 4 4

a a 2 − y2

54. Evaluate the integral by changing into polar co-ordinates : ∫ ∫

0 x
( x 2 + y2 )dy dx .

[M.D.U., May 2008]

Sol. x varies from x = 0 to 2 2 and y varies from y = 0 to y = a.
a −y
Changing into polar co-ordinates, substitute
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
⇒ r2 = x2 + y2 = a2 or r = a
dx dy = r dr dθ
θ varies from 0 to π/2 in the first quadrant and r varies from 0 to a.
π/2 a π/2 a
 r4  a4 π π a4
∴ I = ∫ dθ
∫ r 2 . r dr =
∫
0
dθ   =
 4  0
. =
4 2 8
.
0 0

π / 2 a cos θ
55. Evaluate the integral I =
∫ ∫
0 0
r a 2 − r 2 drdθ .

π / 2 a cos θ 1
 1
∫ ∫
2 2 2
Sol. I=  − 2  ( − 2r ) ( a − r ) drdθ
 
0 0

π/2 a cos θ π/2

 1 ( a 2 − r 2 )3 / 2  1
= ∫
0
− .
 2 3/2

 0
. dθ = −
3 ∫ (a
3
sin3 θ − a3 ) dθ
0

π/2
a3 a 3  2 π  a 3  3π − 4  a3
= −
3 ∫
0
(sin3 θ − 1) dθ = −  − =
3 3 2  3  6   =
18
(3π − 4) .
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 435

1 − x 2 − y2
∫∫
2 2
56. Evaluate dxdy over the positive quadrant of the circle x + y = 1.
1 + x 2 + y2
(M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
2 2
Sol. Changing to polar co-ordinates by putting x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, x + y = 1 transforms into
r = 1.
π
For the region of integration R, r varies from 0 to 1 and θ varies from 0 to .
2
π/2 1
1 − r2
∴ I = ∫ ∫
0 0
1 + r2
. r drdθ Y

∵ dxdy is replaced by r drdθ.

π/2 1
r(1 − r 2 )
⇒ I= ∫ ∫
0 0 1 − r4
drdθ
p
q = 2
r=1

1
r(1 − r 2 )
Now,
∫
0 1 − r4
dr R
X
O q=0
1  
r r3
= ∫
0

 1 − r4

−
1 − r4
 dr



1 1 1 1
1 2r 1 1 dt 1  (1 − r 4 )1 / 2 
∫ ∫ − 4r
3 4 −1 / 2
=
2
0 1−r 4
dr +
4
0
(1 − r ) . dr =
2 ∫ 0
+ 
1 − t 2 4  1/ 2  0
2
 , where t = r .

1  −1 1 1 1 π 1 π 1
= sin t + (0 − 1) =   − = −
2 0 2 2 2 2 4 2

π/2
π 1  π 1  π/2 π π 1 π2 π
∴ I= ∫
0
 4 − 2  dθ =  4 − 2  [θ]0 =  −  =
    2 4 2 8
− .
4

4 2 z 4z − x 2

57. Evaluate : I = ∫ ∫
0 0
∫
0
dz dx dy .

4 2 z 4 2 z
2

Sol. I = ∫ ∫ [ y]0 4 z − x dxdz =

∫ ∫ 4 z − x 2 dxdz
z=0 x =0 0 0

4 2 z 4 4 4
1 1  x   z2 
= ∫
0
 x
2
4z − x 2 +
2
. 4 z sin −1  
 4z 0
dz =
∫ 0
2z sin −1 (1) dz = π
∫
0
z dz = π   = 8π
 2  0
436 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

π/2 π/2
sin φ
58. Transform ∫ ∫
0 0
sin θ
dφ dθ by the substitution x = sin φ cos θ, y = sin φ . sin θ and show that

its value is π . (U.P.T.U., 2007)

2 2 2 y sin θ
Sol. Obviously, x + y = sin φ and= = tan θ
x cos θ
θ and φ both vary from 0 to π/2 (given). This indicates that the given integral is taken over the
2 2
positive quadrant OAB of the circle x + y = 1.
Limits of y are from 0 to 1.

Limits of x in terms of y are from 0 to 1 − y2 .

∂x ∂x
 x, y  ∂θ ∂φ
J  =
 θ, φ  ∂y ∂y
∂θ ∂φ

− sin φ sin θ cos φ cos θ

J= = – sin φ cos φ
sin φ cos θ cos φ sin θ

π/2 π/2 1 1 − y2
sin φ  sin φ   1 
Now, ∫ ∫
0 0
sin θ
dφdθ =
∫ ∫
0 0
 .  dydx
 sin θ  |J |

1 1 − y2 1 1 − y2
sin φ dydx 1 dydx
=
∫ ∫
0 0
.
sin θ sin φ . cos φ
=
∫ ∫ 0 0
cos φ
.
sin φ . sin θ

1 1 − y2
1 1
⇒ I=
∫ ∫
0 0 1 − sin φ2
.
y
dydx

1 1 − y2 1 1 − y2
dydx dy dx
= ∫ ∫
0 0
2
y . 1 − (x + y ) 2
=
∫
0
y ∫
0 (1 − y2 ) − x 2

1 1 − y2 1
  
dy  −1 x π dy π
( )0 = π
1
= ∫ y 
sin 
 1 − y2



0
= ∫ 2
. =
y 2
2 y
0  0

e log y e x
59. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ log zdz dxdy .
1 1 1
(M.D.U., 2009)

e log y e x 
 log zdz  dxdy
Sol. I= ∫ ∫ ∫  
1 1  1 

ex ex

Since, ∫ log zdz = ∫ log z . 1 . dz

1 1
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 437

Integrating it by parts, we have

ex
ex 1
[log z . z ] 1
−
∫
1
z
. z . dz = xex – ex + 1 = (x – 1)ex + 1

e log y

∴ I= ∫ ∫
1 1
[( x − 1)e x + 1] dxdy

log y log y log y

log y log y
Now,
∫ [( x − 1)e x + 1] dx = ∫
1
( x − 1)e x dx + [ x ]1 = ( x − 1)e x 
 1
−
∫ 1 . e x dx + log y − 1
1 1
log y
= (log y − 1) e log y −  e x  + log y − 1
 1

(
= y (log y − 1) − elog y − e + log y − 1 ) [∵ elog y = y]
= y(log y – 1) – y + e + log y – 1
= (y + 1) log y – 2y + e – 1
e

∴ I= ∫ [log y . ( y + 1) −2 y + e − 1] dy
1

e e
  y2  1  y2  e
∫
e
= log y .  + y  −  + y  dy −  y2  + ( e − 1) [ y ]1
   2   1
  2  1 1
y  

e
e2 y 
∫
2 2
= +e−  2 + 1  dy − ( e − 1) + ( e − 1)
2  
1

e  e2
e2  y2  e2  1 
= + e −  + y  − 2e + 2 = 2 +e− 

+ e  −  + 1   − 2e + 2

2  4 1  4  4  

e2 13 1 2
= − 2e + = ( e − 8e + 13)
4 4 4

1 1 − x2 1 − x 2 − y2
1
60. Evaluate :
∫ ∫
0 0
∫
0 1 − x − y2 − z 2
2
. dz dy dx . (M.D.U., Dec. 2008)

1 1 − x2 1 − x 2 − y2
1
Sol. I= ∫ ∫
0 0
∫
0 1 − x − y2 − z 2
2
. dz dy dx

1 1 − x2 1 − x 2 − y2
 z 
=
∫ ∫
0 0
sin −1



1 − x 2 − y2  0
dydx
438 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 1 − x2 1 1 − x2 1
π π 2
=
∫ ∫ (sin −1 (1) − sin −1 (0)) dydx = ∫ ∫ dydx =
∫ [ y]01 − x . dx
2 2
0 0 0 0 0

1 1
 x 1 − x2 1 
π π π π π π2
∫ + sin −1 x  = [sin −1 1] = . =
2 
= 1 − x . dx = .
2 2  2 2  4 4 2 8
0  0

1 1 − x2 1 − x 2 − y2
dz dy dx
61. Evaluate : ∫ ∫
0 0
∫
0 1 − x 2 − y2 − z 2
, by changing to spherical polar co-ordi-

nates.
[M.D.U., May 2007, Dec., 2008]
Sol. Here the region of integration is bounded by

z = 0, z = 1 − x 2 − y2 (i.e., x2 + y2 + z2 = 1)

y = 0, y = 1 − x2 (i.e., x2 + y2 = 1)
x = 0, x = 1
2 2 2
which is the volume of the sphere x + y + z = 1 in the positive octant.
Changing to spherical polar co-ordinates by putting x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ
so that x2 + y2 + z2 = r2.
2 2 2
For the volume of sphere x + y + z = 1 in the positive octant,
π π
r varies from 0 to 1; θ varies from 0 to ; and φ varies from 0 to .
2 2
Replacing dzdydx by r2 sin θ drdθdφ, we have
π/2 π/2 1 π/2 π/2 1
r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ 1 − (1 − r 2 )
I=
∫ ∫ ∫
0 0 0 1 − r2
=
∫ ∫ ∫ 1 − r2
sin θ dr dθ dφ
0 0 0

π/2 π/2 1  
1
= ∫ ∫ ∫
0 0 0

 1 − r2

− 1 − r 2  sin θ dr dθ dφ



π/2 π/2 1
  r 1 − r2 1 
= ∫ ∫
0 0
sin θ sin −1 r − 




2
+ sin −1 r   dθdφ
2 
0

π/2 π/2 π/2

π 1 π π
= ∫ ∫
0 0
sin θ  − .  dθdφ =
2 2 2 ∫ 4
[ − cos θ]0π / 2 dφ
0

π/2
π π π/2 π2
= ∫
0
4
dφ = [ φ]0 =
4 8
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 439

62. Evaluate :
∫∫ a 2 − x 2 − y2 dxdy over the semi-circle x2 + y2 = ax in the positive quadrant.
2 2
Sol. Changing to polar co-ordinates, x + y = ax transforms into r = a cos θ.
π
For the region of integration R, r varies from 0 to a cos θ and θ varies from 0 to .
2
π / 2 a cos θ

∴
∫∫
2 2 2
a − x − y . dxdy = ∫ ∫
0 0
a 2 − r 2 . r drdθ
R
π / 2 a cos θ 1 π/2 a cos θ
1 2 1  ( a 2 − r 2 )3 / 2 
= ∫ ∫
0 0
−
2
( a − r 2 ) 2 ( − 2r ) dr dθ =
∫
0
−
2

 3/2

 0
. dθ

π/2 3 π/2
 1 a a3  2 π 
∫  − 3  (a ∫ (sin
3
= sin3 θ − a3 ) dθ = − 3
θ − 1) dθ = − −
3 3  3 2 
0 0
3 3
a π 2 a
= − = (3 π − 4)
3  2 3  18
63. Let D be the region in the first quadrant bounded by x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1. Change the variables
1
x, y to u, v where x + y = u, y = uv and evaluate ∫∫
D
xy (1 − x − y ) 2 dxdy . (U.P.T.U., 2007)

Sol. x = u(1 – v), y = uv

∂x ∂x
∂( x , y ) ∂u ∂v 1 − v − u
∴ J= = = = u – uv + uv = u
∂ ( u, v ) ∂y ∂y v u
∂u ∂v
∴ dxdy = |J| dudv = ududv ...(1)
xy (1 – x – y)1/2 = u (1 – v) uv (1 – u)1/2 ...(2)
Also, x = 0 ⇒ u (1 – v) = 0 ⇒ u = 0, v = 1
y = 0 ⇒ uv = 0 ⇒ u = 0, v = 0
x+y = 1 ⇒ u=1
Hence the limits of u are from 0 to 1 and the limits of v are from 0 to 1.
Y
V

D v =1
B R Q
D1

x+y=1 u=0
x=0
u=1

X U
O y=0 A O¢ v=0 P
(xy-plane) (uv-plane)
440 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∫∫ xy (1 − x − y) ∫∫ u(1 − v) uv(1 − u)
1/ 2 1/ 2
∴ dxdy = |J |dudv
D D1

∫∫ u (1 − u)
3 1/ 2
= v(1 − v) dudv
D1

1 1

∴ Required integral = ∫
0
∫
u3 (1 − u )1 / 2 du v(1 − v ) dv
0

1 1
 3
=
∫
0
∫
uu − 1 (1 − u )3 / 2 − 1 du v2 − 1 (1 − v )2 − 1 dv = β  4,  . β (2, 2)
0
 2

3 3 1
4 2 2 π .1 .1
= 2. 2 2= 2 = 2 =
16
.
11 4  11  9 7 5 3 1 945
. . . . π
2   2 2 2 2 2
 2
1 1−x
1
64. Using the transformation x + y = u, y = uv, show that ∫ ∫
0 0
e y /( x + y ) dydx =
2
( e − 1) .

Sol. Since x = u (1 – v), y = uv, we have

∴ J = u (As shown in the previous Q. No. 63)
∴ dxdy = |J|dudv = ududv
Also x = 0 ⇒ u (1 – v) = 0 ⇒ u = 0, v = 1
y = 0 ⇒ uv = 0 ⇒ u = 0, v = 0
x+y = 1 ⇒ u=1
Hence the limits of u are 0 to 1 and the limits of v are 0 to 1.
1 1−x 1 1 uv
∴
∫ ∫
0 0
e y /( x + y ) dydx =
∫∫
0 0
eu .|J |. dudv

1 1 1
 u2 
( ) 1
1
∫∫ ue dudv =   ev
v
⇒ I = = ( e − 1)
 2  0 2
0 0  0

∫∫ ( x + y)
2
65. Evaluate dxdy , where R is the parallelogram in the xy-plane with vertices (1, 0), (3, 1),
R
(2, 2), (0, 1) using the transformation u = x + y and v = x – 2y. (U.P.T.U., 2008)
Sol. The vertices A (1, 0), B (3, 1), C (2, 2), D (0, 1) of the parallelogram ABCD in the xy-plane
become A′(1, 1), B′(4, 1), C′(4, –2), D′(1, –2) in the uv-plane under the given transformation. The
Region R in the xy-plane becomes the region R′ in the uv-plane which is a rectangle bounded by
the line u = 1, u = 4, v = –2, v = 1.
Solving the given equations for x and y, we have

1 1
x = (2u + v ) , y = (u − v )
3 3
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 441

Y V

A¢ (1, 1) v=1 B¢(4, 1)

C (2, 2)
R
U
O R¢

u=1
D B (3, 1) u=4
(0, 1)
X
O A(1, 0)
D¢(1, –2) v = –2 C¢(4, –2)

∂x ∂x 2 1
∂( x , y ) ∂u ∂v 3 3 1
∴ J = = = =−
∂ ( u, v ) ∂y ∂y 1 1 3
−
∂u ∂v 3 3

1 4
1
∫∫ ∫∫ u2 |J |dudv =
∫ ∫u
2
∴ ( x + y )2 dxdy = . du dv
3
R R′ −2 1

1 4 1
1  u3 
= ∫
−2
  dv =
3  3 
1
∫
−2
7dv = 7 × 3 = 21

π π
66. Using the transformation x + y = u, y = v evaluate : ∫ ∫|cos( x + y)|dxdy .
0 0
π π

Sol. Let I= ∫ ∫|cos( x + y)|dxdy

0 0
...(1)

Consider transformation
x + y = u, y = v, then x = u – v, y = v
∂x ∂x
∂( x , y ) ∂u ∂v 1 −1
Now, J = = = =1
∂ ( u, v ) ∂y ∂y 0 1
∂u ∂v
∴ dxdy = |J| du dv = dudv ...(2)
Now, x =0 ⇒ u=v
x =π ⇒ u=π+v
y = 0 ⇒ v = 0 and y = π ⇒ v = π
π π+v

∴ (1) becomes I= ∫ dv ∫ |cos u|du

0 v
...(3)
442 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

π+v
π / 2v π π+v

∫
v
|cos u |du =
∫ |cos u |du +
∫ |cos u |du +
∫ |cos u|du
v π/2 π
π/2 π π+v
= ∫ cos u du + ∫ − cos u du + ∫ − cos u du
v π/2 π

π/2 π π+v
= ( sin u )v − ( sin u )π / 2 − ( sin u )π
= 1 – sin v – (0 – 1) – [sin (π + v) – 0] = 1 – sin v + 1 + sin v = 2
π

∴ From (3), I= ∫ 2 . dv = 2π
0

∫∫∫ z (x
2 2 2 2
67. Evaluate + y2 + z 2 ) dxdydz through the volume of the cylinder x + y = a intercepted

by the planes z = 0 and z = h.

Sol. Changing to cylindrical co-ordinates by changing x to r cos φ, y to r sin φ and replacing
dx-dy-dz by r drdφdz, we have
h 2π a h 2π a

∫ ∫ ∫ z( r ∫ ∫ ∫ ( zr
2 2 3
I = + z ) rdrdφdz = + z 3r ) dr dφ dz
0 0 0 0 0 0

h 2π a h 2π
 r4 r2   a4 a2 3 
= ∫ ∫
0 0
z .
 4
+ z 3 .  dφ dz =
2 
0
∫ ∫
0 0

 4

.z +
2
. z  dφ dz



h
 a4 a 2 3  2π
=
∫
0

 4

.z +
2
. z  [ φ]0 dz



h h
 a4 a2 3   a4 z 2 a2 . z 4 
=
0
∫
2π 
 4

.z +
2
. z  dz = 2π 


 8

+
8 

0

π 4 2 π
∴ I = ( a h + a 2h4 ) = a 2h2 ( a 2 + h2 )
4 4

x − y
68. Using the transformation x – y = u, x + y = v, show that : ∫ ∫ sin  x + y  dxdy = 0. Where R is
R
bounded by the co-ordinate axes and x + y = 1 in the first quadrant. Y
Sol. R is triangle OAB in xy-plane as shown in figure 1.

∂u ∂u B
∂ ( u, v ) ∂x ∂y 1 −1
J = = = =2
∂( x , y ) ∂v ∂v 1 1 x=0 x+y=1
∂x ∂y
dudv = |J| dxdy X
O y=0 A
∴ dudv = 2dxdy ...(1)
Fig. 1
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 443

Since |J| = 2
We have the transformation;
x – y = u, x + y = v ...(2)
Now (2),
⇒ 2x = u + v
2y = v – u ...(3)
If x = 0, y = 0, then (3) gives u = – v, u = v
If x + y = 1, then (2) gives v = 1
Corresponding domain in uv-plane is bounded by u = – v, u = v, v = 1.
The domain in uv-plane is ∆ PO′Q (as shown in figure 2 below).
Take a strip parallel to u-axis. One end of this strip lies on u = –v and the other end on u = v. For
this strip, v varies from v = 0 to v = 1.

V
u

v
=

=
–v

u
(–1, 1) Q P(1, 1) v=1

O¢ U

Fig. 2
v
  u 
1 v
u 1 1
1
 − cos  v  
 
∴ I =
∫ ∫ sin  v  2 dudv = 2 ∫ 
 1  
 dv
0 −v 0  
  v  −v
1 1
1 1
=
2 ∫
0
v { − cos 1 + cos ( − 1)} dv =
2 ∫ 0 . dv = 0
0
69. Find by triple integration, the volume of the paraboloid of revolution x2 + y2 = 4z cut off by the
plane z = 4. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
Sol. By symmetry, the required volume is 4 times the volume in the positive octant. The volume
in the positive octant is bounded on the sides by the zx and yz-planes; from above by the plane
2 2
z = 4 and below by the curved surface x + y = 4z.
2 2
The section of the paraboloid by the plane z = 4 is the circle x + y = 16, z = 4 and its projection on
2 2
the xy-plane is the circle x + y = 16, z = 0.

x 2 + y2
The volume in the positive octant is bounded by z = , z = 4, y = 0, y = 16 − x 2
4
and x = 0, x = 4.

4 16 − x 2 4 4 16 − x 2
∴ Required volume = 4 ∫ ∫
0 0 2
∫ 2
dz dy dx = 4
∫ ∫ [ z ](4x 2
+ y2 ) / 4
dydx
(x + y ) / 4 0 0

4
 x2  1 
= 4
∫
0
 4 −

 4
 16 − x 2 −

 12
(16 − x 2 )3 / 2  dx

444 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

4
1 1 2 3/2
∫
2 2
= 4  4 (16 − x ) 16 − x − 12 (16 − x )  dx
 
0

4 4
1 2
∫ (16 − x 2 )3 / 2 dx =
∫ (16 − x
2 3/2
= 4 ) dx
6 3
0 0

π/2
2
=
3 ∫
0
(16)3 / 2 . cos3 θ . 4 cos θ dθ where x = 4 sin θ

π/2
512 512 3 1 π
=
3 ∫
0
cos4 θ dθ = . . . = 32π .
3 4 2 2

70. Find the area in the positive quadrant bounded by the curves y2 = 4ax, y2 = 4bx, xy = c2 and
xy = d2.
(U.P.T.U., 2006)
2
y
Sol. Take = u, xy = v
x
y = uv or y = u1/3 v1/3
3
so that

v v
⇒ x= or x = or u–1/3 v2/3
y 1 1
u3 . v3

∂x ∂x 1 2 −1 / 3 −1 / 3
− u−4 / 3 . v2 / 3 u .v
∂( x , y ) ∂u ∂v 3 3
J= = = 1 2
∂(u, v) ∂y ∂y 1 −2 / 3 1 / 3 1 3 −3
u v u v
∂u ∂v 3 3

1 2 3 1
⇒ J= − − =− or −
9u 9u 9u 3u

1
|J| =
3u

4b d 2 4b
1 1 1 du 2
∴ Required area = ∫ ∫ dxdy = ∫ ∫ D′
|J |dudv =
3 ∫ ∫ u
dudv =
3 ∫ u
(v )d2
c
D 4 a c2 4a

1 2 4b 1 2 2 b
= (d − c2 ) ( log u )4a = (d − c ) log   .
3 3 a
71. Calculate the volume of the solid bounded by the surface x = 0, y = 0, x + y + z = 1 and z = 0.
(U.P.T.U., 2005)
1 1−x 1−x − y 1 1−x
Sol. Required volume =
∫ ∫
0 0
∫
0
dz dy dx =
∫ ∫
0 0
(1 − x − y) dydx
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 445

1 1−x 1
 2
y   (1 − x )2 
∫
2
=
∫
0
(1 − x ) y −


2 
0
dx =
0
(1 − x ) −
 2 
 dx

1
1 1  1 1
∫ (1 − x )
2 3
= dx = − (1 − x )  = .
2 6 0 6
0
2 2 2 2 2 2
72. Find the volume common to the cylinders x + y = a and x + z = a .

Sol. Given z2 = a2 – x2 ⇒ z = ± a 2 − x 2

and y2 = a2 – x2 ⇒ y = ± a 2 − x 2
Also x2 = a2 (when y = 0)
⇒ x = ±a
Hence the required volume common to the given cylinders is given by

a a2 − x2 a2 −x2

V=
∫
−a
∫ ∫ dz dy dx
− a2 − x2 − a2 − x2

a a2 − x2 a a

∫
2 2
⇒ V=
∫ ∫ 2 a 2 − x 2 . dy dx = 4
−a
∫
(a − x ) dx = 8 (a 2 − x 2 ) dx
0
−a − a 2 − x 2

a
 2 x3   a3   2a3  16a3
= 8 a x −  = 8 a3 −  = 8   or
 3  3   3
 0   3 
73. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 4 and the planes y + z = 4 and z = 0.
Sol. From the figure, it is clear that z = 4 – y is to be integrated over the circle x2 + y2 = 4 in the

xy-plane. To cover the shaded half of this circle, x varies from 0 to 4 − y2 while y varies from
–2 to 2 (∵ y2 = 4 ⇒ y = ± 2).

2 4 − y2 2 4 − y2
∴ Required volume = 2
∫ ∫
−2 0
z dx dy = 2
∫ ∫ (4 − y) dx dy [∵ z = 4 – y]
−2 0

2 2
4 − y2
= 2
∫
−2
(4 − y) [ x ]0 dy = 2
∫ (4 − y) .
−2
4 − y2 . dy

2 2 2
= 2
∫
−2
4 4 − y2 . dy − 2
∫
−2
y 4 − y2 . dy = 8
∫
−2
4 − y2 . dy

because the second integral is zero as y 4 − y2 is an odd function of y.

∫
2 2
⇒ Required volume = 16 4 − y . dy [∵ 4−y is an even function of y]
0
446 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2 2
Cylinder x + y = 4

y + z = 4(Plane)

Y O Y
z=0
X
Plane
2
 y 4 − y2 
4 y
= 16  + sin −1  = 16 [2 sin −1 1] = 16 π
 2 2 2
 0
74. Find the centroid of the region R bounded by the parabolic cylinder z = 4 – x2 and the plane x = 0,
y = 0, y = 6, z = 0(x > 0). [M.D.U., Dec., 2007]
Sol. The centre of gravity (or centroid) of the region R is x , y , z .
Here the region R = {(x, y, z) . 0 ≤ y ≤ 6, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4 – x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2}
2 2
Since when z = 0, 4 – x = 0 ⇒ x = 4 or x = ± 2 ⇒ x = 2, x > 0.

1
Then, x =
M ∫∫∫ ρx dz dy dx ...(1)

1
y =
M ∫∫∫ ρy dz dy dx ...(2)

1
z =
M ∫∫∫ ρz dz dy dx ...(3)

Here, M is mass = ρ(density) × volume

Now, M= ∫∫∫ ρ dz dy dx
R

2 6 4 − x2
= k
∫∫ ∫
0 0 0
dz dy dx [As ρ is not given ∴ ρ = k]

6 2
2 6  x3
= k
∫∫ (4 − x )dy dx = k
2
∫
0
4 x −

 dy
3 
0
0 0

6 6
 8 16 y 
= k
∫
0
 8 − 3  dy = k  3  = 32k
   0
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 447

2 6
2 6 4 − x2
1 k
∫ ∫ x(4 − x ) dy dx
2
Therefore, from (1), x =
M ∫∫ ∫ ρx dz dy dx =
M
0 0 0 0 0

2 6 2 2
k  x2 x4 
∫ ∫{ }
k k
x =
M
0 0
x (4 − x 2 )dx dy =
M ∫
0
6x (4 − x 2 ) dx = 24 .
M  2
−6. 
4 
0

2
6k  2 x 4  6k 24 k 24 k 3
= 2 x −  = (8 − 4) = = or
M  4  M M 32 k 4
0

2 6 4 − x2
1
Similarly from (2), y = M ∫∫ ∫ ρy dz dy dx
0 0 0

2 6 2 6
k k  y2 
or y =
M ∫∫
0 0
y(4 − x 2 )dy dx =
M ∫
0
(4 − x 2 )   . dx
 2  0

2 2
k 18 k  x3  18 k  8 18 k 16
y =
M ∫
0
18(4 − x 2 )dx =
M 
4 x −  =
3 0 M  8 − 3  = 32 k . 3 = 3.
 

2 6 4 − x2 2 6
1 k 1
∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ 2 (4 − x
2 2
Finally, from (3), z = ρz dz dy dx = ) dy dx
M M
0 0 0 0 0

2 6 2
k k
∫∫ (16 + x 4 − 8x 2 )dy dx =
∫ 6 (16 + x
4
= − 8x 2 ) dx
2M 2M
0 0 0

2
3k  x 5 8x 3  3k  32 64  96 k 8
= 16x + −  = 32 + − = .
M 5 3 0 M  5 3  M 15

8
= . [ä M = 32 k]
5

3 8
Hence the required centroid of the Region R is ( x , y , z ) or  , 3,  .
4 5

2 2 2
x y z
75. Find by double integration, the volume of the ellipsoid + + =1.
2 2 2
a b c
Sol. On account of symmetry, the required volume is 8 times the volume of the ellipsoid in the
positive octant.

2 2
x y
The volume OABC in the positive octant lies between the ellipsoid z = c 1 − 2
− 2
and the
a b
plane XOY, and is bounded on the sides by the planes x = 0, y = 0 (Figure).
448 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

O Y
B

2 2
x y
The ellipsoid cuts the plane XOY in the ellipse 2
+ 2
= 1, z = 0
a b
∴ The region OAB above which the volume OABC lies, is bounded by
2
x
x = 0, x = a and y = 0, y = b 1 −
a2
Hence the required volume of the ellipsoid
2 2 2 2
a b 1− x /a a b 1− x /a
x2 y2
= 8
∫
0
∫0
z dy dx = 8
∫ ∫ c 1−
a
2
− 2
b
dydx
0 0
a t 2 2 2
t y x
= 8
∫∫
0 0
c
b2
−
b2
. dydx , where b 1 −
a
2
=t

a t a t
 2 2 
c 2 c y t − y t2  y
∫∫
2
= 8
0 0
b
t − y . dydx = 8
∫
0
b

2
+
2
sin −1    dx
 t 
0
a a a 2
4c 2πc 2πc 2 x 
=
b ∫
0
t 2 sin −1 (1) dx =
b ∫
0
t 2dx =
b ∫
0
b 1 − 2  dx

 a 
a
 x3   3
a   a  4πabc
⇒ Required volume = 2πbc  x − 2  = 2πbc  a − 2  = 2πbc  a −  = .
3a  3a   3 3
 0  
76. A triangular prism is formed by planes whose equations are ay = bx, y = 0 and x = a. Find the
volume of the prism between the planes z = 0 and surface z = c + xy. (U.P.T.U., 2009)
bx bx
a a c + xy a a
Sol. Required volume =
∫ ∫ ∫
0 0 0
dz dy dx =
∫ ∫ (c + xy) dy dx
0 0
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 449

bx
a a
 xy2  a  cbx b
2 
=
∫
0
 cy +


 . dx =
2 
0
∫
0

 a

+ 2 x 3  dx
2a 

a a
bc  x2  b2  x4  2 2
abc a b
  + 2  
=
a  2   4  = 2 + 8
 0 2a  0
ab
⇒ Required volume = (4c + ab) .
8
77. Find the volume of the cylindrical column standing on the area common to the parabola x = y2,
y = x2 as base and cut off by the surface z = 12 + y – x2.
2
1 x 12 + y − x 1 x

∫ ∫ (12 + y − x ) dy
2
Sol. Required volume =
∫ ∫
0
dx
2
dy
∫0
dz =
0
dx
x2
x

1 x 1 4
 y2   x x 
∫ ∫
5/2
= 12 y + − yx 2  dx = 12 x + − x − 12x 2 − + x 4  dx
 2  2 2 2
0  x 0  

1
 3 / 2 x2 2 7 / 2 x
5 5
x 
= 8x + − x − 4x 3 − + 
 4 7 10 5 
0

1 2 1 1 569
= 8+ − −4− + =
4 7 10 5 140
78. Find the area lying between the parabola y = 4x – x2 and the line y = x.
Sol. Let the two curves intersect at points whose abscissae are given by
2
4x – x = x ⇒ x = 0, 3
Using vertical strips, the required area lies between x = 0, x = 3 and y = x, y = 4x – x2.
2
3 4x − x 3
2
∴ Required area =
∫ ∫
0 x
dy dx =
∫ [ y]4xx − x dx
0
3 3 3
 3x 2 x 3  27
∫
2
∫
2
= (4x − x − x ) dx = (3x − x ) dx =  −  = − 9 = 4.5
 2 3  0 2
0 0
79. Determine the area of region bounded by the curves xy = 2, 4y = x2, y = 4.
4 2 y
Sol. Required area =
∫ ∫ dx dy
1 2
...(1)

y
2 2
Since x2 = 4y ⇒ x = 2 y and xy = 2 ⇒ x = ⇒ x varies from to 2 y
y y
Also the curves xy = 2 and x2 = 4y intersect at the point where on solving, we get
2
x = 4y
2 4
x= or x2 =
y y2
4
∴ 4y = ⇒ y3 = 1 or y = 1
y2
450 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Hence y varies from y = 1 to y = 4.

∴ Required area from (1);
4 4
 2  2 3/2   16  2  32 4
∫
1
 2 y − y  dy = 2  3 y
  
− log y  = 2 
1   3
− 2 log 2  −  =
 3 3
− − 4 log 2
3

28 7 
= − 4 log 2 or 4  − log 2 
3 3 
80. Find the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4ax and its latus rectum.
[U.P.T.U., (Agr. Engg.) 2005]
Sol. Latus rectum is x = a.
a 2 ax a
∴ Required area = 2 ∫ ∫
0 0
∫
dy dx = 2 2 ax dx
0
a
2 3/ 2  8 8a 2
= 4 a x  = a .a3 / 2 =
3 0 3 3
81. Find the smaller of the areas bounded by the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 and the straight line 2x + 3y = 6.
Sol. Let us find the points where the line intersects the ellipse at the co-ordinate axes.
4x2 + 9y2 = 36
2x + 3y = 6

x 2 y2
or + = 1 ...(1)
9 4
x y
and + = 1 ...(2)
3 2
Both meet x-axis at (3, 0) and y-axis at (0, 2)

2 x2
The required area =
∫ ∫ dx dy
0 x1

6 − 3y 3
where x1 = or (2 − y) , [From eq. (2)]
2 2

36 − 9 y2 3
x2 = or 4 − y2 , [From eq. (1)]
2 2

3
(4 − y2 )
2 2 2
3
4 − y − (2 − y) dy
∫ ∫ ∫
2
Hence the required area = dx dy =
2  
0 3 0
(2 − y)
2

2
 2 
3 y 4 − y 4  y y2 
= + sin −1   − 2 y +
2 2 2 2 2
 0
3 3 π
[2 sin −1(1) − 4 + 2] = 2 . − 2  = 3 [π − 2]

=
2 2 2  2
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 451

82. By double integration, find the whole area of the curve a2x2 = y3(2a – y).
2a x 3 3/2
y (2a − y) y 2a − y
Sol. Required area = 2
∫∫
0 0
dy dx where x =
a 2
or x =
a

2a
2
∫y
3/2
Hence the required area = 2a − y dy
a
0
2a
2
∫ (2a sin
2
= θ)3 / 2 2a − 2a sin2 θ . 4a sin θ cos θ dθ
a
0
[where we put y = 2a sin2 θ and dy = 4a sin θ]
π/2
2  π 
∫ sin
2
= 32a 2 4 2
θ cos θ dθ = 32a   = πa
 32 
0
π/2
( p − 1) ( p − 3) ..... (q − 1) (q − 3) .... 1 π
∫ sin
p
Note : Ip, q = x cosq x dx = .
( p + q) ( p + q − 2) ( p + q − 4) .... 2
0
When p, q are both even.
Using this formula, we obtain the value :
π/2

∫ sin
4
I4, 2 = x cos2 x dx (p = 4, q = 2)
0

(4 − 1) (4 − 3) .... (2 − 1) π 3.1.1 π π
= . = . or
6.4.2 2 6.4 .2 2 32
83. Find by double integration, the area lying inside the circle r = a sin θ and outside the cardioid
r = a(1 – cos θ). (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
Sol. For the required area, r varies from a(1 – cos θ) to a sin θ. Eliminating r between the
equations of two curves
sin θ = 1 – cos θ or sin θ + cos θ = 1
q = p/2 Y
r = a (1 – cos q)

r = a sin q

X¢ X
q=0
π
Squaring both sides, we get 1 + sin 2θ = 1 or sin 2θ = 0 which implies θ = 0 or .
2
π/2 a sin θ
∴ Required area =
∫
0
∫
a(1 − cos θ)
r dr dθ
452 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

π/2 a sin θ π/2

 r2  a
2

∫ ∫ (sin
2 2
=   dθ = θ − 1 − cos θ + 2 cos θ)
0  2  a(1 − cos θ) 2
0

2 π/2
a 2  π
∫ (− 2 cos
2
= θ + 2 cos θ) dθ = a 1 −  .
2  4
0
84. Find by double integration the area included between the curves r = a (sec θ + cos θ) and its asymp-
totes.
Sol. The given curve is r = a(sec θ + cos θ)
Its asymptote is r = a sec θ
π / 2 a(sec θ+ cos θ) π/2 a(sec θ + cos θ)
 r2 
∴ Required area = 2
∫ ∫ rdrdθ = 2 ∫
0
 
 2  a sec θ
dθ
0 a sec θ
π/2

∫ (sec θ + cos θ)
2 2 2
= a − sec θ  dθ

0
π/2 π/2
π
∫ cos
2 2
θ dθ + 2a 2 .
∫
2
= a (cos2 θ + 2) dθ = a
2
0 0
2
1 π
2 2π  5πa
= a .. + πa 2 = a  + π  = .
2 2 4  4
85. Find by double integration the area lying inside the cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ) and outside the
circle r = a.
π / 2 r = a(1 + cos θ) π/2 a(1 + cos θ)
 r2 
Sol. Required area = 2
∫
0 r=a
∫ r dθ dr = 2
∫
0
 
 2  a
dθ

π/2 π/2

∫
2 2
[(1 + cos θ) − 1] dθ = a 2
∫ (cos
2
= a θ + 2 cos θ) dθ
0 0
2
1 π  a
= a2  . + 2  = (π + 8)
2 2  4
86. Find the area lying inside a cardioid r = (1 + cos θ) and outside the parabola r(1 + cos θ) = 1.
π / 2 1 + cos θ π/2 1 + cos θ
 r2 
Sol. Required area = 2
∫
0 1
∫ r dr dθ = 2
∫
0
 
 2  1
. dθ
1 + cos θ
1 + cos θ
π/2
 1 
∫
2
= (1 + cos θ) − 2
 dθ ...(1)
 (1 + cos θ) 
0
π/2 π/2
π 1 π 3π
∫ (1 + cos
2
∫
2
Now, (1 + cos θ) dθ = θ + 2 cos θ) dθ = + . +2= +2
2 2 2 4
0 0
π/2 π/2 π/4 θ
1 1 θ 1 =φ
∫ ∫ ∫ sec
4 4 2
and 2
dθ = sec dθ = φ (2 dφ)
(1 + cos θ) 4 2 4 dθ = 2 dφ
0 0 0
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 453

π/4 1
1 1
∫ ∫ (1 + t ) dt
2 2 2
= (1 + tan φ) sec φ dφ = where t = tan φ
2 2
0 0
1
 3
1 t  2
= 2 t +  =
 3  3
 0
3π 2 3π 4
∴ From (1) Required area = +2− = + .
4 3 4 3
87. Find the area included between the curve x = a(θ – sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ) and its base.
Sol. When θ = 0, x = 0 and y = 0
When θ = 2π, x = 2aπ and y = 0
∴ The limits for θ are from 0 to 2π
∴ Required area = area of OPAO
2π 2π 2π
dx
∫ ∫ a(1 − cos θ) a(1 − cos θ) = a 2
∫ (1 − cos θ)
2
= y . dθ = dθ
dθ
0 0 0
2π π
θ θ
∫ ∫ sin  
2
= 4a sin 4   dθ = 8a 2 4
φ dφ  Put 2 = φ 
2  
0 0
π/2
3 1 π
∫ sin
2 4 2 2
= 16a φ dφ = 16a . . . = 3πa
4 2 2
0
88. Find the volume common to the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 and the cylinder x2 + y2 = ay.
(M.D.U., Dec., 2006)
Sol. The required volume is the part of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 lying within the cylinder. On
account of the symmetry of the sphere, half of it lies above the plane XOY and half below it.

∴ Required volume = 2
∫∫ z dy dx
where z = 2 2
a −x −y
2
and the region of integration is the area inside the circle x2 + y2 = ay in
the xy-plane. ...(1)
On account of symmetry, the volumes above the two parts of circle (1) in the first and the second
quadrants are equal. The figure shows only the part in the first quadrant.

∴ Required volume = 2 × 2
∫∫ R
a 2 − x 2 − y2 dydx

where R is the half of the circle (1) lying in the first quadrant.
Z

Y
O

X
454 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Changing to polar co-ordinates by putting x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ so that x2 + y2 = r2, equation (1)
becomes
r2 = ar sin θ or r = a sin θ
The region of integration is bounded by
2 π
r = 0, r = a sin θ and θ = 0, θ =
2
π / 2 a sin θ π / 2 a sin θ
∴ Required volume = 4
∫ ∫
0 0
a 2 − r 2 . r dr dθ = 4
∫ ∫
0 0
a 2 − r 2 . r dr . dθ

π / 2 a sin θ 1
 1 2
= 4
∫ ∫
0 0
 − 2  (a −
 
r2 )2 (− 2r ) dr . dθ

a sin θ
 3
π/2 π/2
 1  (a 2 − r 2 ) 2  4
∫ ∫ (a
3
= 4  −   . dθ = − cos3 θ − a3 ) dθ
 2  3/2  3
0 0
  0
3 π/2 3 3
4a 4a π 4a  2 π  2 3
∫ cos
3
= − θ dθ + . = − − = a (3π − 4)
3 3 2 3  3 2  9
0
89. Find, by triple integration, the volume of the region bounded by the paraboloid az = x2 + y2 and the
2 2 2
cylinder x + y = R .
Sol. Changing to cylindrical co-ordinates, by putting x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, the equation of the

r2
paraboloid becomes az = r2 or z = and the equation of the cylinder becomes r2 = R2 or r = R.
a
On account of symmetry, the required volume is 4 times the volume in the positive octant. Thus

r2 π
in the common region z varies from 0 to , r varies from 0 to R and θ varies from 0 to .
a 2
2
π/2 R r / a π/2 R π/2 R 3
r2 / a r
∴ Required volume = 4
∫ ∫ ∫
0 0 0
r dz dr dθ = 4
∫ ∫
0 0
r [ z ]0 drdθ = 4
∫ ∫
0 0
a
drdθ

π/2 R π/2
4
r  4 4
1 R π πR
∫ ∫R
4
⇒ 4   dθ = . dθ = . or .
 4a  0 a a 2 2a
0 0
90. Find the mass of the solid surrounded by the ellipsoid with density ρ = kxyz

x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2
+ 2 = 1. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
a b c

x2 y2 z2
Sol. Put 2
= u, 2
= v, 2
= w
a b c
Then u ≥ 0, v ≥ 0, w ≥ 0 and u + v + w ≤ 1
a
Also x= a u ⇒ dx = du
2 u
b
y= b v ⇒ dy = dv
2 v
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 455

c
z= c w ⇒ dz = dw
2 w

∴ Required mass = 8
∫∫ ∫ k xyz dx dy dz = ka
D
2 2 2
b c
∫∫ ∫ du dv dw
D′
2 2 2
(1) ! (1) ! (1) ! ka b c
∫∫∫ u v w du dv dw = ka b c 2 2 2
2 2 2 0 0 0
= ka b c . =
(1 + 1 + 1) ! 6
D

x y z
91. The plane + + = 1 , meets the axes in A,B, C. Find the volume of the tetrahedron OABC. Also
a b c
find the mass of the tetrahedron, if the density at any point is kxyz.
x y z
Sol. Put = u, = v, = w, then u ≥ 0, v ≥ 0, w ≥ 0 and u + v + w ≤ 1.
a b c
Also dx = adu, dy = bdv, dz = cdw

Volume OABC =
∫∫ ∫ dx dy dz = ∫∫ ∫ abc du dv dw ,
D
where u + v + w ≤ 1
D′

111 abc abc

∫∫ ∫ u
1 −1 1 −1
= abc v w 1 − 1 du dv dw = abc = =
1 +1 +1 +1 3! 6
D′

∴ Mass =
∫∫ ∫ k xyz dx dy dz = ∫∫ ∫ k(au)(bv)(cw) abc du dv dw
D D′

∫∫ ∫ u
2 −1 2 −1
= k a 2b 2c 2 v w 2 − 1 du dv dw
D′

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 !1 !1 ! k . a 2b2c2
= ka b c = ka b c = .
(2 + 2 + 2 + 1) 6! 720

l m
∫x
l −1 m −1 l+m
92. Prove that y dxdy = .h . Where D is the domain x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 and
(l + m + 1)
D
x + y ≤ h.
Sol. Putting x = hX and y = hY, the given integral reduces to

∫ ∫ (hX )
l −1
I= (hY ) m − 1 h 2dXdY
D′
where D′ is the domain X ≥ 0, Y ≥ 0 and X + Y ≤ 1.
1 1−X
I = hl + m
∫ ∫
0 0
X l − 1Y m − 1dYdX

1 m
1−X l+m 1
Y h
∫X
l −1
(1 − X )m dX
∫
l+m
= h Xl −1 dX =
m m
0 0 0
l+m
hl + m h l (m + 1) l+m l m
= B(l, m + 1) = . = h .
m m (l + m + 1) (l + m + 1)
(m + 1)
Since = m
m
456 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∫∫∫ x
l −1 m −1 n −1
93. State the Dirichlet’s theorem for 3 variables. Hence evaluate the integral y z dx xy dz ,
where x, y, z are all positive but limited by the condition
p q r
x  y z
 a  +  b  +  c  ≤ 1. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
     
Sol. Statement of Dirichlet’s theorem for three variables

l m n
∫∫ ∫ x
l −1 m −1 n −1
y z dx dy dz =
l + m + n +1
V
where V is the region bounded by
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0, x + y + z ≤ 1
p q r
x  y z
Put  a  = u,  b  = v, c = w
     
Then u ≥ 0, v ≥ 0, w ≥ 0 and u + v + w ≤ 1.
1 1 1
Also, x = au p , y = bv q and z = cw r
1 1 1
a p −1 b −1 −1
so that dx = u du , dy = v q dv , dz = c w r dw
p q r
1 1 1
∴
∫∫ ∫
D
x l − 1 ym − 1z n − 1 dx dy dz =
∫∫ ∫D′
( au p ) l − 1 (bv q ) m − 1 ( cw r ) n − 1

1 1 1
−1 −1 −1
abc
× . up vq wr du dv dw
pqr
l m n
a lb mc n −1 −1 −1
=
pqr ∫∫ ∫ D′
u p
v q
wr du dv dw

l m n
a lb mc n p q r
= . .
pqr l m n
+ + +1
p q r
x y z
94. Find the mass of the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinate planes and the plane + + = 1,
a b c
the variable density being given by ρ = xyz.
Sol. Please see the solution of Q. No. 91 where ρ (density) = kxyz.
2 2 2
a b c
If we put k = 1, then we obtain mass of the tetrahedron = .
720
Else we may independently proceed as follows :
x y z
Put = u, = v, = w, then u ≥ 0, v ≥ 0, w ≥ 0 and u + v + w ≤ 1.
a b c
dx = adu, dy = bdv, dz = cdw

Mass of the tetrahedron =

∫∫ ∫ xyz dx dy dz = ∫∫ ∫ a
D
2 2 2
b c . uvw du dv dw
D′

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 !1 !1 ! a b c
= a b c . = a b c . =
(2 + 2 + 2 + 1) 6! 720
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 457

95. Find by double integration volume of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.

2 2 2
Sol. To find volume of the sphere x + y + z = 9.
On account of symmetry of the sphere, half of it lies above the plane and half below it.

∴ Required volume = 2 ∫∫ z dy dx = 2 ∫∫ 2
9 − x − y dy dx
2

For changing to polar co-ordinates,

We put x = r cos θ, and y = r sin θ,
2 2 2
∴ x +y =r
π/2 3 π/2 3
 1
∫ ∫
2 1/ 2
∫ ∫
2
⇒ Volume = 4 9 − r dr dθ = 8  − 2  (9 − r ) (− 2r) dr dθ
 
0 0 0 0
π/2 3 π/2
2 3/2 
 1   (9 − r ) 8
∫ ∫
3/2
= 8 − 2  3 / 2
 dθ = −
3
[0 − (9) ] dθ
    0
0 0
π/2
π
= 72
∫ dθ = 72 × 2 = 36π
0
96. Find, by triple integration, volume in the positive octant bounded by the co-ordinate planes and
the plane x + 2y + 3z = 4. (M.D.U., May 2008)
Sol. Plane x + 2y + 3z = 4 intersects xy-plane (XOY) in the line x + 2y = 4, z = 0.
4−x
∴ Region OAB is bounded by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = .
2
Hence volume of OABC is,
4−x 4−x
1 2 1 2
 4 − x − 2y 
V=
∫ ∫
0 0
z . dydx =
∫ ∫
0 0

 3  dydx


1 4−x 1
1 1  x(4 − x ) (4 − x )2 
=
3 ∫
0
4 y − xy −

y2  2
0
. dx =
3 ∫
0
2(4 − x ) −
 2
−
4
 dx

1
1  x2  1  4x 2 x 3  1  x3 
= 2  4x − −  −  − 16x + − 4x  
3   2  2  2
 3  4  3 
0

1  1 1 1  1 
=
3 8 − 1 − 2  2 − 3  − 4 16 + 3 − 4  
    
1  5 37  84 − 10 − 37 37
=
3  7 − 6 − 12  = 3 × 12
=
36
.
 

97. Evaluate ∫∫∫ (x + y + z )dx dy dz over the tetrahedron bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
and x + y + z = 1. [M.D.U., May 2009]
Sol. Plane x + y + z = 1 meets the co-ordinate axes in (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1).
∴ Given integral is
1 1−x 1−x − y
1 1 − x 1 − x −y  z2 
∫ ∫ ∫ ( x + y + z ) dz dy dx = ∫ ∫
x =0 y=0
 xz + yz +



2 
dy dx
x =0 y=0 z =0 0
458 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 1−x
 1 
∫ ∫
2 2
=  x (1 − x − y ) + y(1 − x − y ) + 2 (1 + x + y − 2x − 2 y + 2xy )  dy dx
 
0 0
1 1−x 1 1−x
1 1
= ∫ ∫ −  − x 2 − y2 − 2xy  dy dx =
2 ∫
0
−
2 ∫
y=0
( x + y )2 dy . dx
0 0

1 1−x 1
1  2 y3 y2  1  2 (1 − x )3 
= −
2 ∫
x y +

x =0
3
+ 2x .
2


y = 0
. dx = −
2 ∫
 x (1 − x ) +

x =0
3
+ x (1 − x )2  dx


1 1
1  2 (1 − x )3  1  x 3 x 4 (1 − x )4 x 2 x 4 2x 3 
∫
3
= − ( x − x ) + + ( x + x 3 − 2x 2 )  dx = −  − + + + − 
2  3  2  3 4 ( − 4) . 3 2 4 3 
0 0

1 1 1 1 1 2  1  1  1
= − − + 0 + + −  = −    = −
2  3 4 2 4 3  2 6 12
1
x p − 1 + xq − 1
98. Show that β(p, q) = ∫
0
(1 + x ) p + q
dx . (U.P.T.U., 2008, M.D.U., 2009)

∞ p −1 1 p −1 ∞ p −1
x x x
Sol. As β( p, q) =
∫
0
(1 + x )
p+q
. dx =
∫
0
(1 + x )
p+q
. dx +
∫
1
(1 + x )
p+q
. dx

∞ p −1
x
For the second integral viz.
∫
1
(1 + x ) p + q
. dx ,

1 1
Let us put x= , dx = − 2 . dt
t t
so that when x → 1, t → 1,
when x → ∞, t → 0
p −1
∞ 0 1  0
x p −1
. dx t  1 t
p + q − 2 − p +1
 
∴
∫ (1 + x )
p+q
=
∫  1
. − 2  dt =
p+q 
 t  ∫ (t + 1) p + q
(− 1) dt
1 1 1 + t  1
 
0 1
tq − 1 xq − 1
=
∫
1
( − 1) .
(1 + t ) p + q
. dt =
∫ (1 + x )
0
p+q
. dx

1
x p − 1 + xq − 1
Hence, β (p, q) =
∫ 0
(1 + x ) p + q
. dx

∞
yq − 1
99. Show that β (p, q) =
∫ (1 + y)
0
p+q
dy.

1 1
Sol. Put x= , so that dx = − dy
1+ y (1 + y )2
∞ p −1 q −1 ∞
 1   y  1 yq − 1
β (p, q) =
∫  
1 + y 
 
1 + y 
−
(1 + y ) 2
. dy = ∫
0
(1 + y ) p + q
. dy Hence shown.
0
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 459

∞
p
∫x
p − 1 − kx
100. Prove that: e dx = (k > 0).
kp
0
Sol. Put kx = t so that kdx = dt
∞
∞ p −1 ∞

∫x t dt
p − 1 − kx 1 p
e dx =
∴
0
∫
0
k
 
. e −t .
k
= p
k ∫t
0
p −1
e −t dt =
kp
∞
(n) cos nθ
∫e
− ax
101. Show that: (i) x n − 1cos bxdx =
( a 2 + b2 )n / 2
0
∞
(n ) sin nθ b
∫e
− ax
(ii) x n − 1sin bxdx = where tan −1   = θ .
( a 2 + b2 )n / 2 a
0

∞
(n)
∫e
− ax
Sol. We know that . x n − 1dx = , where a, n are positive
an
0

Replacing a by (a + ib), we have

∞
(n)
∫e
−( a + ib ) x
. x n − 1dx = ...(1)
( a + ib)n
0

Now, e −( a + ib) x = e − ax . e −ibx = e − ax (cos bx − i sin bx )

Putting a = r cos θ and b = r sin θ
b
so that r2 = a2 + b2 and θ = tan −1  
a
(a + ib)n = (r cos θ + ir sin θ)n = rn(cos θ + i sin θ)n
= rn(cos n θ + i sin nθ) (De Moivre’s Theorem)
∴ From (1),
∞
(n )
∫e
− ax
(cos bx − i sin bx ) x n − 1 . dx = n
r (cos nθ + i sin θ)
0

(n) (n)
(cos nθ + i sin nθ)−1 = n (cos nθ − i sin nθ)
=
rn r
Now equating real and imaginary parts on both the sides, we get

∞
(n)
∫e
− ax
x n − 1 cos bx dx = cos nθ
rn
0

∞
(n)
∫e
− ax
and x n − 1 sin bx dx = sin nθ
rn
0

b
where, r2 = a2 + b2 and θ = tan −1   .
a
460 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 3
 1 6
102. Prove that:
∫
0
x 4  log  dx
 x
=
625
.

1 1
Sol. Put log = t, = et or x = e–t, dx = – e–tdt
x x
0

∫e
− 4t 3
∴ Given integral = t ( −e −t ) dt
∞

∞ ∞ 3
 y  dy  dy 
=
∫ e −5tt3dt =
∫
0
e− y   .
5 5  where y = 5t, dt = 5 
 
0

∞
1
. y3dy = (4) = 3 ! 6
∫e
−y
= or
625 625 625 625
0

m n
103. Show that : β (m, n) = . (M.D.U., Dec., 2005, May 2007; U.P.T.U., 2009, A.U.U.P., 2008)
m+n
∞

∫e
−t m −1
Sol. We know that t dt
m =
0
Putting t = x2 so that dt = 2xdx
∞
2

m = ∫
2 e − y x 2m − 1 dx
0
...(1)

∞
2

Similarly, n = ∫
2 e − x x 2n − 1 dy
0

∞ ∞
2
− y 2 2n − 1
⇒ m n = 4
∫
0
e − x . x 2m − 1 dx
∫e
0
y . dy

We have used the following result from double integrals.

If f (x) and g (y) are functions of x and y only, and the limits of integration are constants, then the
double integral can be represented as a product of 2 integrals.
d b d
Thus,
∫∫
c
f ( x ) g ( y ) dx dy =
∫a
f ( x ) dx .
∫ g( y) dy
c

∞ ∞
−( x 2 + y 2 )
∴ m n = 4
∫ ∫e
0 0
x 2m − 1 . y2n − 1 dx dy

Changing to polar co-ordinates, we have

π/2 ∞
−r 2
m n = 4
∫ ∫e
0 0
. r 2(m + n ) − 1 cos2m − 1 θ sin 2n − 1 θ dr dθ
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 461

∞ π/2
2

∫ e −r . r 2(m + n ) − 1 dr
∫ cos
2m − 1
⇒ m n = 4 θ . sin 2n − 1 θ dr dθ ...(2)
0 0

∞
2
Now,
∫
2 e −r . r 2(m + n ) − 1 dr =
0
(m + n ) , [From (1)]

2
and put sin θ = z so that
2 sin θ cos θ = dz

π/2 1 1

∫ cos ∫ (1 − z ) ∫z
2m − 1 2n − 1 m −1 n −1 n −1
2 θ . sin θ dθ = z dz = (1 − z )m − 1 dz
0 0 0

= β (n, m) = β (m, n) By symmetry of Beta Function.

∴ From (2), we have m n = (m + n) β (m, n)

m n
Hence β (m, n) = .
(m + n )

1 [M.D.U. 2005, Dec., 2007; U.P.T.U., 2008]

104. Prove that: = π.
2

∞ ∞
1
∫e ∫e
−x n −1 −t
Sol. n = x dx , n > 0 ⇒ = . t −1 / 2 . dt
2
0 0
2
Put t = x so that dt = 2xdx

∞ ∞
1 1 −x 2
∫
2

2
=
∫
0
e−x .
x
. 2xdx = 2 e dx
0
...(1)

Writing y for x, we have

∞
 1  = 2 e − y2 dy
2
  0
∫ ...(2)

From (1) and (2), we have

2 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
  1  2 2
−( x 2 + y 2 )
  
  2  
= 4 ∫
0
e − x dx
∫
0
e − y dy = 4
∫ ∫e
0 0
dxdy

Changing to polar co-ordinates with x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, ⇒ dxdy = r drdθ;

the region of integration in this integral is the complete positive quadrant, to cover which, r must
π
vary from 0 to ∞ and θ from 0 to .
2
462 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2 π/2 ∞ π/2 ∞ π/2

 1 −r 2  1 −r 2 
∴  
 2 
= 4 ∫ ∫e
0 0
r dr dθ = 4
∫0
 − 2 e  dθ = 2
 0 ∫ dθ = π
0

1 
Hence 2 = π
 
105. Find the value of β (2.5, 1.5).

5 3
5 3 2 2
Sol. β (2.5, 1.5) = β  ,  =     ...(1)
2 2 5 3
2 + 2
 
We know that if n is a positive fraction, then by using the reduction formula :

(n + 1) = n!, we get ( n ) = (n – 1) (n – 2)........... = (last +ve factor)

5 3 1 1  3 1 1 
⇒ 2 = 2 . 2 . 2 and 2 = 2 2
       
∴ From (1), we have
2
 3 1  1   1  1  3   1  3
 .        . ( π )2
5 3  2 2  2    2  2   8   2   8  1  
 =
β ,  = =
3! 6
∵
   = π 
2 2 (4)  2 

π
=
16

9 7 
106. Evaluate: β  ,  .
2 2
Sol. As explained in the previous Q. No. 105, we have

9 7 5 3 1 1  7 5 3 1 1 
 2  = 2 . 2 . 2 . 2  2  and   = . .  
    2 2 2 2 2

2
9 7 7  5 3 1  1 
. . . . 
2 . 2 2  2 2 2  2  
9 7    
∴ β ,  = =
2 2 9 7 7!
 + 
2 2

9 7 5π
⇒ β ,  = (after simplification)
2 2 2048
∞
xm − 1 β(m, n )
107. Prove that:
∫
0
( a + bx )m + n
dx =
a n . bm
, where m, n, a, b are positive.
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 463

at a
Sol. Put bx = at i.e., x = so that dx = dt
b b
∞ ∞
xm − 1 1 tm − 1 . dt β(m, n )
∴
∫ ( a + bx ) m+n
dx = n m
a b
.
∫
0
(1 + t ) m+n
=
a n . bm
0
∞
π xn − 1 π
108. Prove that (n ) (1 − n ) =
sin nπ
, where 0 < n < 1 using
∫
0
1+x
. dx =
sin nπ
.

∞
(m ) . ( n ) xn − 1 (m ) . ( n )
Sol. β (m, n) =
(m + n )
⇒
∫
0
(1 + x ) m+n
. dx =
Γ(m + n )

Setting m + n = 1 so that m = 1 – n, we get

∞
xn − 1 Γ(1 − n) . Γ(n)
∫
0
1+x
. dx =
Γ(1)

π
⇒ = (n ) (1 − n ) [∵ (1) = 1]
sin nπ
Hence proved.
π/2 π/2
dθ
109. Prove that :
∫
0
sin θ
.
∫
0
sin θ . dθ = π.

(M.D.U., May 2009; A.U.U.P., 2008; U.P.T.U., 2006, 2007)

m +1 n +1
π/2  2   2 
   
∫
Sol. We know that m n
sin θ cos θ dθ = ...(1)
m + n + 2
0 2 
 2 
which is a standard result obtained using the relation

(m ) ( n )
β (m, n) =
(m + n )
π/2 1 π/2 1
−
Given I= ∫0
(sin θ) 2 (cos θ) 0 dθ ×
∫
0
(sin θ) 2 cos 0 θ dθ

1 1
On putting m = − , n = 0, m = in (1) and using that we obtain,
2 2

1  1   3 1  1
4 2 4 . 2 4. π
   ×     π
I= =   ×
3 5 4 1 1
2  2 
4 4 4  4 

1
= π = R.H.S. (∵ (n + 1) = n (n !) and = π)
2
464 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

π/2 π/2
1 1  3  π
110. Prove that :
∫
0
tan θ . dθ =
∫
0
cot θ =
2  4   4 
=
2
. (U.P.T.U., 2008)

π/2 π/2  a a 
Sol. I=
∫ tan θ dθ =
∫ cot θ . dθ ...(A) ∵


∫ 0
f ( x ) dx =
∫
0
f ( a − x ) dx 


0 0

π/2

∫ cos θ sin −1 / 2 θ dθ
1/2
⇒ I=
0

π/2

∫ sin
−1 / 2
or I= θ . cos1 / 2 θ dθ
0

π/2

∫ sin
m
As stated in the previous Q. No. 109, equation (1), result for θ cosn θ . dθ is given in
0
terms of Gamma Function values, we use the same formula and obtain,

1  3
    1 1  1 1 π π  π 
4 4 = 
I=   1 −  = 2 . π
= ∵ (n) (1 − n) = 
2 (1) 2 4  4  2  sin nπ 
sin
4
Note : Please see solution of Q. 108.

1
1
dx π  4 
111. Prove that :
∫
0 1 − x4
=
4
.
3 
4 
 

1 −3 / 4
Sol. Put x4 = t i.e., x = t1/4 so that dx = t dt
4

1 1 1 1
dx 1 1 −1 1 1 1
∴
∫ 1 − x4
=
4 ∫
0
t −3 / 4 (1 − t )−1 / 2 . dt =
4 ∫ t1 / 4 − 1 (1 − t ) 2 dt = β ,
4  4 2 
0 0

1  1  1 
1
dx 1  4   2  π  4   1  
⇒
∫ 1 − x4
= .
4 1 1
= .
4 3
∵   = π 
  2  
0 4 + 2  
  4
Hence proved.
112. Prove that β (m, n) = β (m + 1, n) + β (m, n + 1).
[U.P.T.U., (Agr. Engg.) 2005; A.U.U.P., 2008; M.D.U., 2009]
Sol. R.H.S. in the given identity which we are required to prove here, is equal to
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 465

1 1 1

∫x ∫x ∫x
m −1
m
(1 − x ) n −1
dx + m −1 n
(1 − x ) dx = (1 − x )n − 1 { x + (1 − x )} dx
0 0 0
1

∫x
m −1
= (1 − x )n − 1 . dx = β (m, n) = L.H.S.
0
Hence proved.

 1 π
113. State and prove duplication formula : (m)  m +  = . ( 2m) , where m is positive.
 2 (2 ) − 1
2m

(U.P.T.U., 2007; M.D.U., 2006; A.U.U.P., 2008)

Sol. We know that
π/2
(m) ( n )
∫ sin
2m − 1
θ cos2n − 1 θ dθ = ...(1)
2 (m + n )
0

1
Putting 2n – 1 = 0 or n = in (1), we obtain
2
π/2
(m ) π
∫ sin
2m − 1
θ dθ = ...(2)
 1
2 m + 
0
 2
Again putting n = m in equation (1), we obtain
π/2
( (m))2
∫
0
sin 2m − 1 θ . cos2m − 1 θ . dθ =
2 (2m)

π/2
1 ( (m))2
i.e.,
22m − 1 ∫
0
(2 sin θ cos θ)2m − 1 dθ =
2 (2m)

π/2
1 ( (m))2
⇒
22m ∫
0
(sin 2θ)2m − 1 . 2dθ =
2 (2m)

Putting 2θ = φ, so that 2dθ = dφ, this reduces to

π π/2
1 ( (m))2 2 ( (m))2
22m ∫
0
sin2m − 1 φ dφ =
2 (2m)
or
22m ∫ sin 2m − 1 φ dφ =
(2m )
0

Replacing φ by θ, we finally obtain

π/2
22m − 1 ( (m))2
∫
0
sin 2m − 1 θ dθ =
2 (2m)
...(3)

(m ) π 22m − 1 ( (m))2  1 π . (2m )

From (2) and (3), we get = ⇒ (m ) .  m +  =
 1 2 (2m)  2 22m − 1
2 m + 
 2
which is duplication formula.
466 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∞
x 8 (1 − x 6 )
114. Evaluate :
∫
0
(1 + x ) 24
dx .

∞ ∞ ∞
x 8 (1 − x 6 ) x9 − 1 x15 − 1
Sol. I=
∫
0
(1 + x )24
. dx =
∫
0
(1 + x )9 + 15
. dx −
∫
0
(1 + x )15 + 9
. dx

= β (9, 15) – β (15, 9) = 0 [∵ β (m, n) = β (n, m)]

∞
x 4 (1 + x 5 )
115. Find the value of :
∫
0
(1 + x )15
dx .

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
x4 x9 x5 − 1 x10 − 1
Sol. I=
∫ (1 + x )15
. dx +
∫ (1 + x )15
. dx = ∫
0
(1 + x )5 + 10
. dx +
∫
0
(1 + x )10 + 5
. dx
0 0

(5) (10) 1
= β (5, 10) + β (10, 5) = 2β (5, 10) = 2 . = .
(15) 5005

116. Evaluate :
∫∫∫ log (x + y + z ) dx dy dz , the integral extending over all positive and zero values of
x, y, z subject to x + y + z < 1. (M.D.U., 2007; U.P.T.U., 2008; A.U.U.P., 2009)

∫∫∫ log (x + y + z ) dx dy dz ∫∫∫ x

1 −1
Sol. = y1 − 1 z1 − 1 log ( x + y + z ) dx dy dz

1
(1) (1) (1)
∫t
1 +1 +1 −1
= log t dt
(3)
0

[By Liouville’s extension of Dirichlet’s Theorem]

 1
 t3  
1  3 1 1 
1 1 
 t log t  − t3 1 1 1 1
∫ ∫ . . dt  =  −   =−
2
⇒ I= t log t dt =
2 2  3  3 t  2 3 3  18
0  0 0    0 

 1
117. Prove that : β  m,  = 2 2m − 1 . β (m, m ) . (U.P.T.U., 2009; M.D.U., 2007)
 2

1 
m.  
m. m ( m)2  1 2
Sol. β (m, m) = = and β  m,  =
2m (2m − 1) !  2 1
m+
2

 1 m . (2m + 1)
Now,  m + 2  = 2m
  2 . (m + 1)

1 
m .   . 22m . m + 1
 1 2 π . 22m . m ! 22m . m !
∴ β  m,  = = =
 2 m (2m + 1) π . (2m) ! (2m) !
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 467

(m − 1) ! (m − 1) !
Now, β (m, m) = ...(1)
(2m − 1) !

 1 22m . m !
Hence, β  m,  = ...(2)
 2 (2m) !
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we obtain,
 1
β  m, 
 2 22m . m ! (2m − 1) ! 22m . m(m − 1) ! (2m − 1) !
= = = 22m – 1
β ( m, m ) (2m) ! (m − 1) ! (m − 1) ! (2m) (2m − 1) ! (m − 1) ! (m − 1) !

 1
Hence β  m,  = 22m – 1 . β (m, m)
 2
1

∫x
5
118. Evaluate : (1 − x 3 ) 10 dx . [M.D.U., May 2007, 2008]
0
1

∫x
m
Sol. Consider the integral (1 − x n ) p . dx
0

1 1
1 −1
Put xn = y ⇒ x = ( y ) n , dx = . yn . dy
n
1 1 m 1
1 −1
∫ ∫
m n p
∴ x (1 − x ) dx = y n (1 − y ) p . . yn . dy
n
0 0

1 m 1 m +1
1 + −1 1 m +1 p +1
 1 n
=
n ∫ ( y) n n . (1 − y ) p dy = .β
n  n
, p + 1 = .
 n m + 1 
+ p + 1
0 
 n 
1

∫ x (1 − x
5 3 10
Now, we have to evaluate ) dx
0
1

∫x
m
Compare it with (1 − x n ) p dx , then m = 5, n = 3, p = 10.
0
From the above result, we have
1 6
11
1 3 1 1.10! 1 1
∫
0
x 5 (1 − x 3 )10 dx =
3
.
13
= .
3 12!
= =
3 × 12 × 11 396
.

 7
Vector Calculus

SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. (a) What is vector function of the scalar variable t. Define derivative of a vector function w.r.t. a
scalar and also in terms of its components.
→ → → → →
(b) Show that if r = a sin wt + b cos wt , where a , b , w are constants, then
→ →
d2 r 2
→ → dr → →
= −w r and r× = −wa × b
dt 2 dt
→ → →
Sol. (a) r is called a vector function of the scalar variable t and we write r = f (t ) , if to each value
→
of t, there corresponds a value of the vector r .
→ → → →
δr f (t + δt ) − f (t )
If lim = lim exists, then the value of this limit is denoted by d r and
δt → 0 δt δt → 0 δt dt
→
is called the derivative of r w.r.t. ‘t’.
→ →
d2 r
Since d r is itself a vector function of t, its derivative is denoted by and is called
dt dt 2
→
second derivative of r w.r.t. t.
Similarly, we can define higher order derivatives. Since every vector can be uniquely ex-
pressed as a linear combination of 3 fixed non-coplanar vectors, therefore, we may write
→
f (t ) = f1 (t ) . i
+ f2 (t ) .
j + f3 (t ) . kˆ where i
,
j, kˆ denote unit vectors along the axis of
→
x, y, z respectively. f1(t), f2(t) and f3 (t) are called the components of the vector f (t ) along the
co-ordinate axes.
→
Let r = xi
+ y
j + zkˆ , where the components x, y, z are scalar functions of t. Then we have,
→
dr dx
dy
dz ˆ di
d
j dkˆ →

ˆ
= .i + .j+ . k , since = = = 0 , i, j, k being fixed unit vectors or
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
constant vectors (since both magnitude and direction are fixed/constant).
If x = f1(t), y = f2(t), z = f3(t); then
→
r = f1 (t ) . i
+ f2 (t ) . jˆ + f3 (t ) . kˆ
→
dr
⇒ = f1 ′(t ) . iˆ + f2 ′(t ) . jˆ + f3 ′(t ) . kˆ
dt

468
VECTOR CALCULUS 469

Therefore, to differentiate a vector function, we have to differentiate its components to

obtain the derivative.
→ → → → →
(b) Given that r = a sin wt + b cos wt , where a , b , w are constants, we have to show that
→ →
d2 r 2
→ → dr → →
= −w r and r× = −wa × b
dt 2 dt
→ →
→ → dr d f dφ →
We know that if r = φ f where φ is a scalar function of t, then = φ. + . f . But if
dt dt dt
→ →
→ → dr dφ →
f is a constant vector, then d f = 0 . ∴ = .f
dt dt dt
→
→ → →
dr → →
Now, r = a sin wt + b cos wt ⇒ = a w cos wt − b w sin wt
dt
→
d2 r → → → → →
∴ 2
= − a w2 sin wt − b w2 cos wt = − w2 ( a sin wt + b cos wt ) = − w2 r
dt
→
→ dr → → → →
Also, r × = ( a sin wt + b cos wt ) × ( a w cos wt − b w sin wt )
dt
→
→ dr → → → → → → → →
⇒ r× = w ( − a × b sin2 wt + b × a cos2 wt ) [∵ a × a = 0 = b × b ]
dt
→ → → → → →
= w ( − a × b sin2 wt − a × b cos2 wt ) = − w ( a × b ) .
2. Define Gradient of a scalar field. Find gradient φ when φ is given by φ = 3x2y – y3z2 at the point
(1, –2, –1).
∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ ∂φ
Sol. Let φ(x, y, z) be a function defining a scalar field then the vector iˆ + j +k is called
∂x ∂y ∂z
the gradient of the scalar field φ and is denoted by grad φ. The gradient is obtained by operating
∂ ∂ ∂
on φ by the vector operator iˆ + jˆ + kˆ denoted by the symbol V , read as del (also called
∂x ∂y ∂z

nabla). Thus grad φ = V φ .

 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
grad φ = V φ =  iˆ + jˆ + kˆ  (3x 2 y − y3z 2 )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= iˆ (3x 2 y − y3z 2 ) + jˆ (3x 2 y − y3z 2 ) + kˆ (3x 2 y − y3z 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= iˆ(6 xy ) + jˆ(3x 2 − 3 y2 z 2 ) + kˆ( − 2 y3 z )
⇒ grad φ = − 12 iˆ − 9 jˆ − 16 kˆ , at the point (1, – 2, – 1).
→
3. If r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ , show that:
→ →
r
(i) grad r = (ii) grad  1  = − r
r r
  r3
→ → → → →
(iii) Vr n = nr n − 2 r (iv) V ( a . r ) = a , where a is a constant vector.
→
2 2 2 2
Sol. r = | r | = x 2 + y2 + z 2 , or r = x + y + z
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x, we have
∂r ∂r x
2r = 2x or =
∂x ∂x r
470 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂r y ∂r z
Similarly, = and =
∂y r ∂z r

 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
(i) grad r = Vr =  iˆ + jˆ + kˆ  r
 ∂x ∂y ∂z
→
∂r ˆ ∂r ˆ ∂r x  y z ˆ ˆ ˆ
= iˆ + j +k = iˆ   + jˆ   + kˆ   = xi + yj + zk = − r .
∂x ∂y ∂z r r r r r
1  1   ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂  1 
(ii) grad   = V  r  =  i ∂x + j . ∂y + k . ∂z   r  ·
r     
 1 ∂r  ˆ  1 ∂r  ˆ  1 ∂r 
= iˆ  − 2 .  + j  − 2 . ∂y  + k  − 2 . ∂z 
 r ∂x   r   r 
→
 1 x  1 y  1 z 1 r
= iˆ  − 2 .  + jˆ  − 2 .  + kˆ  − 2 .  = − ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ) = − 3 .
 r r   r r   r r  r 3
r
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
(iii) Vr n =  iˆ . + jˆ . + kˆ .  r n
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

 n − 1 ∂r  ˆ  n − 1 ∂r  ˆ  n − 1 ∂r 
= iˆ  nr . + j  nr .  + k  nr . 
 ∂x   ∂y   ∂z 

 n −1 x  ˆ  n −1 y  ˆ  n −1 z 
= iˆ  nr .  + j  nr .  + k  nr . 
 r  r  r
→
= nr
n−2
( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ) = n . r n − 2 . r .
→
(iv) Let a = a1 . iˆ + a2 . jˆ + a3 . kˆ , where a1, a2, a3 are constants.
→ →
a . r = a1x + a2y + a3z
→ → ˆ ∂ ∂ ∂ 
∴ V (a . r ) = i . + jˆ . + kˆ .  . (a1x + a2y + a3z)
 ∂ x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= iˆ . ( a1x + a2 y + a3z ) + jˆ . ( a1x + a2 y + a3z ) + kˆ . ( a1x + a2 y + a3 z )
∂x ∂y ∂z
→
= a1iˆ + a2 jˆ + a3kˆ = a .
4. Find a unit vector normal to the surface x3 + y3 + 3xyz = 3 at the point (1, 2, –1).
∂φ
Sol. Let φ = x3 + y3 + 3xyz = 3, then = 3x2 + 3yz.
∂x
∂φ ∂φ
= 3y2 + 3xz, = 3xy
∂y ∂z
∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ ∂φ
∴ Vφ = iˆ . + j. +k.
∂x ∂y ∂z
⇒ Vφ = (3x 2 + 3 yz ) iˆ + (3 y2 + 3xz ) jˆ + (3xy ) kˆ

At (1, 2, –1), Vφ = − 3iˆ + 9 jˆ + 6kˆ , which is a vector normal to the given surface at (1, 2, –1).
Hence a unit vector normal to the given surface at (1, 2, –1)
− 3iˆ + 9 jˆ + 6kˆ − 3iˆ + 9 jˆ + 6kˆ 1
= = = ( − iˆ + 3 jˆ + 2kˆ )
2 2
[( − 3) + (9) + (6) ] 2 3 14 14
VECTOR CALCULUS 471

5. Find the directional derivative of the function f = x2 – y2 + 2z2 at the point P(1, 2, 3) in the direction
of the line PQ where Q is the point (5, 0, 4).
In what direction it will be maximum ? Find also the magnitude of this maximum (directional
derivative).
∂f ∂f ∂f
Sol. We have V f = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ = 2xiˆ − 2 yjˆ + 4 zkˆ
∂x ∂y ∂z

= 2 iˆ − 4 jˆ + 12 kˆ at P (1, 2, 3)
→ → →
Also, PQ = OQ − OP = (5iˆ + 4 kˆ ) − (iˆ + 2 jˆ + 3kˆ ) = 4iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ
→
If n̂ is a unit vector in the direction PQ , then

4iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ 1
n̂ = = (4iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ )
16 + 4 + 1 21
∴ Directional derivative of f in the direction
1
PQ = (V f ) . nˆ = (2 iˆ − 4 jˆ + 12kˆ ) . (4iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ )
→

21
1 28 4
= [2(4) − 4( − 2) + 12(1)] = 21 . =
21 21 3
The directional derivative of f is maximum in the direction of the normal to the given surface i.e.,
in the direction of V f = 2iˆ − 4 jˆ + 12 kˆ . The maximum value of this directional derivative

= |V f | = (2)2 + ( − 4)2 + (12)2 = 164 = 2 41

6. Find the angle between the surfaces x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 and z = x2 + y2 – 3 at the point (2, –1, 2).
Sol. Angle between two surfaces at a point is the angle between the normals to the surfaces at
that point.
Let φ1 = x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 and φ2 = x2 + y2 – z = 3
Then grad φ1 = 2xiˆ + 2 yjˆ + 2zkˆ and grad φ2 = 2xiˆ + 2 yjˆ − kˆ
→
Let n1 = grad φ1 at the point (2, –1, 2) and
→
n2 = grad φ2 at the point (2, –1, 2).
→ →
Then n1 = 4iˆ − 2 jˆ + 4 kˆ and n2 = 4iˆ − 2 jˆ − kˆ .
→ →
The vectors n1 and n2 are along normals to the two surfaces at the point (2, –1, 2). If θ is the
angle between these vectors, then
→ →
n1 . n2 4 (4) − 2( −2) + 4 ( −1) 16  8 
cos θ = → →
= = ∴ θ = cos −1  
|n1 ||n2 |
16 + 4 + 16 . 16 + 4 + 1 6 21  3 21 
7. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y, z) = xy2 + yz3 at the point (2, –1, 1) in the
direction of the vector iˆ + 2 jˆ + 2 kˆ .
∂f ∂f ∂f
Sol. V f = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ . = y2iˆ + (2xy + z 3 ) jˆ + 3 yz 2kˆ
∂x ∂y ∂z
V f at P (2, –1, 1) = ( − 1)2 iˆ + [2(2) ( −1) + 13 ] jˆ + 3( −1) (1)2 kˆ = iˆ − 3 jˆ − 3kˆ
472 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

→
Let the vector AB is iˆ + 2 jˆ + 2kˆ .
→ iˆ + 2 jˆ + 2kˆ iˆ + 2 jˆ + 2kˆ
If n̂ is unit vector in direction AB , then n̂ = =
1+4+4 3
→
∴ Directional derivative of ‘f ’ in the direction of AB is
(iˆ + 2 jˆ + 2kˆ ) 1 11
= V f . nˆ = (iˆ − 3 jˆ − 3kˆ ) . = [1 − 6 − 6] = − .
3 3 3
8. Find the directional derivative of φ = x2yz + 4xz2 at the point (1, – 2, – 1) in the direction of the
vector 2iˆ − jˆ − 2kˆ . (M.D.U., May 2006, Dec., 2006, 2008)
2 2
Sol. φ = x yz + 4xz

Vφ = (2xyz + 4z2) iˆ + jˆ( x 2 z ) + kˆ( x 2 y + 8 xz )

At point (1, – 2, – 1)

Vφ = {(4 + 4)iˆ + jˆ( − 1) + kˆ( − 2 − 8)} = 8iˆ − jˆ − 10kˆ

Given vector : 2iˆ − jˆ − 2kˆ

Directional derivative of φ in the direction of vector
V φ a (8iˆ − jˆ − 10kˆ ) (2iˆ − jˆ − 2kˆ ) 16 + 1 + 20 37
= = = = .
|a | 4 +1 + 4 3 3
9. What is the directional derivative of φ = xy2 + yz3 at the point (2, – 1, 1) in the direction of the
normal to the surface x log z – y2 + 4 = 0 at (– 1, 2, 1) ? (M.D.U., May 2007)
2 3
Sol. φ = xy + yz

Vφ = iˆ( y2 ) + jˆ( z 3 ) + jˆ(2xy ) + kˆ(3z 2 y )

Vφ at (2, – 1, 1) = iˆ − 3 jˆ − 3kˆ
Now, f = x log z – y2 + 4
x
V f = log z iˆ − 2 y jˆ + kˆ
z

V f at (– 1, 2, 1) = 0 – 4 jˆ − kˆ
Hence the desired unit normal to the surface

4 jˆ − kˆ 12 + 3 15
= (iˆ − 3 jˆ − 3kˆ ) . = or
2
4 +1 2 17 17

10. Calculate the angle between the normals to the surface xy = z2 at the points (4, 1, 2) and (3, 3, –3).
Sol. Angle between the normals to the surface at 2 points is the angle between the surface at
those 2 points.
2
Let φ = xy – z
∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ ∂φ
Then grad φ = iˆ . + j. +k.
∂x ∂y ∂z
⇒ ˆ + jx
Vφ = iy ˆ − 2zkˆ
→ →
Let n1 = grad φ at the point (4, 1, 2), n2 = grad φ at the 2nd point (3, 3, –3).
VECTOR CALCULUS 473

→ →
Then n1 = iˆ + 4 jˆ − 4 kˆ , n2 = 3iˆ + 3 jˆ + 6kˆ
If φ is the angle between these vectors, then
→ →
n1 . n2 1(3) + 4(3) − 4(6) 9 9
cos θ = = = − =−
→ →
1 + 16 + 16 . 9 + 9 + 36 33 . 54 11 . 3 . 2 . 27
|n1 |.|n2 |
9 9 1
= − or − or −
22 . 81 22 . 9 22
 1 
⇒ θ = cos −1  .
 22 
2 2 2 2
11. If θ is the acute angle between the surfaces xy z = 3x + z and 3x – y + 2z = 1 at the point (1, –2, 1),
3
show that cos θ = .
7 6
2 2
Sol. Let, φ1 ≡ xy z – 3x – z = 0
2 2
φ2 ≡ 3x – y + 2z – 1 = 0

 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
V φ1 =  iˆ + jˆ + kˆ 2 2
Then,  ( xy z − 3x − z )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

= ( y2 z − 3) iˆ + 2xyz jˆ + ( xy2 − 2z ) kˆ = iˆ − 4 jˆ + 2kˆ at (1, – 2, 1)

 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
and V 2 =  iˆ . + jˆ . + kˆ .  × (3x 2 − y2 + 2z − 1) = 6xiˆ − 2 yjˆ + 2kˆ
 ∂x ∂y ∂z

= 6iˆ + 4 jˆ + 2kˆ at (1, – 2, 1)

We know that V φ1 and V φ2 are along normals to the given surfaces at any point.
If φ is the angle between these vectors then,

V φ1 . V φ2
cos φ =
|V φ1 ||V φ2 |

(1)(6) + ( − 4)(4) + (2)(2) 6 3

⇒ cos φ = =− = −
1 + 16 + 4 . 36 + 16 + 4 21 . 56 7 6
Let θ be the acute angle such that θ + φ = π, then
3
cos θ = .
7 6
2 2 4
12. In what direction from (3, 1, –2) is the directional derivative of φ = x y z maximum and what is its
magnitude?
∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ ∂φ
Sol. Vφ = iˆ . + j. +k.
∂x ∂y ∂z

Vφ = 2xy2 z 4 . iˆ + 2x 2 yz 4 . jˆ + kˆ . 4 x 2 y2 z 3
⇒ At the point (3, 1, –2),
Vφ = 96iˆ + 288 jˆ − 288kˆ = 96(iˆ + 3 jˆ − 3kˆ ) .
474 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Directional derivative of f is maximum in the direction of the normal to give surface i.e., the
direction of V φ = 96 (iˆ + 3 jˆ + 3kˆ ) .
Maximum value of this directional derivative

= |V φ| = (96)2 + (288)2 + (288)2

= 96 1 + 9 + 9 = 96 19 .
13. Find the constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ so that the surface ax2 – byz = (a + 2)x, is orthogonal to the surface
4x2y + z3 = 4, at the point (1, –1, 2). [M.D.U., Dec., 2005]
2
Sol. Since the surfaces are φ = ax – byz – (a + z)x = 0 ...(1)
and ψ = 4x2y + z3 – 4 = 0 ...(2)
At the point (1, –1, 2) let us find the grad φ (or Vφ ) and grad ψ (or V ψ ).
∴ Vφ = (2ax − a − 2)iˆ − bzjˆ − bykˆ
Vψ = 8 xyiˆ + 4 x 2 jˆ + 3z 2kˆ

⇒ At the point (1, –1, 2), Vφ = ( a − 2)iˆ − 2bjˆ + bkˆ

and Vψ = − 8iˆ + 4 jˆ + 12kˆ

Since the point P (1, –1, 2) lies on the surfaces, therefore, equation (1) becomes
a + 2b – (a + 2) = 0 or 2b – 2 = 0 or b = 1
Since the surfaces (1) and (2) are orthogonal
V φ . V ψ = 0,
∴ –8(a – 2) – 8b + 12b = 0,
–8a + 16 + 4 = 0
5
⇒ a =
2
5
Hence, a = , b = 1.
2

 1  3( A . R ) ( B . R ) A . B
14. Prove that AV  B . V .  = − , where A and B are constant vectors.
 r r5 r3
[M.D.U., May 2006, 2007]
→ → → → → →
→ → 1  3( A . R ) ( B . R ) A . B
Sol. A V  B . V .  = − 3
 r r5 r
→ 1 → ˆ ˆ ˆ
B . V . = B . V . xi + yj + zk
r x 2 + y2 + z 2

→ ∂  x  ˆ ∂  y  ˆ ∂  z 
= B iˆ .  2 2
 + j .  2 2
 + k .  2 2 
2
 ∂x  x + y + z 
2
∂y  x + y + z  ∂z  x + y + z  
2

→  ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x 2 ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 y2
= B iˆ . x 2 + y2 + z 2 − 2z 2 
2 2 2 2
+ jˆ . 2 2 2 2 + kˆ . 
 (x + y + z ) (x + y + z ) ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )2 
→ →
A and B are constant vectors.
→ →
A = A(iˆ + jˆ + kˆ ) ; B = B(iˆ + jˆ + kˆ )
VECTOR CALCULUS 475

B .V .
1 [ y2 + z 2 − x 2 + x 2 + z 2 − y2 + x 2 + y2 − z 2 ] 1
= B. =B.
r 2
(x + y + z ) 2 2 2
x + y2 + z 2
2

 1 →    ˆ ∂   ˆ ∂  
V  B . V .  = B iˆ. ∂ .  2
1
+ j .  2
1
+ k .  2
1

r 2 2
 2 2
 2 2

  ∂x x + y + z  ∂y x + y + z  ∂z  x + y + z  
→  − 2xiˆ ( − 2 yjˆ) ( − 2zkˆ ) 
= B 2 2 2 2
+ 2 2 2 2
+ 2 2 2 2
 ( x + y + z ) (x + y + z ) ( x + y + z ) 
→
 1 → →  − 2( x + y + z ) 
or A . V  B . V .  = A . B  2 2 2 2
= (L.H.S.)
 r  (x + y + z ) 
→ → → → → →
3( A . R ) ( B . R ) A.B
Now, R.H.S. = −
r5 r3
→ →
3( x + y + z ) ( x + y + z ) A.B →→ 
− 2( x + y + z ) 
= − = AB  2
2
(x + y + z )2 2 5/2 2 2
(x + y + z ) 2 3/ 2 2 2 2
(x + y + z ) 
L.H.S. = R.H.S. Hence proved.
→ →
1
15. Show that Vr n = nr n − 2 r , hence evaluate V , where r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ .
r
Sol. For solution, please see Part (iii) of Q. 3 given earlier where it has been shown that
→
Vrn = nr n − 2 . r .
1
Further, to evaluate V , we put n = – 1.
r
→ →
→
V r −1 = ( − 1)r − 1 − 2 . r = − r 1 
∴ ⇒ V   = − r .
r3 r r3
→
16. If A is a vector function and φ is a scalar function, then show that
→ → →
V . (φ A ) = φ . V . A + A . V φ . (U.P.T.U., 2006)
→ ∂ →
Sol. We have, V . ( φ A ) = Σi . (φ A )
∂x
 →  →
 ∂ A ∂φ →  ∂ A  ∂φ  →
= Σi φ . + . A  = φ Σi . + Σi .A
 ∂x ∂x  ∂x  ∂x 
 
→ → → →
= φ (V A ) + V φ . A = φ (V . A ) + A . V φ . Hence shown.
5 2
17. Find the directional derivative of φ = 5x2y – 5y2z + z x at the point P (1, 1, 1) in the direction of
2
x −1 y−3 z
the line = = . (U.P.T.U., 2007)
2 −2 1
5 2
Sol. φ = 5x2y – 5y2z + z x
2
∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ ∂φ
∴ grad φ = iˆ + j. +k.
∂x ∂y ∂z
476 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 5 2
Vφ = 10xy + z  iˆ + (5x − 10 yz ) jˆ + ( − 5 y + 5zx ) kˆ
2 2
 2 
25 ˆ
= i − 5 jˆ at (1, 1, 1)
2
2 iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ 2 iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ
Here â (Unit normal vector) = =
(2)2 + (2)2 + (1)2 3

∴ Directional derivative = (grad φ) . aˆ

 25 ˆ  2 2 1  25 10 35
=  i − 5 jˆ  .  iˆ − jˆ + kˆ  = + or .
 2  3 3 3  3 3 3
18. If r and R have their usual meaning and A is a constant vector, then prove that

A×R 2−n n. A.R →

V× n
= n
.A+ n+2
.R (M.D.U. Dec., 2006 ; U.P.T.U., 2008, A.U.U.P., 2009)
r r r
→ →
–n –n –n
Sol. V × [r (A × R)] = r [V × (A × R)] + Vr × ( A × R)
→ → → → →
= r–n [(V . R ) A – ( A . V .) R ] + (– nr– (n + 1) . R / r ) × ( A × R)
→ → ∵ V R = 3 
= r–n(3A – A) – nr–(n + 2) R × ( A × R)  
( A . V )R = A 
→ → → → → →
= 2A r–n – n r– (n + 2) [( R . R ) A − ( A . R ) R ]
→ → → →
2A n 2 (2 − n) . A n( A . R ) . R
= − [r A – (A . R)R] = + .
rn rn + 2 rn rn + 2
→
19. Define divergence and curl of a vector function. Hence find these for the vector F ( x , y, z )

= e xyz . ( xy2iˆ + yz 2 jˆ + zx 2kˆ ) at the point (1, 2, 3). (U.P.T.U., 2006)

→
Sol. The divergence of a differentiable vector point function V is denoted by ∇ and is defined as
→ → →
→  ∂ → ∂ ∂  → ∂V ˆ ∂V ∂V
div. V = V . V =  iˆ . + jˆ . + kˆ .  . V = iˆ . + j. + kˆ .
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z
Obviously, the divergence of a vector point function is a scalar point function.
→
If V = V1 . iˆ + V2 . jˆ + V3 . kˆ , then
→ → ∂V1 ∂V2 ∂V3
div. V = V . V = (V1 . iˆ + V2 . jˆ + V3 . kˆ ) = + + .
∂x ∂y ∂z

Since iˆ . iˆ = jˆ . jˆ = kˆ . kˆ = 1 and iˆ . jˆ = jˆ . kˆ = kˆ . iˆ = 0
Curl of a vector Point Function :
→ →
The curl (or rotation) of a differentiable vector point function V is denoted by curl V and is
defined as
→ → →
→ → →  ∂ ∂ ∂  → ∂V ˆ ∂V ∂V
Curl V = V × V =  iˆ . + jˆ . + kˆ .  × V = iˆ × + j× + kˆ × .
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z
VECTOR CALCULUS 477

Obviously, the curl of a vector point function is a vector point function.

→
If V = V1 . iˆ + V2 . jˆ + V3 . kˆ
→ →  ∂ ∂ ∂ 
Then Curl V = V × V =  iˆ . + jˆ . + kˆ .  × (V1 . iˆ + V2 . jˆ + V3 . kˆ )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z

iˆ jˆ kˆ
∂ ∂ ∂  ∂V ∂V2  ˆ  ∂V1 ∂V3  ˆ  ∂V2 ∂V1 
= = iˆ  3 − + j − +k − 
∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
V1 V2 V3
→
F ( x , y, z ) = e xyz . ( xy2 . iˆ + yz 2 . jˆ + zx 2 . kˆ )

∂ xyz 2 ∂ xyz ∂ xyz

( ) ( ) ( )
→
∴ div. F = e xy + e . yz 2 + e . zx 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
= y2[ e xyz . 1 + e xyz . yz . x ] + z 2[ e xyz . 1 + e xyz . zx . y ] + x 2[ e xyz . 1 + e xyz . xy . z ]
= exyz . (x2 + y2 + z2) + exyz . xyz (x2 + y2 + z2) = exyz (x2 + y2 + z2) (1 + xyz)
At the point (1, 2, 3)
→
(1)(2)(3)
div. F = e [12 + 22 + 32] [1 + 1 . 2 . 3] = 98e6

iˆ jˆ kˆ
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
Curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
e xyz xy2 e xyz . yz 2 e xyz . zx 2

∂ ∂ xyz  ∂ ∂ xyz 
=  ( e xyz . zx 2 ) − ( e . yz 2 )  iˆ +  ( e xyz . xy2 ) − ( e . zx 2 ) jˆ
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x 

∂ ∂ xyz 
+  ( e xyz . yz 2 ) − ( e . xy2 ) kˆ
 ∂x ∂y 
= zx 2 [ e xyz . xz ] iˆ − y [ e xyz . xyz 2 + e xyz . 2z ] iˆ + xy2 . e xyz . xyjˆ − z [ e xyz . 2x + e xyz . yzx 2 ] jˆ
+ e xyz . yz . yz 2 . kˆ − x [ e xyz . 2 y + e xyz . xz . y2 ] kˆ

= e . [ x z − xy z − 2 yz ] iˆ + e [ x z − 2xz − x yz ] jˆ + e xyz [ y2 z 3 − 2xy − x 2 y2 z ] kˆ

xyz 3 2 2 2 xyz 2 3 2 2

At the point (1, 2, 3),

→
Curl F = e 6 [9 − 36 − 12] iˆ + e 6 (8 − 6 − 18) jˆ + e6 (108 − 4 − 12) kˆ
→
= e ( − 39) iˆ + e ( − 16) jˆ + e (92) kˆ
6 6 6
⇒ Curl F
→
Hence, Curl F = − 39e 6 . iˆ − 16e 6 . jˆ + 92 e 6 . kˆ
1
2 2 2 2 1
20. Prove div. (grad rn) = n(n + 1)rn – 2, where r = ( x + y + z ) 2 . Hence show that V   = 0. Hence
r
→
 r 
or otherwise evaluate V ×  2  . (U.P.T.U., 2005; A.U.U.P., 2009; M.D.U., 2007 )
r 
 
478 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. Here, r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 so that

∂r x ∂r y ∂r z
= , = , =
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r
→
r →
n −1 n −1
⇒ n
grad r = nr . rˆ = nr . = nr n − 2 . r
r
→ → →
n−2
∴ div (grad rn) = div (nr n − 2 . r ) = nr . div. r + grad (nr n − 2 ) r
→ →
= 3nr n − 2 + n(n − 2) r n − 3 rˆ . r [∵ div. r = 3]
→ →
= 3nr n − 2 + n(n − 2) r n − 4 ( r . r ) = 3nr n − 2 + n(n − 2) r n − 4 (r 2 )
2
= 3nr n − 2 + n( n − 2) r n − 2 = V ( r n ) = n(n + 1) r n − 2
Putting n = – 1, we get
2 1 
V   = 0. Hence shown.
r
We know that,
→ → →
curl (u a ) = u curl a + (grad u) × a
→
r 1 →
 1  →
∴ curl  2  = 2 curl r +  grad 2  × r
 r  r  r 
 
→ 2 → → →
 → → →
= 0 −  rˆ . 3  × r = − 2 ( r × r ) = 0 . ∵ curl r = 0
 r  r 4

→
21. If r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ , prove that div (rn . r ) = (n + 3) rn. (M.D.U., May 2008)
→
Sol. r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ

r= x 2 + y2 + z 2
r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
→  ∂ ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ ˆ ∂ n ∂ n ∂ n
div (rn . r ) =  iˆ + j+ k  ( xi + yjˆ + zkˆ ) rn = (r x ) + (r y) + (r z )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z

 n −1 ∂   ∂   ∂ 
=  x . nr (r ) + r n  +  y . nr n −1 (r ) + r n  +  z . nr n – 1 . (r ) + r n 
 ∂x   ∂y   ∂z 

 n −1 x   y  z
= 3rn +  x . nr .  +  y . nr n −1 .  +  z . nr n −1 + 
 r  r  r

n . r n −1 2
= 3rn + (x + y2 + z2) = 3rn + nrn – 2 . r2 = 3rn + nrn
r
→
div (rn r ) = (n + 3)rn. Hence proved.
→ → → →
22. If r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ show that (i) div. r = 3 and (ii) curl r = 0 .
→ → → ∂ ∂ ∂
Sol. (i) div. r = V . r = (x ) + ( y) + (z) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
∂x ∂y ∂z
VECTOR CALCULUS 479

iˆ jˆ kˆ
→ ∂ → ∂ ∂
(ii) curl r = V × r =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x y z

∂ ∂  ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ 
= iˆ  ( z ) − ( y) + jˆ  ( x ) − ( z )  + kˆ  ( y) − ( x )
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
→
= iˆ(0) + jˆ(0) + kˆ(0) = 0 . Hence shown.

23. A vector field is given by F = (sin y) I + x(1 + cos y) J. Evaluate the line integral over a circular path
2 2 2
given by x + y = a , z = 0. (M.D.U., Dec., 2006, May 2007)

 dF2 dF1 
Sol. ∫ C
F ds =
∫∫ S

 dx
−  dxdy
dy 

Given F = sin y . iˆ + x (1 + cos y ) jˆ , F1 = sin y, F2 = x (1 + cos y)

dF1 dF2
= cos y, = 1 + cos y
dy dx

∫ C
F ds =
∫∫ S
(1 + cos y − cos y) dxdy =
∫∫ S
2
dxdy = area of circle = πa .

→
24. Find the divergence and curl of the vector V = ( xyz )iˆ + (3x y ) jˆ + ( xz − y z )kˆ at the point (2, –1, 1).
2 2 2

(M.D.U., Dec., 2007)

→ ∂ ∂ ∂
Sol. div. V = ( xyz ) + (3x 2 y) + ( xz 2 − y2z ) = yz + 3x2 + 2xz – y2
∂x ∂y ∂z
→
⇒ div. V = – 1 + 12 + 4 – 1 = 14; at the point (2, –1, 1).

iˆ jˆ kˆ
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
Now, Curl V = = iˆ( − 2 yz − 0) + jˆ( xy − z 2 ) + kˆ(6 xy − xz )
∂x ∂y ∂z
xyz 3x 2 y xz 2 − y2 z
= ( − 2 yz ) iˆ + ( xy − z 2 ) jˆ + (6 xy − xz ) kˆ
→
⇒ Curl V = 2iˆ − 3 jˆ − 14 kˆ , at (2, – 1, 1)
→ → →
25. Find the div. F and Curl F where F = grad (x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz).
Sol. Let φ = x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz, then
→  ∂ ∂ ∂ 
F = grad φ =  iˆ . + jˆ . + kˆ .  ( x 3 + y3 + z 3 − 3xyz )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
→
⇒ F = (3x 2 − 3 yz )iˆ + (3 y2 − 3zx ) jˆ + (3z 2 − 3xy )kˆ
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
∴ div. F = (3x 2 − 3 yz ) + (3 y2 − 3zx ) + (3z 2 − 3xy)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 6x + 6y + 6z = 6(x + y + z)
480 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

iˆ jˆ kˆ
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
and Curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
3x 2 − 3 yz 3 y2 − 3zx 3z 2 − 3xy
→
= iˆ( − 3x + 3x ) + jˆ( − 3 y + 3 y ) + kˆ ( − 3z + 3z ) = 0.
→ →
26. Find Div. (grad φ ) and Curl (grad φ ) as also div. (Curl V ) and Curl (Curl V ).
→
Sol. Let φ(x, y, z) and V (x, y, z) be scalar and vector point functions respectively.
→
Since grad φ and Curl V are also vector point functions, we can find their divergence as well as
→
curl, whereas div. V being a scalar point function, we can find its gradient only.
2 2 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2
1. Div. (grad φ) = V . φ where V = 2
+ 2
+
∂x ∂y ∂z 2
2 2
V is called the Laplacian operator and V φ = 0, is called Laplace’s equation.
→ →
2. Curl (grad φ) = V × V . φ = 0
→ →
3. Div. (Curl V ) = V . (V × V ) = 0
→ → 2 →
4. Curl (Curl V ) = grad div. V = V . V
Note 1. The above results can be written as
→ → → → →
2 → 2
grad (div. V ) = Curl (Curl V ) = V . V or V (V . V ) = V × (V + V ) + V . V

Note 2. Treating V as a vector, the results of repeated application of V can be easily written down.
2 → →
Thus V . Vφ = V .φ (∵ a . a = a 2 )
→ → → →
V × Vφ = 0 (∵ a × a = 0)
→ → → → → → →
V . (V × V ) = 0 [∵ a . ( a × b ) = a . a . b = 0]
→ → →
V × (V × V ) = V (V . V ) − V 2 . V
(by expanding as a vector triple product)
2
27. Show that curl (curl V ) = grad div V − V V . (M.D.U., May 2008)
Sol. Let V = V1iˆ + V2 jˆ + V3kˆ
iˆ jˆ kˆ
∂ ∂ ∂
Then, Curl V = V × V =
∂x ∂y ∂z
V1 V2 V3

 ∂V ∂V2  ˆ  ∂V1 ∂V3  ˆ  ∂V2 ∂V1 

= iˆ  3 − + j − +k − 
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 

iˆ jˆ kˆ
∂ ∂ ∂
Curl (Curl V ) = V × (V × V ) =
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V3 ∂V2 ∂V1 ∂V3 ∂V2 ∂V1
− − −
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
VECTOR CALCULUS 481

 ∂  ∂V2 ∂V1  ∂  ∂V1 ∂V3  

= ∑ iˆ  ∂y  ∂x − −
∂y  ∂z  ∂z
− 
∂x  

 ∂  ∂V2 ∂V3   ∂ 2V1 ∂ 2V1  

= ∑ iˆ  ∂x  + −
∂z   ∂y2
+ 
∂z 2  
  ∂y
 ∂  ∂V ∂V2 ∂V3   ∂ 2V1 ∂ 2V1 ∂ 2V1  
= ∑ iˆ  ∂x  ∂x
1
+
∂y
+ −
∂z   ∂x 2
+
∂y2
+ 
∂z 2  
∂ → →
 ∂
∑ iˆ  ∂x (V . V ) − (V ∑ iˆ ∂x (V . V ) − V ∑ iˆ V
2 2
= . V1 )  = 1

→ 2 →
= V (V . V ) − V V
2
= grad (div V ) − V . V = R.H.S. Hence proved.
→
28. A vector field is given by A = ( x 2 + xy2 ) iˆ + ( y2 + x 2 y ) . jˆ . Show that the field is irrotational.
→ → →
Sol. Field A is irrotational if Curl A = 0 .
iˆ jˆ kˆ
→ → ∂ ∂ ∂
Now, Curl A = V × A =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x 2 + xy2 y2 + x 2 y 0
→ →
∴ Curl A = iˆ(0 − 0) + jˆ (0 − 0) + kˆ (2xy − 2xy) = 0
→
∴ Field A is irrotational. Hence shown.
29. Describe the physical interpretation of Divergence and Curl. (M.D.U. 2007, U.P.T.U., 2009)
→
Sol. (A) Div. V gives the rate of outflow per unit volume at a point of the fluid.
→ →
If div. V = 0 everywhere in some region R of space, then V is called solenoidal vector
point function.
(B) Angular velocity at any point of a rigid body (rotating about a fixed axis) is equal to
half the curl of the linear velocity at that point of the body.
→ → →
If Curl V = 0 (zero vector), then V is said to be an irrotational vector, otherwise
rotational.
Some properties of divergence and curl are given in earlier two questions viz. Q. No. 26
and 28.
→
30. If the vector F = ( ax 2 y + yz )iˆ + ( xy2 − xz 2 ) jˆ + ( 2xyz − 2x 2 y2 )kˆ is solenoidal, find the value of a.
Find also the curl of this solenoidal vector.
→
F = ( ax y + yz )iˆ + ( xy − xz ) jˆ + (2xyz − 2x y )kˆ
2 2 2 2 2
Sol. Here,
→ → ∂ ∂ ∂  
div. F = V . F  iˆ + jˆ + kˆ 2 ˆ 2 2 ˆ 2 2 ˆ
 . ( ax y + yz )i + ( xy − xz ) j + (2xyz − 2x y )k 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂ ∂ ∂
= ( ax 2 y + yz ) + ( xy2 − xz 2 ) + (2xyz − 2x 2 y2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
482 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

→
⇒ div. F = 2axy + 2xy + 2xy = 2(a + 2)xy
→ →
Since F is solenoidal, div. F = 0
⇒ 2(a + 2)xy = 0 ∴ a = – 2
→
Now, F = ( − 2x 2 y + yz )iˆ + ( xy2 − xz 2 ) jˆ + (2xyz − 2x 2 y2 )kˆ

iˆ jˆ kˆ
→ → ∂ ∂ ∂
∴ Curl F = V × F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
− 2x 2 y + yz x ( y2 − z 2 ) 2xy( z − xy )
→
⇒ Curl F = iˆ(2xz − 4 x 2 y + 2xz ) − jˆ(2 yz − 4 xy2 − y ) + kˆ ( y2 − z 2 + 2x 2 − z )
→
Curl F = 4 x ( z − xy )iˆ + ( y + 4 xy2 − 2 yz ) jˆ + (2x 2 + y2 − z 2 − z )kˆ .

→ →
r 2
31. Prove that :(i) div.  3  = 0 (ii) V (r n ) = n(n + 1)r n − 2 where r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ .
 r 
 
Sol. Here, r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 so that
∂r x ∂r y ∂r z
= , = , =
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r
→
∂r ˆ ∂r ˆ ∂r r
grad r = iˆ . + j. +k. =
∂x ∂y ∂z r
→ → →
(i) Since div. ( φ A ) = φ (div. A ) + A . grad φ

→
r → → →
∴ div.  3  = div. (r −3 + r ) = r −3 (div. r ) + r . grad r −3
 r 
 
→ →
−3 −4
= 3r + r . ( − 3r grad r ) [∵ div. r = 3]

 →
→
−4 r 
→ →
= 3r
−3 
+ r − 3r . = 3r −3 − 3r −5 ( r . r ) = 3r −3 − 3r −5 (r 2 ) = 0
 r
 

 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2  n ∂2 ∂  ∂r n 
(ii)
2
V (r n ) =  2 + 2 + 2  r =
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∑ ∂x 2
(rn ) = ∑ ∂x

 ∂x 



∂  n − 1 ∂r  ∂  n −1 x 
= ∑ ∂x 
nr .
∂x 
= ∑ ∂x 
nr . 
r
[∵ r 2 = x 2 + y2 + z 2 ]

∂ n − 3 ∂r
= ∑ n . ∂x (r n−2
. x) = n ∑ 
(n − 2) r

.
∂x

. x + rn − 2 


 n−3 x 
= n ∑ (n − 2) r

. . x + rn − 2  = n
r 
∑ (n − 2) r n − 4 . x 2 + r n − 2 
 
VECTOR CALCULUS 483

= n (n – 2) rn – 4 (x2 + y2 + z2 – y2 – z2) + rn – 2 . n
= n[(n − 2) r n − 4 . (r 2 − y2 − z 2 ) + r n − 2 ] = n[( n − 2) r n − 2 + 3r n − 2 ]
2
⇒ V (r n ) = n (n + 1) rn – 2
→
2   r 
32. If r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ , then prove that : –4
V V  2   = 2r . (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
r 
   
→
Sol. r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
| r | = x2 + y2 + z2
2

→
r xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ
2
= + +
r r 2
r 2
r2
→
r
V 2 = ∂ x  ∂  y ∂  z 
. 2 +
 r   +  
 
∂x  r  ∂y  r 2  ∂z  r 2 

 2 x  2 y  2 z
 r − x . 2r . r   r − y . 2r . r   r − z . 2r . r 
=  +  +  
 r4   r4   r4 
     
r 2 − 2x 2 + r 2 − 2 y 2 + r 2 − 2z 2 3r 2 − 2r 2 1
= 4 = 4
=
r r r2
  → 
r →2 1  2 2 2 
V V  2   = V   =  ∂ + ∂ + ∂   1 
2
Now,   r  2
r   2 2
∂z 2   r 2 
     ∂x ∂y

∂2 1 ∂2 1 ∂2 1
⇒ 2
. 2
+ 2
. 2
.+ .
∂x ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂z 2 ∂ 2
21   ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
⇒ V  2 =  + +  . 2 + . + .
r   ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂ ∂y ∂2 ∂z ∂2 

 ∂ ∂ ∂   − 2 x − 2 y 2z 
=  + +  4 − 4
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂ ∂4 ∂ 
 − 2r 4 + 8x 2r 2   − 2r 4 + 8 y2r 2   − 2r 4 + 8z 2r 2 
=   +   +  
 ∂8   ∂8   ∂8 
  → 
2 r − 6r 4 + 8r 2 ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) − 6r 4 + 8r 4 2r 4
∴ V V  2   = = = 8 = 2r–4.
  r  ∂ 8
∂ 8
r
 
   
→
33. Prove that the vector f (r ) r is irrotational.
→ → →
Sol. The vector f (r ) r will be irrotational if curl [ f (r ) . r ] = 0 .
→ → →
Since Curl ( φ A ) = (grad φ) × A + φ Curl A
→ → →
∴ Curl [ f (r ) . r ] = [grad f (r )] × r + f (r ) . Curl r
→ → → →
= [ f ′(r ) grad r ] × r + f (r ) . 0 {∵ Curl r = 0 }
484 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 →
→
r → f ′(r ) → → → → → →
⇒ Curl [ f (r ) . r ] = f ′( r ) .  × r =
 (r × r) = 0 , since r × r = 0
 r  r
 
→
∴ The vector f (r ) r is irrotational. Hence proved.
2 2
34. Prove that : V f (r ) = f ″( r ) + f ′( r ) . [M.D.U., Dec., 2005]
r

Sol. V 2 f (r ) = V . [V . f ( r )] = div. {grad f ( r )}

 →
r 1 →

= div. {f ′(r) grad r} = div.  f ′( r ) .  = div.  f ′( r ) . r 
 r r 
 

1 → → →  d
1  3 1 
= f ′(r ) div r + r . grad  . f ′(r ) = f ′(r ) + r   f ′(r ) grad r  
r 2  r  dr  r 

→
→ 
3   1 1  r 3  1 1  → →
= f ′(r ) + r . − 3 f ′(r ) + f ″(r )  = f ′(r ) +  − 3 f ′(r ) + 2 f ″(r ) ( r . r )
r  r r  r r  r r 
 

3  1 1  2 3 1 2
=
r
f ′(r ) +  − 3 f ′(r ) + 2 . f ″(r )  r = r f ′( r ) − r f ′( r ) + f ″( r ) = f ″( r ) + r f ′( r ) .
 r r 
Hence proved.
→ → → →
35. If u F = Vv , where u, v are scalar fields and F is a vector field, show that F . Curl F = 0 .
→ 1 
Sol. Curl F = V ×  Vv 
 u 
→
1 1 1 (∵ V × Vv = 0)
= V Vv + V × (Vv ) = V × Vv
u u u
→ → 1  1 
∴ F . Curl F = Vv .  V × Vv  = 0
u  u 
being the scalar triple product in which two factors are equal.
36. If u = x + y + z, v = x2 + y2 + z2, w = yz + zx + xy, prove that grad u, grad v and grad w are coplanar
vectors.
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
Sol. grad u =  iˆ . + jˆ . + kˆ .  ( x + y + z ) = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
grad v =  iˆ . + jˆ . + kˆ .  ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) = 2xiˆ + 2 yjˆ + 2zkˆ
 ∂x ∂y ∂z

 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
grad w =  iˆ . + jˆ . + kˆ .  ( yz + zx + xy)
 ∂x ∂y ∂z

= iˆ( z + y ) + jˆ( z + x ) + kˆ( y + x )

VECTOR CALCULUS 485

1 1 1 1 1 1
Now, grad u . (grad v × grad w) = 2x 2y 2z = 2 x y z
z+y z+x y+x z+y z+x y+x

1 1 1
= 2 x+z+y y+z+x z+ y+x [Applying R2 → R2 + R3]
z+y z+x y+x
1 1 1
= 2( x + y + z ) 1 1 1
y+z z+x x+y
= 0.
Hence grad u, grad v and grad w are Coplanar vectors.
→ → → → →
37. Show that V ( a . r ) = a where r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ and a is a constant vector.
→
Sol. Let a = a1iˆ + a2 jˆ + a3kˆ where a1, a2, a3 are constants.
→ →
a . r = a1x + a2y + a3z
→ →  ∂ ∂ ∂  →
∴ V ( a . r ) =  iˆ . + jˆ . + kˆ .  ( a1x + a2 y + a3z ) = ( a1iˆ + a2 jˆ + a3kˆ ) = a .
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
38. Find a unit vector normal to the surface x2y + 2xz = 4 at the point (2, –2, 3).
Sol. Let φ = x2y + 2xz – 4
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
∴ grad φ =  iˆ + jˆ . + kˆ .  ( x 2 y + 2xz − 4) = (2xy + 2z ) iˆ + x 2 jˆ + 2xkˆ
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

At (2, –2, 3), grad φ = − 2iˆ + 4 jˆ + 4 kˆ

|grad φ| = 4 + 16 + 16 = 6 .
grad φ − iˆ + 2 jˆ + 2kˆ
∴ Unit Normal Vector = = .
|grad φ| 3
→
39. A vector field is given by A = ( x 2 + xy2 )iˆ + ( y2 + x 2 y ) jˆ . Show that the field is irrotational and find
the scalar potential.
→ → →
Sol. Field A is irrotational if curl A = 0

iˆ jˆ kˆ
→
∂ ∂ ∂ →
Now, Curl A = = iˆ(0 − 0) − jˆ(0 − 0) + kˆ(2xy − 2xy ) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
x 2 + xy2 y2 + x 2 y 0
→
∴ Field A is irrotational.
→
If φ is the scalar potential then, A = grad φ
→ → →
 ∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ ∂φ 
⇒ A . dr = (grad φ) . dr =  iˆ + j + k .  . (dx . iˆ + dy . jˆ + dz . kˆ )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
= . dx + . dy + . dz = dφ
∂x ∂y ∂z
486 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

→ →
∴ dφ = A . d r = (x2 + xy2)dx + (y2 + x2y)dy = x2dx + y2dy + xy(ydx + xdy)

 x3   y3   x3   y3   x 2 y2 
= d   + d   + xyd ( xy ) = d   + d   + d 
 3   3   3   3   2 
         
x 3 y3 x 2 y 2
∴ φ= + + + c,
3 3 2
where c is the constant of integration.
→
40. A fluid motion is given by V = ( y + z )iˆ + ( z + x ) jˆ + ( x + y )kˆ
(i) Is this motion irrotational ? If so, find the velocity potential.
(ii) Is the motion possible for an incompressible fluid ?
→
Sol. We have V = ( y + z )iˆ + ( z + x ) jˆ + ( x + y )kˆ
→ →
(i) The motion is irrotational if curl V = 0 .
iˆ jˆ kˆ
→ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ 
∴ Curl V = = iˆ  ( x + y) − ( z + x )
∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y ∂z 
y+z z+x x+y

∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ 
− jˆ  ( x + y) − ( y + z ) + kˆ  ( z + x ) − ( y + z )
 ∂x ∂z   ∂x ∂y 
→ →
⇒ Curl V = iˆ(1 − 1) − jˆ(1 − 1) + kˆ(1 − 1) = iˆ(0) − jˆ(0) + kˆ(0) = 0
Hence the motion is irrotational.
→
Now, let V = grad φ, where φ is velocity potential.
→ → →
⇒ V . d r = Vφ . d r
 ∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ 
=  i+ .j+ . k  . (dx . iˆ + dy . jˆ + dz . kˆ )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
= . dx + . dy + . dz = dφ
∂x ∂y ∂z
→ →
∴ dφ = V . d r

= {( y + z ) iˆ + ( z + x ) jˆ + ( x + y ) kˆ . ( dx iˆ + dy j + dz kˆ )}
= (y + z)dx + (z + x)dy + (x + y)dz
= (ydx + xdy) + (zdx + xdz) + (zdy + ydz)
= d(xy) + d(zx) + d(yz)
Integrating, we get φ = xy + yz + zx + c
(ii) For an incompressible fluid,
→
div. V = 0
→
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
Now, =  iˆ .
div. V + jˆ . + kˆ .  . {( y + z )iˆ + ( z + x ) jˆ + ( x + y)kˆ }
 ∂ x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= ( y + z) + (z + x ) + ( x + y) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Hence, the motion is possible for an incompressible fluid.
VECTOR CALCULUS 487

→ → → → → →
41. If a is a constant vector, evaluate div. ( r × a ) and curl ( r × a ) where r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ .
→ → → → → →
Sol. We know that div. ( a × b ) = b . curl a − a . curl b
→ → → → → →
∴ div. ( r × a ) = a . curl r − r . curl a
→ → → → → → →
= a.0− r.0=0−0=0
→ → →
[∵ Curl r = 0 and curl of a constant vector is 0 ]
Also, we know that
→ → → → → → → → → →
curl ( a × b ) = a . div. b − b div. a + ( b . V ) a − ( a . V ) . b
→ → → → → → → → → →
∴ curl ( r × a ) = r . div. a − a div. r + ( a . V ) r − ( r . V ) . a
→ → → → → →
curl ( r × a ) = 0 − 3 a + a − 0
→ → → → → → →
[∵ div. a = 0 , ( r . V ) a = 0 and ( a . V ) r = a ]
→
= − 2a
→
→ r
42. Show that the vector field F = is irrotational as well as solenoidal. Find the scalar potential.
r3
→ →
Sol. For the vector field F to be irrotational, curl F = 0.
→ → →
We know that, curl (u a ) = u curl a + (grad u) × a

 1 → 1 →
 1  →
∴ curl  3 . r  = 3 curl r +  grad 3  × r
r  r  r 
→ → →
1  3  →
= 0 +  − 4 . rˆ  × r
3
[∵ Curl r = 0]
r  r 
→ 3 → → → → →
= 0− (r × r) = 0 − 0 = 0
5
r
→
Hence, vector field F is irrotational.
→ →
Again, for the vector field F to be solenoidal, div. F = 0.
→ → →
We know that div. (u a ) = u div. a + a . grad u
→ → →
r 1 1 
∴ div.  3  = 3 div. r + r . grad  3 
 r  r r 
 
→
3 →  →
= + r . − 3 . r  [∵ div. r = 3]
r3  r 4 r 
 
→ →
3 3 ∵ r . r = r2
= 3
− 5
. r2
r r
3 3
= − =0.
→ r3 r3
Hence, vector field F is solenoidal.
488 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

→
Now, let F = V φ where φ is a scalar potential.
To find φ we proceed as follows :
→ → →
F . d r = Vφ . d r
→ → →
F . d r = dφ [∵ V φ . d r = dφ]
xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
∴ dφ = . (dx . iˆ + dy . jˆ + dz . kˆ )
( x + y2 + z 2 )3/ 2
2

→
[∵ r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ]
xdx + ydy + zdz  1 
= 2 2 2 3/2
= d − 2 2 2 1/ 2 
(x + y + z )  ( x + y + z ) 
1 1
Integrating, we get φ = − +c or φ = − +c
2
x +y +z 2 2 r
where c is the constant of integration.
→ →
F . nˆ dS , where F = ( 2x + 3z )iˆ − ( xz + y ) jˆ + ( y + 2z )kˆ and S is the surface of sphere
2
43. Find ∫∫
having centre (3, –1, 2) and radius 3. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
Sol. Let V be the volume enclosed by the surface S. Then by Gauss Divergence theorem, we have
→ →

∫∫ F . dS = ∫∫∫ div. F dV
V
S
∂ ∂ ∂ 
∫∫∫
2
=  ∂x (2x + 3z ) + ∂y ( − xz − y ) + ∂z ( y + 2z )  dV
 
V

=
∫∫∫ (2 − 1 + 2) dV = 3 ∫∫∫ dV
V V
= 3V

But V is the volume of a sphere of radius 3.

4
∴ V= π (3)3 = 36π
3
→
Hence,
∫∫
S
F dS = 3 × 36π = 108π.

44. Verify divergence theorem for F = (x2 – yz) I + (y2 – zx) J + (z2 – xy)K
taken over the rectangular parallelopiped 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c.
(M.D.U., May 2006 and Dec., 2006)
Sol. For verfication of divergence theorem, we shall evaluate the volume and surface integrals
separately and show that they are equal.
→ ∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
Now, div F = (x – yz) + (y – zx) + (z – xy) = 2(x + y + z)
∂x ∂y ∂z
c b a c b a
→  x2 
∫∫∫ div F dv = ∫ ∫ ∫ 2( x + y + z ) dz dy dx = ∫ ∫
V 0 0
2
 2
+ yx + zx  dy dz
 0
0 0 0
c b c b
 a2   a2 ay2 
= 2
∫∫
0 0

 2

+ ay + az  dy dz = 2

 0
∫ 
 2

y+
2
+ azy  dz

0
VECTOR CALCULUS 489

c c
 a 2b ab2   a 2bz ab2 z abz 2 
= 2 ∫
0

 2

+
2
+ abz  dz = 2 

  2
+
2
+ 
2  0

= a2 bc + ab2 c + abc2
Z
= abc (a + b + c) ...(1)
To evaluate the surface integral, divide the closed ‘‘surface S’’ of C A¢
the rectangular parallelopiped into 6 parts.
B¢ k P
S1 = the face of OAC′B, S2 = face CB′PA′
Y
O j B
S3 = the face OBA′C, S4 = face AC ′PB′ i
A C¢
S5 = the face OCB′A, S6 = face BA′PC′ X
→ → → →
Also, ∫∫ F . nˆ ds = ∫∫ S1
F . nˆ ds +
∫∫
S2
F . nˆ ds +
∫∫
S3
F . nˆ ds
S
→ → →
+
∫∫
S4
F . nˆ ds +
∫∫
S5
F . nˆ ds +
∫∫
S6
F . nˆ ds

On S1 (z = 0), we have n̂ = – k̂ ,

F = x iˆ + y jˆ − xykˆ
2 2

→
F . nˆ = ( x 2iˆ + y2 jˆ − xykˆ ) ( − kˆ ) = xy
b a b a b
→  x2  a 2  y2  a 2b2
so that,
∫∫ F . nˆ ds = ∫∫
0 0
xy dx dy =
∫ y  dy =
 2  0
  =
2  2  0 4
S1 0
On S2 (z = c), we have
n̂ = k̂
→
F = ( x − cy )iˆ + ( y − cx ) jˆ + ( c − xy )kˆ
2 2 2

→
2
so that F . nˆ = c – xy

→ b a b a b
 2 x2   2 a2 
∫∫
S2
F . nˆ ds =
∫∫ (c2 − xy ) dx dy =
∫ c x −

 2
y  dy =

0
∫ c a −

 2
y  dy


0 0 0 0

b
 a 2 y2  2 a 2b2
= c2ay − .  = c ab –
 2 2  0 4
On S3 (x = 0), we have

n̂ = − iˆ , F = − yziˆ + y jˆ + z kˆ
2 2

→
so that F . nˆ = yz

→ c b c
b2 b2c2
∫∫
S3
F . nˆ ds =
∫∫ yz dy dz =
∫ 2
z dz =
4
0 0 0
On S4 (x = a), we have

n̂ = iˆ
490 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

→
F = ( a − yz )iˆ + ( y − az ) jˆ + ( z − ay )kˆ
2 2 2

→
so that F . nˆ = a2 – yz
→ c b c
 2 b2  b2c2
∴ ∫∫
S4
F . nˆ ds =
∫∫ ( a 2 − yz ) dy dz =
∫ a b −


2
z  dz = a bc –
2  4
0 0 0
On S5 (y = 0), we have

n̂ = − ĵ

F = x 2iˆ − zxjˆ + z 2kˆ

→
so that F . nˆ = zx

a
→ a c
c2 a 2c2
∫∫ F . nˆ ds =
∫∫ zx dx dz = ∫
0
2
x dx =
4
S5 0 0
On S6 (y = b), we have
→
nˆ = jˆ, F = ( x 2 − bz )iˆ + (b2 − zx ) jˆ + ( z 2 − bx )kˆ
→
F . nˆ = b2 – zx
a c
→
∫∫ S6
F . nˆ ds =
∫ ∫ (b
2
− zx ) dx dz
0 0

a c a a
 2 z2   2 c2   c2 x 2  a 2c 2
= ∫
0
b z −

x  dx =
2 
0
∫ b c −


x  dx = b2cx −
2   
.
2 2 
0
2
 = ab c –
4
0
Hence surface integral value is sum of all the integrals over S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6

a 2b2 a 2b2 b2c2 b2c2 a 2c2 a 2c2

i.e., + abc2 – + + a2 bc – + + ab2 c –
4 4 4 4 4 4
= abc2 + a2 bc + ab2c = abc (a + b + c)
which is same as the volume integral value calculated earlier.
Hence divergence theorem is verified for the given function.
→ → → → →
45. Evaluate
∫∫ A . nˆ ds , where A = z i + x j − 3 y2 z k and S is the surface of the cylinder
2 2
x + y = 16 included in the first octant between z = 0 and z = 5. (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
Sol. A vector normal to the surface S is given by Z

V (x + y ) = 2xiˆ + 2 yjˆ
2 2
O¢ B¢
and n̂ (a unit vector normal to surface S)

2xiˆ + 2 yjˆ xiˆ + yjˆ xiˆ + yjˆ

= = = 5
(2x )2 + (2 y )2 x 2 + y2 4
4 Y
(∵ on the surface of the cylinder, x2 + y2 = 16) A O B

X
VECTOR CALCULUS 491

Let R be the projection of S on the yz plane, then

→ → dydz
∫∫
S
A nˆ dS =
∫∫ A . nˆ
|iˆ . nˆ |

The region R is OBO′ B enclosed by y = 0 to y = 4 and z = 0 to z = 5

1 1  1
Now, iˆ . nˆ = iˆ  xiˆ + y . jˆ  = x
 4 4  4
→
1 1  1 1 1
A . nˆ = ( ziˆ + xjˆ − 3 y2 . z . kˆ )  xiˆ + yjˆ  = zx + xy = x (y + z)
4 4  4 4 4

5 4 5 4
→ → dydz  y2 
Hence
∫∫ A nˆ dS =
∫∫
R
A . nˆ
|iˆ . nˆ |
= ∫ ∫ ( y + z ) dy dz = ∫
0 0 0

 2

+ zy  dz

0
S

5 5
 2
=
∫
0
(8 + 4 z ) dz =  8z + 2z  = 40 + 50 = 90.
 0

→
46. A vector field is given by F = ( sin y )iˆ + x (1 + cos y ) jˆ . Evaluate the line integral over the circular
path given by x2 + y2 = a2, z = 0. (M.D.U., May 2007)
Sol. The parametric equations of the circular path are x = a cos t, y = a sin t, z = 0
where t varies from 0 to 2π.
→
Since the particle moves in the xy-plane (z = 0), we can take r = xiˆ + yjˆ so that
→
d r = dxiˆ + dyjˆ

∴
z → →
F .d r = z [sin yiˆ + x (1 + cos y ) jˆ ] . ( dxiˆ + dyjˆ )

z z
C C

= [sin ydx + x (1 + cos y )dy ] = [(sin ydx + x cos ydy ) + xdy ]

C C

=
z
C
d( x sin y ) +
z
C
x dy =
2π

0
2π

∫ d[a cos t sin ( a sin t )] dt + ∫ a cos t . a cos t . dt

0

2π 2π 2π
a2 a2  sin 2t 
= [ a cos t . sin ( a sin t )]0 + a 2
2π
∫ cos2 t dt =
2 ∫ (1 + cos 2t ) dt = 2 
t+
2  0
0 0

2π
a2  sin 2t  a2 2
∴ Line integral over the circular path is given by
2 t + 2  = 2 (2π) = πa .
 0
→
47. Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field F = 3x 2iˆ + ( 2xz − y ) jˆ + zkˆ along the
2 3
curve defined by x = 4y, 3x = 8z from x = 0 to x = 2.
→ →
∫ (3x iˆ + (2xz − y) jˆ + zkˆ ) . (dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ )
2
Sol. Work done = ∫
C
F .d r =
C

∫ {3x dx + (2xz − y)dy + zdz }

2
= ...(1)
C
492 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

t2 3t 3
Let x = t, then C : x = t, y = ,z=
4 8
t 9t 2
So that dx = dt, dy = dt , dz = dt
2 8
From x = 0 to x = 2, t varies from 0 to 2.
∴ From (1) we have
2
 2  3t3 t 2   t  3t
3  9t 2 
Work done =
∫
0
3t dt + 2t .
  8
−   dt  +
4   2  8

 8

dt  

 
2 2
 2 3 5 1 3 27 5   51 5 1 3 2
=
∫  3t + 8 t − 8 t + 64 t  dt =
  ∫
0
 64 t − 8 t + 3t  dt
 
0
2
 51 t 6 t 4  17 1
=  . − + t3  = − + 8 = 16 .
 64 6 32  0 2 2

→
∫∫∫ V F dV , where V is bounded by the planes
→
48. If F = ( 2x 2 − 3z )iˆ − 2xyjˆ − 4xkˆ , then evaluate
V
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 4. (M.D.U., May 2008)
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
Sol. VF = (2x 2 − 3z ) + ( − 2xy ) + ( − 4 x ) = 4x – 2x = 2x
∂x ∂y ∂z
→
∴ ∫∫∫ V . F dV = ∫∫∫ 2x dx dy dz
V V

2 2 − x 4 − 2x − 2 y 2 2−x
4 − 2x − 2 y
=
∫ ∫ ∫ 2x dz dy dx = ∫ ∫
0 0
2x [ z ]0 dy . dx
0 0 0
2 2−x 2 2−x
=
∫ ∫
0 0
2x (4 − 2x − 2 y ) dy . dx =
∫ ∫
0 0
[4 x (2 − x ) − 4 xy ] dy . dx

2 2
2−x
∫ 4x (2 − x ) y − 2xy  ∫ 4x[(2 − x )
2 2
= . dx = − 2x (2 − x )2 ] dx
0
0 0

2 2 2
=
∫
0
∫
0
∫
2x (2 − x )2 . dx = 2 x (2 − x )2 . dx = 2 (4 x − 4 x 2 + 4 x 3 ) dx
0

2
 x3 x4   32  8
= 2 2 x 2 − 4 +  = 2 8 − + 4 = .
 3 4  0  3  3

→
49. Evaluate ∫∫
S
( yziˆ + zxjˆ + xykˆ ) d S where S is the surface of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 in the first

octant. (U.P.T.U., 2005)

→
Sol. ∫∫ ( yziˆ + zxjˆ + xykˆ ) d S = ∫∫ ( yziˆ + zxjˆ + xykˆ ) . (dy dziˆ + dz dxjˆ + dx dykˆ )
S
S
VECTOR CALCULUS 493

= ∫∫ ( yz dy dz + zx dz dx + xy dx dy)
S

a a2 − z 2 a a2 − x 2 a a 2 − y2

= ∫ ∫
0 0
yz dy dz +
∫ ∫
0 0
zx dz dx +
∫ ∫
0 0
xy dx dy

a a2 − z 2 a a2 − x 2 a a 2 − y2
 y2   z2   x2 

0
∫
= z .  
 2 0 0
∫
. dz + x .  
 2 
 0 0
∫
. dx + y .  
 2 
 0
. dy

a a a
1 1 1
∫ z ( a 2 − z 2 ) dz +
∫ x ( a 2 − x 2 ) dx +
∫ y (a
2
= − y2 ) dy
2 2 2
0 0 0

a a a
1  a2z 2 z 4  1  a 2x 2 x 4  1  a 2 y2 y4 
=  −  +  −  +  − 
2  2 4  
2 2 4  2  2 4 
 0 0 0

1 a4 1 a4 1 a4 3a 4
= . + . + . =

z
2 4 2 4 2 4 8

50. Use divergence theorem to show that Vr 2 . dS = 6V, where S is any closed surface enclosing a
S
volume V.

z
Sol. By the divergence theorem, we have
2
Vr 2 . dS = ∫ div. (Vr ) dV
V
S

2 2  ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 
= ∫ V . (Vr ) dV = ∫ V . r 2dV = ∫  ∂x 2 + ∂y2 + ∂z 2  ( x
2
+ y2 + z 2 ) dV
V V V  
= ∫ 6 . dV = 6V . Hence shown.
V
→
51. The vector field F = x 2 iˆ + zjˆ + yzkˆ is defined over the volume of the cuboid given by 0 ≤ x ≤ a,
→ →
0 ≤ y ≤ b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c enclosing the surface S, find the value of the surface integral ∫∫
S
F .dS

Sol. By Gauss Divergence theorem

→ → → ∂ ∂ ∂ 
∫∫∫ div. F dV = ∫∫∫
2
∫∫ S
F .dS =
V V
 (x ) +
 ∂x ∂y
(z) +
∂z
( yz )  dV .


a b c
=
∫∫∫ (2x + y) dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ (2x + y) dz dy dx
V 0 0 0

a b a b
c  y2 
=
∫∫
0 0
(2x + y ) ( z )0 dy dx = c
∫
0
 2xy +


 dx
2 
0
494 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

a a
 b  2 b   2 ab 
= bc
∫0
 2x + 2  dx = bc  x + 2 x  = bc  a + 2 
   0  

→
F . dS = abc  a + b 
⇒ ∫∫ S
 2

52. Evaluate the surface integral

∫∫ ( x dy dz + y dz dx + z dx dy) , where S is the portion of the plane
S
x + 2y + 3z = 6 which lies in the first octant. (U.P.T.U., 2009)
Sol. By Guass’ Divergence theorem, we have
→ →

∫∫ ˆ
F . ndS = ∫∫∫ div. F dV
V
...(1)
S
→
Here, F = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ , n̂ = dy dziˆ + dz dxjˆ + dx dykˆ
→  ∂ ∂ ∂ 
Now, div. F =  iˆ + jˆ . + kˆ .  . ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂ ∂ ∂
= (x ) + ( y) + (z ) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 .
∂x ∂y ∂z
From (1),

∫∫ ( x dy dz + y dz dx + z dx dy) = ∫∫∫ 3dV

V
S
6−x 6 − x − 2y 6−x
6 2 3 6 2 6 − x − 2y
= 3
∫ ∫ ∫ dz dy dx = 3
∫ ∫
x =0 y=0
[ z ]0 3 . dy dx
x =0 y=0 z=0

6−x
6 2 6 6−x
= 3
∫ ∫
 6 − x − 2y 

 3  dy dx =

∫{
x =0
(6 − x ) y − y2 }
0
2 . dx

x =0 y=0

6 6
 (6 − x )2 (6 − x )2  (6 − x )2
= ∫
x =0

 2
−
4
 dx =
 ∫
0
4
. dx

6
1  (6 − x )3  1  6 1
= −  =− (6 − x )3  = − ( − 216) = 18 .
4 3 12   0 12
  0

∫∫ (a x + b2 y2 + c 2 z 2 )−1 / 2 dS where S is the surface of the ellipsoid ax2 + by2 + cz2 = 1.

2 2
53. Evaluate
S
→
2 2 2 2 2 2 –1/2
Sol. F . nˆ = (a x + b y + c z ) ...(1) [given]
2 2 2
Let φ = ax + by + cz – 1 = 0
grad φ = 2axi + 2byj + 2czk
|grad φ| = 2 a 2 x 2 + b2 y2 + c2 z 2
grad φ axi + byj + czk
∴ n̂ = = ...(2)
|grad φ| a 2x 2 + b2 y2 + c2 z 2
VECTOR CALCULUS 495

From (1) and (2), it is clear that

→
F = xi + yj + zk
∂ → ∂ ∂
∴ (x ) +
div. F = ( y) + (z ) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
∂x ∂y ∂z
By Divergence theorem,
→ → →
∫∫ S
F dS =
∫∫∫ div. FdV = 3 ∫∫∫ dV = 3V
V V

4π 1 1 1  2 2 2 4π 1 
= 3. . . . ∵ Volume of ( ax + by + cz = 1) is = 3 . 
3 a b c  abc 
4π
= .
abc
→ →
F nˆ dS , where F = 4xiˆ − 2y jˆ + z kˆ and S is the surface bounding the region x2 + y2 = 4,
∫∫
2 2
54. Evaluate
S
→
z = 0, z = 3. Verify Divergence theorem for F . (M.D.U., May 2008)
→
∂ ∂ ∂ 2
Sol. Since div. F = (4 x ) + ( − 2 y2 ) + ( z ) = 4 – 4y + 2z
∂x ∂y ∂z
→
∴ ∫∫∫ div. FdV = ∫∫∫ (4 − 4y + 2z ) dx dy dz
V
V

2 4 − x2 3
=
∫
−2 − 4 − x 2
∫ ∫ (4 − 4 y + 2z ) dz dy dx
0

2 4 − x2 2 4 − x2
3
= ∫
−2 − 4 − x 2
∫ 4 z − 4 yz + z 2  dy dx =
 0 ∫ ∫
−2 − 4 − x 2
(21 − 12 y ) dy dx

2 4 − x2 2

= ∫
−2 − 4 − x 2
∫ 21dy dx =
∫ 42
−2
4 − x 2 . dx

2 2
 x 4 − x2 4 x
∫ + sin −1 
2
= 84 4 − x . dx = 84 
 2 2 2
−2  0
π
= 84 (2 sin −1 1) = 84 . 2 .
= 84 π ...(1)
2
To evaluate the surface integral, divide the closed surface S of the cylinder into 3 parts.
S1 : the circular base in the plane z = 0
S2 : the circular top in the plane z = 3
S3 : the curved surface of the cylinder, given by the equation x2 + y2 = 4.
496 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

→ Z
Also, ∫∫S
ˆ
F . ndS

→ → → z=3
= ∫∫
S1
ˆ
F . ndS +
∫∫
S2
ˆ
F . ndS +
∫∫
S3
ˆ
F . ndS

→
On S1(z = 0), we have n̂ = – k, F = 4 xiˆ − 2 y2 jˆ
→
so that F . nˆ = (4 xiˆ − 2 y2 jˆ ) . ( − kˆ ) = 0 z=0 Y
→
∴ ∫∫ S1
ˆ
F . ndS =0

→
On S2 (z = 3), we have n̂ = − kˆ , F = 4 xiˆ − 2 y jˆ + 9kˆ
2
X
→
so that F . nˆ = (4 xiˆ − 2 y jˆ + 9kˆ ) . kˆ = 9
2

→
∴ ∫∫ ˆ
F ndS = ∫∫ 9dx dy = 9 ∫∫ dx dy
S2 S
S2
= 9 × area of surface S2 = 9(π × 22) = 36π
2 2
On S3, x + y = 4.
A vector normal to the surface S3 is given by
V ( x 2 + y2 ) = 2xiˆ + 2 yjˆ
∴ n̂ = a unit vector normal to surface S3
2xiˆ + 2 yjˆ 2xiˆ + 2 yjˆ
= = [Since x2 + y2 = 4]
2
4x + 4 y 2 4×4
→  ˆ ˆ
⇒ F . nˆ = (4 xiˆ − 2 y2 jˆ + z 2 . kˆ )  xi + yj  = 2x2 – y3
 2 
 
Also, on S3, i.e., x2 + y2 = 4, x = 2 cos θ, y = 2 sin θ and dS = 2 dθdz
To cover the whole surface S3, z varies from 0 to 3 and θ varies from 0 to 2π.
→ 2π 3
∴ ∫∫
S3
ˆ
F . ndS =
∫ ∫ [2(2 cos θ)
2
− (2 sin θ)3 ] 2dz dθ
0 0
2π 2π

∫ 16(cos2 θ − sin3 θ) × 3 dθ = 48
∫ (cos
2
= θ − sin3 θ) dθ = 48π
0 0
→
∴ ∫∫ S
ˆ
F . ndS = 0 + 36 π + 48 π = 84 π ...(2)

The equality of (1) and (2), verifies divergence theorem.

→
55. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = ( x 2 + y2 )iˆ − 2xyjˆ taken around the rectangle bounded by the lines
x = ± a, y = 0, y = b. (M.D.U., May 2009)
Sol. Stoke’s Theorem gives relation between line and surface integrals. It states that if S be an
→
open surface bounded by a closed curve C and F = F1iˆ + F2 jˆ + F3kˆ be any vector point function
having continuous first order partial derivatives, then
VECTOR CALCULUS 497

z
C
→
Fdr
→
=
S
ˆ
→
∫∫ curl F . ndS
where n̂ is a unit normal vector at any point of S drawn in the sense in which a right handed
screw would advance when rotated in the sense of description of C.

z
In the given question, let C denote the boundary of the rectangle ABED, then
→ →
F .d r = z [( x 2 + y 2 )iˆ − 2xyjˆ ] . (idx
ˆ + jdy
ˆ )

z
C C

= [( x 2 + y 2 )dx − 2xy dy ]
C
The curve ‘C’ consists of 4 lines AB, BE, ED and DA (see Figure).
Along AB, x = a, dx = 0 and y varies from 0 to b.
b
b
∴ ∫
AB
{( x 2 + y2 ) dx − 2xy dy } =
∫ − 2ay dy = − a  y 
2
0
= − ab2 ...(1)
0
Y

E(–a, b) y=b B(a, b)

x = –a x=a

X
D(–a, 0) O y=0 A(a, 0)
Along BE, y = b, dy = 0 and x varies from – a to a.
−a −a
 x3  2a 2
∴
∫
BE
[( x 2 + y2 ) dx − 2xy dy ] =
∫
a
( x 2 + b2 ) dx = 
 3
+ b2 . x  = −
 a 3
− 2ab2 ...(2)

Along ED, x = – a, dx = 0 and y varies from b to 0.

0
0
∫
2
= − ab2
∴
ED
[( x 2 + y2 ) dx − 2xy dy ] =
∫ 2ay dy = a  y 
a
b
...(3)

Along DA, y = 0, dy = 0 and x varies from – a to a.

a
2a3
∴ ∫
DA
[( x 2 + y2 ) dx − 2xy dy ] =
∫ x dx =
2
3
...(4)
−a
Adding (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get

z
C
→ →
F .d r
3
= − ab2 − 2a − 2ab2 − ab2 + 2a
3 3
3

= – 4ab2 ...(5)
498 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

iˆ jˆ kˆ
→
∂ ∂ ∂
Now, curl F = = ( − 2 y − 2 y ) kˆ = − 4 ykˆ
∂x ∂y ∂z
x 2 + y2 −2xy 0
For the surface S, n̂ = kˆ
→
Curl F . nˆ = − 4 ykˆ . kˆ = − 4 y .
b a b
→ a
∴
∫∫
S
ˆ
Curl F . ndS =
∫ ∫
0 −a
− 4 y dx dy =
∫ − 4 y [x ]
0
−a
. dy

b
 b2 
∫
2
= − 8a y dy = − 8a   = – 4ab ...(6)
2
 
0
The equality of (5) and (6) verifies Stoke’s Theorem.
56. If f = (x2 + y2 + z2)–n, find div grad f and determine n if div grad f = 0. (M.D.U. Dec., 2008)
2 2 2 –n
Sol. f = (x + y + z )
 ∂ ∂ ∂  2
Grad f =  iˆ + jˆ + kˆ 2 2 –n
 (x + y + z )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

= iˆ (– n) (x2 + y2 + z2)–n – 1 . 2x + ĵ (– n) (x2 + y2 + z2)– n – 1 . 2y

+ k̂ (– n) (x2 + y2 + z2)–n–1 . 2z
2 2 2 –n – 1
= 2(– n) (x + y + z ) [ xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ]

 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
Div. Grad f =  iˆ + jˆ + kˆ ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ )]
2 2 2 –n–1
 [2(– n) (x + y + z )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
  ∂  ∂ 
= 2(– n)   ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−n −1 . x  +  ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−n −1 . y 
 ∂x   ∂y 
∂ 
+  ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )−n −1 . z  
 ∂z 
= 2(– n) [3(x2 + y2 + z2)– n – 1 + (x2 + y2 + z2)–n – 2 . 2(x2 + y2 + z2) (– n – 1)]
2 2 2 –n–1 2 2 2 –n–1
= 2(– n) (x + y + z ) [3 + 2(– n – 1)] = 2(– n) (x + y + z ) (– 2n + 1)
= 2n(2n – 1) (x2 + y2 + z2)–n – 1
1
If grad div f = 0, 2n – 1 = 0 ⇒ n = .
2

57. Evaluate z → → →
F . d r by Stoke’s Theorem where F = y2 iˆ + x 2 jˆ − ( x + z )kˆ and C is the boundary of

triangle with vertices at (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 0). (M.D.U., Dec. 2008)
Sol. Since z co-ordinates of each vertex of the triangle is zero, therefore the triangle lies in the
xy-plane and n̂ = k,
iˆ jˆ kˆ
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
Crul F = = jˆ + 2( x − y )kˆ
∂x ∂y ∂z
y2 x2 − (x + z)
VECTOR CALCULUS 499

→ Y
Curl F . nˆ = [ jˆ + 2( x − y )kˆ ]( kˆ ) = 2(x – y) B(1, 1)
Equation of the line OB is y = x

x
=
→ → →

y
∫∫ Curl F nˆ dS
S
By Stoke’s theorem F dr =
C C
O X
1 x A(1, 0)
= ∫ ∫ 2( x − y ) dydx
0 0
1 1 1
x  x3  1
=
∫
0
2xy − y2  dx =
 0 ∫ x 2 dx =   = .
  0 3
3
0
→
58. Verify Stoke’s Theorem for the vector field F = ( 2x − y )iˆ − yz 2 jˆ − y2 zkˆ over the upper half surface
2 2 2
of x + y + z = 1, bounded by its projection on the xy-plane.
(M.D.U., May 2006, 2007, Dec., 2007)
2 2 2
Sol. Let S be the upper half surface of the sphere x + y + z = 1. The boundary C of S is a circle in
2 2
the xy-plane of radius unity and centre O. The equations of C are x + y = 1, z = 0, whose paramet-
ric form is x = cos t, y = sin t, z = 0, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

z →
F . dr =
→
z [(2x − y )iˆ − yz 2 jˆ − y 2z kˆ ] . (idx
ˆ + jdy
ˆ + kdz
ˆ )
C
=
z
C

[(2x − y )dx − yz 2dy − y 2zdz ]

=
z
C

C
2π
(2x − y ) dx , since on C, z = 0, dz = 0

2π
dx
= ∫ (2 cos t − sin t ) dt . dt = ∫ (2 cos t − sin t ) ( − sin t ) dt
0 0
2π 2π
 1 − cos 2t 
= ∫ ( − sin 2t + sin
2
t ) dt = ∫  − sin 2t +
 2  dt

0 0

2π
 cos 2t t sin 2t  1 1
=  + − = +π− =π
 2 2 4  0 2 2

iˆ jˆ kˆ
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
Also, Curl F = = ( − 2 yz + 2 yz )iˆ + (0 − 0) jˆ + (0 + 1)kˆ = k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
2x − y − yz 2 − y2z
→
⇒ Curl F = k̂
→
Curl F . nˆ = kˆ . nˆ = nˆ . kˆ
→ dxdy
= ∫∫ nˆ . kdS
ˆ
∫∫ nˆ . kˆ . |nˆ . kˆ |
∫∫ Curl F . ndS
S
ˆ =
S R
where R is the projection of S on xy-plane.
1 1 − x2 1

∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫2 1−x
2
= dx dy = dy dx = . dx
R −1 − 1 − x 2 −1
500 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 1
 x 1 − x2 1 
1 π 
∫ + sin −1 x  = 4  .  = π
2
= 4 1 − x . dx = 4 
 2 2  2 2 
0  0

Since,
z
C
→ →
F .d r = ∫∫ ˆ
→
curl F . ndS , Stoke’s Theorem is Verified.

→
59. Evaluate the surface integral
∫∫ S
ˆ
Curl F . ndS by transforming it into a line integral, S being that

→
part of the surface of the paraboloid z = 1 – x – y , for which z ≥ 0 and F = yiˆ + zjˆ + xkˆ .
2 2

Sol. The boundary C of the surface S is the circle x2 + y2 = 1, z = 0 whose parametric equations
are x = cos t, y = sin t, z = 0, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
By Stoke’s theorem, we have
→
∫∫ Curl F . ndS
ˆ =
z →
F .d r =
→
z ( yiˆ + zjˆ + xkˆ ) . (iˆ dx + jˆ dy + kˆ dz )

z z
S C C

= ( y dx + z dy + x dz ) = y dx , since on C, z = 0, dz = 0
C C

z 2π 2π π
dx
= y.
dt
. dt =
∫ sin t ( − sin t ) dt = −
∫ ∫
sin 2 t dt = − 2 sin 2 t dt
0
C 0 0
π/2
1 π
∫ sin
2
= −4 t dt = − 4 × × = −π .
2 2
0

z
60. State Green’s Theorem in the plane. Verify this in the plane for

(3x 2 − 8y 2 ) dx + (4y − 6xy ) dy where C is the boundary of the region defined by

C
2
(a) y = x , y = x (M.D.U., Dec. 2008) (b) x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1.
Sol. “Green’s Theorem” States that:
If M(x, y) and N(x, y) be continuous functions of x and y having continuous partial derivatives
∂M and ∂N in a region R of the xy-plane bounded by a closed curve C, then
∂y ∂x

z
C
( Mdx + Ndy ) =
∫∫
R
 ∂N ∂M 

 ∂x
−  dx dy where C is traversed in the counter clock-wise direction.
∂y 

2 2 2
(a) y = x i.e., y = x and y = x are two parabolas inter- Y x =y
secting at O (0, 0) and A (1, 1). 2
2 2 y =x
Here, M = 3x – 8y ,
C2 A(1, 1)
N = 4y – 6xy
R
∂M C1
= – 16y, X
∂y O
(0, 0)
∂N
= – 6y
∂x
VECTOR CALCULUS 501

∂N ∂M
∴ − = 10y
∂x ∂y
If R is the region bounded by C, then
1 x 1
 ∂N ∂M  x
∫∫
R

 ∂x
−
∂y
 dx dy

=
∫ ∫  x ∫
10 y dy dx = 5  y2  2 . dx
0 x2 0

1 1
 x2 x5  1 1  3
∫
= 5 ( x − x 4 ) dx = 5 
 2
−  = 5 − =
5  2 5 2
...(1)

z
0 0

Also, ( Mdx + Ndy ) = ∫ ( Mdx + Ndy) = ∫ ( Mdx + Ndy) + ∫ ( Mdx + Ndy)

C1 + C2 C1 C2
C
2
Along C1, x = y, ∴ 2xdx = dy and the limits of x are from 0 to 1.
1
∴ Line integral along C1 = ∫
C1
( Mdx + Ndy) =
∫ (3x
2
− 8x 4 ) dx + (4 x 2 − 6x . x 2 ) 2x dx
0
1
1
∫ (3x
3 4 5
=
2
+ 8x 3 − 20x 4 ) dx =  x + 2x − 4 x  = − 1
0
0
Along C2, y2 = x, ∴ 2ydy = dx and the limits of y are from 1 to 0.
0
∴ Line integral along C2 = ∫
C2
( Mdx + Ndy) =
∫ (3 y
1
4
− 8 y2 )2 y dy + (4 y − 6 y2 . y ) dy

0 0
 11 4  5
=
∫ (4 y − 22 y3 + 6 y5 ) dy = 2 y2 −
 2
y + y6  =
1 2

z
1
5 3 3
∴ Line integral along C = − 1 + = i.e., ( Mdx + Ndy) = ...(2)
2 2 2
C
The equality of (1) and (2) verifies Green’s theorem in the plane.
1 1−x
 ∂N ∂M 
(b) Here, ∫∫
R

 ∂x
−
∂y
 dx dy

=
∫ ∫ 10 y dy dx
0 0
1 1 1
1−x  (1 − x )3  5
∫ 5  y2 
∫
= 2 ...(1)
dx = 5 (1 − x ) dx = 5   =
 0 − 3 3
0 0   0
Along OA, y = 0, ∴ dy = 0 and the limits of x are from Y
0 to 1.
∴ Line integral along OA
1 B(0, 1)
1
=
∫
0
3x 2dx =  x 3  = 1 .
 0
x+y=1
Along AB, y = 1 – x ∴ dy = – dx and the limits of x are x=0
from 1 to 0.

O X
y=0 A(1, 0)
(0, 0)
502 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ Line integral along AB

0

∫ [3x
2
= − 8 (1 − x )2 ] dx + [4(1 − x ) − 6x (1 − x )] ( − dx )
1
0

∫ (3x
2
= − 8 + 16x − 8x 2 − 4 + 4 x + 6x − 6x 2 ) dx
1
0 0
 11 3   11  8
=
∫
1
( − 12 + 26x − 11x 2 ) dx =  − 12x + 13x 2 −
 3
x  =−
1
 − 12 + 13 − 3  = 3
 
Along BO, x = 0, ∴ dx = 0 and the limits of y are from 1 to 0.
0
0
∫ 4 y dy = 2 y 
∴ Line integral along BO = 2
=−2
1
1
8 5
∴ Line integral along C (i.e., along OABO) = 1 + −2=
3 3

i.e.,
z
C
( Mdx + Ndy ) =
5
3
...(2)

z
The equality of (1) and (2) verify Green’s theorem in the plane.
61. Apply Green’s Theorem to evaluate [( y − sin x ) dx + cos x . dy ] , where C is the plane triangle
C
π 2
enclosed by the lines y = 0, x = and y = x .
2 π
(M.D.U. Dec., 2005; May 2007)
Sol. Applying Green’s Theorem,
Mdx + Ndy = (y – sin x)dx + cos x . dy
Here, M = y – sin x, N = cos x.
∂M ∂N
∴ = 1 and = – sin x
∂y ∂x

z
C
( Mdx + Ndy ) = ∫∫
R
 ∂N ∂M 

 ∂x
−  dx dy
∂y 
π / 2 (2 / π ) x
=
∫∫
R
( − sin x − 1) dx dy =
∫ ∫ ( − sin x − 1) dx dy
0 0
π/2 π/2
(2 / πx )  2 2 
=
∫ [− y sin x − y]
0
0
. dx =
∫
0
 − π x sin x − π . x  dx
 

 π/2 
∫ ( ∫ sin x dx ) − π ∫ x dx
2 2
= −
π

x
∫
0
sin x −

π/2
2 2 2 x2   2 2 ( π / 2)2  π 2
=  x cos x − sin x − .  = 0 − − .  = − + .
 π π π 2   π π 2  4 π
0
VECTOR CALCULUS 503

∫ [(2x
2
62. Apply Green’s Theorem to evaluate − y2 ) dx + ( x 2 + y2 ) dy ] where C is the boundary of
C
the area enclosed by the x-axis and the upper half of circle x2 + y2 = a2.
(U.P.T.U., 2005, 2009; A.U.U.P., 2007; M.D.U., 2008)
Sol. M = 2x2 – y2, N = x2 + y2

∂M ∂N
= – 2y, = 2x
∂y ∂x

→ →
F . d r = ( Miˆ + Njˆ ) ( dx . iˆ + dy . jˆ ) = Mdx + Ndy

→ →
∫ (2x
2
− y2 ) dx + ( x 2 + y2 ) dy
∴ ∫
C
F .d r =
C

=
∫∫ (2x + 2 y) dx dy
S
[Using Green’s Theorem]

a a2 − x 2 a a2 − x 2
 y2 
= 2
∫ ∫ ( x + y ) dx dy = 2 ∫
−a
 xy +



2 
0
. dx
x =−a y=0

a a a
 a2 − x 2 
∫  x a2 − x 2 +  dx = 2 x a 2 − x 2 . dx +
∫ ∫ (a
2
= 2 − x 2 ) dx
 2 
−a   −a −a
a a
 3   3
x a  4 3

0
∫
= 0 + 2 ( a 2 − x 2 ) = 2  a 2x −

 3
 = 2  a3 −

0


= a .
3  3

63. If V1 and V2 be the vectors joining the fixed points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) respectively to a
variable point (x, y, z) then prove that Curl (V1 × V2) = 2(V1 – V2) (M.D.U., May 2009)
Sol. Let P(x, y, z), Q (x1, y1, z1), R(x2, y2, z2)

QP = ( x − x1 )iˆ + ( y − y1 ) jˆ + ( z − z1 )kˆ = V1

RP = ( x − x2 )iˆ + ( y − y2 ) jˆ + ( z − z2 )kˆ = V2

iˆ jˆ kˆ
V1 × V2 = x − x1
x − x2
y − y1
y − y2
z − z1
z − z2
= ∑ {( y − y )(z − z1 2) − ( z − z 1 ) ( y − y 2 )} iˆ

= ∑ { y(z 1 − z2 ) − z( y1 − y2 ) + ( y1z2 − y2z1 )} iˆ

∂
Curl (V1 × V2) = ∑ iˆ  ∂y {x( y 1 − y 2 ) − y( x 1 − x 2 ) + ( x 1 y 2 − x 2 y 1 )}

∂ 
− { z( x1 − x2 ) − x ( z1 − z2 ) + ( z1x2 − z2x1 )} 
∂z 

= ∑ (− (x − x ) − (x − x )) iˆ = ∑ − 2(x
1 2 1 2 1 − x2 ) iˆ

= 2 ∑ ( x − x ) iˆ = 2 (V – V ).
2 1 1 2 Hence proved.
504 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∫ F ds where S is the surface of the sphere

2 2 2
64. Using divergence theorem, evaluate x + y + z = 9.
S (M.D.U., May 2009)
→ →  ∂ ∂ ∂  2 2 ˆ
div F = V . F =  iˆ + jˆ + kˆ 2 2 ˆ 2 2 ˆ 2
Sol.  ( y z i + z x j + x y k ) = 2zy
 ∂x ∂y ∂z
By using divergent theorem, we have:

∫∫ F ds = ∫∫∫
S
V
2zy 2 dV

Changing into polar spherical co-ordinates:

Put x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ
2
dV = r sin θ dr dθ dφ
and r varies from 0 to a, θ varies from 0 to π/2, φ varies from 0 to 2π.
2π π / 2 a

∫∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ (r cos θ) (r
2 2
2zy dV = 2 sin 2 θ sin 2 φ) r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ
V
0 0 0

2π π / 2 a

∫ ∫ ∫r
5
= 2 sin3 θ cos θ sin 2 φ dr dθ dφ
0 0 0

2π π / 2 a 2π
 r6  2.a 6 2
∫ ∫ ∫
3 2
= 2   sin θ cos θ sin φ dθ dφ = sin 2 φ dφ
 6  0 6 4.2
0 0 0

2π π/2
a6 a6 a 6 1 π πa 6
=
12 ∫ sin 2 φ dφ =
12
.4
∫0
sin 2 φ dφ = . . =
3 2 2 12
.
0

∫ (x
2
65. Using Green’s theorem, evaluate y dx + x 2 dy ) where C is the boundary described counter
C
clockwise of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1). (U.P.T.U., 2009)

∂ ∂ 2 
∫ ( x y dx + x dy) ∫∫
2 2 2
Sol. =  ∂x ( x ) − ∂y ( x y ) dx dy [Using Green’s Theorem]
 
C S
Y
1 x
2
= ∫ ∫ (2x − x ) dx dy
0 0
B(1, 1)
1
x
∫ (2x − x ) ( y )0 dx
2
=
x
0 y=
1
2
= ∫ (2x − x 3 ) dx
0 O X
y=0 A(1, 0)
(0, 0)
1
 2x 3 x 4  2 1 5
=  −  = − = .
 3 4 
0
3 4 12

 8
Ordinary Differential Equations
and Its Applications

SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. What is a differential equation ? Give examples of an ordinary differential equation. Define order
and degree of a differential equation.
Sol. An equation involving the dependent variable, independent variable and the differential
coefficient (or coefficients) of the dependent variable with respect to the independent variable (or
variables) is known as a differential equation. For example :

dy d2 y dy dy FG IJ 3
d2 y FG dy IJ 3

dx
= cot x,
dx2
+ y = 0; and y = x .
dx
+
dx H K ,
dx 2 + 1+
H dx K =0

A differential equation which involves only one independent variable is called an ordinary differ-
ential equation. All the equations given above are ordinary differential equations.
Order of a Differential Equation. It is the order of the highest ordered derivative occurring in

dy d2 y d2 y FG dy IJ 3
the differential equation e.g.,
dx
= cot x is of order 1 .
dx2
+ y = 0 and
dx2
+ 1+
H dx K = 0,

each are of orders 2.

Degree of a Differential Equation. The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the
highest ordered derivative present in the differential equation when it is made free from radical
dy
signs and fractional powers. For example, degree of the equation = cot x is 1.
dx

d2 y FG dy IJ 3
Consider equation
dx2
+ 1+
=0
H dx K
However, it involves a radical sign. So to find the degree, we shall remove the radical sign.
Squaring it, we get

F d yI
2 2
FG dy IJ 3
GH dx JK
2 = 1+
H dx K .

Clearly its degree is 2.

R|1 + F dy I U|
2 3/ 2
S| GH dx JK V|
Again consider the equation m=
T W
d2 y
dx2
This involves fractional powers. Therefore, to find the degree of this differential equation we
shall remove the fractional power by squaring both sides.
505
506 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

R|1 + F dy I 2 3U|
S| GH dx JK V|
This gives m2 =
T W
F d yI
2 2

GH dx JK2

Obviously its degree is 2.

2. What is an exact differential equation ? What is the necessary and sufficient condition for the
differential equation M.dx + N.dy = 0 to be exact? Hence solve :
2 2
(1 + 4xy + 2y )dx + (1 + 4xy + 2x )dy = 0.
Sol. A differential equation xdx + ydy = 0 is an exact differential equation as it can be obtained
2 2 2
from its primitive x + y = C directly by differentiation without any further operation of
multiplication, elimination or reduction etc.
The necessary and sufficient condition for a differential equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 of first order and
∂M ∂N
first degree, where M and N are functions of x and y, to be exact is = .
∂y ∂x
Solution of an exact differential equation

M.dx + N.dy = 0 is given by u + F(y) = C where u =

z M. dx ,
y constant

F(y) = z (terms of N not containing x) dy and C is an arbitrary constant.

We will illustrate this by solving the given equation ;

(1 + 4xy + 2y2) dx + (1 + 4xy + 2x2) dy = 0
2 2
Here, M = 1 + 4xy + 2y ; N = 1 + 4xy + 2x
∂M ∂N ∂M ∂N
∴ = 4x + 4y, = 4y + 4x ⇒ =
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
⇒ Given equation is exact differential equation.

z
Integrating M w.r.t. x keeping y as constant, we get

(1 + 4xy + 2y2) dx = x + 2x2y + 2y2x ⇒ x + 2x2y + 2y2x = u.

Integrating w.r.t. y, only those terms of N which do not contain x, we get

z
Hence the solution is
(1 + 4xy + 2x2) dy = z 1. dy = y.

u + F(y) = C, where C is an arbitrary constant.

⇒ x + 2x y + 2y2x + y = C or x + y + 2xy(x + y) = C ⇒ (x + y) (1 + 2xy) = C.
2

3. Solve : (5x4 + 3x2y2 – 2xy3)dx + (2x3y – 3x2y2 – 5y4)dy = 0.

Sol. Comparing the given differential equation with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we have
4 2 2 3 3 2 2 4
M = 5x + 3x y – 2xy ; N = 2x y – 3x y – 5y
∂M ∂N
Also = 6x2y – 6xy2 =
∂y ∂x
⇒ Given equation is exact.
Integrating M w.r.t. x, keeping y as constant, we get

z (5x4 + 3x2y2 – 2xy3) dx = x5 + x3y2 – x2y3 = u

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 507

z
Integrating N w.r.t. y, only those terms which do not contain x, we get

(– 5y4)dy = – y5 = F(y)
⇒ Solution is u + F(y) = C or x5 + x3y2 – x2y3 – y5 = C.
4. Solve the differential equation : (x2 – ay)dx = (ax – y2)dy
2 2 2 2
Sol. We have, (x – ay)dx = (ax – y )dy or (x – ay)dx + (y – ax)dy = 0 ...(1)
Comparing with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we get
2 2
M = x – ay, N = y – ax
∂M ∂N
∴ = –a =
∂y ∂x
⇒ Equation (1) is exact.
Integrating M w.r.t. x, keeping y as constant, we get

z (x2 – ay)dx =
x3
3
– axy ⇒ u =
x3
3
– axy

Integrating N w.r.t. y, only those terms which do not contain x, we get

z y2.dy =
y3
3
⇒ F(y) =
y3
3
x3 y3
∴ Solution is given by u + F(y) = C or – axy + =C
3 3
⇒ x3 – 3axy + y3 = C1, where C1 = 3C.
5. Solve the differential equation :
[cos x tan y + cos (x + y)] dx + [sin x sec2 y + cos (x + y)]dy = 0
Sol. Here, M = cos x tan y + cos (x + y), N = sin x sec2 y + cos (x + y)
∂M ∂N
∴ = cos x . sec2 y – sin (x + y) =
∂y ∂x
Thus the given equation is exact and its solution is u + F(y) = C, where

u= z [cos x tan y + cos (x + y)]dx = sin x tan y + sin (x + y)

Since there is no term of N which does not contain x, F(y) = 0

Hence solution is u + F(y) = C or sin x tan y + sin (x + y) = C.
dy y cos x + sin y + y
6. Solve : + = 0.
dx sin x + x cos y + x
Sol. The given equation can be written as
(y cos x + sin y + y) dx + (sin x + x cos y + x) dy = 0
Here, M = y cos x + sin y + y, N = sin x + x cos y + x
∂M ∂N
∴ = cos x + cos y + 1 =
∂y ∂x
Thus the given equation is exact and its solution is

z ( y cos x + sin y + y) dx +
y constant
z 0. dy = C

or y sin x + x(sin y + y) = C.
508 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

FG
7. Solve : (1 + ex/y) dx + ex/y . 1 − x dy = 0.IJ
H y K
Sol. We have the equation,

(1 + ex/y)dx + ex/y 1 −
FG x IJ dy = 0 ...(1)
H y K
Comparing it with M dx + N dy = 0, we get

M = 1 + ex/y, N = ex/y 1 −
FG x IJ
H y K
∂M x F I
∴
∂y
= ex/y . − 2
y
GH JK
∂N F 1I F x I
. G− J + G1 − J . e
x/ y 1 −x
∂x
= ex/y
H yK H yK .
y
= 2 . ex/y
y
∂M ∂N
⇒ =
∂y ∂x

z z
Thus the given equation is exact.

Now u= M . dx = (1 + e x / y ) dx
y constant

ex / y
or u=x+ ⇒ u = x + y.ex/y
(1/ y)
Since there is no term in N containing function of y only, the solution may be given by
x + y . ex/y = C, where C is an arbitrary constant.
2 2
8. Solve : (y 2 . e xy + 4x 3 ) dx + (2xy.e xy − 3y 2 ) dy = 0 .
Sol. Comparing it with M.dx + N.dy = 0, we get
2 2
M = y2. e xy + 4x3, N = 2xy . e xy – 3y2
∂M 2 2 2
∴ = y2. e xy .2xy + e xy .2y = 2y e xy (1 + xy2)
∂y
∂N xy 2 2 2
and = 2y(x e .y2 + e xy ) = 2y. e xy (1 + xy2)
∂x
∂M ∂N
Since = , given equation is exact.
∂y ∂x
∴ Solution of the given equation is given by u + F(y) = C, where

z z
2
2 e xy
u= M . dx = ( y2 . e xy + 4 x3 ) dx = y2 . + x4
y2
y constant
2
or u = e xy + x4

Hence the solution is u + F(y) = C

F(y) = z (– 3y2) dy = – y3

2
⇒ e xy + x4 – y3 = C, where C is an arbitrary constant.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 509

y y
9. Solve : x cos (ydx + xdy) = y sin (xdy – ydx)
x x
xdy + ydx FG x dy – y dx IJ
y
Sol. Given equation can be re-written as
xy H x K
= tan
x 2

y F yI F yI
. d GH JK = d G log sec J
or d(log xy) = tan
x x H xK
On integrating both sides, we obtain
FG y IJ – log C FG y IJ
log (xy) = log sec
H xK ⇒ C . xy = sec
H xK
where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
xdy − ydx
10. Solve : xdx + y dy + = 0.
x 2 + y2
Sol. Given equation can be re-written as
xdy – ydx
1
(2x dx + 2y dy) + x2
2 = 0
2 FG IJ
y
1+
H Kx
F yI
Fx 2
+ y2 I + d GH x JK Fx 2
+ y2 I + d F tan y I = 0
⇒ d GH 2 JK F yI 2 =0 ⇒ d GH 2 JK GH −1
xK
J
1+ G J
H xK
Each term of this equation is an exact differential. Hence integrating each term separately, the
x 2 + y2 FG y IJ = C where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
required solution is
2
+ tan–1
H xK
11. Find the value of λ for which the differential equation (xy2 + λx2y)dx + (x + y)x2dy = 0 is exact.
Hence solve.
Sol. We have,(xy2 + λx2y)dx + (x + y)x2dy = 0
Comparing with M.dx + N.dy = 0, we get
M = xy2 + λx2y, N = (x + y)x2
∂M ∂N
⇒ = 2xy + λ . x2 and = 3x2 + 2xy
∂y ∂x
For the given equation to be exact, we should have
2xy + λx2 = 3x2 + 2xy or λ = 3.
⇒ M = xy2 + 3x2y, N = (x + y)x2

Now, u=
z
y constant
M. dx =
z ( xy2 + 3 x2 y) dx =
y constant
x2
2
. y2 + x 3 . y

Since there is no term in N containing function of y only hence the solution is

x2
u = C or . y2 + x 3 . y = C, where C is an arbitrary constant.
2
510 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

12. Solve the equation : (2x2 + 3y2 – 7)xdx – (3x2 + 2y2 – 8)ydy = 0. (U.P.T.U., 2005)
Sol. Given equation can be written as
x dx 3 x2 + 2 y2 − 8
=
y dy 2 x 2 + 3 y2 − 7
Applying Componendo and Dividendo rule,

x dx + y dy 5 x2 + 5 y2 − 15
= or
x dx + y . dy LM
x 2 + y2 − 3
=5 2
OP
x dx − y dy x 2 − y2 − 1 x dx − y . dy MN
x − y2 − 1 PQ
x dx + y dy 5( xdx − y. dy)
or =
2 2
x + y −3 x 2 − y2 − 1
F
1 2 xdx + 2 ydy I F
5 2 xdx − 2 ydy I
⇒ GH 2 2
2 x + y −3
= JK GH
2 x 2 − y2 − 1 JK
1 5
⇒ d {log ( x2 + y2 − 3)} = d {log ( x2 − y2 − 1)}
2 2
⇒ d {log (x2 + y2 – 3)} = 5d {log (x2 – y2 – 1)}
Integration gives
log (x2 + y2 – 3) = 5 log (x2 – y2 – 1) + log C
⇒ x2 + y2 – 3 = C log (x2 – y2 – 1)5
where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
x 2
13. Solve the differential equation : (sec x tan x tan y – e )dx + sec x sec y dy = 0.
Sol. Comparing the given equation with
M.dx + N.dy = 0, we have
M = sec x tan x tan y – ex, N = sec x . sec2 y
∂M ∂N
∴ = sec x tan x . sec2 y, = sec x . tan x . sec2 y
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
∴ =
∂y ∂x
Thus the given differential equation is exact.

z z
∴ Solution is given by u + F(y) = C, where

u= M. dx = (sec x tan x tan y − e x ) dx

y constant y constant

or u = sec x tan y – ex
Since there is no term in N containing function of y only, hence the solution is
u=C
or sec x . tan y – ex = C, where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
2 2 2
14. Solve : (2xy cos x – 2xy + 1)dx + (sin x – x )dy = 0.
Sol. Comparing the given equation with
M.dx + N.dy = 0, we have
M = 2xy cos x2 – 2xy + 1, N = sin x2 – x2
∂M ∂N
= 2 x cos x2 – 2x, = 2x . cos x2 – 2x
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
i.e., = .
∂y ∂x
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 511

z z
Thus, the given differential equation is exact. Its solution is given by u + F(y) = C, where

u= M . dx = (2 xy cos x2 − 2 xy + 1) dx
y constant y constant
or u = y sin x2 – x2y + x
Since there is no term in N containing function of y only, hence the solution is given by
u = C or y sin x2 – x2y + x = C, where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
15. Solve the differential equation : (x2 + y2 – a2) xdx + (x2 – y2 – b2) ydy = 0.
Sol. On comparing with M.dx + N.dy = 0, we get
M = (x2 + y2 – a2)x, N = (x2 – y2 – b2)y
∂M ∂N
= 2yx =
∂y ∂x
⇒ Given equation is exact.
∴ Solution of the given equation is given by u + F(y) = C, where

u=
z
y constant
M . dx =
z
y constant
( x2 + y2 − a2 ) x . dx =
x4
4
+
x 2 y 2 a2 x 2
2
−
2

and F(y) =
Hence solution is given by
z N.dy = z ( – y3 – b2y) dy = –
y4 b2 y2
4
−
2

x4 x 2 y 2 a2 x 2 y4 b2 y2
+ − – − = C ⇒ x4 + 2x2y2 – 2a2x2 – y4 – 2b2y2 = C
4 2 2 4 2
where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.

LM FG 1IJ OP
N H
16. Solve : y 1 +
K
+ cos y dx + (x + log x – x sin y)dy = 0.
x Q
Sol. On comparing with M.dx + N.dy = 0, we have
FG 1 IJ + cos y,
M = y 1+
H x K N = x + log x – x sin y

∂M 1 ∂N 1
=1+ – sin y, =1+ – sin y
∂y x ∂x x
∂M ∂N
∴ = .
∂y ∂x
Thus the given equation is exact. Solution is given by
u + F(y) = C

where u= z
y constant
M . dx =
z
y constant
RS y FG 1 + 1IJ + cos yUV dx
T H xK W
or u = y {x + log x} + x cos y
Since there is no term in N containing function of y only, the solution is given by u = C
⇒ y(x + log x) + x cos y = C, where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
2 2 2
17. Solve the differential equation : (2xy + y – tan y)dx + (x – x tan y + sec y)dy = 0.
(M.D.U., May 2007)
Sol. On comparing the given equation with M.dx + N.dy = 0, we have
M = 2xy + y – tan y, N = x2 – x tan2 y + sec2 y
512 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂M ∂N ∂M
= 2x + 1 – sec2 y = 2x – tan2 y, = 2x – tan2 y = .
∂y ∂x ∂y
Therefore, the given differential equation is exact.
Solution is given by u + F(y) = C, where

u=
z M . dx =
y constant
z (2 xy + y − tan y) dx = yx2 + y.x – tan y . x
y constant

or u = x2y + x(y – tan y)

and F(y) = z N(only terms not containing x) dy =

Hence the solution of the given differential equation is

z sec2 y . dy = tan y

x2y + xy – x tan y + tan y = C, where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.

2 2 2 2
18. Solve : (x – 4xy – 2y )dx + (y – 4xy – 2x )dy = 0
Sol. On comparing the given equation with M.dx + N.dy = 0, we have
M = x2 – 4xy – 2y2, N = y2 – 4xy – 2x2
∂M ∂N ∂M
∴ = – 4x – 4y, = – 4y – 4x = .
∂y ∂x ∂y

z z
Therefore, the given differential equation is exact. Its solution is given by u + F(y) = C, where

u= M . dx = ( x2 − 4 xy − 2 y2 ) dx
y constant y constant

x3
or u= – 2x2y – 2xy2
3

and F(y) = z (terms of N not containing x) dy =

3
z y2dy or
y3
3
x3 y
∴ The solution is – 2x2y – 2xy2 + =C
3 3
⇒ x3 – 6x2y – 6xy2 + y3 = 3C or x3 + y3 – 6xy(x + y) = C1
where C1 is an arbitrary constant of integration.
2 2 2 3
19. Solve : (3x + 6xy )dx + (6x y + 4y )dy = 0.
Sol. On comparing the given equation with M.dx + N.dy = 0, we have
M = 3x2 + 6xy2, N = 6x2y + 4y3
∂M ∂N
∴ = 12xy = .
∂y ∂x
Therefore, the given differential equation is exact.
Its solution is given by u + F(y) = C, where

u=
z M . dx =
y constant
z (3 x2 + 6 xy2 ) dx
y constant

⇒ u = x3 + 3x2y2

and F(y) = z (terms of N not containing x) dy = z 4y3. dy = y4

Hence the solution is x3 + 3x2y2 + y4 = C, where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 513

a 2 (x dy − y dx)
20. Solve : x dx + y dy = (U.P.T.U., 2005)
x2 + y2

a2 ( x dy − y dx)
Sol. The given equation is x dx + y dy – =0 ...(1)
x 2 + y2
x dy − y dx FG
= d tan −1
yIJ
Since
x 2 + y2 H x K ...(2)

F
. d G tan −1 y IJ = 0
We may re-write equation (1) as x dx + y dy – a2
H x K
x2 y2 y
On integrating it, we get + – a2 tan–1 =C
2 2 x
FG y IJ = C , where C
or x2 + y2 – 2a2 tan–1
H xK 1 1 = 2C is the solution.
3
21. Solve : y dx – x dy + 3x2y2 e x dx = 0.
Sol. Dividing the given equation throughout by y2, we get
ydx – xdy 3 FG x IJ + d( e x3
y 2
+ 3x2 . e x . dx = 0 or d
H yK )= 0

This is an exact equation.

x 3
On integrating, we obtain + e x = C, where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
y

1
This is the solution of the given diff. equation which was made exact after multiplying by
y2
(a suitable factor called the integrating factor).

22. Solve : x dy – y dx = x x 2 − y 2 . dx
Sol. The given equation can be written as
x dy − y dx
F yI
1− G J
2
x2
x dy – y dx = x2
H xK . dx or
y
= dx
FG IJ
2
...(1)
1−
x H K
1
We know that, d(sin–1 θ) = . dθ
1 − θ2
y x dy − y dx
Let θ= ∴ dθ = d(y/x) =
x x2
–1
⇒ L.H.S. of equation (1) is exact differential of sin (y/x).

LM −1 FG y IJ OP = dx which is exact.
or d sin
N H xKQ
On integrating it, we obtain
sin–1 y/x = x + C or y/x = sin (x + C) ⇒ y = x sin (x + C)
is the required solution, where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
514 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

23. Solve the D.E. : x dy – y dx = (x2 + y2) dx (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)

Sol. x dy – ydx = (x2 + y2)dx
x dy − ydx
= dx
( x 2 + y2 )

d tan −1
LM FG y IJ OP − dx = 0
N H xKQ
On integration, we get –1
F yI
tan GH JK – x = c.
x
24. Solve : (x3ex – my2)dx + m xy dy = 0
1 1
Sol. Integrating factor by inspection is 3 . So multiplying the given equation by ,
x x3
we obtain

F e − my I dx + m . y = 0 or e – m R| y − xy dx dy U
S| x |V| = 0
2
2
GH x JK
x
x 3 2
x
3

T W
R| xy − x y dy U|
2 R| − 2 xy + 2 x y dy U|
2 2 2

or ex –mS V
dx = 0 e + 1 m
S V|
dx = 0 x

|T x |W 2 |T
4
x
W
4

dy
Now,
Fy I x
d G J=
2
2
. 2y
dx
− y2 . 2 x

Hx K 2
x4

1 RS d ( y /x )UV = 0
2 2
∴ We have ex +
2
m
T dx W
On integrating this equation, we get the solution of the differential equation as
1 y2
ex +m. 2 =C
2 x
where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
25. Solve : y dx – x dy + log x dx = 0.
Sol. Given equation is log x . dx = x dy – y . dx ...(1)
1
Multiplying by we get
x2
1 x dy − y. dx 1
. log x . dx = 2 or . log x . dx = d(y/x)
x 2 x x2
FG y IJ – 1
⇒ d
H xK x 2 . log x . dx = 0 ...(2)

As z 1
(log x) −
x2
dx =
1
x
FG
log x +

∴ Equation (2) may be re-written as

H
1
x
IJ
K
FG 1 log x + 1 IJ = 0
d(y/x) + d
Hx xK
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 515

y 1 1 y 1
On integration, we get + log x + = C ⇒ + (1 + log x) = C
x x x x x
is the solution of the given differential equation, where C is the constant of integration.
26. Solve : x dy – y dx = log y dy
1
Sol. Multiplying by , we get
y2
1 x dy − y dx FG x IJ
y2
log y dy =
y2
=–d
H yK
FG x IJ + 1
∴ d
H yK y2
log y . dy = 0 ...(1)

As z y2
1

x
log y dy = –
1
y
log y – z 1
y
−
FG IJ
1
y
dy = −
H K
1
y
log y –
1
y
...(2)

1
∴ = − (log y + 1) + C ⇒ x = – log y – 1 + Cy
y y
is the solution, where C is the constant of integration.
Hence x = – log y – 1 + Cy.
27. Solve : x2y dx – (x3 + y3)dy = 0
Sol. The given equation is x2 y dx – (x3 + y3) dy = 0 ...(1)
Comparing it with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we get
M = x2y, N = – (x3 + y3)
∂M ∂N ∂M ∂ N
∴ = x2, = – 3x2 ∵ ≠ , equation (1) is not exact.
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
But equation (1) is homogeneous in x and y.
Moreover Mx + Ny = (x2y) . x + {– (x3 + y3)} y = x3y – x3y – y4 = – y4 ≠ 0.
1 1
∴ Integrating factor = =− 4
Mx + Ny y

1 − x2 Fx 3
1 I dy = 0
Multiplying (1) by –
y 4
, it becomes 3
y
. dx + GH y 4
+
y JK ...(2)

Now comparing with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we get

x2 x3 1
M= − , N= +
y 3 y4 y
∂M 3 x2 ∂N 3 x2
∴ = 4 , = 4
∂y y ∂x y
∂M ∂N
∵ =
∂y ∂x
∴ Equation (2) is an exact differential equation.

Now, u= z M . dx =
z F − x I dx = − x
GH y JK3
2

3y
3
3

z z
y constant y constant
1
and F(y) = (terms in N not containing x) dy = . dy = log y
y
x3
Hence the solution is u + F(y) = C ⇒ – + log y = C, where C is an arbitrary constant.
3 y3
516 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

28. Solve : (x2y – 2xy2)dx – (x3 – 3x2y) dy = 0

Sol. The given equation is homogeneous in x and y with
M = x2y – 2xy2 and N = – x3 + 3x2y
Now, Mx + Ny = x3y – 2x2y2 – x2y + 3x2y2 = x2y2 ≠ 0
1 1
∴ Integrating Factor = = 2 2
Mx + Ny x y
1
Multiplying the given equation throughout by , it becomes
x 2 y2
FG 1 − 2 IJ dx − F x − 3 I dy = 0 which is exact.
H y x K GH y y JK 2

Its solution is z
y constant
y z
FG 1 − 2 IJ dx + 3 dy = C or x – 2 log x + 3 log y = C
H y xK y

where C is the constant of integration.

29. Solve : y(y2 – 2x2)dx + x(2y2 – x2)dy = 0
Sol. Comparing the given equation with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we get
M = y3 – 2x2y, N = 2xy2 – x3
∂M ∂N
= 3y2 – 2x2, = 2y2 – 3x2
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
∴ ≠ .
∂y ∂x
∴ Given differential equation is not exact, but it is homogeneous in x and y.
Also Mx + Ny = x(y3 – 2x2y) + y(2xy2 – x3) = 3xy (y2 – x2)
1 1
∴ I.F. (Integrating Factor) = =
Mx + Ny 3 xy( y2 − x 2 )
Multiplying the given equation y(y2 – 2x2)dx + x(2y2 – x2)dy = 0 by I.F., we get
y( y2 − 2 x2 ) x(2 y2 − x 2 )
. dx + dy = 0
3 xy( y2 − x2 ) 3 xy( y2 − x 2 )
( y2 − 2 x 2 ) 2 y2 − x 2
⇒ 2 2
. dx + . dy = 0
x( y − x ) y( y2 − x2 )
1 x 1 y
⇒ . dx − 2 2
. dx + . dy + 2 . dy = 0
x y −x y y − x2

1 1 F
1 2 ydy − 2 xdx I
⇒
x
. dx + . dy +
y 2 y2 − x 2
GH =0 JK
1
⇒ d (log x) + d(log y) + d {log (y2 – x2)} = 0
2
⇒ d (log x) + d(log y) + d(log y2 − x2 ) = d(log C)

On integration, we get log x + log y + log y2 − x2 = log C

2 2
or xy y − x = C
where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 517

30. Solve : y(xy + 2x2y2)dx + x(xy – x2y2) dy = 0

Sol. The given equation is of the form
f1(xy) y dx + f2(xy) . x dy = 0
1
The rule is that is an I.F. of such differential equation provided Mx – Ny ≠ 0.
Mx − Ny
Here, M = xy2 + 2x2y3, N = x2y – x3y2
Mx – Ny = x2y2 + 2x3y3 – x2y2 + x3y3 = 3x3y3 ≠ 0.
1
∴ I.F. =
3 x 3 y3
1
Multiplying the given equation by throughout, the given equation becomes
3 x 3 y3
F 1 + 2 I dx + F 1 1 I dy = 0
GH 3x y 3x JK GH 3xy
2 2
−
3y JK
which is exact differential equation.
Its solution is u + F(y) = C, where

u= z F 1 + 2 I dx = – 1 + 2 log x
GH 3x y 3 x JK
y constant
2 3 xy 3

F(y) = z (Terms in N not containing x) dy =

H 3y K z
FG − 1 IJ dy = – 1 log y
3
1 2 1 1
⇒ – + log x – log y = C or – + 2 log x – log y = C1, where C1 = 3C,
3 xy 3 3 xy
is the solution of the given differential equation.
2 2
31. Solve : (y – xy ) dx – (x + x y)dy = 0.
Sol. The given equation is (y – xy2)dx – (x + x2y)dy = 0 ...(1)
Comparing with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we get
M = y – xy2, N = – x – x2y
∂M ∂N
∴ = 1 – 2xy, = – 1 – 2xy
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
∵ ≠ , Equation (1) is not exact.
∂y ∂x
But M = y(1 – xy), N = – x(1 + xy)
the given equation (1) is of the form
yf1(xy)dx + x . f2(xy) dy = 0
Also, Mx – Ny = (y – xy2)x + x(1 + xy)y = 2xy ≠ 0
1 1
∴ I.F. = =
Mx − Ny 2 xy
1
Multiplying (1) throughout by , we obtain
2xy

y − xy2 x + x2 y
. dx – . dy = 0
2 xy 2 xy
518 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

FG
1 1 IJ1 1 FG IJ
or
2 xH− y dx –
K2 y H
+ x dy = 0
K ...(2)

Comparing with M.dx + N.dy = 0, we get

1 1 FG 1 1 IJ FG IJ
M=
2 x H
− y ,N=–
2 y
+x
K H K
∂M 1 ∂N
∴ =– = .
∂y 2 ∂x
⇒ Equation (2) is an exact differential equation.
Solution of equation (2) is given by
u + F(y) = C

where, u=
z M . dx =
z FG
1 1
2 xH− y dx =
IJ
1
K
2
(log x – yx)

z
y constant y constant

1 1
and F(y) = – dy = – log y.
2y 2
Hence, the solution is
1 1 FG x IJ – xy = 2C.
2
(log x – yx) –
2
log y = C ⇒ log x – xy – log y = 2C ⇒ log
H yK
1
32. Solve : (xy 2 – e x ) dx − x 2 y dy = 0 .
3

Sol. For the equation Mdx + Ndy = 0,

∂M ∂N
−
= f(x), a function of x only, then ez
∂y ∂x f ( x) dx
(i) If is an I.F.
N

∂N ∂M
−
= g(y), a function of y only, then ez
∂x ∂y g ( y) dy
(ii) If is an I.F.
M
In the given equation, on comparing with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we have
1
M = xy2 – e x 3 , N = – x2y
∂M ∂N
−
∂y ∂x 2 xy − (− 2 xy) 4
= =–
N − x2 y x
which is a function of x only.

∴ I.F. = e
z −
4
x
dx
= e
− 4 log x
=
1
x4
Fy 1 I
, we get G JJ dx − xy . dy = 0
2
1 1 3

GH x
Multiplying throughout by − e x
x4 3
x4 K 2

which is an exact differential equation.

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 519

The solution of this equation is given by

z
y constant
Fy
GG x
H 3
2
−
1
x4
1
. ex
3
I
JJ dx = C
K
or –
y2
2 x2
+ z FG − 1 IJ e
H xK 4
1
x3 . dx = C

–
y2
2 x2
+
1
3 z FG − 3 IJ e
H xK 4
1
x3 . dx = C

1 3
Put = t, − dx = dt
x3 x4

Then second term =

1
3
et dt =

Hence the solution is given by

1
3
. et z
1 1
y2 1 x3 3 y2 3
– 2
+
e = C or − 2
+ 2 e x = C1 where C1 = 6C.
2x 3 x
33. Solve : (xy3 + y)dx + 2(x2y2 + x + y4)dy = 0
Sol. Comparing the given equation with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we have
M = xy3 + y, N = 2x2y2 + 2x + 2y4
∂N ∂M
−
∂x ∂y 4 xy2 + 2 − 3 xy2 − 1 xy2 + 1 1
= = 2
=
M 3 y( xy + 1) y
xy + y
which is a function of y only.

∴ I.F. = e
y
= elog y = y
z 1
dy

Multiplying the given equation throughout by y, we have

(xy4 + y2)dx + 2(x2y3 + xy + y5)dy = 0
which is exact differential equation.
Its solution is given by

z ( xy4 + y2 ) dx +
y constant
z 2y5 . dy = C or
x 2 y4
2
+ xy2 +
y6
3
=C

where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.

4 3 4
34. Solve the D.E. (y + 2y) dx + (xy + 2y – 4x) dy = 0 (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
Sol. Compare with Mdx + Ndy = 0
M = y4 + 2y, N = xy3 + 2y4 – 4x
∂M ∂N
= 4y3 + 2, = y3 – 4
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
∴ ≠
∂y ∂x
The given D.E. is not exact.
520 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂N ∂M
Now, − = – 3y3 – 6 = – 3 (y3 + 2)
∂x ∂y
∂N ∂M
−
∂x ∂y − 3 ( y3 + 2) 3
∴ = 3
=−
M y ( y + 2) y

∴ I.F. = e
z −3
y
dy
= e–3 log y =
1
y3
Multiplying the given D.E. with I.F.,

F y + 2 I dx + F x + 2 y − 4 x I dy = 0
GH y JK GH
2
y K
J 3

This is exact D.E. and its solution is given by

z
y constant
F y + 2 I dx +
GH y JK 2 z 2 y dy = c

Fy + 2 I x + y
⇒ GH y JK
2
2 = c is the solution of the given D.E.

35. Solve : (y log y)dx + (x – log y)dy = 0

Sol. The given equation is (y log y)dx + (x – log y)dy = 0 ...(1)
Comparing with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we get
M = y log y, N = x – log y
∂M 1 ∂N
∴ =y. + log y = 1 + log y, =1
∂y y ∂x
∂M ∂N
∵ ≠ ,
∂y ∂x
∴ Equation (1) is not exact

1 FG ∂N − ∂M IJ = 1 (1 – 1 – log y) = – 1
Now,
M H ∂x ∂y K y log y y

∴ I.F. = e
z FGH −
1
y
IJ
K
dy
= e− log y
=
1
y
1
Multiplying equation (1) throughout by , we get
y

FG x − log y IJ dy = 0
(log y) dx +
H y K ...(2)

Again comparing equation (2) with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we get

x log y
M = log y, N = −
y y
∂M 1 ∂N 1 ∂M ∂N
∴ = , = i.e., =
∂y y ∂x y ∂y ∂x
∴ Equation (2) is an exact differential equation.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 521

z z
Its solution is given by u = F(y) + C, where

u= M. dx = log y . dx = x log y

zF
y constant y constant

F(y) = (terms in N not containing x) dy

= z GH −
log y
y
IJ dy = – 1 (log y)
K 2
2

1
Hence the solution is x log y – (log y)2 = C, where C is an arbitrary constant.
2

FG y + 1 y 3 1 2 IJ1
(1 + y2) x dy = 0
36. Solve :
H 3 +
2
x dx +
K4
(M.D.U., May 2007)

Sol. The given equation is

FG y + 1 y 3 1 2 1 IJ
H 3 +
2
x dx +
4 K
(1 + y2)x dy = 0 ...(1)

On comparing with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we have

1 3 1 2 1
M=y+ y + x ,N= (1 + y2)x
3 2 4
∂M ∂N 1
= 1 + y2, = (1 + y2)
∂y ∂x 4
∂M ∂N
∵ ≠
∂y ∂x
∴ Equation (1) is not exact
1
FG
1 ∂M ∂N IJ (1 + y2 ) −
4
(1 + y2 )
3
Now,
H
N ∂y
−
∂x
=
K 1 2
(1 + y ) x
=
x
= f(x)
4

∴ I.F. = e =e x z f ( x) dx z 3
. dx
= e3 log x = x3
Multiplying equation (1) by x3 throughout, we get
FG yx
1 3 3 1 5
3 1 IJ
H
3
+
y x + x dx +
2 4
(1 + y2)x4dy = 0
K ...(2)

Comparing with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we have

1 3 3 1 5 1
M = yx3 + yx + x , N= (1 + y2)x4
3 2 4
∂M ∂N ∂M
∴ = x3 + x3y2 = x3(1 + y2), = x3(1 + y2) =
∂y ∂x ∂y
∴ Equation (2) is exact differential.
Its solution is given by u + F(y) = C, where

u=
z M . dx =
z FG yx
H
3
+
1 3 3 1 5
3
y x + x dx =
2
yx 4
4
+ IJ
y3 x 4
K
12
+
x6
12

z
y constant y constant

and F(y) = (terms in N not containing x) dy

522 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Since there is no term in N containing function of y only, the solution is u = C

yx 4 y3 x 4 x6
⇒ + + = C, where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
4 12 12
37. Solve : 2ydx + x (2 log x – y) dy = 0.
Sol. The given equation is 2ydx + x(2 log x – y) dy = 0 ...(1)
Here, M = 2y, N = x(2 log x – y)
∂M ∂N 1 FG IJ
∴
∂y
= 2,
∂x x H
= 2 x . + log x – y = 2 (1 + log x) – y
K
∂M ∂N
∵ ≠ ,
∂y ∂x
∴ Equation (1) is not exact
1 FG ∂M − ∂N IJ = 1 1
Now,
N H ∂y ∂x K x(2 log x − y) (– 2 log x + y) = – x = f(x)
∴ I.F. = e z f ( x) dx
=e
− z dx
x = e− log x =
1
x
1 2y
Multiplying equation (1) by , we get dx + (2 log x – y) dy = 0 ...(2)
x x
2y
Here, M= , N = 2 log x – y
x
∂M 2 ∂N 2 ∂M ∂N
= , = ∵ =
∂y x ∂x x ∂y ∂x
∴ Equation (2) is exact

z z
Solution of equation (2) is given by u + F(y) = C, where
2y
u= M . dx = . dx = 2y log x
x

z z
y constant y constant

y2
F(y) = (terms in N not containing x) dy = – y . dy = –
2
2
y
Hence the solution is 2y log x – = C, where C is an arbitrary constant.
2
38. Solve : y (2xy + ex) dx – ex dy = 0
Sol. On comparing with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we have
M = 2xy2 + yex, N = e–x
1 LM ∂N − ∂M OP = − 2(2xy + e ) = − 2 = g(y) i.e., a function of y only.
x

M N ∂x ∂y Q y(2xy + e ) y x

∴ I.F. = e
z g ( y) dy
=e
z −
2
y
dy
= e− 2 log y
=
1
y2
1
Multiplying the given differential equation with throughout, we get
y2
ex ex
2x . dx + dx – 2 . dy = 0
y y
ex
d(x2) + d(ex/y) = 0 ⇒ x2 + = C is the solution.
y
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 523

39. Solve the D.E. (3x2y4 + 2xy)dx + (2x3y3 – x2)dy = 0. (M.D.U., May 2009)
Sol. M =3x2y4 + 2xy, N = 2x3y3 – x2
∂M ∂N
= 12x2y3 + 2x, = 6x2y3 – 2x
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
∴ ≠
∂y ∂x
Given D.E. is not exact.
∂N ∂M
−
∂x ∂y − 6 x 2 y3 − 4 x − 2 x (3 xy3 + 2) 2
= = =−
M 2 4
3 x y + 2 xy 3
xy (3 xy + 2) y

∴ I.F. is e
z −
2
y
dy
= e–2 log y =
1
y2
1
Multiplying the given D.E. with , we get
y2
3 x 2 y4 + 2 xy 2 x3 y3 − x 2
2
. dx + . dy = 0
y y2

z z
which is exact
F 3x y + 2 xy I dx + 0 = C
2 4
∴ The solution is GH y JK 2

z
y constant
FG 3x y + 2x IJ dx = C
2 2
or
H
y constant
yK

x2
x3 y2 + = C is the solution.
y
40. Solve : (1 + xy)y dx + (1 – xy) x dy = 0.
Sol. Given equation is of the form f1(xy) y dx + f2(xy) x dy = 0.
1
We know that if Mdx + Ndy = 0 is of this form, then is an I.F. provided
Mx − Ny
Mx – Ny ≠ 0
Comparing the given equation (1 + xy) y dx + (1 – xy) x dy = 0 with M dx + N dy = 0, we get
M = y + xy2, N = x – x2y
∴ Mx – Ny = xy + x2y2 – xy + x2y2 = 2x2y2 ≠ 0
1
∴ I.F. =
2 x 2 y2
1
Multiplying throughout by , the given equation becomes
2 x 2 y2
y + xy2 x − x2 y F 1 + 1 I dx + F 1 1I
2x y2 2
. dx +
2x y 2 2
dy = 0 or GH 2x y 2x JK GH 2xy
2 2
−
2yJK
dy = 0

Its solution is

z FGH
2x y
1
2
+
1
2x
I
JK
dx +

1
1
2y
x
z FGH
dy = C ⇒ – −
1
2xy
+
IJ
2
1
K log x –

FG IJ
1
2
log y = C

–
xy
+ log
y
= 2C
H K
is the solution, where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
524 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

41. Solve : (x2y2 + xy + 1)y dx + (x2y2 – xy + 1) x dy = 0 (M.D.U., May 2008, Dec., 2009)
Sol. On comparing the given equation with
M.dx + N.dy = 0, we have
M = (x2y2 + xy + 1) y = x2y3 + xy2 + y, N = (x2y2 – xy + 1) x = x3y2 – x2y + x
1
Since the given equation M.dx + N.dy is of the form f1(xy) ydx + f2(xy) x dy = 0, is an I.F.
Mx − Ny
provided Mx – Ny ≠ 0.
Mx – Ny = (x3y3 + x2y2 + xy) – (x3y3 – x2y2 + xy) = 2x2y2 ≠ 0.
1
I.F. =
2 x 2 y2
1
Multiplying the given equation with throughout, we get
2 x 2 y2
F y + 1 + 1 I dx + F x − 1 + 1 I dy = 0
GH 2 2x 2x y JK GH 2 2 y 2xy JK
2 2

Its solution is given by u + F(y) = C, where

u= z
y constant
F y + 1 + 1 I dx = xy + 1 log x − 1
GH 2 2 x 2 x y JK 2 2 2 2 xy

1
F(y) = z FG − 1 IJ dy = – 1 log y
H 2yK 2
xy 1 1 1
⇒ + log x − – log y = C or xy + log (x/y) – = 2C = C1
2 2 2 xy 2 xy
where C is an arbitrary constant.
42. Solve : (3xy – 2ay2) dx + (x2 – 2axy) dy = 0.
Sol. On comparing with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we get from the given equation
M = 3xy – 2ay2, N = x2 – 2axy

FG
1 ∂M ∂N IJ
(3 x − 4 ay) − (2 x − 2ay) 1
Now,
N ∂y H
−
∂x
=
Kx2 − 2 axy
=
x
which is a function of x only.

∴ I.F. = e x
z 1
. dx
= e log x = x
Multiplying throughout by x the given equation, we get
(3x2y – 2axy2) dx + (x3 – 2ax2y) dy = 0, which is an exact equation.

z z
Its solution is given by u + F(y) = C

where u= M . dx = (3 x 2 y − 2 axy2 ) dx
y constant y constant
or u= – x3y ay2x2
and since N does not have any term containing y only, F(y) = 0
Hence solution is x3y – ay2x2 =– C ⇒ x2(ay2 – xy) = C.
43. Solve : (x4ex – 2mxy2) dx + 2mx2y dy = 0.
Sol. On comparing the given equation with Mdx + Ndy = 0, we have
M = x4ex – 2mxy2, N = 2mx2y
∂M ∂N
∴ = – 4mxy, = 4mxy
∂y ∂x
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 525

∂M ∂N
Since ≠ , given differential equation is not exact.
∂y ∂x
FG
1 ∂M ∂N IJ
− 8mxy 4
Now,
H
N ∂y
−
∂x
=
K 2
2mx y
=−
x
= f(x)

which is a function of x only

∴ I.F. = e z f ( x) dx
=e
−4 z dx
x = e− 4 log x =
1
x4
1
Multiplying the given differential equation throughout by , we get
x4
Fe I dx + 2my . dy = 0
2my2
GH x
− JK
x3 x 2

R| − 2 y x + 2 x y dy U|
e – 2m S
|R y − y . dy |UV = 0
2
+mS
2 2

V|
dx = 0
T| x x dx W|
or x or ex
3 2
|T x 4

W
R| x . 2 y dy − (2 x) y U|
2 2
Fy I =0
2
+mS V| = 0 GH x JK
dx d
or ex ⇒ ex + m .
|T ( 2 2
x )
W
dx 2

FG y IJ 2
On integrating term by term it gives, ex + m
H xK = C, where C is an arbitrary constant of

integration.
This is the solution of the given differential equation.
2 2 3
44. Solve : (y + 2x y)dx + (2x – xy) dy = 0.
Sol. The given differential equation is (y2 + 2x2y) dx + (2x3 – xy) dy = 0
This can be re-written as x2(2ydx + 2xdy) + y(ydx – xdy) = 0
which is of the form xayb(mydx + nxdy) + xcyd (pydx + qxdy) = 0
⇒ a = 2, b = 0, m = 2, n = 2, c = 0, d = 1, p = 1, q = – 1
which are all constants.
h k
I.F. for the equation of this form is x .y , where h and k are so chosen that after multiplication by
h k
x .y , the equation becomes exact.
The values of h and k can be determined from the relations
a+h+1 b+k+1 c+h+1 d+k+1
= and =
m n p q
3+h k+1 h+1 k+2
This implies that = and = or h – k = – 2
2 2 1 −1
h+k=–3
⇒ h = – 5/2, k = – 1/2
∴ I.F. is x –5/2 .y–1/2

Now multiplying the given differential equation by x–5/2 . y–1/2, we get

(x–5/2 . y3/2 + 2 . x–1/2 . y1/2) dx + (2x1/2 y–1/2 – x–3/2 y1/2) dy = 0
which is an exact equation.
526 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Its solution is given by u = C, where

u=
z ( x −5 / 2 y3 / 2 + 2 x −1/2 y1/2 ) dx
y constant

FG 2 −3 / 2 IJ 2 FG y IJ 3/ 2
= y3/2 −
H 3
.x + y1/2 (4 x 1/ 2 ) = 4 xy −
K 3 H xK
Here F(y) = 0 since N does not contain any term having y only.

2 FG y IJ 3/ 2
Hence, the solution is given by 4 xy −
3 H xK = C.
2 2 3 2 3 2
45. Solve : (xy + 2x y )dx + (x y – x y )dy = 0.
Sol. Rewriting the given equation as
xy2dx + x2ydy + 2x2y3dx – x3y2dy = 0
or xy(ydx + xdy) + x2y2(2ydx – xdy) = 0
Comparing this with
xayb (mydx + nxdy) + xcyd(pydx + qxdy) = 0
We have, a = b = 1, m = n = 1, c = d = 2, p = 2, q = – 1 which are all constants.
a+h+1 b+k+1 c+h+1 d+k+1
I.F. = xh yk, where = , =
m n p q
⇒ h – k = 0, h + 2k + 9 = 0
⇒ h = k = – 3. ∴ I.F. = 1/x3y3
1
Multiplying the given differential equation by , we get
x 3 y3

F 1 + 2 I dx + F 1 1 I
GH x y x JK GH xy
2 2
−
y JK
dy = 0

which is an exact equation.

Its solution is given by u + F(y) = C, where

u=
z
y constant
F 1 + 2 I dx , F(y) =
GH x y x JK
2 z –
1
y
. dy

1
i.e., u=– + 2 log x, F(y) = – log y
xy

1
⇒ Solution is 2 log x – log y – =C
xy
where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
2 2 3
46. Solve : (2x y + y)dx + (3x – x y)dy = 0.
2 2 3
Sol. The equation can be written as 2x y dx – x y dy + ydx + 3x dy = 0
x2y (2ydx – xdy) + (ydx + 3xdy) = 0
Comparing with x y (mydx + nx dy) + xcyd (pydx + qxdy) = 0
a b

We have, a = 2, b = 1, m = 2, n = – 1, c = 0, d = 0
p = 1, q = 3 which are all constants.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 527

Therefore, it has an I.F. of the form xhyk, where h and k are determined from the relations
a+h+1 b+k+1 c+h+1 d+k+1
= and =
m n p q
h+3 k+2 h+1 k+1
⇒ = and =
2 −1 1 3
⇒ h + 2k + 7 = 0 and 3h – k + 2 = 0
Solving these 2 equations we obtain
11 19
11 19 − −
7 7
h=– and k = – ∴ I.F. = x y
7 7
11 19
− −
Multiplying the given equation by x 7 y 7 , we have

(2 x3 / 7 y− 5 / 7 + x − 11/7 y− 12 / 7 ) dx + (3 x − 4 / 7 y− 19 / 7 − x10 / 7 y−12 / 7 ) dy = 0

which is exact.

The solution is z
y constant
(2 x 7 y
3
−
5
7 +x
−
11
7 y
−
12
7 ) dx = c

10 5 4 12
− 20
− −
⇒ 4x 7 y 7 − 5x 7
c. y 7 = C, where C =
7
x
47. Eliminate the arbitrary constants A and B from the equation y = e (A cos x + B sin x) and obtain
the differential equation.
Sol.We have the relation y = ex(A cos x + B sin x) ...(1)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we have
dy
= ex (A cos x + B sin x) + ex (– A sin x + B cos x)
dx
= y + ex (– A sin x + B cos x) ...(2)
Differentiating again w.r.t. x, we have
d2 y dy
= + ex (– A sin x + B cos x) + ex (– A cos x – B sin x)
dx2 dx
dy dy FG IJ
=
dx
+
dx
− y –y
H K [Using (1) and (2)]

d2 y dy
⇒ –2 + 2y = 0 is the required differential equation.
dx 2 dx

dy 1 + y2
48. Solve : =
dx 1 + x2

dy dx
Sol. Separating the variables, we have =
1 + y2 1 + x2
Integrating both sides, it gives tan–1 y = tan–1 x + tan–1 C, where
tan–1 C is an arbitrary constant of integration
FG y − x IJ = tan y−x
tan–1 y – tan–1 x = tan–1 C ⇒ tan–1
H 1 + xy K
⇒ –1 C ⇒ =C
1 + xy
or y – x = C(1 + xy) is the required solution of the given differential equation.
528 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

49. Solve : sec2 x tan y dx + sec2 y tan x dy = 0.

sec2 x sec2 y
Sol. Separating the variables, we get . dx + . dy = 0
tan x tan y
On integrating, we get log tan x + log tan y = log C
where log C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
⇒ log tan x tan y =log C ⇒ tan x tan y = C
which is the required solution.
dy
50. Solve : = ex–y + x2 . e–y.
dx
dy
Sol. Given equation is = ex–y + x2 . e–y
dx
Multiplying both sides by ey, we have
dy
ey
= ex + x2 ⇒ ey dy = (ex + x2) dx
dx
On integration, it gives

x3
ey = ex + + C, where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
3
dy FG y 2 dy IJ
51. Solve : y – x
dx
=a
H +
dx K
dy dy dy
Sol. We have y – x = ay2 + a or (x + a) = y – ay2 = y(1 – ay)
dx dx dx
dy dx
Separating the variables, we obtain =
y (1 − ay ) x + a

FG 1 + a IJ dx
Resolving the left hand term in partial fractions,
H y 1 − ay K dy =
x+a

Now integrating, we get log y – log (1 – ay) = log (x + a) + log C

where log C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
FG y IJ y
⇒ log
H 1 − ay K = log {C(x + a)} ⇒
1 − ay
= C(x + a) ⇒ y = C(1 – ay)(x + a)

which gives the required solution.

dy x(2 log x + 1)
52. Solve : = [U.P.T.U., B.Pharm. (C.O.), 2005]
dx sin y + y cos y
Sol. The given equation can be written as
(sin y + y cos y) dy = x(2 log x + 1) dx
Integrating both sides, we get

– cos y + y sin y –
z 1 . sin y dy = 2
z (log x) x dx +
x2
2
+C

⇒
– cos y + y sin y + cos y = 2 log x .
Fx I
2
GH 2 JK
1 x2
.
x 2
–2 z
dx +
x2
2
+C

y sin y = x2 log x + C which gives the required solution.

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 529

dy
53. Solve : (x + y + 1)2 . = 1.
dx
Sol. Putting x + y + 1 = t
dy dt dy dt
∴ = 1+ or = –1
dx dx dx dx
∴ The given equation becomes

FG dt − 1IJ dt 1 + t2
t2
H dx K = 1 or
dx
=
t2
t2 F1 − 1 I
⇒
1+t 2 . dt = dx or GH 1 + t JK2 dt = dx

On integrating term by term, we obtain

t – tan–1 t = x + C or (x + y + 1) – tan–1 (x + y + 1) = x + C
or y = tan–1 (x + y + 1) + C′, where C′ = C – 1.
is the solution of the given differential equation.
dy
54. Solve : = cos (x + y) + sin(x + y)
dx

dy dt dy dt
Sol. Let x + y = t then 1+ = ⇒ = –1
dx dx dx dx
The given equation becomes
dt dt
– 1 = cos t + sin t ⇒ = dx
dx 1 + cos t + sin t
| Separating the variables
t
Writing cos t and sin t in terms of tan
2
t t
1 + tan 2 sec2 . dt
dt 2 2
2 t t
= dx ⇒
FG t IJ dt =
FG t IJ = dx

1+
1 − tan
2 +
t
2 tan
2
t
H
2 1 + tan
2 K H
2 1 + tan
2 K
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2
2 2
Now integrating both sides, it gives

FG t IJ RS FG x + y IJ UV = x + C
H
log 1 + tan
2 K =x+C ⇒ log 1 + tan
T H 2 KW
where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
x x 2
55. Solve: 3e tan y dx + (1 + e ) sec y dy = 0, given y = π/4 when x = 0

3e x sec2 y
Sol. The given equation can be written as dx + dy = 0
1 + ex tan y

On integration, we get
3 log (1 + ex) + log tan y = log C ⇒ log (1 + ex)3 tan y = log C
⇒ (1 + ex)3 tan y = C
which is the general solution of the given differential equation.
530 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

π π
When x = 0, y = we have (1 + 1)3 tan =C or C = 8
4 4

∴ The required particular solution is 1 + e x e j 3

tan y = 8 .

dy π
56. Solve : x + cot y = 0 if y = when x = 2
dx 4

dy dx dy sin y
Sol. Given equation is x = – cot y or =– =− . dy
dx x cot y cos y
Integrating both sides, we get
log x + log C = log cos y
1
⇒ log Cx = log cos y or Cx = cos y or x sec y =
C
π
is the general solution of the equation. Given y = when x = 2
4
π 1 1
⇒ 2 sec = or C= . Particular solution is x sec y = 2.
4 C 2
dy
57. Solve : = (4x + y + 1)2
dx
Sol. Putting 4x + y + 1 = t
dy dt dy dt
4+ = or = –4
dx dx dx dx

dt dt dt
Given equation is – 4 = t2 or = t2 + 4 or = dx
dx dx t2 + 4
On integrating, we get
1 t
tan–1 =x+C ⇒ 2 tan (2x + 2C) = 4x + y + 1
2 2
or 4x + y + 1 = 2 tan {2(x + C} is the solution.
dy
58. Solve : = x tan (y – x) + 1
dx
Sol. Putting y – x = t, we get
dy dt
–1=
dx dx
dt dt
∴ Given differential equation is = x tan t or = x dx
dx tan t

x2 x2
Integrating both sides, we obtain log sin t = + C or log sin (y – x) = +C
2 2
is the solution, where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.
59. Solve : sin (x + y) dy = dx
dy 1
Sol. Given equation is =
dx sin ( x + y )
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 531

dy dt
Put x + y = t, ⇒ 1+ =
dx dx
dt 1 dt
∴ –1= , = dx
dx sin t 1 + cosec t

sin t . dt (1 − sin t ) sin t dt

= dx, = dx
1 + sin t 1 − sin 2 t
(sec t . tan t – tan2 t) dt = dx or (sec t tan t – sec2 t + 1) dt = dx
On integrating both sides, we get
sec t – tan t + t = x + C ⇒ sec (x + y) – tan (x + y) + x + y = x + C
or tan (x + y) – sec (x + y) = y + C is the solution of the given differential equation.
dy
60. Solve : = cos (x + y)
dx
Sol. Putting x + y = t, we get
dy dt
1+ =
dx dx
dt
∴ Given equation becomes – 1 = cos t
dx
dt t dt 1
sec2
FG IJ
t
dx
= 1 + cos t = 2 cos2
2
or dx =
2 cos
t = 2
2 2H K . dt
2
t FG x + y IJ
Integrating both sides, we get x + C = tan
2
= tan
H 2 K
which is the solution of the given equation.

y dy x 2 + y2 − 1
61. Solve : + = 0.
x dx 2(x 2 + y 2 ) + 1
2 2
Sol. Putting x + y = t, we get
dy dt y dy 1 dt y dy 1 dt
2x + 2y
= or 1 + = . ⇒ = –1
dx dx x dx 2x dx x dx 2x dx
1 dt t −1
∴ Given equation becomes –1+ =0
2x dx 2t + 1
1 dt t −1 t+2 2t + 1
⇒ . =1– = or 2x dx = dt
2x dx 2t + 1 2t + 1 t+2
FG 2 − 3 IJ
or 2x dx =
H t + 2K dt

On integrating, we obtain x2 = 2t – 3 log (t + 2) + C

Now, replacing t by x2 + y2, we get x2 = 2x2 + 2y2 – 3 log (x2 + y2 + 2) + C
⇒ x2 + 2y2 – 3 log (x2 + y2 + 2) + C = 0
is the solution of the given differential equation.
x x 2
62. Solve : 3e tan y dx + (1 – e ) sec y dy = 0.
x x 2
Sol. Given equation is 3e tan y dx = (e – 1) sec y dy

3e x sec2 y
. dx = dy
ex − 1 tan y
532 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

On integration, we get 3 log (ex – 1) = log tan y + log C

⇒ (ex – 1)3 = C tan y is the solution of the given equation.
dy
63. Solve : = cos (x + y + 1).
dx
Sol. Putting x + y + 1 = t, we get
dy dt
∴ 1+ =
dx dx
dt dy
–1=
dx dx
dt
Given equation becomes – 1 = cos t
dx
dt
= 1 + cos t = 2 cos2 t/2
dx
1
∴ dx = sec2 t/2. dt
2
Integrating both sides, we get
FG x + y + 1IJ
x + C = tan t/2 = tan
H 2 K
which is the required solution of the given differential equation.
64. Solve : cos (x + y) dy = dx
dx
Sol. =cos (x + y)
dy
Putting x + y = t, we get
dx dt dx dt
∴ +1= or = –1
dy dy dy dy
Given equation becomes
dt dt dt
– 1 = cos t or = 1 + cos t ⇒ = dy
dy dy 1 + cos t
dt 1 t
or = dy or sec2 dt = dy
t 2 2 2
2 cos
2
On integrating both sides, we get

t FG x + y IJ
y = tan
2
+ C ⇒ y = tan
H 2 K + C which is the required solution of the given equation.

dy
65. Solve : (x + 1) + 1 = 2e–y
dx

dy dy dx ey dx
Sol. Given equation is (x + 1) = 2e–y – 1 or = ⇒ y
dy =
dx 2e −y
−1 x +1 2−e x +1

Integrating both sides, we get

log (x + 1) = – log (2 – ey) + log C
⇒ log {(x + 1) (2 – ey)} = log C or (x + 1)(2 – ey) = C is the required solution.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 533

66. Solve : (x2 – y2) dx – xy dy = 0

dy x 2 − y2
Sol. Given equation is =
dx xy
which is homogeneous equation since numerator and denominator are homogeneous functions of
the same degree (2) in x and y.
dy dv
Put y = vx then, =v+x
dx dx

dv 1 − v2 dv 1 − v2 1 − 2v2
Given equation becomes v + x = or x = –v=
dx v dx v v
On separating the variables, we have
v dx
dv =
1 − 2v2 x
Integrating both sides,

z v
1 − 2v 2
dv =
z dx
x
+C

–
1
4 z − 4v
1 − 2v2
dv = log x + C

1
– log (1 – 2v2) = log x + C or 4 log x + log (1 – 2v2) = – 4C
4
x4(1 – 2y2/x2) = e–4C = C′ (say)
Hence the required solution is x2 (x2 – 2y2) = C′
where C′ is an arbitrary constant of integration.
x/y x/y
67. Solve : (1 + e )dx + e (1 – x/y)dy = 0.
Sol. The given equation may be re-written as
dx e x / y (1 − x/ y )
=– ...(1)
dy 1 + ex/ y
which is a homogeneous equation.
Putting x = vy in equation (1), we get

dv e v (1 − v ) dv e v (1 − v ) v + ev
v+y =– or y =– – v = –
dy 1 + ev dy 1 + ev 1 + ev
Separating the variables, we get

dy 1 + ev
– = dv
y v + ev
Integrating both sides, – log y = log (v + ev) + C
or y(v + ev) = e–C = C′ (say) where v = x/y,
is the required solution.
2 3 3
68. Solve : x y dx – (x + y ) dy = 0

3 3 dy dx x 3 + y3
Sol. Given equation is (x + y ) = x2y or =
dx dy x 2y

dv v3 + 1 dv v3 + 1 1 dy
Putting x = vy, v + y = or y = –v= 2 or = v2 dv
dy v2 dy v 2 v y
534 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

v3 x3 x3
Integrating both sides, we get log y = +C or log y = +C= + log C′
3 3 y3 3 y3

FG x IJ 3

H yK = 3 log C′y

is the required solution of the given differential equation.

69. Solve : y dx – x dy = x 2 + y 2 dx.

dy
Sol. Given equation is y – x = x 2 + y2
dx

dy dy y 1 y y2
x =y– x 2 + y2 or = − x 2 + y2 = − 1+ 2
dx dx x x x x
dy dv
Putting y = vx, =v+x
dx dx
dv dv
v+x =v– 1 + v2 or x =– 1 + v2
dx dx
dx dv
Separating the variables, =–
x 1 + v2
Integrating both sides, we get
R| y + x 2 + y2
U|
log x = – log {v + 1 + v2 } + log C = – log S| V| + log C
T x
W
= – log {y + x 2 + y 2 } + log x + log C

⇒ log {y + x 2 + y 2 } = log C

or y+ x 2 + y 2 = C is the solution of the given differential equation.

2 2 3 2
70. Solve : (x y – 2xy ) dx – (x – 3x y) dy = 0.
Sol. Given equation is (x3 – 3x2y) dy = (x2y – 2xy2) dx

dy x 2 y − 2xy 2 xy − 2 y 2
= 3 = 2 ...(1)
dx x − 3x 2 y x − 3xy
This is homogeneous in x and y
dy dv
Put y = vx, then =v+x
dx dx
dv v − 2v2
∴ (1) becomes v+x =
dx 1 − 3v

dv v − 2v2 v2 dx (1 − 3v) dv
∴ x = –v= or =
dx 1 − 3v 1 − 3v x v2
Integrating both sides, we get
1
log x = – – 3 log v
v
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 535

FG y IJ x x
log x + 3 log
H xK =–
y
– log C or log C + log x + log (y3/x3) = –
y
x
⇒ – = log (Cx . y3/x3) = log (Cy3/x2)
y
Cy 3
i.e., = e–x/y or Cy3 = x2e–x/y
x2
is the required solution of the given differential equation.

2 2 dy dy
71. Solve : y + x = xy .
dx dx

dy dy
Sol. Given equation is y2 + x2 = xy
dx dx
Dividing by x2 throughout, we have

y2 dy y dy y2 dy FG y − 1IJ dy y2 x y2
x2
+
dx
=
x
.
dx
or
x 2 =
dx
. Hx K or
dx
= 2.
x
=
y − x x( y − x )
dy dv
Put y = vx, =v+x
dx dx
dv v2 x 2 v2
∴ v+x = 2
=
dx ( v − 1) x v −1

dv v2 v v −1 dx
x = –v= or . dv =
dx v −1 v −1 v x
Integrating both sides, we get

z FGH 1−
1
v
IJ
K dv = log x + log C

v – log v = log x + log C

v = log v + log x + log C
y
= log (y/x) + log x + log C
x
y
= log Cy
x
or y = x log Cy is the solution of the given differential equation.
72. Solve : (x2 – y2) dx = 2 xy dy.

dy x 2 − y2
Sol. Given equation is = which is homogeneous in x and y.
dx 2xy

dy dv
Putting y = vx, =v + x
dx dx

dv x 2 (1 − v2 ) 1 − v2 dv 1 − v2
v+x = = or x = –v
dx 2vx 2 2v dx 2v

dv 1 − 3v2
x =
dx 2v
536 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2v dx
Separating the variables, 2
dv =
1 − 3v x

1
or – log (1 – 3v2) = log x + C ⇒ log (1 – 3v2)–1/3 – log x = C
3

F y2 I − 1/ 3
Fx 2
− 3y2 I −1/ 3

⇒ GH
log 1 − 3
x2
JK – log x = C ⇒ log GH x2
JK .
1
x
=C

Fx 2
− 3y2 I −1/ 3
Fx 2
− 3y2 I −1
⇒ GH x2
JK = Cx ⇒ GH x2
JK = C3x3

x2
= C3x3
x 2 − 3y2
1 = C3 x(x2 – 3y2)
or x(x2 – 3y2) = C′ is the required solution of the given differential equation.
dy y y
73. Solve : = + sin .
dx x x

dy y FG y IJ
Sol. Given equation is
dx
=
x
+ sin
H xK
dy dv
Put y = vx, =v+x
dx dx
dv dv
∴ v+x = v + sin v or x = sin v
dx dx
dv dx
Separating the variables, =
sin v x
On integrating both sides, we get

FG 1 − cos v IJ
log (cosec v – cot v) = log x + C or log
H sin v K = log x + C

FG 1 − cos v IJ 1 − cos v
log
H x sin v K =C ⇒
x sin v
= eC

1 – cos v = x sin v eC
1 – cos (y/x) = x sin (y/x) . eC
is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Note. We can simplify the solution further as follows :
1 – cos 2θ = 2 sin2 θ
∴ 1 – cos (y/x) = 2 sin2 (y/2x)
Also, sin (y/x) = 2 sin y/2x cos y/2x
∴ 1 – cos y/x = x sin y/x . eC
or 2 sin2 (y/2x) = x . 2 sin y/2x . cos y/2x . eC
sin (y/2x) = x . cos (y/2x) . eC
y
or tan (y/2x) = xC′ or = tan–1 (C′x)
2x
i.e., y = 2x tan–1 (C′′x) is the solution.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 537

FG y
− y sec2
y IJ dx + x sec y
H K
2
74. Solve : x tan . dy = 0.
x x x
Sol. Given equation is
FG x tan y − y sec y IJ
2 y dy y dy y y
H x xK
+ x sec2 .
x dx
= 0 or x sec2 .
x dx
= y sec2
x
– x tan
x
y
tan
dy y x
or = – y
dx x sec2
x
dy dv
Let y/x = v, =v+x
dx dx
dv tan v
v+x =v–
dx sec2 v
dv tan v
x =–
dx sec2 v
Separating the variables, we have
− sec2 v dx
. dv =
tan v x
Now integrating both sides,
log C – log tan v = log x or log C = log x + log tan v
or log C = log [x tan (y/x)] or x tan y/x = C is the solution.
dy y+x−2
75. Solve : = .
dx y−x −4

dy y+x−2
Sol. Given equation is = ...(1)
dx y−x−4
which is not homogeneous but can be reduced to homogeneous form.
Put x = X + h, y = Y + k (h, k being constants) so that dx = dX, dy = dY.
dY Y + X + ( k + h − 2)
Equation (1) becomes = ...(2)
dX Y − X + (k − h − 4)
Put h + k – 2 = 0 and k – h – 4 = 0 so that
h = – 1, k = 3
dY Y+X
∴ Equation (2) becomes = which is homogeneous in X and Y. ...(3)
dX Y−X
dY dv
Put Y = vX, then =v+X
dX dX

dv v +1 dv v +1 1 + 2v − v2
v+X = or X = –v=
dX v −1 dX v −1 v −1

v −1 dX
or 2
dv =
1 + 2v − v X

z z
Integrating both sides, we get
1 2 − 2v dX 1
– . dv = + C or – log (1 + 2v – v2) = log X + C
2 1 + 2v − v2 X 2
538 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

F Y Y2 I
log (1 + 2v – v2) + 2 log X = – 2C or GH
log 1 + 2 −
X X2
JK + log X2 = – 2C

log (X2 + 2XY – Y2) = – 2C or X2 + 2XY – Y2 = e–2C = C′ (say) ...(4)

Putting X = x – h = x + 1, Y = y – k = y – 3, (4) becomes
(x + 1)2 + 2(x + 1)(y – 3) – (y – 3)2 = C′
o r x2 + 2xy – y2 – 4x + 8y – 14 = C′ which is the required solution.
76. Solve : (3y + 2x + 4)dx – (4x + 6y + 5)dy = 0.
dy 2x + 3 y + 4
Sol. Given equation is = ...(1)
dx 2( 2x + 3 y ) + 5

dy dt
Put 2x + 3y = t so that 2+3 =
dx dx

FG
1 dt t+4 IJ
Equation (1) becomes
H
3 dx
−2 =
2t + 5 K
dt 3t + 12 7t + 22 2t + 5
or =2+ = or . dt = dx
dx 2t + 5 2t + 5 7t + 22

Integrating both sides z 2t + 5

7t + 22
. dt = z dx + C

or z FGH 2 9
− .
7 7 7t + 22
Putting t = 2x + 3y, we have
1 IJ
K
dt = x + C or
2
7
t–
9
49
log (7t + 22) = x + C

14(2x + 3y) – 9 log (14x + 21y + 22) = 49x + 49C

or 21x – 42y + 9 log (14x + 21y + 22) = C′
which is the required solution.
77. Solve : (2x + y – 3)dy =(x + 2y – 3)dx.
dy x + 2y − 3
Sol. The given equation is =
dx 2x + y − 3
Put x = X + h, y = Y + k (h, k being constants) so that dx = dX, dy = dY
dY X + 2Y + h + 2k − 3
=
dX 2X + Y + 2h + k − 3
Put h + 2k – 3 = 0 and 2h + k – 3 = 0 so that h = k = 1
dY X + 2Y
∴ = which is homogeneous in X and Y.
dX 2X + Y
dY dv
Put Y = vX, then = v+X
dX dX
dv 1 + 2v
v+X =
dX 2+v
dv 1 + 2v 1 − v2 2+v dX
or X = –v= or 2
. dv =
dX 2+v 2+v 1−v X

z z z
Integrating both sides, we get
2+v dX 2+v
. dv = +C or . dv = log X + C
1 − v2 X (1 + v )(1 − v)
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 539

2+v A B
Now, = + (say)
(1 + v)(1 − v ) 1+v 1−v
(by Resolving into partial fractions)
∴ 2 + v = A(1 – v) + B(1 + v)
2=A+B
1 3
1 = – A + B or A = ,B=
2 2

∴
2+v
=
1 LM 1 + 3 OP
(1 + v)(1 − v ) 2 N1 + v 1 − v Q
Now integrating term by term,
1
2 z FG 1 + 3 IJ dv =
H1 + v 1 − vK
1
2
[log (1 + v) – 3 log (1 – v)] = log
|RS (1 + v) |UV
1/ 2

|T (1 − v) |W
3/ 2

R| F Y I U| 1/ 2

R| (1 + v) 1/ 2 U| | GH1 + X JK |
Hence log S| (1 − v) V| = log X + C or log S
|| FG1 − Y IJ V||
= log X + C
T 3/ 2
W 3/ 2

TH X K W
R| (X + Y) . X
1/2 3/2 U| R| (X + Y) U|
1/2
log S
S| X (X − Y) V| = C |T (X − Y) V|W = C
1
or log . or
T 1/2 3/2 X W 3/2

(X + Y)1/2
= eC ∴ (X + Y)1/2 = eC . (X – Y)3/2
(X − Y)3/2
Squaring both sides, we get
X + Y = C′ (X – Y)3
As X = x – 1, Y = y – 1
x + y – 2 = C′(x – y)3
is the required solution of the given differential equation.
78. Solve : (3y – 7x + 7)dx + (7y – 3x + 3)dy = 0.
dy 3 y − 7x + 7
Sol. The given equation can be written as =– ...(1)
dx 7 y − 3x + 3

which is not homogeneous in this form.

LMcase a ≠ b OP
N a ′ b′ Q
To reduce equation (1) to be homogeneous
Put x = X + h, y = Y + k (h, k are constants)
so that dx = dX, dy = dY
dY 3Y − 7X + ( − 7h + 3k + 7)
Equation (1) becomes =– ...(2)
dX 7Y − 3X + ( − 3h + 7k + 3)
Now choosing h, k such that – 7h + 3k + 7 = 0 and – 3h + 7k + 3 = 0
Solving these equations we have h = 1, k = 0
With these values of h and k equation (2) reduces to
dY 3Y − 7X
=– ...(3)
dX 7Y − 3X
540 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dY dv
Putting Y = vX so that =v+X
dX dX

dv 7 − 3v dv 7 − 3v 7 − 7v2
Equation (3) becomes v+X = or X = –v=
dX 7v − 3 dX 7v − 3 7v − 3
7v − 3 dX
Separating the variables . dv =
7 − 7v2 X
7v − 3
dX
. dv = 7 .
1 − v2X
Resolving L.H.S. into partial fractions, we have
FG 2 − 5 IJ dX
H1 − v 1 + vK dv = 7 .
X
Integrating both sides, we get
– 2 log (1 – v) – 5 log (1 + v) = 7 log X + C
or 7 log X + 2 log (1 – v) + 5 log (1 + v) = – C
or log [X7 (1 – v)2 (1 + v)5] = – C
FG Y IJ FG
2
Y IJ 5
X7 1 −
H X K H
1+
X
= e–C
K
or (X – Y)2 (X + Y)5 = C
where C = e–C ...(4)
Putting X = x – h = x – 1, Y = y – k = y
(x – y – 1)2 (x + y – 1)5 = C
which is the required solution of the given differential equation.
dy 6x – 4y + 3
79. Solve : = .
dx 3x − 2y + 1

dy 2(3x − 2 y ) + 3
Sol. Given equation is = ...(1)
dx 3x − 2 y + 1
dy dt dy 1 FG 3 − dt IJ
Putting 3x – 2y = t so that 3–2
dx
=
dx
or
dx
=
2 H dx K
1 FG 3 − dt IJ = 2t + 3
∴ Equation (1) becomes,
2 H dx K t +1
dt 2( 2t + 3)
=3–
dx t +1
dt 3t + 3 − 4t − 6 t+3 t +1
= =− or – . dt = dx
dx t +1 t +1 t+3
LM
– 1−
2 OP dt = dx
N t+3 Q
Integrating both sides, we get
– t + 2 log (t + 3) = x + C
or – 3x + 2y + 2 log (3x – 2y + 3) = x + C
or 4x – 2y + C = 2 log (3x – 2y + 3)
or 2x – y + C = log (3x – 2y + 3)
i.e., 2x – y = log (3x – 2y + 3) + C′
is the required solution of the given differential equation.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 541

80. Solve : (2x + y + 1)dx + (4x + 2y – 1) dy = 0.

dy 2x + y + 1 dy 2x + y + 1
Sol. Given equation is =– or =– ...(1)
dx 4x + 2y − 1 dx 2( 2x + y ) − 1
dy dt
Putting 2x + y = t, 2+ =
dx dx
dt t +1
∴ Equation (1) becomes –2= –
dx 2t − 1
dt t +1 3t − 3 3( t − 1)
=2– = =
dx 2t − 1 2t − 1 2t − 1
2t − 1 1
2+
LM 1 OP dt = dx
or
3(t − 1)
. dt = dx ⇒
3 N
t −1 Q
On integrating both sides, we get
2t 1
+ log (t – 1) = x + C or 2t + log (t – 1) = 3x + 3C
3 3
2(2x + y) + log (2x + y – 1) = 3x + 3C or x + 2y + log (2x + y – 1) = 3C
is the required solution of the given differential equation.
dy
81. Solve : (x + 1) – y = e3x (x + 1)2.
dx
Sol. Given equation can be rewritten as
dy y
– = e3x . (x + 1)
dx x +1
This is the standard form of a linear equation of the first order (commonly known as Leibnitz’s
dy
linear equation) as + Py = Q
dx
where P, Q are the functions of x only. Solution of this standard form is given by

Here,
y(I.F.) =
z Q . (I.F.) dx + C, where I.F. = e z P . dx

P = – 1/(x + 1), Q = e3x (x + 1)

Thus, I.F. = e
z −
1
x +1
. dx
= e log ( x + 1)
−1
=
1
x +1

and solution is y.
FG 1 IJ
H x + 1K =
z e3x . (x + 1) .
1
x +1
. dx + C

=
zF e3x . dx + C =

IJ
1
3
. e3x + C

or y= GH 13 e 3x
K
+ C ( x + 1)

82. Solve : (1 + y2)dx = (tan–1 y – x)dy.

dx
Sol. (1 + y2) = tan–1 y – x
dy

dx dx x tan −1 y
or (1 + y2) + x = tan–1 y or + =
dy dy 1 + y2 1 + y2
542 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

This is the standard form of linear equation as

dx
+ P′x = Q′
dy
where P′ and Q′ are functions of y alone.
1 tan −1 y
P′ = 2 , Q′ =
1+ y 1 + y2

I.F. = e z P′ dy = e
z dy
1 + y2
= e
tan −1
y

z
Solution is therefore given by

x(I.F.) = Q′ (I.F.) dy + C

x e tan

dy
−1
y
= z tan −1 y
1 + y2
. e tan
−1
y
. dy + C

Put tan–1 y = t then = dt

1 + y2

∴ Integral on the right hand side is

z t et dt

z
Integrating this integral ‘‘by parts’’ method we have

t . et – 1 . et . dt = tet – et = (t – 1)et
Hence the solution is given by
tan −1 y −1 −1
= (tan–1 y – 1) e tan or x = tan–1 y – 1 + C . e − tan
y y
xe +C .
Fe −2 x I dx
83. Solve : GG −
y
J = 1.
x JK dy
H x

dy y e −2 x
Sol. Given equation can be written as + = .
dx x x

dy
Comparing it with + Py = Q, we have
dx

1 e −2 x
P= ,Q=
x x

∴ I.F. = e
z P . dx = e z 1
x
. dx
= e
2 x

∴ Solution is y e2 x = z e −2
x
x
. e2 x . dx + C = z 1
x
. dx + C

or y e2 x = 2 x + C is the solution.

2
dy 2 3
84. Solve : x(1 – x ) dx + (2x – 1) y = x .

Sol. Dividing the given equation by

dy
x(1 – x2) throughout, we have + Py = Q,
dx
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 543

2x 2 − 1 x3 x2
where P= 2 ,Q= 2
or
x (1 − x ) x (1 − x ) (1 − x 2 )

Thus, I.F. = = e e z P . dx
z 2x 2 − 1
x (1 − x 2 )
. dx

Now resolving into partial fractions,

z 2x 2 − 1
x (1 − x 2 )
. dx =
z RST −
1
+
1
−
1
x 2(1 − x ) 2(1 + x )
1 1
UV dx
W
= – log x + log (1 – x)–1 – log (1 + x) = – log [x(1 – x)1/2 (1 + x)1/2]
2 2
1
∴ I.F. = e–log [x 1 − x 2 ] =
x 1 − x2

Thus the solution is y (I.F.) = z Q . (I.F.) dx + C

y
x 1− x 2
= z x2
1 − x2
.
x 1 − x2
1
. dx + C

= z x
(1 − x 2 )3/ 2
1
dx + C = – 2 z − 2x
(1 − x 2 )3/ 2
. dx + C

1 y 1
=– [– 2(1 – x2)–1/2] + C or = +C
2 x 1 − x2 1 − x2

or y = x + Cx 1 − x2
is the required solution of the given differential equation.
dy x
85. Solve : + y=x y
dx 1 − x 2

Sol. Given equation is of the form

dy
+ Py = Q . yn, where P and Q are functions of x only or constants.
dx
This is known as Bernoulli’s equation. Though not linear, it can be made linear.
Dividing both sides by y , we have

dy dy x
y–1/2 + P y = x i.e., y–1/2 + . y =x ...(1)
dx dx 1 − x2

1 dy dz
Putting y = z so that =
2 y dx dx
∴ Equation (1) becomes
dz x dz x x
2 + . z = x or + .z= ...(2)
dx 1 − x2 dx 2(1 − x 2 ) 2
This is linear in z.

I.F. = e
z x
2 (1 − x 2 )
. dx
= e
−
1
4 z − 2x
1 − x2
. dx
=e
−
1
4
log (1 − x 2 )
= (1 – x2)–1/4
544 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Solution of (2) is z (I.F.) = z x

2(1 − x 2 )1/ 4
. dx + C

or
1
z(1 – x2)–1/4 = – 4 z − 2x dx
2 1/ 4
(1 − x )
+C=–
4
LM
1 (1 − x 2 )3/ 4
MN
3/ 4
OP
PQ + C
1
z(1 – x2)–1/4 = – (1 – x2)3/4 + C
3
1 1
or z=–(1 – x2) + C(1 – x2)1/4 ⇒ y =– (1 – x2) + C(1 – x2)1/4
3 3
is the required solution of the given differential equation.
dy
86. Solve : xy(1 + xy2) = 1.
dx
dx
Sol. The given equation can be written as – yx = y3x2
dy
Dividing throughout by x2, we have
dx y
x–2 – = y3
dy x
1 dx dz
Putting x–1 = z so that – =
x 2 dy dy
dz dz
– – yz = y3 or + yz = – y3 which is linear in z.
dy dy
1
I.F. = e z ydy = e 2
y2

∴ Solution is

1 2
z (I.F.) =
z (– y3)(I.F.) dy + C = –
z 1
y3 . e 2 y2
dy + C

Putting y = t, y dy = dt
2

z
Integral on the R.H.S. is

– 2t et dt = – 2 [tet – et] = – 2 (t – 1)et

1
y2 FG 1 y 2 IJ 1
y2
∴ z e2 =–2
H2 −1
K e2 +C

1 1
y2 y2
z. e 2 = (– y2 + 2) e 2 +C
1
− y2 1
or z = 2 – y2 + Ce 2 is the solution, where z = .
x
dy
87. Solve : + x sin 2y = x3 cos2 y.
dx
dy
Sol. Dividing by cos2 y, we have sec2 y + 2x tan y = x3 ...(1)
dx
dy dz
Putting tan y = z so that sec2 y =
dx dx
dz
Equation (1) becomes + 2xz = x3 which is linear in z.
dx

I.F. = e z 2 xdx = e x
2
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 545

∴ The solution is
2
z. e x = z 1
2
2 2
x3 e x dx + C =
x2 e x 2x dx + C

Putting x2 = t ; 2x dx = dt in the integral on right hand side we have

z
1
2 z tet dt =
1
2
1
(t – 1) et =
1
2
(x2 – 1) e x

2
2

∴ z= (x2 – 1) + C e − x
2
1 2
or tan y = (x2 – 1) + C e − x is the required solution.
2
dz FG IJ
z z
log z = (log z) 2 .
88. Solve :
dx
+
xH K x
1 dz 1 1
Sol. Given equation on dividing by z becomes . + . log z = (log z)2 ...(1)
z dx x x
1 dz dt
Put log z = t so that . =
z dx dx
∴ Equation (1) becomes
dt t t2 1 dt 1 1 1
+ . =
+ = or ...(2)
dx x x t2 dx x t x
This is a Bernouli’s equation
1 1 dt dv
Put = v so that – 2 =
t t dx dx
Equation (2) becomes,
dv 1 1 dv 1 1
∴ – + .v= or − .v=–
dx x x dx x x
This is Leibnitz’s linear equation in v.

∴ I.F. = e
− z 1
x
. dx
=
1

z
x
1 1 1
∴ Solution is v. =– . . dx + C
x x x
1 1
v. = +C
x x
1
Replacing now v by , we obtain
log z
1 1 1
= + C or = 1 + Cx
x log z x log z
which is the required solution of the given differential equation.
dy
89. Solve : x + y = x3y6.
dx

dy 1
Sol. Given equation is + . y = x2y6
dx x
Dividing both sides by y6
dy 1 1
y–6 + . = x2
dx x y5
546 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dy dz 1 dz 1
Put y–5 = z, so that – 5y–6 = or – + . z = x2
dx dx 5 dx x
dz 5
⇒ – . z = – 5x2
dx x

This is linear in z I.F. = e

z −5
x
. dx
= e −5 log x =
1
x5

Solution is

Replacing z by y, we have
z
FG 1 IJ =
Hx K 5 z − 5x 2 .
1
x5
dx + C =
+5
2x 2
+C or z = +
5x 3
2
+ Cx5

5x 3 1 5x 3
y–5 = + Cx5 or 5
= + Cx5 is the required solution of the given
2 y 2
differential equation.

dy y y2
90. Solve : 2 = + .
dx x x2

dy y y2
Sol. – =
dx 2x 2x 2
1 dy 1 1
Dividing by y2 we have − =
y 2 dx 2xy 2x 2
1 1 dy dz
Put – = z, so that =
y y 2 dx dx
dz z 1
∴ + =
dx 2x 2x 2
This is linear in z.

I.F. = e
z 1
2x
. dx
= e2
1
log x
= x1/2

Solution is z(x1/2) = z
2x 2
1
1
. x1/ 2 . dx + C =
1
2 z x–3/2 . dx + C =
1
2
.
x −1/ 2
( − 1/2)
+C

z. x =– + C or zx = – 1 + C x
x
x x
Replacing z by – 1/y –= – 1 + C x or =1–C x
y y
is the required solution of the given differential equation.
dy tan y
91. Solve : – = (1 + x) e x sec y .
dx 1+ x
dy sin y 1
Sol. – = (1 + x ) e x .
dx (1 + x ) cos y cos y
dy sin y
cos y – = (1 + x) ex
dx (1 + x )
dy dz
Put sin y = z, so that cos y =
dx dx
dz z
– = (1 + x) ex
dx 1 + x
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 547

This is linear in z. I.F. = e

z –1
1+ x
. dx
= e– log(1 + x) =
1
1+ x

Solution is z
FG 1 IJ
H1 + x K = z (1 + x ) e x .
1
1+ x
+C

1
z. = ex + C or z = (1 + x)(ex + C)
1+ x
Hence solution is sin y = (1 + x)(ex + C).
3 2
92. Solve : (x y + xy) dx = dy.
dy dy
Sol. = xy + x3y2 or – xy = x3y2
dx dx
Dividing by y2 on both sides, we get
1 dy x
− = x3
y 2 dx y
1 1 dy dz
Put – = z, =
y y 2 dx dx
dz
∴ + zx = x3, which is linear in z.
dx
1
I.F. = e z x dx = e 2
x2

∴ Solution is z. (
1 2
e2
x )= z x3 . e 2
1
x2
. dx + C = 2 z FGH 1 2
2
x
IJ
K
1
e2
x2
x dx + C

1 2
Putting x = t in the integral on the R.H.S., we have dt = x dx
2

∴ Integral = 2
zF t et dt = 2 [(t – 1)et]

IJ
GH 12 x
1 2 1
2 x2
∴ z(
e2
x )=2 −1
K e2 +C

1 2 1 2
− x 1 − x
or z = (x2 – 2) + C e 2 or – = x2 – 2 + C e 2
y
1
1 − x2
= – x2 + 2 – C e 2
y
is the required solution of the given differential equation.
dy
93. Solve : tan y + tan x = cos y . cos2 x.
dx
Sol. Dividing throughout by cos y, we get the differential equation as
tan y dy
+ sec y tan x = cos2 x
cos y dx

dy
or sec y tan y + sec y tan x = cos2 x
dx
548 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dy dz
Put sec y = z, so that sec y tan y =
dx dx

dz
∴ + z tan x = cos2 x
dx
which is linear in z.

I.F. = e z tan x dx = elog sec x = sec x

∴ Solution is z sec x =
z . sec x = sin x + C
z cos2 x . sec x dx + C

or z = cos x (C + sin x)
i.e., sec y = (C + sin x) cos x is the solution.
dy 3
94. Solve : + y tan x = y cos x.
dx

dy
Sol. Given equation is + y tan x = y3 cos x
dx
Dividing throughout by y3, we get
1 dy 1
+ tan x = cos x
y3 dx y2
1 dy dz
Put = z, so that – 2y–3 =
y2 dx dx
1 dz dz
– + z tan x = cos x or – 2z tan x = – 2 cos x
2 dx dx
which is linear in z.

I.F. = ez − 2 tan x dx = e2 log cos x = cos2 x.

∴ Solution is z(cos2 x) = z – 2 cos x cos2 x dx + C

or z(cos2 x) = – 2

To find the integral on the right hand side,

z cos3 x dx + C = – 2 LM
N z OP
(1 − sin 2 x) cos x dx + C
Q
Put sin x = t so that cos x dx = dt

z (1 – t2) dt = t –
t3
3
LM
= sin x –
1
3
sin3 x

1 OP
∴ z(cos2 x) = – 2 sin x − sin 3 x + C
N 3 Q
1
As z=
y2

cos2 x = – 2y2 sin x −

LM 1 OP
sin 3 x + Cy2
N 3 Q
2 LM
sin 3 x + C
cos2 x = y2 − 2 sin x +
OP
3 N Q
is the required solution of the given differential equation.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 549

95. Solve : x(x – y)dy + y2dx = 0.

2 dy − y2
Sol. Given equation is x(x – y) dy = – y dx or =
dx x( x − y)
Let y = vx
dy dv dy dv v2 x 2
=v+x , ∴ =v+x =– 2
dx dx dx dx x (1 − v)
dv v2
or v+x =
dx v−1
dv v2 v v−1 dx FG IJ
dx
x
=
v−1
–v=
v−1
or
v
dv =
x H K
On integrating both sides, we get
v – log v = log x + C or v = log xv + C
y
As v=
x
y
= log y + C or y = x log y + Cx is the solution.
x
FG
dy IJ
96. Solve : ey
H
dx K
+ 1 = ex.

dy
Sol. ey + ey = ex
dx
dy dz dz
Put ey = z, ey = or + z = ex is linear in z
dx dx dx
I.F. = ez 1. dx = ex

∴ Solution is z(ex) = z ex . ex . dx + C =
1 2x
2
e + C or ex+y =
1 2x
2
e + C.

dy x2 + y2 + 1
97. Solve : = .
dx 2xy

dy dy y2 1
Sol. 2xy – y2 = x2 + 1 or 2y – =x+
dx dx x x
dy dz dz z 1
Put y2 = z, so that 2y = ∴ – =x+ is linear in z.
dx dx dx x x

I.F. = e
z −
1
x
. dx
= e–log x =
1

z
x
FG 1 IJ = FG x + 1 IJ . 1 dx + C
Solution is z
H xK H xK x
F 1I F 1I
z GH JK = x + GH − JK + C
x x
or y2 = x2 – 1 + Cx i.e., y2 = x2 + Cx – 1 is the solution.

dy y
98. Solve : = .
dx x + xy

dx x + xy dx x x
Sol. Given equation is = or = +
dy y dy y y
550 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dx x x
– = ...(1)
dy y y
Dividing throughout by x , we get
1 dx x 1
− = ...(2)
x dy y y
1 dx dz
Put x = z, so that =
2 x dy dy
dz z 1
Equation (2) becomes 2 . − =
dy y y
dz z 1
− = ...(3)
dy 2 y 2 y
Equation (3) is linear in z.

I.F. = e
z −
1
2y
. dy
= e–1/2(log y) =
1
y

Solution is z
F 1I=
GH y JK z 1
2 y
.
1
y
. dy + C =
1
2
log y + C

x
= log y + C or x = y (log y + C).
y

2 dy
99. Solve : sec y + x tan y = x3.
dx
Sol. Putting tan y = z, we get
dy dz dz
sec2 y . = or + zx = x3 is linear in z.
dx dx dx
I.F. = ez x dx = e x
2
/2

Solution is z( e x
2
/2
)= z x3 . e x
2
/2 . dx = 2 z x 2 x 2 /2
2
e x dx

x2
LMF x − 1I e OP + C
2

MNGH 2 JK PQ
x 2 /2
z (e 2 )=2

x2 x2
− −
or z= – 2 + Ce x2
or tan y = – 2 + Ce 2 x2 2

is the solution of the given differential equation.

100. What is a linear differential equation with constant coefficients ? What is an operator ? What is a
complete solution ? What are complementary functions and what is an auxiliary equation ?
dn y dn−1 y dn−2 y
Sol. The equation of the form a0 + a1 + ...... + any = Q
n−1
+ a2
dx dx n
dx n − 2
where a0, a1, a2 , ......, an are all constants and Q is a function of x alone, is called a linear
d dy
differential equation of nth order with constant coefficients. The part of the symbol may
dx dx
d2 2 d3 3 dn
be regarded as an operator denoted by symbol D. Similarly = D , = D , ......, = Dn .
dx2 dx3 dx n
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 551

Written in symbolic form, the above equation becomes

(a0Dn + a1Dn − 1 + a2Dn − 2 + ...... + an − 1D + an ) y = Q or f(D)y = Q

The polynomial f(D) can be factorised by ordinary rules of algebra and the factors may be written
in any order.
If y = u is the complete solution of the equation f(D) y = 0 and y = v is a particular solution of the
equation f(D) y = Q, then the complete solution of the equation f(D) y = Q is y = u + v.
The part y = u is called the complementary function (C.F.) and the part y = v is called the
particular integral (P.I.) of the equation f(D)y = Q.
The complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
Thus in order to solve the equation f(D)y = Q, we first find the C.F. i.e., C.S. of equation f(D)y = 0
and then the P.I. i.e., : a particular solution of equation f(D)y = Q.
To find C.F. we first find auxiliary equation (A.E.). by following steps :
Step 1 : Replace y by 1

dy d2 y 2 dn y
Step 2 : Replace by m, by m and so on replace by mn.
dx dx2 dx n
By doing so, we get an algebraic equation in m of degree n called A.E. While finding out A.E., we
assume Q as zero. The complementary function depends upon the nature of roots of the A.E.
Consider the equation
(Dn + a1Dn–1 + a2Dn–2 + ...... + an) y = 0 ...(1)
where all ai’s are constants.
Its A.E. is mn + a1mn–1 + a2mn–2 + ...... an = 0 ...(2)
It is an algebraic equation in m of degree n. So, it will give n values of m on solving.
Let m = m1, m2, m3 , ....., mn be the roots of the A.E. The C.F. of equation (1) is given by
C.F. =C1em1 x + C2 em2 x + ...... + Cn emn x when the roots of A.E. are real and distinct.

If 2 roots are equal, C.F. = (C1 + C2x) e m1 x + C 3 e m3 x + ...... C n e mn x

If 3 roots are equal, C.F. = (C1 + C2x + C3x2) em1 x + C4 em4 x + ...... + Cn emn x

d
101. Solve: (D3 – 3D2 + 4)y = 0, where D = .
dx
Sol. The auxiliary equation is
m3 – 3m2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ (m + 1)(m – 2)2 = 0 ⇒ m = – 1, 2, 2
∴ C.F. = C1e–x + (C2 + C3x)e2x
As Q = 0, P.I. = 0
∴ The complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. = C1e–x + (C2 + C3x)e2x
where C1, C2 and C3 are arbitrary constants of integration.

d3 y dy
102. Solve : −7 – 6y = 0.
dx 3 dx
3
Sol. The auxiliary equation is m – 7m – 6 = 0
By inspection m = – 1 satisfies it, so m + 1 is a factor.
m3 – 7m – 6 ≡ (m + 1)(m2 – m – 6) ≡ (m + 1) (m + 2)(m – 3)
⇒ m = – 1, – 2, 3
The roots are real and distinct.
∴ C.F. = C1e–x + C2e–2x + C3e+3x
552 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∵ Q = 0, P.I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. = C1e–x + C2e–2x + C3e3x
where C1, C2, C3 are arbitrary constants of integration.

3 2 d
103. Solve: (D – 4D + 4D)y = 0 ; D = .
dx
Sol. The auxiliary equation is m3 – 4m2 + 4m = 0
⇒ m(m2 – 4m + 4) = 0 ⇒ m = 0, 2, 2.
∴ C.F. = C1e0x + (C2 + C3x)e2x = C1 + (C2 + C3x)e2x
∵ Q = 0, P.I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. or y = C1 + (C2 + C3x)e2x
where C1, C2, C3 are arbitrary constants of integration.
d4 y d2 y
104. Solve : + 13 + 36y = 0 .
dx 4 dx 2
Sol. The auxiliary equation is
m4 + 13m2 + 36 = 0 ⇒ (m2 + 9)(m2 + 4) = 0 ⇒ m = ± 3i, ± 2i
∴ C.F. = e0x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x) + e0x (C3 cos 2x + C4 sin 2x)
∵ Q = 0, P.I. = 0
Complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
or y = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x + C3 cos 2x + C4 sin 2x
where C1, C2, C3 and C4 are arbitrary constants of integration.

2 2 d
105. Solve : (D – 2D + 4) y = 0 ; D ≡ .
dx
Sol. The auxiliary equation is (m2 – 2m + 4)2 = 0 or m = 1 ± 3 i, 1 ± 3i
The roots are repeated imaginary
C.F. = ex [(C1 + C2x) cos 3 x + (C3 + C4x) sin 3 x]
P.I. = 0 (∵ Q = 0)
Hence the complete solution is y = ex [(C1 + C2x) cos 3 x + (C3 + C4x) sin 3 x]
where C1, C2, C3,C4 are arbitrary constants of integration.

4 3 2 d
106. Solve : (D – 4D + 8D – 8D + 4)y = 0, where D ≡ .
dx
Sol. Auxiliary equation is
m4 – 4m3 + 8m2 – 8m + 4 = 0 ⇒ (m2 – 2m + 2)2 = 0
2± 4−8
⇒ m2 – 2m + 2 = 0 ⇒ m= = 1 ± i, 1 ± i
2
∴ C.F. = ex [(C1 + C2x) cos x + (C3 + C4x) sin x]
P.I. = 0 (∵ Q = 0)
∴ The complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. or y = ex [(C1 + C2x) cos x + (C3 + C4x) sin x]
where C1, C2, C3 and C4 are arbitrary constants of integration.
2 3 2 2 d
107. Solve: (D + 1) (D + D + 1) y = 0, where D ≡
dx
Sol. Auxiliary equation of the given differential equation is
(m2 + 1)3 (m2 + m + 1)2 = 0
⇒ (m2 + 1)3 = 0 gives m = ± i, ± i, ± i
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 553

− 1 ± 3i − 1 ± 3i
and m2 + m + 1 = 0 gives m = ,
2 2
Hence C.F. = e0x [(C1 + C2x + C3x2) cos x + (C4 + C5x + C6x2) sin x]
LM
+ e–x/2 (C7 + C8 x) cos
3
x + (C9 + C10 x) sin
3
x
OP
MN 2 2 PQ
= (C1 + C2x + C3x2) cos x + (C4 + C5x + C6x2) sin x
R| U|
S|
+ e–x/2 (C7 + C8 x) cos
3
x + (C9 + C10 x) sin
3
x V|
T 2 2 W
P.I. = 0, since Q = 0
Therefore the complete solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
= (C1 + C2x + C3x2) cos x + (C4 + C5x + C6x2) sin x

|RS
+ e–x/2 (C7 + C8 x) cos
3
x + (C9 + C10 x) sin
3 |UV
T| W|
x
2 2

d4x
108. Solve : + 4x = 0.
dt 4
d
Sol. The given differential equation is (D4 + 4)x = 0, where D =
dt
Its auxiliary equation is D4 + 4 = 0 or D4 + 4D2 + 4 – 4D2 = 0
(D2 + 2)2 – (2D)2 = 0 or (D2 + 2D + 2)(D2 – 2D + 2) = 0

−2± −4 2± − 4
⇒ D= and i.e., D = – 1 ± i and 1 ± i
2 2
The complete solution is x = e–t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t) + et (C3 cos t + C4 sin t)
P.I. = 0 (∵ Q = 0)
C1,C2,C3,C4 are arbitrary constants of integration.

d2 y dy
109. Solve:
2
−2 + 10y = 0 given y(0) = 4, and y′(0) = 1.
dx dx
Sol. The given equation in symbolic form is (D2 – 2D + 10)y = 0
Its auxiliary equation is
2 ± 4 − 40
D2 – 2D + 10 = 0 ⇒ D= = 1 ± 3i
2
The complete solution is y = ex(C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x) ...(1)
Now y(0) = 4 ⇒ y = 4 when x = 0
∴ 4 = C1
Equation (1) becomes y = ex (4 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x) ...(2)
so that y′ = ex(4 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x) + ex(– 12 sin 3x + 3C2 cos 3x)
Since y′ = 1 when x = 0
∴ 1 = 4 + 3C2 or C2 = – 1
Equation (2) becomes y = ex (4 cos 3x – sin 3x)
which is the required particular solution.
554 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

d
110. Solve : (D4 – n4)y = 0, where D ≡ .
dx
Sol. The auxiliary equation is
m4 – n4 = 0 ⇒ (m2 + n2)(m2 – n2) = 0
⇒ m = ± n, ± ni
∴ C.F. = C1enx + C2e–nx + (C3 cos nx + C4 sin nx)e0x
P.I. = 0
∴ Complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. = C1enx + C2e–nx + (C3 cos nx + C4 sin nx)
where C1,C2,C3,C4 are arbitrary constants of integration.
d4 y
111. Solve : + m4 y = 0 .
dx 4
Sol. Given equation in symbolic form is
(D4 + m4)y = 0, where D ≡ d/dx
Auxiliary equation is M4 + m4 = 0
⇒ M4 + m4 + 2M2m2 = 2M2m2 or (M2 + m2)2 = 2M2m2
⇒ M2 + m2 = ± 2 Mm
Case I. Taking (+)ve sign :
M2 + m2 – 2 Mm = 0

2 m ± 2 m2 − 4 m2 2m ± i 2m m m
∴ M= = = ±i
2 2 2 2
Case II. Taking (–)ve sign :
M2 + m2 + 2 Mm = 0
m m m m
or M= ±i ;− ±i
2 2 2 2
m
x FG C m m I
xJ + e
−m
2
x FG C m m IJ
H K
2 x + C4 sin
C.F. = e
H 1 cos
2
x + C2 sin
2 K
3 cos
2 2
x

P.I. = 0
∴ Complete solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
m
2
x FG C m m IJ −m
2
x FG C m m IJ
= e
H 1 cos
2
x + C2 sin
2 K
x +e
H 3 cos
2
x + C4 sin
2
x
K
where C1,C2,C3 and C4 are arbitrary constants of integration.
d
112. Solve : (D2 + 1)2 (D – 1) y = 0, where D ≡ [U.P.T.U., B.Pharm. (C.O.) 2005]
dx
Sol. Auxiliary equation is
(m2 + 1)2 (m – 1) = 0
⇒ m = 1, ± i, ± i
Thus, m1 = m2 = 0 + i, m3 = m4 = 0 – i, m5 = 1
C.F. = (C1 + C2x) cos x + (C3 + C4 x) sin x + C5 e x
P.I. = 0 (∵ Q = 0)
The complete solution is y = (C1 + C2x) cos x + (C3 + C4x) sin x + C5ex
where C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 are arbitrary constants of integration.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 555

d3 y
113. Solve : + y = 0.
dx 3
Sol. The differential equation is
(D3 + 1)y = 0
The auxiliary equation ism3 + 1 = 0
⇒ (m + 1)(m2 + 1 – m) = 0
1 3
⇒ m = – 1, ± i
2 2
1
x FC 3 3 I
∴ C.F. = e 2 GH 1 cos
2
x + C2 sin
2
x + C3e–x JK
P.I. = 0 (∵ Q = 0)
x
F 3 3 I
The complete solution is GH
y = e 2 C1 cos
2
x + C2 sin
2 JK
x + C3e–x

where C1, C2, C3 are arbitrary constants of integration.

114. Find the P.I. of (4D2 + 4D – 3)y = e2x
1
Sol. P.I. = e2x
4D2 + 4D − 3
1 1 2x
Replacing D by 2 P.I. = . e2x or P.I. = e .
4(2)2 + 4(2) − 3 21
2
115. Find the P.I. of (D + 3D + 2)y = 5.
1 1
Sol. P.I. = (5e 0x ) = 5 . . e0 x (Replacing D by 0)
2
D + 3D + 2 0+0+2

5
= .
2
116. Find the P.I. of (D3 – 3D2 + 4) y = e2x
1
Sol. P.I. = e2x
D3 − 3D2 + 4
Here the denominator vanishes, when D is replaced by 2. It is a case of failure.
We multiply the numerator by x and differentiate the denominator w.r.t. D
1
∴ P.I. = x . . e2x
3D2 − 6D
It is again a case of failure.
We multiply the numerator by x and differentiate the denominator w.r.t. D
1 x2
∴ P.I. = x2 . . e2x = . e2x (Replacing D by 2)
6D − 6 6

x2
Thus, P.I. = . e2x
6
556 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

117. Find P.I. of (D3 + 1)y = sin (2x + 3).

1 1
Sol. P.I. = sin (2x + 3) = sin (2x + 3)
D3 + 1 D(− 22 ) + 1
(Putting D2 = – 22)
1
= sin (2x + 3)
1 − 4D
Multiplying and dividing by (1 + 4D), we get
1 + 4D 1 + 4D
P.I. = sin (2x + 3) = sin (2x + 3)
(1 − 4D)(1 + 4D) 1 − 16D2
1 + 4D
= sin (2x + 3) (Putting D2 = – 22)
1 − 16(− 22 )
1
= [sin (2x + 3) + 4D sin (2x + 3)]
65
1 d FG IJ
=
65
[sin (2x + 3) + 8 cos (2x + 3)] ∵ D=
dx H K
118. Find the P.I. of (D2 + 4)y = cos 2x.
1
Sol. P.I. = cos 2x
D2 + 4
2 2
Here the denominator vanishes when D is replaced by – 2 = – 4. It is a case of failure. We
multiply the numerator by x and differentiate the denominator w.r.t. D.
1 x 1
∴ P.I. = x . cos 2x = . (cos 2x)
2D 2 D

x
=
x
2
. z cos 2x dx
FG∵
H
1
D
f ( x) =
z IJ
f ( x) dx
K
or P.I. = sin 2x
4
119. Find the P.I. of (D2 + 5D + 4)y = x2 + 7x + 9.
1
Sol. P.I. = 2 (x2 + 7x + 9)
D + 5D + 4

1 1 5D D2 F I −1

=
F 5D + D I 2
(x2 + 7x + 9) =
4
1+
4
+
4 GH
(x + 7x + 9) JK 2

4 G1 +
H 4 4 JK
1M
L F 5D D I F 5D D I 2 OP 2
2

P.I. = M 1 − G + J G
+ + J − ......
PQ (x + 7x + 9)
N H4 4K H4 4K
2
4

1L 2 O 2
= M1 − ......P (x + 7x + 9)
5D D 25D
− +
4 MN PQ
2
4 4 16

1L O2
= M
4 MN
1−
5D 21D
4
+
16
− ......P (x + 7x + 9)
PQ
2

1L 5 21 O
4 MN
2
( x + 7 x + 9) − D( x + 7 x + 9) + 2
D ( x + 7 x + 9) P 2 2
=
4 16 Q
1L 5 21 O 1 F 9 23 IJ OP .
(2)P = G x + x +
4 MN
2 2
= ( x + 7 x + 9) − (2 x + 7) +
4 16 Q 4 H 2 8 KQ
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 557

120. Find the P.I. of (D2 – 4D + 3)y = ex cos 2x.

Sol. We know that when X = eax . V, where V is a function of x
1 1
(eax V) = eax . V
f (D) f (D + a)
1
∴ P.I. = 2 ex cos 2x
D − 4D + 3
1
= ex . cos 2x (Replacing D by D + 1)
(D + 1) 2 − 4(D + 1) + 3
1 1
= ex cos 2x = ex . cos 2x (Putting D2 = – 22)
D2 − 2D − 22 − 2D
1 x 1 1 x 2−D
=– e . cos 2x = – e. cos 2x
2 2+D 2 (2 + D)(2 − D)
1 x 2−D 1 x 2−D
=– e . cos 2x = – e . cos 2x (∵ D2 = – 22)
2 4−D 2 2 4 − (− 22 )
1 x 1 x
=– e (2 cos 2x – D cos 2x) = – e (2 cos 2x + 2 sin 2x)
16 16
1 x
=– e (cos 2x + sin 2x).
8
121. Solve : (D3 – 6D2 + 11D – 6)y = e–2x + e–3x.
Sol. Auxiliary equation is D3 – 6D2 + 11D – 6 = 0
By inspection D = 1 satisfies it.
D3 – 6D2 + 11D – 6 = (D – 1) (D2 – 5D + 6) = (D – 1)(D – 2)(D – 3)
∴(D – 1)(D – 2)(D – 3) = 0 ⇒ D = 1, 2, 3
∴ C.F. = C1ex + C2e2x + C3e3x
1
P.I. = 3 2
(e–2x + e–3x)
D − 6D + 11D − 6

1 1
or P.I. = 3 2
e −2 x + 3 2
e−3 x
D − 6D + 11D − 6 D − 6D + 11D − 6

1 1
= 3 2
. e −2 x + . e−3 x
(− 2) − 6(− 2) + 11(− 2) − 6 (− 3) − 6(− 3)2 + 11(− 3) − 6
3

1 −2 x 1 −3 x 1
=– e − e =– (2e–2x + e–3x)
60 120 120
Hence the complete solution is
1
y = C.F. + P.I. or y = C1ex + C2e2x + C3e3x – (2e–2x + e–3x).
120
2 2x 2
122. Solve : (D – 2) y = 8 (e + sin 2x + x ). (M.D.U., May 2007)
Sol. Auxiliary equation is
(D – 2)2 = 0
∴ D = 2, 2
C.F. = (C1 + C2x)e2x
1
P.I. = [8(e2x + sin 2x + x2)]
(D − 2)2
558 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM 1 e2 x +
1
sin 2 x +
1
x2
OP
P.I. = 8
MN (D − 2) 2
(D − 2) 2
(D − 2) 2
PQ
1 1 1 2x
Now . e2 x = x . . e 2 x = x2 . e (Case of failure)
(D − 2)2 2(D − 2) 2

1 1 1
sin 2x = sin 2x = sin 2x (Putting D2 = – 22)
(D − 2) 2 D2 − 4D + 4 − 22 − 4D + 4

=–
1
4D
sin 2x = –
1
4 z sin 2x dx = –
FG − cos 2 x IJ = 1 cos 2x
1
H 2 K 8
4

1F DI
−2
= G1 − J x
1 1 1
x2 = x2 2
(D − 2)2
x2 =
(2 − D)2 F DI
4 G1 − J
2 4 H 2K
H 2K
1L F D I (− 2)(− 3) FG D IJ ......OP x 2
=
4 MN
M 1 − 2 G− J +
H 2K 2 H 2 K PQ 2

1L 3 O 1L 3 OP
4 MN
1 + D + D + ......P x = M x + D( x ) + D
2 2 2 2
( x2 )
Q 4N Q
= 2
4 4
L x e + 1 cos 2x + 1 FG x + 2x + 3 IJ OP
P.I. = 8 M
2
2x 2
4H 2 K QP
∴
NM 2 8
= 4x2e2x + cos 2x + 2x2 + 4x + 3
Hence the complete solution is
y = (C1 + C2x) e2x + 4x2e2x + cos 2x + 2x2 + 4x + 3.
3 y d
123. Solve the D.E. (D – D)z = 2y + 1 + 4 cos y + 2e , where D ≡ . (M.DU., May, 2009)
dy
Sol. (D3 – D)z = 2y + 1 + 4 cos y + 2e y
Its A.E. is D3 – D = 0 ⇒ D = 0, ± 1.
C.F. = c1 + c2 e y + c3 e– y
1
P.I. = 3
(2y + 1 + 4 cos y + 2e y)
D −D
Solving separately, we get
2y 2 −2
= .y = . y = – y2
D3 − D D(D2 − 1) D
1 1 y . e0 y
= . e0 y = =–y
3D2 − 1

z
D3 − D D3 − D
1
. 4 cos y = – 2 cos y dy = – 2 sin y
D3 − D
1 2y ey 2 y
3
. 2e y = 2 = ye = ye y
D −D 3D − 1 2
Hence complete solution is
z = c1 + c2 e y + c3 e– y – y2 – y – 2 sin y + ye y.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 559

124. Solve : (D + 2)(D – 1)2 y = e–2x + 2 sinh x.

Sol. Auxiliary equation is
(D + 2)(D – 1)2 = 0 so that D = – 2, 1, 1
∴ C.F. = C1 e–2x + (C2 + C3x) ex
1
P.I. = (e–2x + 2 sinh x)
(D + 2)(D − 1)2

1 LM∵ sinh x = e x
− e− x OP
P.I. =
(D + 2)(D − 1) 2 (e–2x + ex – e–x)
MN 2 PQ
1 1 LM 1 . e −2 x OP
Now,
(D + 2)(D − 1) 2
. e–2x =
D+2 MN (D − 1) 2
PQ
1 L OP = 1 . 1 e
= M 1 e
D + 2 MN (– 2 − 1) 2
−2 x
PQ 9 D + 2
−2 x
(Case of failure)

1 1 x
= . x . . e−2 x = e−2 x
9 1 9
1 1 LM 1 e OP = 1 FG 1 e IJ
x x
(D + 2)(D − 1) 2
ex =
(D − 1) 2
N D + 2 Q (D − 1) H 1 + 2 K 2

1 1
= . . ex (Case of failure)
3 (D − 1)2

1 x
= . . ex (Case of failure)
3 2 (D − 1)
1 1 x 1 2 x
= . x2 . e = x e
3 2 6
1 1 1 −x
. e–x = e− x = e
(D + 2)(D − 1)2 (− 1 + 2)(− 1 − 1)2 4
x −2 x x 2 x 1 − x
∴ P.I. = e + e + e
9 6 4
Hence the complete solution is
x −2 x x 2 x 1 − x
y = C1e–2x + (C2 + C3x)ex + e + e + e .
9 6 4
d2 y
125. Solve : – 4y = x sinh x. (M.D.U., May 2008)
dx 2
Sol. Given equation in symbolic form is (D2 – 4) y = x sinh x
Auxiliary equation is D2 – 4 = 0 ⇒ D = ± 2
∴ C.F. = C1e2x + C2e–2x.
1
P.I. = x sinh x
D2 − 4

1 Fe x
− e− x I = 1 LM 1 e 1 OP
= 2
D −4
x GH 2 JK 2 MN D − 4 2
x
.x−
D −42
. e− x . x
PQ
1 x LM
e .
1
. x − e− x .
1
.x
OP
=
2 MN
(D + 1)2 − 4 (D − 1)2 − 4 PQ
560 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM
1 x
e . 2
1
x − e− x . 2
1
.x
OP
=
MN
2 D + 2D − 3 D − 2D − 3 PQ
LM OP
1M 1 1 P
= Me . . xP
x −x
2M F 2D D I
x−e .
2 F 2D D I P 2

MN − 3 GH 1 − 3 − 3 JK − 3 G1 +
H 3 − 3 JK PQ
L R| F 2D D I U| R|1 + F 2D − D I U| . xOP
−1 −1

= – M e S1 − G
2 2
1
6 M |
x
+ JV x − e S| GH 3 3 JK V| P
−x

MN T H 3 3 K W| T W PQ
1L F I F 2D ......IJ xOP
= – Me G 1 + ......J x − e G 1 −
x 2D −x
6 N H 3 K H 3 K Q
1L F 2I F 2 I O x F e − e IJ − 2 FG e + e IJ
= – Me G x + J − e G x − J P = – G
x −x
x −x x −x

6N H 3K H 3K Q 3 H 2 K 9 H 2 K
x 2
=– sinh x − cosh x
3 9
x 2
Hence the complete solution is y = C1e2x + C2e–2x – sinh x − cosh x .
3 9

d2 y
126. Solve the D.E. + 4y = x sin x. (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
dx 2

d2 y
Sol. + 4y = x sin x
dx2
Its A.E. is D2 + 4 = 0 or D2 = – 4 or D = ± 2i
0x
C.F. is y= e A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x + e0 x C cos 2 x + D sin 2 x

= c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x
x sin x
P.I. y =
D2 + 4
I. P. of eix eix . x F x I
=x. 2
D +4
= I.P. of
D2 + 4
= I.P. of eix . GH (D + i)2 + 4
JK
LM F I OP
G JJ P L e R| F D + 2Di I U|OP
= I.P. of M = I.P. of M
ix −1
e
G x
MM 3 GG 1 + D + 2iD JJ PP
2 MM 3 S|x GH 1 + 3 JK
ix 2
V|P
N H 3 KQ N T WPQ
L e R| F D + 2Di I U|OP L e FG x − 0 + 2i IJ OP
= I.P. of M
ix
= I.P. of M
ix 2

MN 3 T| HS x G1 −
3 J V
K W|PQ MN 3 H 3 K PQ
= I.P. of M
L (cos 3x + i sin 3x) FG x − 2i IJ OP
N 3 H 3 KQ
1L 2 O 1
= M− cos 3 x + x sin 3 x P =
3N 3 Q (3x sin x – 2 cos 3x)
9
1
∴ Complete solution is y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + (3x sin x – 2 cos 3x)
9
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 561

d4 y
127. Solve : − y = cos x cosh x .
dx 4
Sol. Given equation in symbolic form is (D4 – 1) y = cos x cosh x
Auxiliary equation is D4 – 1 = 0 or (D2 – 1)(D2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ D = ± 1, ± i
∴ C.F. = c1ex + c2e–x + e0x (c3 cos x + c4 sin x)
= c1ex + c2e–x + c3 cos x + c4 sin x

1 1 Fe x
+ e− x I
P.I. =
D −14 cos x cosh x =
D −1 4
cos x GH 2 JK
LM
1 1
e x
cos x +
1 . e– x
cos x
OP
=
MN
2 D4 − 1 D4 − 1 PQ
1L OP
= Me
1 1
x
. cos x + e− x . cos x
2 MN (D + 1) − 1 4
(D – 1) − 1 4
PQ
1L OP
= Me
1 1
x
. cos x + e− x . cos x
2 MN 4
D + 4D + 6D + 4D 3 2 4
D – 4D + 6D – 4D 3 2
PQ
1 LM e x 1
=
2 N .
(− 1 ) + 4D (− 12 ) + 6(− 12 ) + 4D
2 2
cos x

1 OP
+ e –x .
(− 1 ) – 4D (− 12 ) + 6(− 12 ) – 4D
2 2
cos x
Q
=
LM
1 x 1
e . cos x + e− x .
1
cos x
OP
2 N−5 −5 Q
1 Fe x
+ e− x I cos x = – 1 cosh x cos x
=–
5 GH 2 JK 5

1
Hence the complete solution is y = c1ex + c2e–x + c3 cos x + c4 sin x – cos x cosh x.
5

d2 y dy
128. Solve : 2
−2 + y = xe x sin x .
dx dx
Sol. The given equation in symbolic form is (D2 – 2D + 1) y = x ex sin x
Auxiliary equation is
D2 – 2D + 1 = 0 or (D – 1)2 = 0 i.e., D = 1, 1.
∴ C.F. = (C1 + C2x) ex
1 1
P.I. = ex . x sin x = ex . x sin x
(D − 1)2 (D + 1 − 1)2

= ex
D
1
2
x sin x = ex
1
D z x sin x dx

1
= ex [– x cos x + sin x] (Integrating by parts)
D
562 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

= ex
ex
z (– x cos x + sin x) dx = ex [– {x sin x –
= [– x sin x – cos x – cos x] = – (x sin x + 2 cos x) ex
z 1 . sin x dx} – cos x]

Hence the complete solution is y = (C1 + C2x)ex – ex (x sin x + 2 cos x).

d2 y
129. Solve : − 4y = cosh (2x − 1) + 3 x .
dx 2
Sol. Given equation is (D2 – 4) y = cosh (2x – 1) + 3x
Auxiliary equation is D2 – 4 = 0 ⇒ D = ± 2
∴ C.F. = C1e2x + C2e–2x
1
P.I. = [cosh (2x – 1) + 3x]
D2 − 4
LM e 2x − 1
+ e− (2 x − 1) OP F∵ et + e − t I
=
D −42
1
MN 2
+ elog 3
x

PQ GH cosh t =
2
and u = elog u JK
LM 1 e + 1 e OP + 1 e
1 2 x−1 −2 x + 1 x log 3
=
2MN D − 4 2
D −4 PQ D − 42 2

1L 1 1 OP + 1 e
P.I. = M x .
2x − 1 − (2 x − 1)
+ x.
2 N 2D
e e
Q (log 3) − 4
or x log 3
2D 2

=
x L
4 MN
e
z 2x−1
dx + e dxOP +
z 3 − (2 x − 1)
Q (log 3) − 4
x
2

x Le 2x−1 OP + 3 − (2 x − 1)
x Le x 2 x−1 − (2 x − 1) OP + 3 x
= M
4 MN 2
+
e
− 2 PQ (log 3) − 4
= M
4 MN
–e
2 2
PQ (log 3) 2
−4

x 3x
= sinh (2x – 1) +
4 (log 3)2 − 4
x 3x
Hence the complete solution is y = C1e2x + C2e–2x + sinh (2x – 1) + .
4 (log 3)2 − 4

d2 y
130. Solve : + y = cosec x.
dx 2
Sol. Given equation in symbolic form is (D2 + 1) y = cosec x
Auxiliary equation is D2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ± i
∴ C.F. = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
1 1
P.I. = cosec x = cosec x
D +12 (D + i)(D − i)

FG
1 1 1 IJ cosec x
=
H
2i D − i
−
D+i K (Partial Fractions)

1 F 1 IJ
= G
2i H D − i
cosec x −
1
D+i
cosec x
K
Now,
1
D−i
cosec x = eix
z cosec x . e–ix dx

∵
1
D−a
X = eax z X e–ax dx
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 563

∴
1
D−i
cosec x = eix z cosec x (cos x – i sin x) dx

Changing i to – i, we have
= eix z (cot x – i) dx = eix (log sin x – ix)

1
cosec x = e–ix (log sin x + ix)
D+i
1 ix
∴ P.I. = [e (log sin x – ix) – e–ix (log sin x + ix)]
2i
Fe ix
– e− ix I
eix + e− ix F I = log sin x . sin x – x cos x
= log sin x GH 2i
−x JK 2 GH JK
Hence the complete solution is y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + sin x log sin x – x cos x.
2
131. Solve the D.E. (D + 4) y = sin 3x + cos 2x. (M.D.U., Dec. 2008)
Sol. (D2 + 4)y = sin 3x + cos 2x
Its A.E. is D2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ D = ± 2i
Hence, C.F. is c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x
sin 3 x + cos 2 x sin 3 x cos 2 x
P.I. is = +
2
D +4 D2 + 4 D2 + 4
sin 3 x sin 3 x sin 3 x
= =
D2 + 4 −9+4 −5

cos 2 x
D2 + 4
=
x(2 sin 2 x)
2D
=x
z sin 2x . dx = x − FG
H
cos 2 x
2
IJ
K or –
x cos 2 x
2
1 x cos 2 x
Hence, P.I. = − sin 3x –
5 2
∴ Complete solution is
1 x cos 2 x
C.S. = C.F. + P.I. = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x − sin 3x – .
5 2
d2 y
132. Solve : + a2y = tan ax.
dx 2
Sol. Given equation in symbolic form is (D2 + a2)y = tan ax
Auxiliary equation is D2 + a2 = 0 ⇒ D = ± ia
∴ C.F. = C1 cos ax + C2 sin ax
1 1
P.I. = 2 2
tan ax = tan ax
D +a (D + ia)(D − ia)
1 1 LM
−
1 1 1OP tan ax −
1
tan ax
LM OP
=
N
2ia D − ia D + ia
tan ax =
Q
2ia D − ia D + ia N Q
zR zU
Now,
1
tan ax = eiax tan ax . e–iax dx = eiax tan ax (cos ax – i sin ax) dx
D − ia

= eiax z |Ssin ax − i FG 1 − cos ax IJ |V dx = e

T| H cos ax K W|
2
iax
z {sin ax – i (sec ax – cos ax)} dx
564 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

= eiax −
LM cos ax i
− log (sec ax + tan ax) + i .
sin ax OP
N a a a Q
1 iax
=– e [(cos ax – i sin ax) + i log (sec ax + tan ax)]
a
1 iax –iax 1
=– e [e + i log (sec ax + tan ax)] = – [1 + ieiax log (sec ax + tan ax)]
a a
Changing i to – i, we have
1 1
tan ax = – [1 – ie – iax log (sec ax + tan ax)]
D + ia a

∴
1 LM− 1 {1 + ie iax
log (sec ax + tan ax) + } 1
{
1 − ie – iax log (sec ax + tan ax) }OPQ
P.I. =
2ia N a a
1 Fe iax
+ e− iax I
=–
a 2 log (sec ax + tan ax) GH 2 JK
1
=– log (sec ax + tan ax) . cos ax
a2
1
Hence the complete solution is y = C1 cos ax + C2 sin ax – cos ax log (sec ax + tan ax).
a2
133. Find P.I. of (D2 – 4D + 3)y = e3x .
1 1
Sol. P.I. = e3x = x . e3x (Case of failure)
D2 − 4D + 3 2D − 4
1 x
=x. e3 x = e3 x .
2(3) − 4 2
2 2 ax –ax d
134. Solve : (D – a )y = e – e ; D ≡ .
dx
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m2 – a2 = 0 or m = ± a
C.F. = C1eax + C2e–ax
1 1 1
P.I. = 2 2 (eax – e–ax) = (eax) – (e–ax)
D − a2
2
D 2 − a2

zO z
D −a
1 1 x x
=x. (eax) – x . (e–ax) = eax dx − e− ax dx
2D 2D 2 2
x eax x e− ax
. − .
x eax + e− ax
=
x LM PP
=
2 a 2 (− a)
=
a 2 a
cosh ax
MN Q
x
The complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. = C1eax + C2e–ax + cosh ax
a
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.
2 x 2 d
135. Solve : (D + D + 1) y = (1 + e ) ; D ≡ .
dx
1 3
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m2 + m + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = – ± i
2 2
−
1
x FC 3 3 I
C.F. = e 2
GH 1 cos
2
x + C2 sin
2
x JK
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 565

1 1
P.I. = (1 + ex)2 = (1 + e2x + 2ex)
D2 + D + 1 D2 + D + 1
1 1 1
P.I. = (e0x) + e2x + (2ex)
D2 + D + 1 D2 + D + 1 D2 + D + 1
1 1 2 1 2x 2 x
= e0 x + e2 x + ex = 1 + e + e
(0)2 + (0) + 1 (2)2 + (2) + 1 (1)2 + (1) + 1 7 3
Hence complete solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
–x
FC 3 3 1 2x 2 x I
= e 2
GH 1 cos
2
x + C2 sin
2
x +1+ e + e
7 3 JK
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.

d3 y d2 y dy
136. Solve the differential equation : 3
−3 2
+3 − y = ex + 2.
dx dx dx
Sol. The given equation is (D3 – 3D2 + 3D – 1)y = ex + 2 or (D – 1)3y = ex + 2
Auxiliary equation is (m – 1)3 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 1, 1
∴ C.F. = (C1 + C2 x + C3 x2) ex
1 1 1 1 1
P.I. = 3 (ex + 2) = ex + (2e0x) = x . ex + (2 e0 x )
(D − 1) (D − 1)3 (D − 1)3 3(D − 1)2 (0 − 1)3
1 1 x3 x
= x2 . ex – 2 = x3 . (ex) – 2 = e –2
6(D − 1) 3.2.1 6
x3 x
∴ The complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. = (C1 + C2 x + C3 x2)ex + e –2
6
where C1,C2 and C3 are arbitrary constants of integration.
137. Find P.I. of (D2 + 4D + 8)y = sin (2x + 3).
1
Sol. P.I. = sin (2x + 3)
D2 + 4D + 8
1 1
= sin (2x + 3) = sin (2x + 3)
− 4 + 4D + 8 4(D + 1)
1 D−1 1 D−1
= . sin (2x + 3) = . 2 . sin (2x + 3)
4 (D + 1)(D − 1) 4 D −1
1 D−1 1
= sin (2x + 3) = – [2 cos (2x + 3) – sin (2x + 3)]
4 (− 4 − 1) 20
1
= {sin (2x + 3) – 2 cos (2x + 3)}
20
d4 y
138. Solve : − m4 y = cos mx .
dx 4
Sol. Auxiliary equation is M4 – m4 = 0 or (M2 – m2)(M2 + m2) = 0 ⇒ M = ± m, ± mi
∴ C.F. = c1emx + c2e–mx + c3 cos mx + c4 sin mx
1 1
P.I. = (cos mx) = x . . cos mx
D − m4
4
4D3
x 1 FG sin mx IJ = x 1 FG − cos mx IJ = – x FG sin mx IJ = − x
= .
4 D2 H m K 4m D H m K 4m H m K 4m 2 3 sin mx
566 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Hence the complete solution is

x
y = C.F. + P.I. = c1emx + c2e–mx + c3 cos mx + c4 sin mx – sin mx
4m3
where c1, c2, c3 and c4 are arbitrary constants of integration.
3 2 x d
139. Solve : (D – 3D + 4D – 2)y = e + cos x ; D ≡ .
dx
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m3 – 3m2 + 4m – 2 = 0
⇒ (m – 1) (m2 – 2m + 2) = 0 or m = 1, 1 ± i
∴ C.F. = c1ex + ex(c2 cos x + c3 sin x)
1 1
P.I. = 3 2
. ex + 3 2
cos x
D − 3D + 4D − 2 D − 3D + 4D − 2
1 1
=x. ex + (cos x) (∵ D2 = – 1)
3D2 − 6D + 4 − D + 3 + 4D − 2
1 1
=x. ex + (cos x)
(7 − 6) 3D + 1
3D − 1 1
= xex + 2
(cos x) = xex – (– 3 sin x – cos x)
9D − 1 10
∴ The complete solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
1
= c1ex + ex (c2 cos x + c3 sin x) + xex + (3 sin x + cos x)
10
where c1, c2, c3 are arbitrary constants of integration.

3 2 2 d
140. Solve : (D – D – 6D) y = 1 + x ; D = .
dx
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m3 – m2 – 6m = 0 ⇒ m(m – 3)(m + 2) = 0 ⇒ m = 0, – 2, 3
∴ C.F. = c1 + c2e–2x + c3e3x

1 1 1 LM F
D − D2 I OP −1

P.I. =
D3 − D2 − 6D
(1 + x 2 ) =
− 6D − D2 + D3
(1 + x2) =–
6D
1+
6 MN GH JK PQ (1 + x2)

LM F
1 D − D2 I F
D − D2 I ......OP (1 + x )
2
=–
6DMN GH
1−
6
+ JK GH
6 JK − P
Q
2

1 L D O
P (1 + x ) = – 6D1 LMN1 + x − 61 (2 x) + 367 (2)OPQ
2 2
=–
6D MN
M 1−
D D
6
+
6
+
36 PQ
2 2

1 F
=– G 1 + x − 3x + 187 IJK = – 6D1 FGH x − 3x + 25
6D H
2 2 IJ
18 K

1Fx 3 2
25 I x F x 25 I
=– G
6H 3
−
x
6
+
18 JK
x =–
18
G
H x − +
2
2
6K
J
x F x 25 I
Hence the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. = c +c e + c e – 1 18
2
G
H x − +
–2x
236K
J3x 2

where c1, c2 and c3 are arbitrary constants of integration.

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 567

d
141. Solve the D.E. (D2 – 4D + 3)z = 2ye3y + 3ey cos 2y, where D = . (M.D.U., Dec., 2009)
dy

Sol. A.E. is D2 – 4D + 3 = 0 ⇒ D = 3, 1 C.F. = ey (c1 cos 3 z + c2 sin 3 z)

Assume P.I. as y= a1z2
+ a2z + a3 + a4e–z
Dy = 2a1z + a2 – a4e–z
D2y = 2a1 + a4e–z
Substituting these in the given equation, we get
(2a1z + a4e–z – 8a1z – 4a2 + 4a4e–z + 3)z = 2ye3y + 3ey cos 2y
1 1
Equating corresponding coefficients on both sides, we get a1 = , a = – , a3 = 0, a4 = 1
2 2 2
1 2 1
Thus, P.I. = z – z + e–z
2 2
1 2 1
∴ Complete solution is y = ey (c1 cos 3 z + c2 sin 3 z) + z – z + e–z.
2 2

d2x g dx
142. If + (x − a) = 0 ; a, b and g are positive numbers and x = a′ , = 0, when t = 0, show that
dt 2 b dt

g
x = a + (a′ – a) cos t.
b
d2 x g ag
Sol. We have, + x=
dt 2 b b
g g
Auxiliary equation is m2 + =0 ⇒ m=± i
b b
g g
∴ C.F. = C1 cos t + C2 sin t
b b

F ag I = ag . 1 F bD2 I −1

g GH b JK
1
P.I. =
D2 b gF bD I 2 GH
(1) = a 1 +
g JK (1) = a
+
b G
bH
1+
g JK

g g
∴ General solution is x = C.F. + P.I. or x = C1 cos t + C2 sin t+a ...(1)
b b
At t = 0, x = a′
∴ From (1), a′ = C1 + a ⇒ C1 = a′ – a ...(2)
dx g F− C g g I
Now,
dt
=
b GH 1 sin
b
t + C2 cos
b
t JK ...(3)

dx
At t = 0, =0
dt
g
∴ From (3), ⇒ C2 = 0
0 = C2 ...(4)
b
∴ From (1), (2) and (4), the complete solution is
g
x = (a′ – a) cos t + a, which is the required solution.
b
568 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

143. Find the solution of the equation (D2 – 1)y = 1 which vanishes when x = 0 and tends to a finite limit
d
as x → – ∞ and D ≡ .
dx
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m2 – 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ± 1
∴ C.F. = C1ex + C2e–x
1
P.I. = 2 (1) = – (1 – D2)–1 (1) = – (1 + D2 + ...) (1) = – 1
D −1
∴ General solution is y = C1ex + C2e–x – 1. ...(1)
When, x = 0, y = 0
∴ From (1), 0 = C1 + C2 – 1 ⇒ C1 + C2 = 1 ...(2)
Also, y tends to a finite limit as x → – ∞
This condition will be satisfied only when C2 = 0
∴ From (2), C1 = 1
Hence from (1), particular solution is y = ex – 1.

d2 y dy
144. Obtain the general solution of the differential equation : +4 − 12y = (x − 1)e 2x .
dx 2 dx
Sol. The given equation is (D2 + 4D – 12) y = (x – 1)e2x ...(1)
Auxiliary equation is m2 + 4m – 12 = 0 ⇒ (m – 2)(m + 6) = 0 or m = 2, – 6
C.F. = C1e2x + C2e–6x
1
P.I. = (x – 1) e2x
D2 + 4D − 12
1 1
= e2x . (x – 1) = e2x . (x – 1)
[(D + 2)2 + 4(D + 2) − 12] D2 + 8D
1FG IJ (x – 1)
D
−1
P.I. = e2x .
8D H K
1+
8
1 F
= e2x .
8D H
G 1 – D8 IJK (x – 1) (Ignoring higher power terms)

1 FG 1 IJ 1 FG 9 IJ = e FG x − 9 x IJ
2x 2
= e2x .
8D H
x − 1−
8 K = e2x .
8D H
x−
8 K 8 H2 8K
+e G
F x − 9x I
2
Hence the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. = C1e2x + C2e–6x
H 16 64 JK
2x

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.

x
145. Solve : y″ – 2y′ + 2y = x + e cos x.
d
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – 2D + 2)y = x + ex cos x ; D ≡
dx

2± 4−8
Auxiliary equation is m2 – 2m + 2 = 0, m = or m = 1 ± i
2
∴ C.F. = ex(C1 cos x + C2 sin x)
1
P.I. = 2
(x + ex cos x)
D − 2D + 2
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 569

1 1
= (x) + (ex cos x)
D2 − 2D + 2 D2 − 2D + 2
1 1
= 2
(x) + ex . 2
(cos x)
2 − 2D + D (D + 1) − 2(D + 1) + 2

LM F
1 2D − D2 I OP (x) + e . 1 cos x
−1

=
2
1−
MN HG 2 JK PQ D +1
x
2

1L F 2D − D I OP (x) + e . x . 1 cos x
= M1 + G
2

N H 2 JK PQ
x
2M 2D

1 x
= [1 + D](x) + ex . sin x (Ignoring higher powers)
2 2
1 ex
= (x + 1) + x sin x
2 2
1 ex
Hence the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) + (x + 1) + x sin x
2 2
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.
146. Solve : (D2 + 1) y = x2 sin 2x.
Sol. A.E. is D2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ± i
∴ C.F. = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
1 1
P.I. = x2 sin 2x = Imaginary part of x2 e2ix
D2 + 1 D2 + 1
1 1
= I.P. of e2ix . . x2 = I.P. of e2ix . x2
(D + 2i)2 + 1 D2 + 4 iD − 3

1 e2ix 4iD + D2 LM F I OP −1

= I.P. of
F
e2ix .
4
− 3 G 1 − iD −
D I
. 2
x2 = I.P. of
−3
1−
3 MN GH JK PQ . x2

H 3 3 JK

L F 4iD + D I F 4iD + D I O 2

= I.P. of – e M1 + G + ......P x
2 2
1
3 MN H 3 K H 3 K
2ix
J +G J PQ 2

1
= I.P. of – e M1 +
L 4iD + FG 1 − 16 IJ D + ......OP x
2ix 2
N 3 H3 9 K
2
3 Q
1
= I.P. of – e
LM x + (2 x) − (2)OP
4 i
2ix 13 2
3 N 3 9 Q
1 LMFG x 26 IJ FG IJ OP
8x
NH K H K Q
2
= I.P. of – (cos 2x + i sin 2x) − + i
3 9 3
1 8x LM
cos 2 x + x2 −
26 FG 1 IJ OP
=–
3 3 N 9 H
sin 2 x = –
27 K
[24x cos 2x + (9x2 – 26) sin 2x]
Q
1
Hence the complete solution is y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x – [24 x cos 2x + (9x2 – 26) sin 2x].
27
570 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

147. Solve : (D4 + 2D2 + 1)y = x2 cos x.

Sol. Auxiliary equation is (D2 + 1)2 = 0 ⇒ D = ± i, ± i
∴ C.F. = (C1x + C2) cos x + (C3 x + C4) sin x
1 1
P.I. = 2 2
x2 cos x = Real part of x2 (cos x + i sin x)
(D + 1) (D + 1) 2
2

1 1
= R.P. of x2 eix = R.P. of eix . . x2
(D + 1) 2
2
[(D + i)2 + 1]2
1 1
= R.P. of eix . . x2 = R.P. of eix . . x2
2
(D + 2iD) 2
LM2iD FG 1 + D IJ OP 2

N H 2i K Q
1 F
G 1 − i2D IJK
ix −2
1 e
. x2
−4 D H
= R.P. of eix . . x2 = R.P. of .
F iD IJ
− 4D G 1 −
2 2

H 2K
2

1 L F iD I F iD I O 2
1
= R.P. of – e .
4
M
D MN
1 + 2 G J + 3 G J + ......P x
ix
H 2 K H22 K PQ
2

1 1 L 3 O 1 LM
1 x3 3 OP
= R.P. of – e .
4 D N
M x + i(2 x) − (2) P = R.P. of – e
ix
4 2
Q
2
4
ix
.
D 3MN
+ ix2 − x
2 PQ
= R.P. of – e M
1 L x + i x − 3x OP
ix
4 3 2

4 MN 12 3 4 PQ
1
= R.P. of – (cos x + i sin x) [(x4 – 9x2) + (4x3)i]
48
1
P.I. = – [(x4 – 9x2) cos x – 4x3 sin x]
48
1
Hence complete solution is y = (C1x + C2) cos x + (C3x + C4) sin x – [(x4 – 9x2) cos x – 4x3 sin x].
48
d2 y dy
148. Solve : −3 + 2y = xe3x + sin 2x .
dx 2 dx
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m2 – 3m + 2 = 0 ⇒ (m – 1)(m – 2) = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 2
∴ C.F. = C1ex + C2e2x
1 1 1
P.I. = 2
. (xe3x + sin 2x) = 2 (e3x . x) + 2 (sin 2x)
D − 3D + 2 D − 3D + 2 D − 3D + 2
1 1
P.I. = e3x . 2
( x) + (sin 2 x)
[(D + 3) − 3(D + 3) + 2] − 4 − 3D + 2
1 1
= e3x . 2 (x) + (sin 2x)
D + 3D + 2 − 3D −2
1 3D − 2
= e3x . (sin 2x)
L F
2 M1 + G
3D + D I O
( x) − 2

MN H 2 JK PPQ
9D − 4
2

e3 x LM1 + F 3D + D I OP (x) − 3D − 2
2
−1

NM GH 2 JK QP
= (sin 2x)
2 − 40
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 571

e3 x FG
3D 1IJ
=
2
1−
H2
( x) +
40 K
(6 cos 2 x − 2 sin 2 x)

e3 x FG x − 3 IJ + 1 (3 cos 2x − sin 2x)

=
2 H 2 K 20
e3 x FG3 1 IJ
Hence the complete solution is y = C1ex + C2e2x +
2
x−
H2
+
20 K
(3 cos 2x – sin 2x)

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.

d2 y dy e− x
149. Solve : +2 + y= .
dx 2 dx x+2
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 ⇒ (m + 1)2 = 0 or m = – 1, – 1
∴ C.F. = (C1 + C2 x) e–x
F e I=e . 1 F 1 I−x
P.I. =
1
G J
(D + 1) H x + 2 K 2
. G J
−x
(D − 1 + 1) H x + 2 K 2

=e . –x
1 F 1 I
G
D H x + 2K
2 J 1
D
−x L
= e . log ( x + 2) = e . M x log ( x + 2) −
N
–xx dx O
P
x + 2Q z
L
–x
MN z
F 2 IJ dxOP = e [x log (x + 2) – x + 2 log (x + 2)]
= e M x log ( x + 2) − G 1 −
H x + 2 K PQ
= e–x [(x + 2) log (x + 2) – x]
–x

Hence the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. = (C1 + C2 x)e–x + e–x [(x + 2) log (x + 2) – x]
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.
150. Solve : (D2 + 2D + 1) y = x cos x.
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 or m = – 1, – 1
C.F. = (C1 + C2 x) e–x
1 1
P.I. = (x cos x) = Real part of (xeix)
D2 + 2D + 1 D2 + 2D + 1
1 1
= R.P. of eix . (x) = R.P. of eix . (x)
(D + i) 2 + 2(D + i) + 1 D2 + 2D(1 + i) + 2i

eixLM
1+
1+ i
D+
D2 OP (x) −1

= R.P. of
2i MN i 2i PQ
e L 1+ i O
ix

2i MN
1− DP x, leaving higher powers
= R.P. of
i Q
e F
G x − 1 +i i IJK = R.P. of 21 (cos x + i sin x) (– ix + 1 + i)
ix

2i H
= R.P. of

1 1
= cos x + (x – 1) sin x
2 2
1 1
∴ The complete solution is given by y = C.F. + P.I. = (C1 + C2 x) e–x + cos x + (x – 1) sin x
2 2
where C1 and C2 are the arbitrary constants of integration.
572 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

151. Solve : (D2 – 4D + 4)y = 8x2 e2x sin 2x. [U.P.T.U., (B.Pharm. 2005)]
Sol. The auxiliary equation is m2 – 4m + 4 = 0 ⇒ m = 2, 2
∴C.F. =(C1 + C2 x) e2x
1 1
P.I. = 2
(8x2e2x sin 2x) = (8x2 e2x sin 2x)
(D − 2)2

z
D − 4D + 4
1 1 1
= 8.e2x (x2 sin 2x) = 8e2x . (x2 sin 2x) = 8e2x . x2 sin 2x dx
(D + 2 − 2) 2
D2 D

P.I. = 8 e2 x .
1 2
D
x −
2
LM FG
cos 2 x
N
−
H K z
IJ 2x . FG − cos 2x IJ dxOP
H 2 K Q
= 8e2x .
1 L x
M− cos 2 x + x sin22x − 1 . sin22x dxOPP
D MN 2
2

Qz
1 L x 2
x sin 2 x cos 2 x O
= 8e2x . M −
D MN 2
cos 2 x +
2
+
4 PQ
P
= 8e2x . MG −
MNH 2 JK 2 z
LF x I sin 2x − (− x) sin 2x dx + x sin 2x dx + sin 2x OP
2

2 2 8 P
Q z
= 8e2x
LM− x sin 2x + sin 2x + x sin 2x dxOP
MN 4
2

8 z
PQ
= 8e2x
LMF 1 − x I sin 2x + x F − cos 2x I − 1 . F − cos 2x I dxOP
MNGH 8 4 JK
2
GH 2 JK GH 2 JK P
Q z
LMF 1 − x I sin 2x − x cos 2x + sin 2x OP
2
= 8e2x
MNGH 8 4 JK 2 4 P
Q
LMF 3 − x I sin 2x − x cos 2xOP = e [(3 – 2x ) sin 2x – 4x cos 2x]
2
= 8e2x
MNGH 8 4 JK
2x 2
2 PQ
Hence the complete solution is
y = C.F. + P.I. or y = e2x [C1 + C2 x + (3 – 2x2) sin 2x – 4x cos 2x]
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.
d
152. Solve the differential equation : (D2 – 1) y = xex sin x ; D ≡ .
dx
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m2 – 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ± 1
∴C.F. =C1e x + C2e–x
1 1 1
P.I. = 2 (xex sin x) = ex . (x sin x) = ex . (x sin x)
D −1 (D + 1)2 − 1 D2 + 2D
LM
= ex . I.P. of
1 OP LM
( x eix ) = ex I.P. of eix .
1
( x)
OP
MN 2
D + 2D PQ MN 2
(D + i) + 2(D + i) PQ
LM
= ex I.P. of eix .
1 O
( x)P
MN D + 2(1 + i) D + 2i − 1 PQ
2

LM F R| 2(1 + i)D + D U| I OP 2 −1
G 1 + S| 2i − 1 V| JJ ( x)P
ix
e
= ex
MM I. P. of
2i − 1 G
H T W K PQ
N
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 573

LM
= ex I. P. of
e ix
RSx − 2(1 + i) UVOP = e LMI. P. of e . (2i + 1) RSx − 2(1 + i)(2i + 1) UVOP
x
ix

MN 2i − 1 T 2i − 1 WPQ MN (2i) − 1 T
2 (− 5) WPQ
LMI.P. of RS− 1 e (2i + 1) FG x − 2 − 6i IJ UVOP = – e LI. P. of e (2i + 1) RS 5x − 2(1 − 3i) UVO
x

H 5 K WPQ 5 MN T 5 WPQ
ix ix
= ex
MN T 5
ex
=– [I.P. of (cos x + i sin x) {(10i + 5)x – 14 + 2i}]
25
ex
=– [I.P. of (cos x + i sin x) {(5x – 14) + i(10x + 2)}]
25
ex
=– [(10x + 2) cos x + (5x – 14) sin x]
25
ex
Hence the complete solution is y = C1ex + C2e–x – [2(1 + 5x) cos x + (5x – 14) sin x]
25
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.
153. A body executes damped forced vibrations given by the equation:
d2x dx
2
+ b 2 x = e− kt sin wt . Solve the equation for both the cases, when w2 = b2 – k2 and
+ 2k
dt dt
2 2 2
w ≠b –k . [U.P.T.U., (C.O.), 2005]

Sol. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 2km + b2 = 0 ⇒ m = – k ± k2 − b2

For damped forced vibrations k2 < b2
∴ m = – k ± i b2 − k2
Case I. When w2 ≠ b2 – k2

∴ C.F. = e–kt [C1 cos b2 − k2 t + C2 sin b2 − k2 . t]

1 1
P.I. = (e–kt sin wt) = e–kt . sin wt.
D2 + 2 kD + b2 (D − k)2 + 2 k(D − k) + b2
− kt 1 1
P.I. = e . 2 sin wt = e–kt . sin wt
D + (b2 − k2 ) − w2 + b2 − k2
e− kt
= sin wt
b − k2 − w2
2

Hence complete solution is

e− kt
x = e–kt (C1 cos b2 − k2 t + C2 sin b2 − k2 . t) + sin wt
b − k2 − w2
2

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.

Case II. When w2 = b2 – k2
C.F. = e–kt (C1 cos wt + C2 sin wt)
1 1
P.I. = 2 (e–kt sin wt) = e–kt . sin wt
D + 2 kD + b2 (D − k)2 + 2 k (D − k) + b2
1 1
P.I. = e–kt . 2 sin wt = e–kt . t . sin wt (Case of failure)
D + b2 − k2 2D
te− kt FG − cos wt IJ = – t e
=
2 H w K 2w –kt cos wt
t –kt
Hence complete solution is x = C.F. + P.I. = e–kt (C1 cos wt + C2 sin wt) – e cos wt
2w
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.
574 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

154. Find the P.I. of (D2 + a2)y = sec ax.

1 1
Sol. P.I. = 2 2 sec ax = sec ax
D +a (D − ia)(D + ia)

P.I. =
1 LM 1 − 1 OP sec ax = 1 LM 1 (sec ax) − 1 (sec ax)OP
2ia N D − ia D + ia Q 2ia N D − ia D + ia Q
1
= (P1 − P2 )
2ia

where P1 =
1
D − ia
(sec ax) = eiax z e–iax sec ax dx = eiax z (cos ax – i sin ax) sec ax dx

= eiax z FG log cos ax IJ UV

H a KW
(1 – i tan ax) dx = eiax x + i
RS
T
P = 2
1
D + ia
(sec ax) = e –iax
e sec ax dx = e z RSx − i FG log cos ax IJ UV
T H a KW
iax –iax

1 L R F log cos ax IJ UV − e RSx − i FG log cos ax IJ UVOP

M e Sx + i Giax − iax
∴ P.I. =
2ia MN T H a KW T H a K WPQ
1 L
=
2ia N
M x(e − e ) + i FGH log cos
iax
a
ax I
− iax
JK (e + e )OPQ iax − iax

1 L i O
=
2ia N M 2ix sin ax + (log cos ax) (2 cos ax)P
a Q
1L 1 O
a MN
x sin ax + cos ax log cos ax P .
Hence, P.I. =
a Q
d2 y
155. Solve : + y = x – cot x .
dx 2
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ± i
∴ C.F. = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
1 1 1
P.I. = 2 (x – cot x) = 2
(x) – cot x
D +1 D +1 (D − i)(D + i)

= (1 + D2)–1 (x) –
1 LM 1 − 1 OP cot x
2i ND − i D + iQ
P.I. = (1 – D2)(x) –
1 LM
1
(cot x) −
1
(cot x) = x –
1
(P1 – P2)
OP ...(1)
N
2i D − i D+i 2i Q
where P1 =
1
D−i
(cot x) = eix z e–ix cot x dx

= eix z (cos x – i sin x) cot x dx = eix z F cos x − i cos xI dx

2
GH sin x JK
= eix z FGH 1 − sin 2 x
sin x
− i cos x dx = eix
I
JK z (cosec x – sin x – i cos x) dx

= eix [log (cosec x – cot x) + cos x – i sin x] = eix [log (cosec x – cot x) + e–ix]
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 575

Similarly, P2 = e–ix [log (cosec x – cot x) + eix]

1 ix
∴ From (1), P.I. = x – [e {log (cosec x – cot x) + e–ix} – e–ix {log (cosec x – cot x) + eix}]
2i
1
[(eix – e–ix) log (cosec x – cot x)] = x – sin x log (cosec x – cot x)
=x–
2i
Hence the complete solution is
y = C.F. + P.I. = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + x – sin x log (cosec x – cot x)
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.
156. Solve : (D2 – 4D + 3) y = sin 3x cos 2x.
Sol. Auxiliary equation is D2 – 4D + 3 = 0 or (D – 1)(D – 3) = 0 ⇒ D = 1, 3
∴ C.F. = C1ex + C2e3x
1
P.I. = [sin 3 x cos 2 x]
(D − 1)(D − 3)
1 1
= . [sin 5x + sin x] {∵ 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)}
D2 − 4D + 3 2
1 FG 1 sin 5xIJ + 1 . 1
− 4D + 3 H 2 K 2 D
= 2 2
(sin x)
D − 4D + 3
1 1 1 1
= . sin 5 x + . sin x
2 (− 25 + 3 − 4D) 2 (− 1 − 4D + 3)
1 1 1 1 1 2D − 11 1 1 + 2D
=–. sin 5 x + . sin x = – . sin 5 x + . sin x
4 (2D + 11) 4 (1 − 2D) 2
4 4D − 121 4 1 − 4D2
Put D2 = – 25 and D2 = – 1
1 2D − 11 1 1 + 2D FG 2D − 11 IJ 1
P.I. = –
4
.
− 221
sin 5 x +
4 5 H
sin x =
884 K
(sin 5 x) +
20
(sin x + 2 cos x)

10 cos 5 x − 11 sin 5 x 1
= + (sin x + 2 cos x)
884 20
(sin x + 2 cos x) 10 cos 5 x − 11 sin 5 x
∴ y = C1ex + C2e3x + +
20 884
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.

d2 y
157. Solve : + 4y = e x + sin 2x .
dx 2
Sol. Auxiliary equation is D2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ D = ± 2i
∴ C.F. is C.F. = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x
1 1 1
P.I. = 2
[ex + sin 2x] = 2
ex + sin 2x
D +4 D +4 D2 + 4

=
ex
5
+
x
2D
(sin 2x) =
ex
5
x
+ .
2 z sin 2x dx =
ex
5
+
x
2
FG − cos 2 x IJ = e
H 2 K 5
ex x cos 2 x
x
–
x cos 2 x
4

∴ The complete solution is given by y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x + − .

5 4
d3 y dy d2 y
158. Solve: 3
−2
+4. = e 2x + sin 2x .
dx dx 2 dx
Sol. The equation in symbolic form is (D3 – 2D2 + 4D)y = e2x + sin 2x
Auxiliary equation is D3 – 2D2 + 4D = 0 or D(D2 – 2D + 4) = 0 ⇒ D = 0, 1 ± i 3
576 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ C.F. = C1 + ex (C2 cos 3 x + C3 sin 3 x)

1 1 1
P.I. = (e2x + sin 2x) = e2x + sin 2x
D(D2 − 2D + 4) D(D2 − 2D + 4) 2
D(D − 2D + 4)
1 2x 1
= e + 3 . sin 2x
8 D − 2D2 + 4D
1 2x 1 1 2x 1
P.I. = e + 3 2
sin 2x = e + 2
sin 2x
8 D − 2D + 4D 8 D(D − 2D + 4)
1 2x 1
= e + sin 2x (∵ D2 = – 4)
8 D(− 4 − 2D + 4)
1 1 1 2x 1 1 2x
= . e2x + 2
sin 2x = e + sin 2x = (e + sin 2x)
8 − 2D 8 8 8
∴ The complete solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
1 2x
or y = C1 + (C2 cos 3 x + C3 sin 3 x)ex + (e + sin 2x)
8
where C1, C2 and C3 are arbitrary constants of integration.
FG x IJ + e + x.
159. Solve : (D – 1)2 (D + 1)2 y = sin2
H 2K
x
(M.D.U., 2005)

FG x IJ + e + x
Sol. (D – 1)2 (D + 1)2y = sin2
H 2K x

Auxiliary equation is (D2 – 1)2 = 0 i.e., D = ± 1, ± 1

∴ C.F. = (C1 + C2 x) ex + (C3 + C4 x) e–x
1 LMsin FG x IJ + e + xOP = P + P + P
2 x
Now, P.I. = 2
(D − 1) 2
N H 2K Q 1 2 3

F I F 1 − cos x I
H 2 K (D − 1) (D + 1) GH 2 JK
sin G J =
1 2
x 1
where P1 =
(D – 1)2
2 2 2

1 1 cos x 1 1 cos x
= − . = − .
2 (D2 − 1)2 2 2 (D − 1)2 (D2 + 2D + 1) 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 FG1 1 IJ 1 FG IJ
P1 = −
2 (D − 1)2 4
. sin x = − 2
2 D + 1 − 2D 4
. sin x = +
H2 2D 4 K
.
H
sin x
K
1 1 1 1
= + (– cos x) = − cos x
2 8 2 8
1 1 1 1 1
P2 = ex = ex = x e x = x2 e x
(D − 1)2 (D + 1) 2 4(D − 1)2 4 2(D − 1) 8
1 1
P3 = 2 2 .x or .x=x
(D − 1) (1 − D2 ) 2
1 1 1 2 x
∴ P.I. = − cos x + x e +x
2 8 8
1 1 1 2 x
Complete solution is −
y = (C1 + C2 x) ex + (C3 + C4 x)e–x + cos x + x e + x.
2 8 8
160. Solve the differential equation : (D3 + 2D2 + D)y = x2 e2x + sin2 x. (M.D.U., 2005)
Sol. The auxiliary equation is
D3 + 2D2 + D = 0 or D(D2 + 2D + 1) = 0
D(D + 1)2 = 0 i.e., D = 0, – 1, – 1
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 577

∴ C.F. = C1 + (C2 + C3 x) e–x

x 2 e2 x 1 − cos 2 x
P.I. = +
D + 2D2 + D
3
2(D3 + 2D2 + D)

= e2x
LM x2 OP + 1
−
cos 2 x
MN (D + 2) 3
+ 2(D + 2) 2
+ (D + 2) PQ 2(D 3 2
+ 2D + D) 2(D + 2D2 + D)
3

x2 (1 + D2 + 2D) −1 cos 2 x
= e2x . 3 2
+ −
D + 8D + 21D + 18 2D 2[D(− 4) + 2(− 4) + D)]

LM OP
e M
M F D + x8D + 21D I PPP + 1 − D2D− 2D + cos2(9D
2x 2 2
2 x (3D − 8)
=
18 M 3 2 − 64) 2

MN 1 + GH 18 J
KQ P
L
e M F2x
D + 8D + 21D I P 3 O 1 − 6 sin 2 x − 8 cos 2 x
2
−1
x G1 + J
18 M H K PQ + 2D +
2
=
N 18 2(− 100)

e L 2x 2 O x 1 (3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x)

= M
18 NM
x −
x
(D + 8D + 21D)P + +
2 3 2
18 QP 2 100
e L 2x
1 O x 1 (3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x)
18 MN
x − {D ( x ) + 8D ( x ) + 21D( x )}P + +
2 3 2 2 2 2
=
18 Q 2 100
e L 2x
1 O x + 1 (3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x)
=
18 NM x −
18
{0 + 8(2) + 21(2 x)}P +
2
Q 2 100
e L 2x
1 O x 1 (3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x)
=
18 N M x −
18
(42 x + 16)P + +
2
Q 2 100
e L 2x
21x 8O x 1
⇒ P.I. =
18 NM x −
9
− P+ +
2
9 Q 2 100
(3 sin 2 x + 4 cos 2 x)

e L 7x 8O 1 2x
x
∴ The solution is y = C + (C + C x)e + 1
18 N
2 M x −
3
− P +
3
9Q
–x
100
2
(3 sin 2 x + 4 cos 2 x) +
2
where C1, C2 and C3 are arbitrary constants of integration.
161. Describe the method of variation of parameters to find P.I. of a linear differential equation of
e 3x
second order. Apply this method to solve (D2 – 6D + 9)y = .
x2
Sol. Consider the linear equation of second order with constant co-efficients

d2 y dy
+ a1 + a2 y = X
dx2 dx

z z
Let its C.F. be y = C1y1 + C 2 y2
y2 X y1 X
Then, P.I. = – y1 dx + y2 dx
W W
y1 y2
where W= y1′ y2′ is called the Wronskian of y1, y2.
578 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

e3 x
Now we will use this method to solve the given equation (D2 – 6D + 9)y =
x2
The auxiliary equation is D2 – 6D + 9 = 0 or (D – 3)2 = 0 or D = 3, 3
∴ C.F. is y = (C1 + C2 x) e3x
e3 x
Thus,y1 = e3x, y2 = xe3x, X =
x2
e3 x xe3 x
∴ W= = e6x
3 e3 x (3 x + 1) e3 x

∴ P.I. = – y1 z y2 X
W
dx + y2 z y1 X
W
dx = – e3x z xe3x .
e3 x
x 2
. e−6 x dx + xe3 x
z e3 x .
e3 x
x2
e−6 x dx

= – e3x
3x
1
x z
dx + xe3 x
x
1
2 z
. dx = – e3x log x + xe3x −

= e [– log x – 1] or – (1 + log x) e3x

1
x
FG IJ
H K
Hence complete solution is
y = (C1 + C2 x)e3x – (1 + log x) e3x = (C1 + C2 x – 1 – log x) e3x
or y = (C1′ + C2 x – log x)e3x, where C1′ = C1 – 1.

d2 y
162. Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve + 4y = 4 sec 2 2x .
dx 2
(M.D.U., May 2009)
Sol. Given equation in symbolic form is (D2 + 4)y = 4 sec2 2x.
Its A.E. is D2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ D = ± 2i
∴ C.F. is y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x
Thus, y1 = cos 2x, y2 = sin 2x, X = 4 sec2 2x.
cos 2 x sin 2 x
∴ W = − 2 sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x = 2

P.I. = – y1 z y2 X
W
dx + y2 z y1 X
W
dx

= – cos 2x
z sin 2 x . 4 sec 2 2 x
dx + sin 2 x
z cos 2 x . 4 sec 2 2 x
dx

z z
2 2

= – 2 cos 2x sec 2x tan 2x dx + 2 sin 2x sec 2x . dx

sec 2 x 1
= – 2 cos 2x . + 2 sin 2 x . log (sec 2 x + tan 2 x)
2 2
= – 1 + sin 2x log (sec 2x + tan 2x)
Hence the complete solution is given by
y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x – 1 + sin 2x log (sec 2x + tan 2x).

d2 y
163. Solve by the method of variation of parameters − y = e− x . sin (e− x ) + cos (e− x ) .
dx 2
Sol. Given equation in symbolic form is (D2 – 1) y = e–x sin (e–x) + cos (e–x)
Its A.E. is D2 – 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ± 1
∴ C.F. is y = C1 ex + C2e–x
Here, y1 = ex, y2 = e–x, X = e–x sin (e–x) + cos (e–x)
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 579

ex e− x
∴ W= =–2
ex − e− x

∴ P.I. = – y1 z y2 X
W
dx + y2 z y1 X
W
dx

= – ex
z e− x . [ e− x sin (e− x ) + cos (e− x )] dx
−2
+ e− x
z e x . [ e− x sin (e− x ) + cos (e− x )] dx
−2

P.I. =
1 x
e z e–x [e–x sin (e–x) + cos (e–x)] dx –
1 –x
e z ex [e–x sin (e–x) + cos (e–x)] dx ...(1)

z
2 2

Now, e–x [e–x sin (e–x) + cos (e–x)] dx

=– zL (t sin t + cos t) dt, where t = e–x, dt = – e–x dx

MN
= – t(− cos t) −
z 1 . (− cos t) dt + sin t OP
Q

z
= – [– t cos t + sin t + sin t] = t cos t – 2 sin t = e–x cos (e–x) – 2 sin (e–x)

Also, ex [cos (e–x) + e–x sin (e–x)] dx

= ex cos (e–x)

∴ From equation (1), we have

Form
z e x [ f ( x) + f ′ ( x)]dx = e x f ( x)

1 x –x 1 –x x
P.I. = e [e cos (e–x) – 2 sin (e–x)] – e . e . cos (e–x)
2 2
1 1
=cos (e–x) – ex sin (e–x) – cos (e–x) = – ex sin (e–x)
2 2
Hence, C.S. is y = C1ex + C2e–x – ex sin (e–x).
164. Solve by the method of variation of parameters : y″ – 2y′ + y = ex log x.
Sol. Given equation is (D2 – 2D + 1) y = ex log x
Its A.E. is D2 – 2D + 1 = 0 or (D – 1)2 = 0 or D = 1, 1
C.F. is y = (C1 + C2 x)ex
Here, y1 = ex, y2 = xex and X = ex log x

y1 y2 ex xe x
∴ W= = = e2x
y1′ y2′ ex (1 + x) e x

Thus, P.I. = – y1 z y2 X
W
dx + y2 z y1 X
W
dx

P.I. = – ex
z xe x . e x log x
e2x
dx + xe x
z e x . e x log x
e2 x
dx = – e+x z x log x dx + x ex z log x . dx

= – e+x
LM x
MN 2
2
log x −
z 1 x2
.
x 2
OP
. dx + xe x { x log x − x}
PQ
= – e+x
LM x 2
log x −
x2 OP + x e
2 x (log x – 1) =
1
[2x2ex log x – 3x2ex] =
1 2 x
x e [2 log x – 3].
MN 2 4 PQ 4 4
580 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

165. Solve the D.E. by the method of variation of parameters : (D2 – 2D)y = ex sin x.
(M.D.U., Dec., 2009)
2 x
Sol. (D – 2D) y = e sin x
Its A.E. is D2 – 2D = 0 ⇒ D = 0, 2
C.F. = (C1 + C2 x)ex
1 1 1
P.I. = 2
. ex sin x = e x . . sin x = e x . . sin x (when D = 2)
D − 2D D (D − 2) D
= ex . (– cos x) or – ex cos x
C.S. is y = (C1 + C2 x) ex – ex cos x.
166. Solve by using the method of variation of parameters the equation : y″ – 2y′ + 2y = ex tan x.
(M.D.U., 2005)
Sol. The equation is 2 x
(D – 2D + 2)y = e tan x

2± 4−8
The auxiliary equation is D2 – 2D + 2 = 0 or D = =1±i
2
C.F. is y = ex [C1 cos x + C2 sin x]
For P.I. y1 = ex . cos x, y2 = ex . sin x, X = ex tan x
y1′ = – ex sin x + ex cos x
y2′ = ex cos x + ex sin x
y1 y2
W= y1 ′ y2 ′ = | y1y2′ – y2y1′ |
= ex cos x (ex cos x + ex sin x) – ex sin x (– ex sin x + ex cos x)
= (ex)2 {cos2 x + cos x sin x + sin2 x – sin x cos x] = (ex)2
P.I. is given by

P.I. = – ex cos x
z e x sin x
x 2
(e )
e x tan x dx + e x sin x
z e x cos x
( e x )2
ex tan x dx

= – ex cos x
z sin 2 x
cos x
dx + e x sin x
z sin x dx

= – ex cos x
z 1 − cos2 x
cos x
dx + ex sin x (– cos x)

= – ex cos x log (sec x + tan x) + ex cos x sin x – ex sin x cos x

= – ex cos x . log (sec x + tan x)
∴ The complete solution is given by y = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) – ex cos x log (sec x + tan x).

d2 y
167. By using the method of variation of parameters, solve + 4y = tan 2x . (M.D.U., 2005)
dx 2
Sol. Equation in symbolic form is (D2 + 4)y = tan 2x
Its auxiliary equation is D2 + 4 = 0 so that D = ± 2i
∴ C.F. is given by y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x, y1 = cos 2x, y2 = sin 2x, X = tan 2x
y1 y2 cos 2 x sin 2 x
W= y1′ y2′ = − 2 sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x = 2

P.I. = – y1 z y2 X
W
dx + y2 z y1 X
W
dx
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 581

P.I. = – cos 2x
z sin 2 x tan 2 x
2
dx + sin 2 x
z cos 2 x . tan 2 x
2
dx

=–
cos 2 x
z 1 − cos2 2 x
dx + sin 2 x
z sin 2 x
. dx

zL
2 cos 2 x 2
cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
=– (sec 2x – cos 2x) dx –
2 4
cos 2 x log (sec 2 x + tan 2 x) sin 2 x
MN −
sin 2 x cos 2 x OP
=–
2 2 2
–
2 Q
cos 2 x
=– log (sec 2x + tan 2x)
4
∴ The complete solution is given by
1
y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x – cos 2x . log (sec 2x + tan 2x).
4
d2 y
168. Solve : + y = x sin x by the method of variation of parameters.
dx 2
Sol. Given equation is (D2 + 1)y = x sin x
Its auxiliary equation is D2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ± i
∴ C.F. is given by C.F. = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
For P.I., y1 = cos x, y2 = sin x, X = x sin x
cos x sin x
W = − sin x cos x = cos2 x + sin2 x = 1

∴ P.I. = – cos x z sin x . x sin x dx + sin x z cos x . x sin x dx

= – cos x
z H 2 K
x
2 z
FG 1 − cos 2 x IJ dx + sin x x sin 2 x dx

= – cos x M
MN 4 2 z
L x − 1 x cos 2x dxOP + sin x FG x (− cos 2x) + cos 2x dxIJ
2

PQ 2 H 2 2 K z
=–
x cos x cos x L (sin 2 x)
2

4
+
2 MN
x
2
−
z
sin 2 x
2
O sin x (x cos 2x) + sin x . sin 2x
dxP –
Q 4 2 4

x 2 cos x x cos x cos 2 x x sin x cos 2 x sin x . sin 2 x

=– + (sin 2 x cos x) + – +
4 4 8 4 8
x2 x 1
=– cos x + (cos x sin 2 x − sin x cos 2 x) + (cos x cos 2 x + sin x . sin 2 x)
4 4 8
x2 x 1
cos x + sin x + cos x
=–
4 4 8
∴ The complete solution is
x2 x 1
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x – cos x + sin x + cos x.
4 4 8
582 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

d2 y dy
169. Solve by the method of variation of parameters: 2
−2 = ex . sin x. (M.D.U., May 2007)
dx dx
d2 y dy
Sol. 2
−2 = ex . sin x
dx dx
Given equation in symbolic form is (D2 – 2D)y = ex . sin x
Its A.E. is D2 – 2D = 0 ⇒ D (D – 2) = 0 or D = 0, 2
C.F is y = c1 + c2 e2x
Here, y1 = 1, y2 = e2x and X = ex sin x

y1 y2 1 e2 x
W= y1 ′ y2 ′ = 0 2 e2 x = 2e2x

∴ P.I. = – y1
z y2 X
W
. dx + y2
z y1X
W
. dx = – z e2 x . e x sin x
2e2 x
. dx + e2 x
z e x sin x
2e2 x
dx

=–
1
2 z e x sin x dx +
e2 x
2 z sin x
e x
. dx = –
1
2 z e x sin x dx +
e2 x
2 z e− x sin x dx

1 x
Solving, P.I. = − e sin x
2
1 x
∴ Complete solution is y = c1 + c2 e2x − e sin x .
2

d2 y
170. Solve the D.E. + y = tan x, by the method of variation of parameters. (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
dx 2
Sol. Given equation in symbolic form is, (D2 + 1) y = tan x
A.E. is D2 + 1 = 0, ⇒ D = ± i
C.F. y = e0x (A cos x + B sin x) + eox (C cos x – D sin x) = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
For P.I., y1 = cos x, y2 = sin x, y1′ = – sin x, y2′ = cos x

y1 y2 cos x sin x
W= y1 ′ y2 ′ = − sin x cos x = 1

∴ P.I. y = – cos x
z sin x
1
tan x dx + sin x
z cos x
1
tan x dx

= – cos x
z sin 2 x
cos x
dx + sin x
z sin x dx

= – cos x
z 1 − cos2 x
cos x
. dx + sin x
z sin x dx

= – cos x z sec x dx + cos x z cos x dx + sin x

= – cos x . log (sec x + tan x) + cos x sin x – sin x cos x

z sin x dx

= – cos x . log (sec x + tan x)

∴ Complete solution is, y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x – cos x log(sec x + tan x).
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 583

d2 y
171. Solve by the method of variation of parameters : + y = sec x.
dx 2
Sol. The equation in symbolic form is (D2 + 1)y = sec x
Auxiliary equation is D2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ± i
Hence, C.F. = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
y1 = cos x, y2 = sin x, X = sec x
y1 y2
W= y1′ y2′ = | y1 y2′ – y2 y1′ |

z z
or W = cos x . cos x – sin x (– sin x) = cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
y2 X y1 X
∴ P.I. = – y1 dx + y2 dx

z z z
W W

= – cos x sin x sec x dx + sin x cos x sec x dx = – cos x tan x dx + x sin x

P.I. = cos x z (– tan x) dx + x sin x = cos x . log cos x + x sin x

∴ The complete solution is y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + x sin x + cos x . log cos x.
2
172. Solve the D.E. by the method of variation of parameters: y″ + y = sec x. (M.D.U., May, 2008)
2
Sol. The symbolic form of given D.E. is D y + y = sec x 2

Its A.E. is D2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ± i
∴ C.F. is C1 cos x + C2 sin x
y1 = cos x, y2 = sin x, y1′ = – sin x, y2′ = cos x, X = sec2 x
y1 y2 2 2
W= y1 ′ y2 ′ = cos x + sin x = 1

P.I. = – y1 z y2 X dx
+ y2
z y1 X
. dx

z z
W W

= – cos x sin x sec2 x dx + sin x cos x sec2 x dx

= – cos x
z sec x tan x dx + sin x

= – cos x sec x + sin x log (sec x + tan x)

z sec x dx

or P.I. = – 1 + sin x log (sec x + tan x)

C.S. = C.F. + P.I.
= C1 cos x + C2 sin x – 1 + sin x log (sec x + tan x).
173. Solve the D.E. by variation of parameters: (D2 – 2D + 2) y = ex tan x. (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
Sol. (D2 – 2D + 2)y = ex tan x
Its A.E. is D2 – 2D + 2 = 0 ⇒ D = 1 ± i
Its C.F. is CF = ex [C1 cos x + C2 sin x]
For P.I., y1 = ex cos x, y2 = ex sin x, y1′ = – ex sin x, + ex cos x, y2′ = ex cos x, + ex sin x
y1 y2 e x cos x e x sin x
W= y1 ′ y2 ′ = e x (cos x − sin x) e x (sin x + cos x)
= e2x {cos x sin x + cos2 x} – e2x {cos x sin x – sin2 x}
= e2x {cos x sin x + cos2 x – cos x sin x + sin2 x} = e2x.
584 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ P.I. = – ex cos x
z e x sin x
e 2x
. ex tan x dx + ex sin x z e x cos x
e2 x
× ex tan x dx

= – ex cos x
z sin2 x
cos x
dx + e x sin x
z sin x dx

= – ex cos x
z 1 − cos2 x . dx
cos x
+ e x sin x (− cos x)

Nz z
= – ex cos x
LM dx
−
OP
cos x dx – ex sin x cos x
cos x Q
= – ex cos x [log (sec x + tan x) – sin x] – ex sin x cos x
= – ex cos x log (sec x + tan x) + ex cos x sin x – ex sin x cos x
= – ex cos x log (sec x + tan x)
Hence complete solution is, y = ex [C1 cos x + C2 sin x] – ex cos x log (sec x + tan x).

d2 y
174. Solve by the method of variation of parameters : + y = cosec x .
dx 2
Sol. The equation is (D2 + 1)y = cosec x
Its auxiliary equation is D2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ± i
C.F. = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
For P.I. y1 = cos x, y2 = sin x, X = cosec x

z z
W = | y1y2′ – y2y1′ | = cos2 x + sin2 x = 1.

P.I. = – cos x sin x . cosec x dx + sin x cos x . cosec x dx

or P.I. = – x cos x + sin x log (sin x)
∴ The complete solution is y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x – x cos x + sin x log (sin x).

2 d2 y dy
175. Solve : x −x − 3y = x 2 log x .
dx 2 dx
Sol. Given equation is called a form of Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation, because coefficient
dy
of x and y are constants (– 1 and – 3 respectively) and X = x2 log x is a function of x alone
dx
(on the R.H.S.)

dy d2 y d
In this case we put x = ez so that z = log x, x = Dy, x2 2 = D (D – 1)y where D = dz
dx dx
D(D – 1)y – Dy – 3y = ze2z or [D(D – 1) – D – 3] y = z . e2z
[D2 – 2D – 3] y = z . e2z
which is a linear equation with constant coefficients.
Its A.E. is D2 – 2D – 3 = 0 or (D – 3) (D + 1) = 0
∴ D = 3, – 1
C2
C.F. = C1e3z + C2e–z = C1x3 +
x
1 1 1
P.I. = 2 (z . e2z) = e2z . . z ≡ e2z . z.
D − 2D − 3 (D + 2)2 − 2(D + 2) − 3 D2 + 2D − 3
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 585

1 1 2z LM
2D D2 OP . z
P.I. = e2z
F 2D D 2 I .z=–
3
e 1+
3
+
MN 3 PQ
− 3 1− GH 3
−
3 JK
1 2z FG z + 2 IJ = – x FG log x + 2 IJ
2
=–
3
e H 3K 3 H 3K
C2 x2 FG2 IJ
Hence the complete solution is y = C1x3 +
x
−
3
log x +
H3
.
K
d2 y
dy
176. Solve the D.E. x2 – 4y = x2 + 2log x.
2
– 2x (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
dx dx
Sol. This is Cauchy homogeneous linear equation.
Put x = et ⇒ t = log x.

x dy x2 d2 y
= Dy, = D (D – 1) y
dx dx2
∴ Equation becomes D (D – 1) y – 2Dy – 4y = x2 2log x or (D2 – 3D – 4)y = x2 + 2log x
A.E. is D2 – 3D – 4 = 0 ⇒ D = – 1, 4
∴ C.F. is y = C1 e4t + C2 e–t
x2 + 2 log x e2 t + 2 t e2 t 2t
For P.I., y= 2 = 2 = 2
+
D − 3D − 4 D − 3D − 4 D − 3D − 4 D2 − 3D − 4

e2 t − e2 t 1 D2 − 3D F I −1

=
4−6−4 4
2
+ .
t
D2 − 3D
=
6 F
− t 1−
2 4 I GH JK
4
−1 GH JK
− e2 t 1 F
D2 − 3D I
=
6
− t 1+
2 GH
4 JK
− e2 t 1 1 3
y= − t − (0) + (1)
6 2 8 8

e2 t t 3
∴ Complete solution is y = C1 e4t + C2 e–t – − +
6 2 8
FG 1IJ − x − FG log x IJ + 3 .
2
Changing t to x (t = log x, x = et), we get y = C1 x4 + C2
H xK 6 H 2 K 8
177. Solve the D.E. : (x2D2 – xD – 3) y = x2 (log x)2. (M.D.U., May 2008)
Sol. Given equation is a Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation.
Put x = ez, z = log x.

xdy x2 d2 y
So that = Dy, = D (D – 1) y
dx dx2
Given equation becomes [D (D – 1) – D – 3]y = z2e2z or (D2 – 2D – 3)y = z2e2z
which is a linear equation with constant coefficients.
Its A.E. is D2 – 2D – 3 = 0 or (D – 3) (D + 1) = 0 or D = 3, – 1
C2
C.F. is C1 e3z + C2 . e–z or C1x3 +
x
586 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 2z 1 z2
P.I. is ( e2 z . z 2 ) = e . 2
. z 2 = e2 z .
2
D2 − 2D − 3 (D + 2) − 2(D + 2) − 3 D + 2D − 3
LM OP
MM 2D D PP = − 31 e LM1 − FG 2D3 + D3 IJ OP . z
−1
e2 z z 2
2z
2
2
P.I. is =
−3
MN 1 − 3 − 3 PQ MN H 2
K PQ
L 2D D F 2D D I OP 2
= − e M1 +
2 2
1
MN 3 + 3 + GH 3 + 3 JK + ...PQ . z
2z 2
3

= − e M1 +
1 L 2D + D + 4D + ...OP . z = − 1 e LM1 + 2D + 7D
2z
2 2
2 2z
2 OP
+ ... . z2
3 MN 3 3 9 PQ 3 MN 3 9 PQ
1 L 2 7 O 1 L 4 14 OP
= − e M z + . 2 z + . 2P = − e M z + z +
2z 2 2z 2
3 N 3 9 Q 3 N 3 9Q
P.I. = − x LM(log x) + log x +
1 4 14 O
9 PQ
or 2 2
3 N 3
Hence complete solution is

C.S. = C.F. + P.I. = C1 x3 +

C2 x2
−
4 LM
(log x)2 + log x +
14
.
OP
x 3 3 N 9 Q
d2 y dy
178. Solve : x2 2
+ 2y = e x .
+ 4x [U.P.T.U., (C.O.) 2005]
dx dx
Sol. Given equation is a Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation.
dy d2 y
Put x = ez i.e., z = log x, x = Dy, x2 = D (D – 1)y, where D = d/dz.
dx dx2
ez
The given equation then becomes (D2 + 3D + 2)y = e
Its A.E. is D2 + 3D + 2 = 0 or (D + 1) (D + 2) = 0
∴ D = – 1, – 2
C 1 C2
C.F. = C1e–z + C2e–2z = + 2
x x
1 e
. e =
z FG 1 − 1 IJ ee =
z 1 z
ee –
1
. e
ez
P.I. =
H D + 1 D + 2K
z z
2 D − (− 1) D − (− 2)
D + 3D + 2

Now put ez = t
= e–z
z
e e . ez dz – e–2z
z
e e . e2z . dz LM∵
N
1
D−a
X = eax
z X . e− ax . dx
OP
Q
P.I. = e–z z z
e e . ez dz – e–2z
= e–z . et – e–2z (t – 1)et
z z
e e . ez . ezdz = e–z z et dt – e–2z z t et dt

| Integrating by parts
z z z
e e e
= e–z . e – e–2z (ez – 1) e = [e–z – e–2z (ez – 1)] e
ez ez
= [e–z – e–z + e–2z] e = e–2z . e = x–2 . ex
Hence the complete solution is y = (C1x + C2 + ex) x–2.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 587

d3 y d2 y
dy
179. Solve : x3 3
+ 3x 2 2
+x
+ y = x + log x .
dx dx dx
Sol. Put x = e z so that z = log x and
d dy d2 y
Let D ≡ . Then x = Dy, x2 = D(D – 1)y
dz dx dx2
d3 y
x3
= D(D – 1)(D – 2)y
dx3
[D(D – 1)(D – 2) + 3D(D – 1) + D + 1]y = x + log x
or (D3 + 1)y = ez + z
Auxiliary equation is D3 + 1 = 0 or (D + 1) (D2 – D + 1) = 0
1 ± 3i
⇒ D = – 1,
2
F 3 3 I
∴ C.F. = C1e–z + ez/2 C2 cos GH 2
z + C3 sin
2
.z JK
1 1 1 1 z
P.I. =. (ez + z) = 3 . ez + .z = e + (1 + D3)–1 . z
D3 + 1 D +1 1 + D3 2
1 z
= e + (1 – D3) (z). | Ignoring higher terms
2
1 z 1 z
= e + z – D3 (z) = e +z
2 2
∴ The complete solution is
F 3 3I 1 z
y = C1 e–z + ez/2 C2 cos GH 2
z + C3 sin
2 JK
z +
2
e +z

As ez = x, z = log x
C1
+
LM
x C2 cos
3
(log x) + C3 sin
3
(log x) +
x OP
or y=
x MN 2 2 2 PQ
+ log x.

d3 y
+ 2x 2
d2 y 1 FG IJ
H K
3
180. Solve : x 3 2 . + 2y = 10 x +
dx dx x
Sol. Given equation is a Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation.
Put x = ez i.e., z = log x
dy d2 y
so that x = Dy, x2 = D(D – 1)y
dx dx2
d3 y d
x3 3 = D(D – 1) (D – 2)y, where D =
dx dz
The given equation thus becomes
[D(D – 1)(D – 2) + 2D(D – 1) + 2] y = 10 (ez + e–z) or (D3 – D2 + 2) y = 10(ez + e–z)
This is a linear equation with constant coefficients.
Its A.E. is D3 – D2 + 2 = 0 or (D + 1)(D2 – 2D + 2) = 0
⇒ D = – 1, 1 ± i
∴ C.F. = C1e–z + ez (C2 cos z + C3 sin z)
C1
= + x [C2 cos (log x) + C3 sin (log x)]
x
588 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1
( e z + e− z ) = 10
LM 1 e + 1 . e z −z OP
P.I. = 10 . 3
D −D +2 2
MN D − D + 2 D − D + 2
3 2 3 2
PQ
LM 1 e z
+ z.
1
. e− z
OP = 10 LM 1 e + z .
z 1 O
.e P −z
= 10
MN 2 2
3D − 2D PQ MN 2 3(− 1) − 2(− 1) PQ 2

2
= 5ez + 2z.e–z = 5x + log x
x
Hence the complete solution is
C1 2
y= + x [C2 cos (log x) + C3 sin (log x)] + 5x + log x.
x x

d2 y dy
181. Solve : x2 +x + y = log x sin (log x) .
dx 2 dx
Sol. Given equation is a Cauchy homogeneous linear equation.

dy d2 y d
Put x = ez i.e., z = log x so that x = Dy, x2 = D(D – 1)y, where D = .
dx dx2 dz
Substituting these values in the given equation, we have
[D(D – 1) + D + 1]y = z sin z or (D2 + 1)y = z sin z
Its A.E. is (D2 + 1) = 0 so that D = ± i
C.F. = C1 cos z + C2 sin z
= C1 cos (log x) + C2 sin (log x)
1 1
P.I. = z sin z = Imaginary part of . zeiz
D2 + 1 D2 + 1
1 1
= I.P. of eiz . . z = I.P. of eiz .z
(D + i)2 + 1 D 2 + 2 iD
1 1
= I.P. of eiz
I F D 2 F DI . z
. z = I.P. of eiz .
2iD G 1 + J
2iD 1 + JK GH 2iD H 2i K
1 L DO 1 L DO
−1

2iD MN
= I.P. of e . iz
1 + P . z = I.P. of e . M1− P z iz
2i Q 2iD N 2i Q
1 L iD O 1 L iO
= I.P. of e . iz
2iD N M 1+
2
+ ......P z = I.P. of e .
Q 2iD NM z+ P
2Q
iz

e Lz
1 1 L iO
M + 2i zOPP
iz 2

2i D MN
. z + P = I.P. of
2Q
= I.P. of e . iz
2i MN 2 Q
e Lz iz
i O 2
L O
M + zP = I.P. of e M− z i + z P
2
= I.P. of iz
2i MN 2 2 PQ MN 4 4 PQ
= I.P. of (cos z + i sin z) FG − z + IJ = –
z sin z 2
i z z 2
H 4 4K 4 cos z +
4
1 1
or (log x)2 cos (log x) +
P.I. = – log x sin (log x)
4 4
Hence the complete solution is
1 1
y = C1 cos (log x) + C2 sin (log x) – (log x)2 cos (log x) + log x sin (log x).
4 4
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 589

182. Solve the D.E. x2y″ – 4xy′ + 4y = 4x2 + 6x3, y(2) = 4, y′(2) = – 1. (M.D.U., Dec., 2009)
Sol. x2y″ – 4xy′ + 4y = 4x2 + 6x3
Given equation is a Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation.
Put x = ez, z = log x.

dy d2 y
x = Dy, x2 = D(D – 1)y
dx dx2
Substituting these values in the given equation, it reduces to D(D – 1) y – 4Dy + y = 2 (2e2z + 3e3z)
which is a linear equation with constant coefficients.
Its A.E. is D2 – 5D + 1 = 0
5 ± 25 − 4 × 1 × 1 5 ± 21 5 ± 4.58
D= = = or D = 4.79, 0.21
2 2 2
C.F. = C1e2z + e3z (C2 cos z + C3 sin z)

1 2 e2 z 3e3 z
P.I. = (2e2z + 3e3z) = 2
+ 2
D2 − 5D + 1 D − 5D + 1 D − 5D + 1

2 e2 z 3 e3 z 2 x2 3 x3
= −3
+ −3 =− −
−3
− 5.9 × 10 − 5.9 × 10 5.9 × 10 5.9 × 10 −3

2 x2 3 x3
Hence, C.S. is C1e2z + e3z (C2 cos z + C3 sin z) − − .
5.9 × 10 −3 5.9 × 10 −3

d2 y dy
183. Solve : x2 − 3x + 5y = x 2 sin (log x) . (M.D.U., May 2009)
dx2 dx
d d2 y dy
Sol. Put x = ez so that z = log x, D = , x2 2 = D(D – 1) y and x dx = Dy
dz dx
Given differential equation reduces to
[D(D – 1) – 3D + 5] y = e2z . sin z or (D2 – 4D + 5) y = e2z . sin z
Auxiliary equation is D2 – 4D + 5 = 0 ⇒ D = 2 ± i
∴ C.F. = e2z (C1 cos z + C2 sin z)
1
P.I. = 2 (e2z sin z)
D − 4D + 5
1 1
= e2z . 2
. (sin z) = e2z . 2 (sin z)
(D + 2) − 4(D + 2) + 5 D +1
z z z 2z
= e2z . . sin z = e2z . (– cos z) = – e . cos z.
2D 2 2
Hence the complete solution is
z 2z
y = C.F. + P.I. = e2z (C1 cos z + C2 sin z) – e . cos z
2
x2
= x2 {C1 cos (log x) + C2 sin (log x)} – log x . cos (log x).
2
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.
d3 y d2 y dy
184. Solve : x3 3
+ 3x 2 2
+x = 24x 2 .
dx dx dx
d
Sol. Put x = ez so that z = log x and let D = then the given equation becomes
dz
[D(D – 1) (D – 2) + 3D(D – 1) + D]y = 24e2z or D3y = 24e2z
590 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Its auxiliary equation is D3 = 0 or D = 0, 0, 0

∴ C.F. = (C1 + C2z + C3z2) e0z = C1 + C2z + C3z2
1 1 1 2z
P.I. = 3 (24 e2z) = 24 3 (e2z) = 24 .
e = 3e2z
D D 8
∴ The complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I. = C1 + C2z + C3z2 + 3e2z
⇒ y = C1 + C2 log x + C3 (log x)2 + 3x2
where C1, C2 and C3 are arbitrary constants of integration.

d2 y dy
185. Solve the Legendre’s linear differential equation: (3x + 2)2 2
+ 3(3x + 2) − 36y = 3x2 + 4x + 1 .
dx dx
Sol. Put 3x + 2 = ez i.e., z = log (3x + 2) so that
dy d2 y d
(3x + 2) = 3Dy or (3x + 2)2 = 32 D(D – 1)y, where D =
dx dx2 dz
The given equation (after substituting these values) becomes
F e − 2I z 2
F e − 2I
z
[9D(D – 1) + 9D – 36] y = 3 G
H 3 JK +4 GH 3 JK + 1
1 2z 1 1
or 9(D2 – 4)y = e – or (D2 – 4)y = (e2z – 1)
3 3 27
which is a linear equation with constant coefficients.
Its auxiliary equation is D2 – 4 = 0 ⇒ D = ± 2
∴ C.F. = C1 e2z + C2e–2z = C1(3x + 2)2 + C2(3x + 2)–2

P.I. =
1
.
1
(e2z – 1) =
1 LM 1 e 2z
−
1
. e0 z
OP
27 D2 − 4 27 MN D − 4
2
D2 − 4 PQ
=
1
27
LM z . 1 e − 1 . e
N 2D
2z
0−4
0z OP = 1 L z
Q 27 MN 2 z e2 z dz +
1
4
OP
Q
1 2z LM z e + 1 OP = 1 (ze 2z
+ 1) =
1
=
27 N4 4 Q 108 108
[(3x + 2)2 log (3x + 2) + 1]

Hence the complete solution is

1
y = C1 (3x + 2)2 + C2(3x + 2)–2 + [(3x + 2)2 log (3x + 2) + 1]
108
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.

2 d2 y dy
186. Solve the equation : (1 + x) + (1 + x) + y = 4 cos {log (1 + x)} . (M.D.U., 2005)
dx 2 dx
d
Sol. Put 1 + x = ez so that z = log (1 + x) and let D =, then the given equation reduces to
dz
[D(D – 1) + D + 1]y = 4 cos z ⇒ (D2 + 1)y = 4 cos z
Its auxiliary equation is D2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ± i
∴ C.F. = C1 cos z + C2 sin z
1 1
P.I. = (4 cos z) = 4.z. (cos z) = 2z sin z
D2 + 1 2D
Hence the complete solution is
y = C1 cos z + C2 sin z + 2z sin z
= C1 cos [log (1 + x)] + C2 {sin log (1 + x)} + 2 log (1 + x) sin {log (1 + x)}.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 591

187. Solve the D.E. (1 + x)2 y″ + (1 + x) y′ + y = 2 sin [log (1 + x)]. (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
Sol. This is a Legendre’s Linear D.E.
Put 1 + x = et or log (1 + x) = t

dy d2 y d
So that (1 + x) = Dy or (1 + x)2 2 = D (D – 1)y where, D =
dx dx dt
Given D.E. becomes, D(D – 1)y + Dy + y = 2 sin t or (D2 + 1)y = 2 sin t
which is a linear D.E. with constant coefficients.
Its A.E. is D2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ± i
C.F. = C1 cos t + C2 sin t

P.I. =
2 sin t
D2 + 1
=2.t.
1
2D
. sin t = t z sin t dt = – t cos t

Replacing t by log (1 + x), we get

P.I. = – log (1 + x) cos {log (1 + x)}
∴ Complete solution of the given D.E. is
y = C1 cos {log (1 + x)} + C2 sin {log (1 + x)} – log (1 + x) cos {log (1 + x)}.

d2 y dy
188. Solve : x2 2
−x
+ 2y = x log x .
dx dx
Sol. Given equation is a Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation

dy d2 y d
Put x = ez i.e., z = log x, so that x = Dy, x2 2 = D(D – 1)y, where D = dz
dx dx
Substituting these values the given equation reduces to
[D(D – 1) – D + 2]y = zez or [D2 – 2D + 2)y = zez
Its auxiliary equation is D2 – 2D + 2 = 0 ⇒ D = 1 ± i
∴ C.F. = (C1 cos z + C2 sin z) ez = [C1 cos (log x) + C2 sin (log x)] x
1 1
P.I. = 2
. zez = ez . 2
. (z)
D − 2D + 2 (D + 1) − 2(D + 1) + 2
1
= ez . 2
(z) = ez . (1 + D2)–1 (z) = ez . (1 – D2) (z) = ez . z = x log x
D +1
∴ Complete solution is y = [C1 cos (log x) + C2 sin (log x)] x + x log x
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.

d2 y dy
189. Solve : x2 2
− 20y = (x + 1) 2 .
+ 2x
dx dx
Sol. Given equation is a Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation.
Put ez = x, z = log x
dy d2 y
= Dy, x2
x = D(D – 1)y
dx dx2
The given equation therefore reduces to
[D(D – 1) + 2D – 20]y = (ez + 1)2 or (D2 + D – 20)y = (1 + ez)2
or (D + 5)(D – 4)y = (1 + ez)2 i.e., (D + 5)(D – 4)y = e2z + 2ez + 1
This is a linear equation with constant coefficients.
∴ A.E. is (D + 5)(D – 4) = 0 ⇒ D = 4, – 5
592 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ C.F. = C1 e4z + C2 e–5z = C1x4 + C2x–5

1
P.I. = [e2z + 2ez + 1]
(D + 5)(D − 4)
e2 z 2e z e0 z e2 z ez 1 x2 x 1
P.I. = + + = − − =– − −
(5 + 2)(2 − 4) (5 + 1)(1 − 4) 5(− 4) − 14 9 20 14 9 20
1 x2 x 1
∴ Complete solution is y = C1x4 + C2 . 5
− − − .
x 14 9 20
2
2 d y dy
190. Solve : x 2
+ 5x + 4y = x log x .
dx dx
Sol. Put x = ez or z = log x

dy d2y
x = Dy, x2 = D(D – 1)y
dx dx 2
[D(D – 1) + 5D + 4]y = z.ez or (D2 + 4D + 4)y = zez
Its auxiliary equation is D2 + 4D + 4 = 0 ⇒ D = – 2, – 2
∴ C.F. = (C1 + C2 z) e–2z
C1 + C2 log x
or C.F. =
x2
1 1 1
P.I. = . z e z = ez . . (z) = ez . (z)
D2 + 4D + 4 (D + 1)2 + 4(D + 1) + 4 D2 + 6D + 9

1 ez 2D D2F I −1
ez F 2D D2 I
P.I. = ez .
F 6 DI 2
(z) =
9
. 1+
3
+ GH
9
JK (z) =
9
GH
. 1−
3
−
9
JK (z)
9 G1 + D +
H 9 9 JK
e L z
2 O e LMz − 2 OP =
z
z . ez 2 z ez FG z − 2 IJ
9 MN
z − D( z )P =
=
3 Q 9 N 3Q 9
−
27
e =
9 H 3K
C1 + C2 log x xFG 2 IJ
∴ Complete solution is
x
y= 2 +
9 H
log x −
3 K
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration.
dx dy
191. Solve : + 4x + 3y = t, + 2x + 5y = et. (M.D.U., May 2007)
dt dt
d
Sol. Writing D for , the given equations become
dt
(D + 4)x + 3y = t ...(1) and (D + 5)y + 2x = et ...(2)
To eliminate y, operating on both sides of (1) by (D + 5) and on both sides of (2) by 3 and subtracting,
we get
[(D + 4)(D + 5) – 6] x = (D + 5)t – 3et
or (D2 + 9D + 14)x = 1 + 5t – 3et
2
Its A.E. is D + 9D + 14 = 0 ⇒ D = – 2, – 7
C.F. = C1e–2t + C2e–7t
1 1 5 .1. t 3 .1
P.I. = (1 + 5t − 3et ) = . e 0t + − . et
2
D + 9D + 14 D2 + 9D + 14 D2 + 9D + 14 D2 + 9D + 14
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 593

1 5 LM F
9D D2 I OP t − 1 e 1 + 5 LM1 − F 9D + D I + ...OP t − 1 e
−1
2
= +
MN H
1+ G
+ JK P 8 = 14 14 M GH 14 14 JK P 8 t t
14 14 14 14
Q N Q
5 F
=
1
14 14 H
+ G t − 149 IJK − 18 e = 145 t − 18 e − 196
t 31 t

5 1 31
∴ x = C1e–2t + C2e–7t + t − et −
14 8 196
dx 5 1 t
Now, = – 2C1e–2t –7t
– 7C2 e + – e
dt 14 8
dx
Substituting the values of x and in (1), we have
dt
dx
3y = t – – 4x
dt
5 1 10 31 1 t
= t + 2C1e–2t + 7C2e–7t – + e t − 4C1 e −2t − 4C2e −7t − t+ + e
14 8 7 49 2
1 LM− 2C e −2 t
+ 3C2 e−7t −
3
t+
27 5 t
+ e
OP
∴ y=
3 N 1
7 98 8 Q
5 31 1
Hence x = C1e–2t + C2e–7t + t− − et
14 196 8

2 1 9 5 t
y= − C1 e−2t + C2 e−7t − t + + e .
3 7 98 24

dx dy
192. Solve the simultaneous equations : + 5x – 2y = t, + 2x + y = 0, given that x = 0 = y when
dt dt
t = 0. (M.D.U., 2005)
d
Sol. Taking = D, the given equations become
dt
(D + 5)x – 2y = t ...(1) 2x + (D + 1)y = 0 ...(2)
To eliminate x we multiply equation (1) by (2) and operating on equation (2) by (D + 5) and then
subtracting, we get
[– 4 – (D + 5) (D + 1)] y = 2t or (D2 + 6D + 9)y = – 2t
Its A.E. is D2 + 6D + 9 = 0 or (D + 3)2 = 0 ⇒ D = – 3, – 3
C.F. = (C1 + C2t)e–3t

1 2 FG
D IJ −2
P.I. =
(D + 3)2
( − 2t ) = −
9
1+
3H K t

2 FG D IJ
+ ...... t + (C1 + C2t ) e −3t = −
2t 4 LM
+ ( C1 + C2t ) e −3t
OP
∴ y= −
9 H
1−2
3 K 9
+
27 N Q ...(3)

Now to find x, from eqn. (2), we have

1
x=– [Dy + y]
2
1 2 LM
− + C2e −3t + (C1 + C2t ) ( − 3)e −3t + (C1 + C2t )e −3t −
2t
+
4 OP
=–
2 9 N 9 27 Q
[Using equation (3)]
594 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LMFG C 1 IJ OP
C2 + C2t e–3t + t + 1
NH K
−
∴ x= 1
2 Q9 27
...(4)

Hence equations (3) and (4) constitute the solutions of the given equations.
Since x = y = 0, when t = 0, equations (3) and (4) give
4 1 1 4 2
0 = C1 + and 0 = C1 – C + ⇒ C1 = – , C2 = –
27 2 2 27 27 9
Hence the desired solutions are
1 1
x=– (1 + 6t) e–3t + (1 + 3t)
27 27
2 2
y=– (2 + 3t) e–3t + (2 – 3t).
27 27

d2 y dy dx
193. Solve the system of simultaneous equations : 2
+ − 2y = sin t , + x – 3y = 0.
dt dt dt
(M.D.U., 2005)
Sol. The equations can be written as
(D2 + D – 2)y = sin t UV
(D + 1)x – 3y = 0 W ...(1)
Now, A.E. is D2 + D – 2 = 0 or (D + 2)(D – 1) = 0 ⇒ D = 1, – 2
∴ C.F. = C1et + C2e–2t

1 1 1
P.I. = sin t = sin t = sin t
D2 + D − 2 −1+ D − 2 D−3

D+3 D+3 1
= sin t = sin t = – (cos t + 3 sin t )
D2 − 9 − 10 10

Complete solution is
1
y = C1et + C2e–2t – (cos t + 3 sin t ) ...(2)
10
From equation (1), we get
3 sin t
(D + 1)x = 2 or (D2 + D – 2)(D + 1)x = 3 sin t
D +D−2
(D + 2)(D – 1)(D + 1)x = 3 sin t
A.E. is (D + 2)(D – 1)(D + 1) = 0 ⇒ D = 1, – 1, – 2
∴ C.F. = C1et + C2 e–t + C3e–2t

1 1 (D − 2) 3 FG IJ
P.I. =
(D2 − 1)(D + 2)
. 3 sin t =
( − 2)(D + 2)
3 sin t = 2
D −4
−
2 H K sin t

3 3
= (D – 2) . . sin t = [cos t – 2 sin t]
10 10
3
∴ Complete solution is x = (cos t – 2 sin t) + C1 et + C2e–t + C3 . e–2t ...(3)
10
Hence equations (2) and (3) are complete solutions of the given system of differential equations.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 595

d2 x d2 y
194. Solve :
2
+ 4x + 5y = t2 , + 5x + 4y = t + 1 .
dt dt2
d
Sol. Writing D for , the given equations become
dt
(D2 + 4)x + 5y = t2 ...(1)
and 2
5x + (D + 4)y = t + 1 ...(2)
To eliminate y, operating on both sides of (1) by (D2 + 4) and on both sides of (2) by 5 and then
substracting, we get
[(D2 + 4)2 – 25]x = (D2 + 4)t2 – 5t – 5
(D4 + 8D2 – 9)x = 2 + 4t2 – 5t – 5 or (D4 + 8D2 – 9)x = 4t2 – 5t – 3
Its A.E. is D4 + 8D2 – 9 = 0 or (D2 + 9)(D2 – 1) = 0
∴ D = ± 1, ± 3i
C.F. = C1e + C2e–t + C3 cos 3t + C4 sin 3t
t

1 1 LM
8D2 D4 |RS |UVOP
−1

( 4t2 − 5t − 3)
P.I. =
D4 + 8D2 − 9
(4t2 – 5t – 3) = –
9
1−
9MN
+
9 |T |WPQ
LM1
1+
8D2 D4
+ ( 4t2 − 5t − 3 )
OP
=–
MN
9 9 9 PQ
1 L 8 2 OP
9 MN
2
4t − 5t − 3 + D ( 4t2 − 5t − 3 )
=–
9 Q (Ignoring higher terms)

1 L 8 OP 1 FG 37 IJ
9 MN
2
4t2 − 5t +
=– 4t − 5t − 3 +
9
( 8) = −
Q 9 H 9 K
4 2 5 37
∴ x = C1et + C2e–t + C3 cos 3t + C4 sin 3t – t + t−
9 9 81
dx 8 5
Now, = C1et – C2e–t – 3C3 sin 3t + 3C4 cos 3t – t +
dt 9 9
d 2x 8
2
= C1et + C2e–t – 9C3 cos 3t – 9C4 sin 3t –
dt 9
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get

d 2x
5y = t2 – 4x –
dt2
16 2
= t2 – 4C1et – 4C2e–t – 4C3 cos 3t – 4C4 sin 3t + t
9
20 148 8
– t+ − C1e t − C2e −t + 9C3 cos 3t + 9C4 sin 3t +
9 81 9
1 LM− 5 . C e t
− 5. C2e −t + 5. C3 cos 3t + 5. C4 sin 3t +
25 2 20
t − t+
220 OP
∴ y=
5 N 1
9 9 81 Q
x = C1e t + C2e −t + C3 cos 3t + C4 sin 3t −
1 FG
4t2 − 5t +
37 IJ
Hence,
9 H 9 K
1 FG 5t 2 44 IJ
y = – C1et – C2e–t + C3 cos 3t + C4 sin 3t +
9 H − 4t +
9 K .
596 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dx dy dz
195. Solve the simultaneous equations: = 2y, = 2z, = 2x .
dt dt dt
Sol. The given equations are
dx dy dz
= 2y ...(1) = 2z ...(2) = 2x ...(3)
dt dt dt
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. t,
d2 x
dy
=2. = 2(2z)
dt2 dt
Again differentiating w.r.t. t,
d 3x dz
=4. = 4(2x)
dt3 dt
d
(D3 – 8) x = 0, where D = dt

Its A.E. is D3 – 8 = 0 or (D – 2) (D2 + 2D + 4) = 0 ⇒ D = 2, – 1 ± i 3

∴ x = C1e2t + C2 . e–t cos ( 3 t – C3)
From equation (1),
1 dx 1
y= . = 2 [2C1e2t – C2e–t cos ( 3 t – C3) – C2 3 e–t sin ( 3 t – C3)]
2 dt

= C1e2t + C2e–t cos

LM 2π
. cos ( 3t − C3 ) − sin
2π
. sin ( 3t − C3 )
OP
N 3 3 Q
FG 2π IJ
y = C1e2t + C2e–t cos
H 3t – C3 +
3 K
From equation (2),
1 dy 1 LM
2C1e 2t − C2e −t cos
FG 2πIJ
− C2 3e −t sin
FG 2π IJ OP
z= .
2 dt
=
2 N H 3t − C3 +
3 K H 3t − C3 +
3 KQ
LM 2π FG 2π IJ 2π FG 2π IJ OP
= C1e2t + C2e–t cos
N 3
cos
H 3t − C3 +
3 K
− sin
3
sin
H 3t − C3 +
3 KQ
FG 4π IJ
or z = C1e2t + C2e–t cos
H 3t − C3 +
3
.
K
Note. C1 cos βx + C2 sin βx can be replaced by C1 cos (βx – C2).

dx dy
196. Solve the simultaneous equations : t + y = 0, t + x = 0 given x(1) = 1, y( − 1) = 0
dt dt
Sol. The given equations are
dx dy
t +y=0 ...(1) t +x=0 ...(2)
dt dt
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. t, we have

d 2x dx dy
t 2
+ + =0
dt dt dt
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 597

Multiplying throughout by t,

d 2x
dx dy d 2x dx
t2 ++t
t = 0 or t2
2
+ t. –x=0 ...(3)
2 dt dt dt dt
dt
which is Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation.

dx dx d 2x
Putting, t = eu, u = log t, t = = Dx and t2 = D(D – 1)x
dt du dt2
D(D – 1)x + Dx – x = 0
[D(D – 1) + D – 1] x = 0
(D2 – 1)x = 0
Its A.E. is 2
D –1=0 ⇒ D=±1
C2
∴ x = C1eu + C2e–u = C1t + ...(4)
t
dx FG
C
= – t C1 − 22
IJ C2
From (1), y=–t
dt H
t K = – C 1t +
t
...(5)

Since, x(1) = 1, ∴ From (4), we have 1 = C1 + C2

Also y(– 1) = 0, ∴ From (5), we have 0 = C1 – C2
1
Solving C1 = C2 =
2
1 FG
1 1 IJ 1 FG IJ
Hence x=
2
t+
tH,y =
2 K
−t+
t H K
dx dy dx dy
197. Solve the simultaneous equations: + – 2y = 2 cos t – 7 sin t, − + 2x = 4 cos t – 3 sin t.
dt dt dt dt
Sol. Given equations may be written as
Dx + (D – 2)y = 2 cos t – 7 sin t ...(1)
(D + 2)x – Dy = 4 cos t – 3 sin t ...(2)
Operating (1) by D and (2) by (D – 2) to eliminate y, we get
D2x + D(D – 2)y = – 2 sin t – 7 cos t
2
(D – 4)x – D(D – 2)y = [– 4 sin t – 3 cos t – 2 (4 cos t – 3 sin t)]
On adding, we get (2D2 – 4)x = – 18 cos t
(D2 – 2)x = – 9 cos t
Its A.E. is D2 – 2 = 0 ⇒ D = ± 2
∴ C.F. = C1 e 2t
+ C2 e − 2t

1
P.I. = 2 (– 9 cos t) = 3 cos t
D −2

∴ x = C1 e 2t + C2 . e − 2t
+ 3 cos t ...(3)
Putting the value of x in equation (2), we get
dy dx
= 2x + – 4 cos t + 3 sin t
dt dt
dy
= 2 {C1 e 2t + C2e − 2t + 3 cos t} + 2 C1 e
2t
− 2 C2 e − 2t
– 3 sin t – 4 cos t + 3 sin t
dt
dy
or = (2 + 2 )C1 e 2t + (2 – 2 ) C2 e − 2t
+ 2 cos t
dt
598 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Integrating w.r.t. t, we get

y = ( 2 + 1)C1 e 2t – ( 2 – 1) C2e − 2t + 2 sin t + C3 ...(4)

Hence equations (3) and (4) taken together, give the complete solution of the given
simultaneous system of equations.
dx dy dx
198. Solve : + + 3x = sin t and + y – x = cos t.
dt dt dt
d
Sol. Let ≡ D, then the given system becomes,
dt
(D + 3)x + Dy = sin t ...(1) (D – 1)x + y = cos t ...(2)
Operating (2) by D and then subtracting from equation (1), we get
[(D + 3) – D(D – 1)] x = 2 sin t
⇒ (D2 – 2D – 3)x = – 2 sin t
Its A.E. is 2
D – 2D – 3 = 0 or D = – 1, 3
∴ C.F. = C1e–t + C2e3t
1 −2 1 D−2 1
P.I. = (– 2 sin t) = sin t = sin t = 2 sin t = − (cos t − 2 sin t )
2
D − 2D − 3 − 2D − 4 D+2 D −4 5

1
∴ x = C1e–t + C2e3t – (cos t – 2 sin t) ...(3)
5
dx
But y = x + cos t –
dt

y = C1e–t + C2e3t –
1 LM−t 3t 1 2
(cos t – 2 sin t) + cos t – − C1 e + 3C2e + sin t + cos t
OP
or
5 N 5 5 Q
2 1
= 2C1e–t – 2C2e3t + cos t + sin t ...(4)
5 5
Equations (3) and (4) when taken together, give the complete solution.

= y, y(t)
199. Solve the system x(t)
= − x, x(0) = 0, y(0) = 0 .

Sol. We have x
= y ...(1) y
= – x ...(2)

So that x

= y
= – x ⇒ x

+ x = 0

A.E. is D2 +1= 0 ⇒ D=±i
∴ C.F. = C1 cos t + C2 sin t
P.I. = 0
∴ x(t) = C1 cos t + C2 sin t ...(3)
From (1) and (3), y(t) = x
(t) = – C1 sin t + C2 cos t ...(4)
x(0) = 0 ⇒ C1 = 0
y(0) = 0 ⇒ C2 = 0
∴ x(t) = 0 and y(t) = 0
which is the required solution of the system.
200. Solve the simultaneous differential equations :

d2 x dx d2 y dy
2
−4. + 4x = y and +4. + 4y = 25x + 16et .
dt dt dt2 dt
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 599

d
Sol. Let ≡ D.
dt
Given equations are (D2 – 4D + 4)x – y = 0 ...(1)
– 25x + (D2 + 4D + 4)y = 16et ...(2)
Operating (1) by D2 + 4D + 4 and adding to (2), we get
(D2 – 4D + 4) (D2 + 4D + 4)x – 25x = 16et or (D4 – 8D2 – 9)x = 16et
Its A.E. is D4 – 8D2 – 9 = 0
⇒ (D – 9)(D2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ D = ± i, ± 3
2

∴ C.F. = C1e3t + C2e–3t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t

1
P.I. = (16 et) = 8et
D − 8D2 − 9
4

∴ x = C1e3t + C2e–3t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t + 8et ...(3)

dx
= 3C1e3t – 3C2e–3t – C3 sin t + C4 cos t + 8et
dt

d 2x
= 9C1e3t + 9C2.e–3t – C3 cos t – C4 sin t + 8et
dt2
d 2x
dx
From (1), y= –4 + 4x
dt2 dt
⇒ y = C1e3t + 25.C2e–3t + (3C3 – 4C4) cos t + (4.C3 + 3.C4) sin t + 8et ...(4)
Equations (3) and (4) when taken together give the complete solution.
201. Solve : (D – 1)x + Dy = 2t + 1, (2D + 1)x + 2Dy = t.
Sol. Given equations are
(D – 1)x + Dy = 2t + 1 ...(1) (2D + 1)x + 2Dy = t ...(2)
Multiplying (1) by 2 throughout and then substracting (2) so as to eliminate y, we get
2
[2(D – 1) – (2D + 1)] x = 3t + 2 or 3x = – 3t – 2 or x=–t–
3

RS − t − 2 UV + x = 2t + 1 + 1 + x
Now, Dy = 2t + 1 – (D – 1)x = 2t + 1 – D
T 3W
FG 2 IJ 4
H
= 2t + 2 + − t −
3 K =t+
3

t2 4
Integrating above, we gety = + t+C
2 3

2 1 2 4
Hence the solution is given by x=–t– ,y= t + t+C
3 2 3
where C is any arbitrary constant of integration.
d2 x d2 y
202. Solve : 2
− 3x − 4y = 0 , + x + y = 0. (U.P.T.U., 2005)
dt dt2
Sol. Given equations are (D2 – 3)x – 4y = 0 ...(1)
(D2 + 1)y + x = 0 ...(2)
2
Operating (2) by (D – 3) and then substracting from (1) to eliminate x,
– 4y – (D2 – 3)(D2 + 1)y = 0 or (D2 – 3)(D2 + 1)y = – 4y
{(D2 – 3) (D2 + 1) + 4} y = 0
600 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

{D4 + D2 – 3D2 – 3 + 4}y = 0

{D4 – 2D2 + 1}y = 0
(D2 – 1)2 y = 0
A.E. is (D2 – 1)2 = 0 or D = ± 1, ± 1
C.F. = (C1 + C2t)e–t + (C3 + C4t)et
P.I. = 0
∴ y = (C1 + C2t)e–t + (C3 + C4t) et
From equation (2), we have
(D2 + 1)y = – x
x = – (D2 + 1)y = – D2(y) – y
x = – [D2(y)] – (C1 + C2t)e–t – (C3 + C4t)et
or x = – [D {– (C1 + C2t)e–t + e–t(C2) + (C3 + C4t)et + C4et}] – (C1 + C2t)e–t – (C3 + C4t)et
x = – [(C1 + C2t)e–t + e–t(– C2) + e–t.C2(– 1) + (C3 + C4t)et + et (C4) + C4et – (C1 + C2t)e–t – (C3 + C4t)et]
1 1
x=– [C1 + C2(1 + t)]e–t + [C4 (1 – t) – C3]et
2 2
Hence the complete solution is
y = (C1 + C2t)e–t + (C3 + C4t)et
1 1
x=– [C1 + C2(1 + t)] e–t + [C4 (1 – t) – t3] et
2 2
d2x d2 y
203. Solve: 2
+ y = sin t , + x = cos t .
dt dt2
d
Sol. Writing D for , the given equations become
dt
D2x + y = sin t ...(1)
2
D y + x = cos t ...(2)
Operating D2 on equation (2) and then subtracting it from equation (1) to eliminate x, we get
y – D4(y) = sin t + cos t
D4y – y = – (sin t + cos t)
(D4 – 1)y = – (sin t + cos t)
Its A.E. is D4 – 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ± 1, ± i
C.F. = C1et + C2e–t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t
1
P.I. = {– (sin t + cos t)}
D4 − 1

1 1 t 1
=– (sin t) – (cos t) = – (sin t ) − (cos t)
D4 − 1 D4 − 1 4D3 4D3
t 1
=– (sin t ) − (cos t ) (Putting D2 = – 12)
− 4D − 4D

=
t
4 z sin t dt +
t
4 z
t
4
cos t dt =
(sin t – cos t)

t
Hence, y = C1et + C2e–t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t + (sin t – cos t)
4
1 t
Now, D(y) = C1et + C2(– e –t) – C3 sin t + C4 cos t + (sin t – cos t) + (sin t + cos t)
4 4
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 601

1 t 1
D2(y) =C1et + C2e–t – C3 cos t – C4 sin t + (cos t + sin t) + (cos t – sin t) + (sin t + cos t).
4 4 4
∴ From equation (2), we have
x = cos t – D2y
LMt −t
x = cos t – C1e + C2e − C3 cos t − C4 sin t +
1 t
(sin t + cos t ) + (cos t − sin t )
OP
or
N 2 4 Q
1 t
= (cos t – sin t) – C1et – C2e–t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t – (cos t – sin t)
2 4
1
= – C1et – C2e–t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t + (2 – t)(cos t – sin t)
4
1
or x = – C1et – C2e–t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t + (t – 2) (sin t – cos t)
4
Hence the complete solution is
1
x = – C1et – C2e–t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t + (t – 2) (sin t – cos t)
4
t
y = C1et + C2e–t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t + (sin t – cos t).
4
dx dy
204. Solve the simultaneous equations : + y = sin t, + x = cos t ; given that x = 2 and y = 0,
dt dt
when t = 0. (M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
Sol. The given equations in symbolic form are
Dx + y = sin t ...(1)
x + Dy = cos t ...(2)
To eliminate y, operating D on equation (1) and then subtracting equation (2), we get
D2x – x = 0 or (D2 – 1)x = 0 ⇒ D = ± 1
∴ C.F. = C1et + C2 . e–t, P.I. = 0
∴ x = C1et + C2e–t ...(3)
As x = 2 when t = 0, ∴ C1 + C2 = 2 ...(4)
From equation (3), we have
dx
= C1et – C2e–t ...(5)
dt
dx
Substituting for x and in equation (1) viz Dx + y = sin t, we have
dt
C1et – C2e–t + y = sin t
y = sin t + C2e–t – C1et ...(6)
When, t = 0, y = 0
∴ 0 = 0 + C2 – C1 or C1 = C2
∴ From (4) ; C1 = C2 = 1.
∴ y = e–t – et + sin t and x = et + e–t
constitute the complete solution of the given system of simultaneous equations.
205. A constant electromotive force E volts is applied to a circuit containing a constant resistance R
ohms in series and a constant inductance L henries. If the initial current is zero, show that the
current builds up to half of its theoretical maximum in (L log 2)/R seconds.
602 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. Let i be the current in the circuit at any time t.

By Kirchhoff ’s law, we have
di di R E
L + R i = E or + i= ...(1)
dt dt L L
which is Leibnitz’s linear equation.

I.F. = e
z R
L
dt
R
= eL
t

∴ Solution of equation (1) is

z
R R Rt
t E Lt E L
ieL = .e dt = .e +C
L R
− Rt
E
∴ i= + Ce L ...(2)
R
Initially when t = 0, i = 0 so that
E E
0= + C or C = –
R R
Thus equation (2) becomes

FG IJ Rt F Rt I
i=
E
+ −
E −
e
H K
L
or i =
E
1−e
−
GG L JJ ...(3)
R R R H K
This equation gives the current in the circuit at any time t.
E
i increases with t and attains the maximum value .
R
Let the current in the circuit be half its theoretical maximum after a time T seconds.
F R I
Then,
1 E E
. = 1−e
−
GG L
.T
JJ
2 R R H K
− RT
1 RT FG 1 IJ
or e L =
2
or –
L
= log
H 2K = – log 2

L
∴ T= log 2. Hence shown.
R
206. The equation of e.m.f. in terms of current i for an electrical circuit having resistance R and a

condenser of capacity C, in series, is E = Ri +

= E0 sin wt.
z i
C
dt. Find the current i at any time t, when E

Sol. The given equation can be written as Ri +

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we have

z i
C
dt = E0 sin wt

di i di i wE0
R + = w E0 cos wt or + = cos wt ...(1)
dt C dt RC R
which is Leibnitz’s linear equation.

I.F. = e
z 1
RC
dt
= e RC
t
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 603

∴ The solution of equation (1) is

Since we know that

ie RC =
t

z wE0
R
cos wt . e RC dt + k =
wE0
R
t

z t
e RC . cos wt dt + k

z e ax cos bx dx =
e ax
2
a +b 2
FG
cos bx − tan −1
H
b
a
IJ
K

z
t
t
RC e RC
e . cos wt dt = cos (wt – tan–1 (RCw))
FG 1 IJ 2
+ w2
H RC K
t t
wE0 RC
∴ ie RC = . . e RC cos (wt − φ ) + k where, tan φ = RCw
R 2 2 2
1+ R C w
t
w CE0 −
or i= . cos (wt – φ) + k . e RC
1 + R 2C2w2
which gives the current at any time.
207. The charge Q on the plate of a condenser of capacity C charged through a resistance R by a steady
dQ Q
voltage V satisfies the differential equation: R + = V. If Q = 0 at t = 0, show that
dt C
LM −t OP
Q = CV 1 − e RC .
MN PQ (M.D.U., May 2007)

dQ Q dQ 1 V
Sol. R + =V ...(1) or + .Q =
dt C dt RC R

which is Leibnitz’s linear equation, I.F. = e

z 1
RC
dt
1
= e RC
.t

z bg
∴ The solution of (1) is,
V
Q . IF = IF . dt + k
R
1
Q . e RC
.t
=
z V RC
R
.e . dt + k
t

t
L OMM
t
PP t t
V e RC
Q. = + k or Q . e RC = CV . e RC + k
e RC R 1 MM PP
RC N Q
When Q = 0, t=0
0 = CV + k or k = – CV
t t
∴ Q . e RC = CV . e RC – CV or Q = CV (1 – e–t/RC).
208. Determine the current i (t) in an LCR circuit with e.m.f. E(t) = E0 sin wt, in case the circuit is tuned
1 R
to resonance so that w2 = and is so small that second and higher degree terms can be
LC L
rejected. Assume that at t = 0, I(0) = I′(0) = 0. (M.D.U., May 2008)
604 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. In an LCR circuit, the charge q on a plate of the condenser is given by

d2 q dq q
L +R + = E0 sin wt
dt 2 dt C
FG LD 2 1IJ
The symbolic form of given D.E. is
H + RD +
C K
q = E0 sin wt

1 R 1
Its A.E. is LD2 + RD + = 0 or D2 + D+ =0
C L LC

which gives D=
1 LM
− R ± R2 −
4L OP or D = −
R
±
R2
−
1
2L MN C PQ 2L 4L2 LC
R
As is small, therefore
L
R 1 R
D= − ±i =− ± iw
2L LC 2L
−Rt
FG Rt IJ (C
∴ C.F. = e 2L (C1 cos wt + C2 sin wt) = 1 −
H 2L K 1 cos wt + C2 sin wt)

E0 sin wt sin wt
P.I. = = E0 .
1 1
LD2 + RD + − Lw2 + RD +
C C
sin wt FG∵ w2 =
1 IJ
= E0 .
H K
z
RD LC
E0 E cos wt
= sin wt dt = − 0
R Rw
Thus the complete solution is given by
FG Rt IJ (C E0 cos wt
q = 1−
H 2L K 1 cos wt + C2 sin wt) –
Rw
dq Rt FG IJ (– C R
i=
dt
= 1−
2L H K 1 sin wt + C2 cos wt)w –
2L
(C1 cos wt + C2 sin wt)

E
+ 0 sin wt
R
Initially when t = 0, q = 0, i = 0
E0 R
0 = C1 – E0 /Rw or C1 = and 0 = C2W – C
Rw 2L 1
RC1 R E0 FG IJ E0
∴ C2 = =
2Lw 2Lw Rw
=
2Lw2 H K
FG Rt IJ FG − E sin wt + E IJ R E0 FG E0 E IJ
H K H Rw K H K
0 0
Thus, i = 1 −
2
cos wt w − cos wt + sin wt + 0 sin wt
2L 2Lw 2L Rw 2Lw2 R

R E0 t
∵ is small, we have i= sin wt.
L 2L
209. When a resistance R ohms is connected in series with an inductance L henries, an e.m.f. of E volts,
di
the current i amperes at time t is given by L + Ri = E. If E = 10 sin t volts and i = 0 when t = 0,
dt
find i as a function of t. (M.D.U., 2005)
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 605

di R E
Sol. + i= ...(1)
dt L L

is a linear differential equation I.F. = e

z R
L
dt
=e
Rt
L

Solution of (1) is ie
Rt
L =
z E
L
.e
Rt
L dt + C1 =
z 10 sin t
L
.e
Rt
L dt + C1 ...(2)

Let I= z sin t . e
Rt
L
L
dt = sin t . R e
Rt
L −
z cos t .
L
R
.e
Rt
L . dt

=
L
R
sin t . e
Rt
L −
L
R
LM
L
MN
cos t . e L +
R
Rt

z sin t .
L
R
.e
Rt
L . dt
OP
PQ
=
L
R
sin t . e
Rt
L −
L2
R2
cos t . e
Rt
L −
L2
R2 z sin t e
Rt
L . dt

F1 + L I I = L sin t . e
2 Rt
L2
Rt

GH R JK R 2
L −
R2
cos t . e L

LM L O Rt Rt
cos t . e P
R2 L 2

R + L MR PQ
sin t . e − L L
or I=
N
2 2 2
R

Rt LM L O Rt Rt
cos t . e P + C
2 2
10R L
L(R + L ) M R PQ
Hence ie L = sin t e − L L

N
2 2 2 1
R

10R LM L sin t – L cos tOP + C .

2 2 −
Rt
L
∴
L(R + L ) MN R PQ
i= 2 2 e 2 1
R

10R LM− L . OP + C ⇒ C = 10L

2 2

L(R + L ) MN R PQ
When t = 0, i = 0. So 0= 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
R +L

10R LM L sin t – L cos tOP 10L e

2 2 −
Rt
L
L(L + R ) NM R QP R + L
∴ i= 2 2 + . 2 2 2
R
Rt
10 −
L
or i= 2 2 [R sin t – L cos t + L e ].
(L + R )
210. Determine Q and I in the LCR circuit with L = 0.5 H, R = 6 Ω, C = 0.02 F, E (t) = 24 sin 10t and
initial conditions Q = I = 0 at t = 0, q = 0.05 when t = 0. (M.D.U. Dec., 2009)
Sol. L = 0.5 H, R = 6 Ω, C = 0.02 F, E(t) = 24 sin 10t.
The differential equation for the circuit can be written as
d2 q dq q
L +R. + =0
dt 2 dt C
d2 q dq q
0.5 2
+6. + =0
dt dt 0.02
d2q dq
2
+ 12 . + 100 q = 0 ...(1)
dt dt
606 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Its A.E. is D2 + 12D + 100 = 0 ⇒ D = – 6 ± 8i

Its solution is q = e −6 t [C1 cos 8t + C2 sin 8t] ...(2)

Differentiating w.r.t. t, we have
dq
= – 6 e–6t [C1 cos 8t + C2 sin 8t] + e–6t [– 8C1 sin 8t + 8C2 cos 8t]
dt
...(3)
Since, q = 0.05 when t = 0
From (2), C1 = .05
dq
Also, = 0 when, t = 0
dt
∴ From (3), 0 = – 6C1 + 8C2 or 6C1 = 8C2 or 8C2 = 6 × .05 or C2 = .0375
Hence, –6t
q = e [.05 cos 8t + .0375 sin 8t]
dq
i= = e–6t [.05 × 8 (– sin 8t) + .0375 × 8 cos 8t] + (– 6) e–6t [.05 cos 8t + .0375 sin 8t]
dt
= – 6e–6t sin 16t.
–at
211. A voltage E.e is applied at t = 0 to a circuit containing inductance L and resistance R. Show that

F Rt I
the current at any time t is
E
GG e − at
−e
−
L JJ . (M.D.U., May 2008)
R − aL
H K
Sol. Let i ampere be the current in circuit at any time t. Then applying Kirchhoff’s law, we have
di di R E
L + Ri = E . e–at or + .i= . e–at
dt dt L L

This is a linear differential equation I.F. = e

z R
L
dt
=e
Rt
L

z z
Rt Rt FG R − aIJ t F R − aIJ t
GH
Solution is ie L =
E − at
e .e L dt + C =
E
e
H L K dt + C =
E
.
L
.e L
K +C
L L L R − aL
Rt FG R − aIJ t Rt
or i=
E
.e
−
L H K + Ce − L
.e L
R − aL
Initially i = 0, t = 0
E
∴ C=–
R − aL

E
LM − at
−
Rt OP
MNe PQ .
−e L
∴ i= Hence shown.
R − aL
212. A capacitor C = .01F in series with a resistor R = 20 ohms is charged from a battery E0 = 10 V.
Assuming that initially the capacitor is completely uncharged, determine the charge Q(t), voltage
V(t) and current I(t) in the circuit. (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
q dq q
Sol. The D.E. of the above circuit are iR + = E0 or R + = E0
C dt C
dq q E
+ = 0 ...(1)
dt RC R

I.F. = e
z 1
RC
dt
= e
t
RC
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 607

Solution of equation (1) is

z
t
t t t
E0 E e RC −
q e RC = . e RC . dt = 0 . +k or q = CE0 + k . e RC ...(2)
R R 1/RC
When, t = 0, q = 0, k = – CE0

−t LM −t OP
MN1 − e PQ
Putting in equation (2), we have q = CE0 – CE0 . or q = CE0 RC ...(3)
e RC

When, C = 0.01F, R = 20 Ohms, E0 = 10 Volt

Q(t) = 0.01 × 10 [1 – e–5t]

q
LM −t OP
V(t) =
C
= E0 1 − e RC
MN PQ
V(t) = 10 [1 – e–5t]
Differentiating (3) w.r.t. t, we get

dq 1 LM −t
FG IJ OP = E . e −t
1 −5t
MN H K PQ R
i= = CE0 − e RC − 0 RC = e .
dt RC 2
213. Determine the charge on the capacitor at any time t > 0 in a circuit in series having an e.m.f. given
1
by E(t) = 100 sin 60 t, a resistor of 2 Ω, and inductor of 0.1 H and a capacitor of farads if the
260
initial current and initial charge on the capacitor are both zero. Find the steady state solution.
(M.D.U., May 2009)

d2 q dq q
Sol. The D.E. of L-R-C circuit is given by L 2
+R. + = E sin wt
dt dt C
FG LD 2 1 IJ
⇒
H + RD +
C
q = E sin wt
K
1
Its A.E. is LD2 + RD + =0
C
4L
− R ± R2 −
C R 1 R2 R
D= = − ±i − 2
= − ±iP
2L 2L LC 4L 2L
1 R2
where, P2 = −
LC 4L2
− Rt
C.F. is e 2L [C1 cos pt + C2 sin pt]
E sin wt E sin wt E
P.I. = = = − cos wt
2 1 2 1 LR
LD + RD + L (− w ) + RD +
C C
− Rt
E
C.S. is q= e 2L [C1 cos pt + C2 sin pt] – cos wt
Rw
E E FG∵ dq IJ
Initially, q = 0, t = 0, C1 =
Rw
, C2 =
2LPw H dt
= 0, t = 0
K
608 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Putting the values of C1 and C2, we get

q= e 2L LM E cos pt + E sin ptOP − E cos wt

− Rt

N Rw 2LPw Q Rw
E LM FG cos pt + R sin ptIJ − cos wtOP
− Rt

Rw M PQ
N H K
= e 2L
2Lp

1
Here, w = 60, E = 100, R = 2, L = 0.1, C =
260

100
LM −2t
FG 1 IJ OP
∴ q=
MM
e 2 × 0.1 cos pt +
H K
sin pt − cos 60 t
PP
2 × 60
N 0.1 p
Q
1 R2 1 4
where, p2 = − = − = 2600 – 100 = 2500 ⇒ p = 50.
LC 4L2 1 4 (.1)2
0.1 ×
260

LM
5 −10t FG1 IJ OP
⇒ q=
6
e
N H5 K
cos 50t + sin 50t − cos 60t , which is the required steady state solution.
Q
214. If the air temperature is 30°C and the substance cools from 100°C to 70°C in 15 minutes, find
when the temperature will be 40°C.
dT
Sol. By Newton’s law of cooling = – k (T – 30) gives the temperature T of the substance at
dt
any instant t, where k is the constant.
dT
⇒ = – k dt
T − 30
Integrating log (T – 30) = – kt + C, where C is a constant. ...(1)
Initially, when t = 0, T = 100
∴ From (1), C = log 70 ⇒ log (T – 30) = – kt + log 70
or kt = log 70 – log (T – 30) ...(2)
When, t = 15, T = 70
∴ From (2), 15k = log 70 – log 40 ...(3)
Dividing equation (2) by (3), we have
t log 70 − log (T − 30)
= ...(4)
15 log 70 − log 40
Now, when T = 40, from equation (4), we have

t log 70 − log 10 log 7 log 7

= = = = 3.4773
15 log 70 − log 40 log 7/4 log 1.75
⇒ t = 52.16 minutes.
Hence the temperature will be 40°C after 52.16 minutes.
215. A body is heated to 110° C and is placed in air at 10° C. After 1 hour, its temperature is 60°C. How
much additional time is required for it to cool to 30° C. (M.D.U., May 2009)
Sol. Let the unit of time be a minute and T the temperature of the body at any instance. Thus by
Newton’s Law of cooling we have
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 609

dT
= – k (T – 10) where k is a constant.
dt
dT
⇒ = – k dt or log (T – 10) = – kt + C ...(1)
T − 10
Initially when t = 0, T = 110, C = log 100
Putting the value of C in (1), we have
log (T – 10) = – kt + log 100 or kt = log 100 – log (T – 10)
Also when t = 60, T = 60° ...(2)
60k = log 100 – log 50 ...(3)
Dividing (2) by (3) we get
t log 100 − log (T − 10) t log 100 − log (T − 10)
= or =
60 log 100 − log 50 60 log 2
Now, when T = 30°
t log 100 − log 20 log 5
= =
60 log 2 log 2
log 5 2.2513
or t = 60 × = × 60 or t = 72.16 min.
log 2 1.8718
216. A body originally at 80°C cools down to 60°C in 20 minutes, the temperature of the air being 40°C.
What will be the temperature of the body after 40 minutes from the original.
Sol. Let the unit of time be a minute and T the temperature of the body at any instant t. Then by
dT
Newton’s law of cooling, we have = – k(T – 40), where k is a constant.
dt
dT
⇒ = – k dt
T − 40
On integrating, log (T – 40) = – kt + C where C is a constant. ...(1)

Initially, when t = 0, T = 80
∴ From (1), C = log 40
Substituting the value of C in (1), we have
log (T – 40) = – kt + log 40 or kt = log 40 – log (T – 40) ...(2)
Also when t = 20, T = 60
∴ From (2), 20 k = log 40 – log 20 ...(3)
Dividing equation (2) by (3), we have
t log 40 − log (T − 40)
= ...(4)
20 log 40 − log 20
Now, when t = 40 we have from equation (4)
FG 40 IJ
40
log
H T − 40 K FG 40 IJ
20
=
log 2
⇒ 2 log 2 = log
H T − 40 K
FG 40 IJ 40
or log 22 = log
H T − 40 K i.e.,
T − 40
= 4 or T – 40 = 10

∴ T = 50
Hence, the temperature of the body after 40 minutes will be 50°C.
610 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

217. If the air is maintained at 30°C and the temperature of the body cools from 80°C to 60°C in 12
minutes, find the temperature of the body after 24 minutes. (M.D.U. Dec., 2007)
Sol. By Newton’s law of cooling, we have
dT
= – k (T – 30), where k is a constant.
dt
dT
⇒ = – k dt
T − 30
log (T – 30) = – kt + C ...(1)
Initially when t = 0, T = 80
∴ C = log 50
⇒ log (T – 30) = – kt + log 50 or kt = log 50 – log (T – 30) ...(2)
Also when t = 12, T = 60
12k = log 50 – log 30 ...(3)
Dividing (2) by (3), we have
t log 50 − log (T − 30)
= ...(4)
12 log 50 − log 30
Now, when t = 24,
FG 50 IJ
log
H T − 30 K FG 50 IJ FG 50 IJ
2=
F 50 I
log G J
or 2 log
H 30 K = log
H T − 30 K
H 30 K
25 50
or = or 25T – 750 = 450
9 T − 30
∴ T = 48. Hence temperature will be 48°C.
218. A long hollow pipe has an inner diameter of 5 cm and outer diameter of 10 cm. The inner surface
is kept at 200°C and the outer surface at 50°C. The thermal conductivity is 0.12. How much heat
is lost per minute from a portion of the pipe 20 metres long ? Find the temperature at a distance x
= 7.5 cm from the centre of the pipe.
Sol. The fundamental principle involved in the problems of heat conduction is that the quantity
of heat Q flowing per second across a slab of area A and thickness δx, whose faces are at tempera-
dT
tures T and T + δT, is given by Q = – kA , where k is the coefficient of thermal conductivity
dx
and depends on the material of the body. Negative sign is prefixed because T decreases as x
increases. This is known as Fourier’s law.
Here the isothermal surfaces are cylinders, the axis of each one of them is the axis of the pipe.
Consider one such cylinder of radius x cm and length 1 cm. The surface area of this cylinder is A
= 2πx sq. cm.
Let Q cal/sec be the quantity of heat flowing across this surface, then
dT dT Q dx
Q = – kA = – k . 2πx. or dT = – .
dx dx 2πk x
Q
Integrating, we have T=– . log x + C ...(1)
2πk
Since T = 200 when x = 5
Q
∴ 200 = – . log 5 + C ...(2)
2πk
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 611

Also, T = 50 when x = 10
Q
∴ 50 = – log 10 + C ...(3)
2πk
Subtracting (3) from (2), we have
Q Q
150 = + (log 10 – log 5) or 150 = log 2 ...(4)
2πk 2πk
300 πk 300 × π × 012
.
∴ Q= = = 163 cal/sec. (∵ k = 0.12)
log 2 log 2
Hence the heat lost per minute through 20 metre length of pipe
= 60 × 2000 Q = 60 × 2000 × 163 = 1956,0000 cal.
Now, let T = t, when x = 7.5
Q
∴ From (1), t=– log 7.5 + C ...(5)
2πk
Subtracting (2) from (5),
Q Q
t – 200 = – (log 7.5 – log 5) or t – 200 = – log 1.5 ...(6)
2πk 2πk
Dividing (6) by (4), we have
t − 200 log 1.5
=− or t = 200 – 150 × 0.58 = 113
150 log 2
∴ When, x = 7.5 cm, T = 113°C.
219. A tank contains 5000 litres of fresh water. Salt water which contains 100 gm of salt per litre flows
into it at the rate of 10 litres per minute and the mixture kept uniform by stirring, runs out at the
same rate. When will the tank contain 200000 gm of salt ? How long will it take for the quantity of
salt in the tank to increase from 150000 gm to 250000 gm ?
Sol. Let Q gm be the quantity of salt present in the tank at time t, then
dQ
= rate at which salt content is changing
dt
= rate of salt entering the tank-rate of salt leaving the tank.
Rate at which the salt increases due to the inflow = 100 × 10 = 1000 gm/min.
Let C gm be the concentration of salt at time t.
Rate at which the salt content decreases due to the outflow = C × 10 = 10 gm/min.
Since the rate of inflow is the same as the rate of outflow, there is no change in the volume of
water at any instant.
Q
⇒ C=
5000
The rate of decrease of salt content
Q Q
= 10 × = gm/min
5000 500
dQ Q
∴ = 1000 –
dt 500
dQ 500000 − Q dQ dt
or = or =
dt 500 500000 − Q 500
t
Integrating, – log (500000 – Q) = +C ...(1)
500
612 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Initially, when t = 0, Q = 0
∴ C = – log 500000
t 500000
From (1), we have = log 500000 – log (500000 – Q) or t = 500 log ...(2)
500 500000 − Q
Let t = T when Q = 200000
FG 5 IJ FG 5 IJ
From (2), T = 500 loge
H 3K = 500 × 2.303 × log10
H 3K = 500 × 2.303 × 0.2219

= 255.5 minutes = 4 hours 15.52 minutes

Let t = T1 when Q = 150000 and t = T2, when Q = 250000
500000 10
From (2) we have T1 = 500 log = 500 log
350000 7
500000
T2 = 500 log = 500 log 2
250000
∴ Required time = T2 – T1
FG log 2 − log 10 IJ FG 7 IJ FG 7 IJ
= 500
H 7K
= 500 loge
H 5K = 500 × 2.303 × log10
H 5K
= 500 × 2.303 × 0.1461 = 168.23 minutes
= 2 hours 48.23 minutes.
220. A tank contains 100 litres of fresh water. Two litres of brine, each containing
1 gm of dissolved salt, run into the tank per minute, and the mixture kept uniform by stirring runs
out at the rate of 1 litre per minute. Find the amount of salt present when the tank contains 150
litres of brine.

dQ
Sol. Let Q gm be the quantity of salt present in the brine at time t, then is the rate at which
dt
salt content is changing. The rate at which the salt content increases due to the inflow = 2 × 1 = 2
gms/min.
Let C gm be the concentration of brine at time t.
The rate at which the salt content decreases due to the outflow = C × 1 = C gm/min.
dQ
∴ =2–C ...(1)
dt
Now, the initial volume of liquid is 100 litres. In one minute, 2 litres of brine enter the tank and
1 litre of brine leaves the tank so that the volume of liquid in the tank increases at the rate of
(2 – 1) = 1 litre/min.
∴ The volume of liquid at time t is
(100 + t) litres containing Q gm of salt.
Q
∴ C=
100 + t
dQ Q dQ Q
From (1), we have =2– or + =2 ...(2)
dt 100 + t dt 100 + t
which is a linear equation in Q and t.

I.F. = e
z dt
100 + t
= e log (100 + t ) = 100 + t.
∴ The solution of equation (2) is
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 613

Q (100 + t) = z 2(100 + t) dt + C or (100 + t)Q = 2 100t +

F
GH t2
2
I
JK +C ...(3)

Initially, when t = 0, Q = 0 so that C = 0

F t2 I
GH
2 100t +
2 JK
∴ From (3), Q= ...(4)
100 + t
Now, if V is the volume of liquid at time t, then V = 100 + t
∴ When V = 150 litres, t = 150 – 100 = 50 minutes.
F (50)2 I
GH
2 100 × 50 +
2 JK
and salt content Q= = 83.3 gm.
100 + 50
221. A tank initially contains 50 gallons of fresh water. Brine, containing 2 pounds per gallon of salt,
flows into the tank at the rate of 2 gallons per minute and the mixture kept uniform by stirring,
runs out at the same rate. How long will it take for the quantity of salt in the tank to increase from
40 to 80 pounds ?
du
Sol. Let the salt content at time t be u lb so that its rate of change is = 2 gal × 2 lb = 4 lb/min.
dt
If C be the concentration of the brine at time t, the rate at which the salt content decreases due to
out-flow
= 2 gal × C lb = 2C lb/min.
du
∴ = 4 – 2C ...(1)
dt
Also since there is no increase in the volume of the liquid, the concentration C = u/50.
du u
∴ (1) becomes =4–2.
dt 50
Separating the variables and integrating, we have

z
Initially when t = 0, u = 0
dt = 25 z du
100 − u
+ k or t = – 25 log (100 – u) + k ...(2)

∴ 0 = – 25 loge 100 + k ...(3)

Eliminating k from (2) and (3), we get
100
t = 25 loge
100 − u
Taking t = t1 when u = 40 and t = t2 when u = 80,
100 100
We have, t1 = 25 loge , t2 = 25 loge
60 20
∴ The required time
FG 5 IJ
(t2 – t1) = 25 loge 5 – 25 loge
H 3K = 25 loge 3 = 25 × 1.0986 = 27 min. 28 sec.

222. Uranium disintegrates at a rate proportional to the amount present at any instant. If M1 and M2
grams of uranium are present at times T1 and T2 respectively, show that the half life of uranium is
(T2 − T1 ) log 2
.
log (M1/M 2 )
614 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. Let M grams of uranium be present at any time t. Then the equation of disintegration of
uranium is
dM
= – kM, where k is a constant.
dt
dM
or = – k. dt
M
Integrating, log M = – kt + C ...(1)
Initially, when t = 0, M = M0 (say)
∴ From (1), C = log M0
Substituting the value of C in (1), we have
log M = log M0 – kt ...(2)
Now, when t = T1, M = M1 and when t = T2, M = M2
∴ From (2), we have
kT1 = log M0 – log M1 ...(3)
and kT2 = log M0 – log M2 ...(4)
Subtracting (3) from (4), we get
M1
log
M2
k(T2 – T1) = log M1 – log M2 or k=
T2 − T1
Let T be the half-life of uranium i.e. ;
1
When t = T, M = M
2 0
M0
∴ From (2), we get kT = log M0 – log = log 2
2
log 2 (T2 − T1 ) log 2
∴ T=
k
=
M1 FG IJ
. Hence shown.
log
M2 H K
x2 y2
223. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 2
+ 2 = 1, where λ is a parameter.
a b +λ
Sol. The equation of the family of given curves is
x2 y2
2
+ 2
=1 ...(1)
a b +λ
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x
2x 2y dy x y dy
+ . = 0 or + . =0 ...(2)
a2 b2 + λ dx a2 b2 + λ dx
To eliminate the parameter λ, we equate the values of b2 + λ from (1) and (2).

y2 x2 a2 − x 2 a2y2
From (1), =1– = ⇒ b2 + λ =
b2 + λ a2 a2 a2 − x 2

a 2 y dy
From (2), b2 + λ = – .
x dx
a2y2 a 2 y dy
∴ =− .
a2 − x 2 x dx
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 615

y 1 dy dy xy
or =− or + 2 =0 ...(3)
2
a −x 2 x dx dx a − x 2
which is the differential equation of the given family (1).
Now to find the orthogonal trajectories

dy dx
(i) Replace by – to get the differential equation of the orthogonal trajectory.
dx dy
(ii) Solve the above equation to get the equation of the required orthogonal trajectory.

dy dx
So, replacing by – in equation (3), we get
dx dy

xy dx Fa 2
− x2 I
2
a −x 2
−
dy
= 0 or y dy – GH x
JK dx = 0 ...(4)

which is the differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories.

Integrating (4), we get

z y dy –
z FGH a2
x
−x
I
JK dx = C or
y2
2
– a2 log x +
x2
2
=C

or x2 + y2 = 2a2 log x + C
which is the equation of the required orthogonal trajectories of (1).
224. Find the orthogonal trajectory of the cardioids r = a(1 – cos θ).
Sol. The equation of the family of given cardioids is r = a (1 – cos θ) ...(1)
dr
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. θ, = a sin θ ...(2)
dθ
Dividing (2) by (1) [to eliminate a]
θ θ
1 dr sin θ 1 dr 2 sin 2 cos 2
. = or . = = cot θ/2 ...(3)
r dθ 1 − cos θ r dθ θ
2 sin 2
2
which is the differential equation of the given family (1).
dr dθ
Replacing by – r2 in (3), we get
dθ dr

1 FG
− r2
dθ IJ θ dθ θ dr θ
r H dr K = cot
2
or r
dr
+ cot
2
=0 or
r
+ tan
2
=0 ...(4)

which is the differential equation of the family of orthogonal trajectories.

FG cos θ IJ
Integrating (4), log r – 2 log
H 2K = log C

FG θ IJ θ C
or log r = log C cos2 H 2K or r = C . cos2
2
=
2
(1 + cos θ)

or r = C(1 + cos θ)
which is the required equation of orthogonal trajectories of (1).
616 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

225. Find the orthogonal trajectories of r2 = a sin 2θ. (M.D.U. Dec., 2009)
Sol. r2 = a sin 2θ ...(1)
∂r
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. θ = 2a cos 2θ
2r ...(2)
∂θ
Dividing (2) by (1) to eliminate ‘a’
2 ∂r
. = 2 cot 2θ ...(3)
r ∂θ
which is the D.E. of the given family (1).
∂r ∂θ
Replacing by – r2 in (3), we get
∂θ ∂r
2
− r2
∂θ FG IJ ∂θ
r ∂r H K
= 2 cot 2θ or – 2r
∂r
= 2 cot 2θ

− 1 dr 1 1 dr 1
= tan 2θ or + tan 2θ = 0 ...(4)
2r dθ 2 2r dθ 2
which is the D.E. of the family of orthogonal trajectories.
1 1
Integrating (4), log r – log cos 2θ = log C
2 2
log r = log c2 + log cos 2θ
log r = log c2 cos 2θ
r = c2 cos 2θ.
226. Prove that the system of confocal and coaxial parabolas y2 = 4a(x + a) is self orthogonal.
(M.D.U. Dec., 2009)
Sol. The equation of the family of given parabolas is
y2 = 4a (x + a) ...(1)
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x
dy dy
2y = 4a or y = 2a ...(2)
dx dx
Eliminating a between (1) and (2), we have

dy FG x + y . dy IJ dy FG dy IJ 2
y2 = 2y
dx H 2 dx K or y2 = 2xy
dx
+ y2
H dx K
FG dy IJ 2
dy
or y
H dx K + 2x .
dx
–y= 0 ...(3)

which is the differential equation of the given family (1).

dy dx
Replacing by – in (3), we get
dx dy

FG dx IJ 2
FG dx IJ – y = 0 dy FG dy IJ 2
y
H dy K − 2x
H dy K or y – 2x .
dx
–y
H dx K =0

F dy I
y G J
2
dy
or
H dx K + 2x .
dx
–y=0 ...(4)

which is the differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories.

Since equation (4) is the same as (3), the system of confocal and coaxial parabolas is self orthogo-
nal, i.e., each member of (1) cuts every other member orthogonally, at right angles.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 617

227. A tank contains 1000 litres of fresh water. Salt water which contains 150 gm of salt per litre, runs
into it at the rate of 5 litres per minute and well stirred mixture runs out of it at the same rate.
When will the tank contain 5,000 gm of salt ? (M.D.U., 2005)
Sol. Let Q gm be the quantity of salt present in the tank at time t, then
dQ
is the rate at which the salt content is changing
dt
= rate of salt entering the tank-rate of salt leaving the tank.
Now, the rate at which the salt increases due to inflow = 150 × 5 = 750 gm/min
Let C gm be the concentration of salt at time t. The rate at which the salt content decreases due
to outflow = C × 5 = 5 gm/minute.
Since the rate of inflow is the same as the rate of outflow, there is no change in the volume of
Q
water at any instant. ⇒ C =
1000

Q Q
The rate of decrease of salt content = 5 × = gm/min.
1000 200

dQ Q dQ 150000 − Q dQ dt
∴ = 750 – or = or =
dt 200 dt 200 150000 − Q 200
Integrating it, we have
t
– log (150000 – Q) = +C ...(1)
200
Initially, when t = 0, Q = 0
C = – log 150000
From equation (1), we have
t FG 150000 IJ
200
= log 150000 – log (150000 – Q) or t = 200 log
H 150000 − Q K ...(2)

Let t = T when Q = 5000.

From equation (2),
FG 150000 IJ = 200 log FG 150000 IJ
T = 200 loge
H 150000 − 5000 K e H 145000 K
= 200 log G
F 150 IJ = 200 × 2.303 log FG 30 IJ
H 145 K
e 10 H 29 K
= 460.6 × log10 (1.035) = 460.6 × 0.0147 = 6.77 minutes.
2
228. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of parabolas y = ax .
Sol. The equation of the family of given parabolas is y = ax2 ...(1)
dy
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x = 2ax ...(2)
dx
Eliminating ‘a’ between (1) and (2), we have
dy FG y IJ dy y
dx
=2
Hx K
2
x or
dx
=2.
x
dy 2
– .y =0 ...(3)
dx x
which is the differential equation of the given family (1).
618 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dy dx
Replacing by – in (3), we get
dx dy
dx 2 dx 2y dy x
– − . y = 0 or =− or =− ...(4)
dy x dy x dx 2y
2y . dy = – x dx .

x2
Integrating, we get y2 = – +C ⇒ x2 + 2y2 = C.
2
229. A pendulum of length l hangs against a wall inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal. Show that
l
the time of complete oscillation is 2π .
g sin θ
Sol. Let the position of the bob of mass m, at any point t, be P and O be the point of suspension so
that OP = l, ∠AOP = α, where OA is the line of greatest slope through O.
The component of weight of the bob along the plane is mg sin θ.

a T
l P q
sin q
s g
a m
a

A
n
si

q
q

mg
n

mg sin q
q
si
g
m

The equation of motion of the bob along the tangent at P is given by

d 2s
m = – mg sin θ sin α.
dt2
d 2 ( lα ) F α3 I
or
dt 2
= – g sin θ α − GH 3!
+ .....JK [∵ s = lα ]

d 2α
or l = – g sin θ . α (to a first approximation)
dt2
d 2α g d 2α g sin θ
or =– sin θ . α or = – w2α, where w2 =
dt 2 l dt2 l

2π l
∴ The motion of the bob is simple harmonic and the time of one oscillation is = = 2π .
w g sin θ

230. Find how many seconds a clock would lose per day, if the length of its pendulum were increased in
the ratio 900 : 901?
Sol. Let l be the original length and l + dl the increased length of the pendulum, then

l 900 l + dl 901 dl 1
= or = , ∴ =
l + dl 901 l 900 l 900

Let n be the number of beats per day, then n = 86,400.

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 619

n dl 86400 1
If dn is the change in the number of beats, then dn = – . =– . = − 48
2 l 2 900
Since dn is negative, the clock will lose 48 seconds per day.
231. A second’s pendulum which gains 10 seconds per day at one place loses 10 seconds at another
place. Compare the accelerations due to gravity at the two places.
Sol. Let g be the acceleration due to gravity when the pendulum beats seconds.
Let g + g1 be the acceleration due to gravity at the place, where it gains 10 seconds per day, then
dn = 10, n = 86400
n g1
Since dn = .
2 g
86400 g1 g1 1
10 = . ⇒ =
2 g g 4320
Adding 1 to both sides
g + g1 4321
= ...(1)
g 4320
Let g + g2 be the acceleration due to gravity at the place, where it loses 10 seconds per day, then
86400 g2
dn = – 10, – 10 = .
2 g
g2 1 g + g2 4319
or =− or = ...(2)
g 4320 g 4320
Dividing (1) by (2), we have
g + g1 4321
= which is the required ratio.
g + g2 4319
232. A simple pendulum of length l is oscillating through a small angle θ in a medium in which the
resistance is proportional to the velocity. Find the differential equation of its motion. Discuss the
motion and find the period of oscillation.
Sol. Let the position of the bob (of mass m), at any time t be P and O be the point of suspension
such that OP = l, ∠AOP = θ and therefore arc AP = s = lθ
∴ The equation of motion along the tangent PT is O

d 2s ds q
m 2
= − mg sin θ − λ ,
dt dt T
P
where λ is a constant.
s
d 2 (lθ ) λ d (lθ ) A q
or 2
+ . + g sin θ = 0
dt m dt
λ mg
Replacing sin θ by θ since it is small and writing = 2k, we get
m
d 2 (θ)
dθ g. θ
2
++ 2k =0 ...(1)
dt dt l
which is the required differential equation.

Its auxiliary equation has roots D = k ± k 2 − w2 , where w = g/l

The oscillatory motion of the bob is only possible when k < w.
620 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Then the roots of the auxiliary equation are – k ± i w2 − k2 .

∴ The solution of (1) is θ = e–kt [C1 cos w2 − k 2 t + C2 sin w2 − k 2 . t]

2π
which gives a vibratory motion of period .
w − k2
2

233. Show that the frequency of free vibrations in a closed electrical circuit with inductance L and
30
capacity C in series is per minute.
π LC
Sol. Let i be the current and q the charge in the condenser plate at any time t.

di d 2q q
The voltage drops across L and C are L = L. 2 and respectively.
dt dt C
Since there is no applied E.M.F. in the circuit, we have by Kirchhoff’s law,

d 2q q d 2q 1
L. 2
+ = 0 or =− .q
dt C dt2 LC

1 d 2q
Writing = w2, it becomes = – w2q
LC dt2

2π
It represents oscillatory, current with period = 2π LC .
w

1 60 30
∴ Frequency = per second = per minute = per minute.
T 2π LC π LC
234. An electric circuit consists of an inductance of 0.1 henry, a resistance of 20 ohms and a condenser
of capacitance 25 micro-farads. Find the charge q and the current i at any time t, given that at
dq
t = 0, q = 0.05 coulomb, i = = 0, when t = 0.
dt
Sol. The differential equation for the circuit can be written as
d 2q dq q
L + R. + =0
dt2 dt C
d 2q dq q
0.1 + 20 + (∵ 1 micro-farad = 10–6 farads)
dt 2 dt 25 × 10−6 = 0

d 2q dq
or + 200 . + 400,000 q = 0 ...(1)
dt2 dt
Its A.E. is D2 + 200 D + 400,000 = 0
− 200 ± 40000 − 1600000
so that D= = – 100 ± 100 39 i
2
∴ Its solution is q = e −100t [C1 cos (100 39 t ) + C2 sin (100 39t )] ...(2)
Differentiating w.r.t. t, we have
dq
= – 100 e–100t [C1 cos (100 39 t) + C2 sin (100 39 t)]
dt
+ e–100t [– 100 39 C1 sin (100 39 t) + 100 39 C2. cos (100 39 t)] ...(3)
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 621

Since, q = 0.05, when t = 0

∴ From (2), C1 = 0.05
dq
Also, = 0, when t = 0
dt
C1 0.05
∴ From (3), 0 = – 100 C1 + 100 39 C2 or C2 = = = 0.008
39 39
Hence, q = e–100t [0.05 cos (624.5 t) + .008 sin (624.5 t)]
dq
and i= = – 100e–100t [(C1 – 39 C2) cos 624.5 t + ( 39 C1 + C2) sin 624.5 t]
dt
= – 40 C2 . e–100t sin 624.5 t
or i = – 0.32 e–100t sin 624.5 t.
t
235. An uncharged condenser of capacity C is charged by applying an e.m.f. E sin , through
LC
leads of self-inductance L and negligible resistance. Prove that at time t, the charge on one of the
plates is

EC LM
sin
t
−
t
cos
t OP .
2 N LC LC LC Q
Sol. Let q be the charge on the condenser at any time t. The differential equation for the circuit is
d 2q q t
L 2
+ = E sin ...(1)
dt C LC
1 1 i
Its A.E. is LD2 + = 0 or D2 = – so that D = ±
C LC LC
t t
C.F. = C1 cos + C2 sin
LC LC
1 t
and P.I. = E sin (Case of failure)
1 LC
LD2 +

z
C
1 t Et t
= Et . sin = . sin dt
2LD LC 2L LC
Et F t I
2L
− LC cos = GH LC
JK =–
Et
2
.
C
L
cos
t
LC
∴ Complete solution of (1) is
t t E. t C t
q = C1 cos + C2 sin – . cos ...(2)
LC LC 2 L LC
Initially, when t = 0, q = 0 ∴ C1 = 0
Differentiating (2) w.r.t. t, we have

dq
=−
C1
sin
t
+
C2
cos
t
−
E C LM
cos
t
−
t
sin
t OP
dt LC LC LC LC 2 L N LC LC LC Q

dq
Initially, = i = 0, when t = 0
dt

C2 E C EC
∴ − =0 or C2 = .
LC 2 L 2
622 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in equation (2), the charge q on the condenser plate, at any
time t, is given by

EC t Et C t
q= sin − cos
2 LC 2 L LC

or q=
EC LMsin t
−
t
cos
t OP . Hence proved.
2 N LC LC LC Q
236. In an L–C–R circuit, the charge q on a plate of the condenser is given by

d2q dq q dq 1
L +R + = E sin wt, where i = . The circuit is tuned to resonance so that w2 = .
dt2 dt C dt LC

2 4L E − R
LM Rt
FG IJ OP
If R <
C
and q = 0, i = 0, when t = 0, show that q =
Rw
− cos wt + e 2L cos pt +
2LP
sin pt
MN H K PQ
E
LM 1 − 1 R2
Rt OP
and i =
R
sin wt −
MN
p LC
e 2L sin pt , where p2 = − 2.
LC 4L PQ
Sol. The given differential equation is

d 2q dq q
L +R + = E sin wt
dt2 dt C

FG LD 2 1 IJ d
or
H + RD +
C K q = E sin wt, where D =
dt
...(1)

1
Its A.E. is LD2 + RD + =0
C

4L 4L
− R ± R2 − −R±i − R2
C = C 4L
so that D= , since R2 <
2L 2L C

R 1 R2 R 1 R2
=– ±i − 2 =– ± ip, since − 2 = p2 (Given)
2L LC 4L 2L LC 4L

R
− .t
Its C.F. = e 2L (C1 cos pt + C2 sin pt)
1 1
and P.I. = E sin wt = E . sin wt
2 1 2 1
LD + RD + − Lw + RD +
C C
E 1 1 E
. sin wt, since w2 =
= =– cos wt
R D LC Rw
∴ The complete solution of equation (1) is
Rt
−
2L
E
q= e (C1 cos pt + C2 sin pt) – cos wt ...(2)
RW
E
Initially, when t = 0, q = 0 ∴ C1 =
RW
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 623

Differentiating (2) w.r.t. t

Rt Rt
dq − R − E
= e 2L (– p C1 sin pt + p C2 cos pt) – e 2L (C1 cos pt + C2 sin pt) + sin wt
dt 2L R
dq
Initially, when t = 0, =i=0
dt
R R R E
∴ pC2 – C1 = 0 or C2 = C1 = .
2L 2Lp 2Lp RW
E
∴ C2 =
2LpW
Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in equation (2), we get

−
Rt
FG E cos pt + E sin ptIJ – E cos wt
q= e 2L
H Rw 2 pLw K Rw
E
LM −FG cos pt + R sin ptIJ OP
Rt

MN H K PQ
− cos wt + e 2L
or q= ...(3)
Rw 2 pL
Differentiating equation (3) w.r.t. t,
dq E
LM R − 2L R FG Rt
IJ + e FG − p sin pt + R cos ptIJ OP
−
Rt

dt
=
Rw MN
w sin wt −
2L
e cos pt +
2Lp H
sin pt
K H 2L K PQ
2L

E M
L − F R + pI sin ptOP E LMw sin wt − e . R + 4L p . sin ptOP
Rt 2 −
Rt 2 2 2
or i =
Rw M
w sin wt − e GH 4L p JK
2L
PQ = Rw MN PQ
2L

N
2 2
4L p

EM
L Rt O
sin ptP since R + 4L p = 1
− 1 2 2 2

R M PQ
sin wt − e 2L
=
N LCpw 4L LC 2

EM
L Rt O
sin ptP since w =
− LC 1
RM P
sin wt − e 2L. 2
=
N LCp
Q LC

EM
L Rt O
. sin ptP .
1 −

R M PQ
sin wt − .e 2L
or i = Hence shown.
N p LC

d2q dq q
237. In an L–C–R circuit, the charge q on a plate of a condenser is given by L 2
+R + =E
dt dt C

2 1
sin pt. The circuit is tuned to resonance so that p = . If initially the current i and the charge
LC

R RS Et UV sin
q be zero, show that, for small values of
L
, the current in the circuit at time t is given by
T 2L W
pt. (M.D.U., 2005)
FG LD 2 1 IJ d
Sol. The given equation is
H + RD +
C K q = E sin pt ; D ≡
dt
...(1)

1
Its A.E. is LD2 + RD + =0
C
624 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

4L
− R ± R2 −
C =− R ±1 R2 4
⇒ D= 2
−
2L 2L 2 L LC

R 1 4 |RSIgnoring the term R U|V 2

=– ±
2L 2
−
LC T| L |W 2

R i R
=– ± =− ± pi
2L LC 2L
1
Since, p2 = (given)
LC
−
Rt
FG Rt IJ
∴ C.F. = e 2L (C1 cos pt + C2 sin pt) = 1 −
H 2L K (C1 cos pt + C2 sin pt)

1
P.I. = (E sin pt)
1
LD2 + RD +
C
1 1 FG∵ p2 =
1 IJ
=E.
2
− Lp + RD +
1
. sin pt = E .
RD
. sin pt
H LC K
C
E
=– cos pt
Rp
Complete solution of equation (1) is

FG Rt IJ E
q= 1−
H 2L K (C1 cos pt + C2 sin pt) –
Rp
cos pt ...(2)

dq Rt FG IJ R E
∴ i=
dt
= 1−
2L H K (– p C1 sin pt + p C2 cos pt) –
2L
(C1 cos pt + C2 sin pt) +
R
sin pt ...(3)

When t = 0, q = 0 and i = 0, then

E E
From equation (2), 0 = C1 – ⇒ C1 =
Rp Rp
R E
and from (3), C ⇒ C2 =0 = C2 p –
2L 1 2Lp2
Putting the values of C1 and C2 in (3), we get

FG Rt IJ FG − E sin pt + E cos ptIJ F E cos pt + E I E

i= 1−
H 2L K H R 2Lp K –
R
2L
GH Rp 2Lp 2 JK
sin pt +
R
sin pt

Et ERt ER Et R
sin pt –
= cos pt – sin pt = sin pt ; being small.
2L 4 pL2 4L2 p2 2L L
238. The voltage V and the current i at a distance x from the sending end of the transmission line
dV di
satisfy the equations – = Ri and − = GV , where R and G are constants. If V = V0 at the
dx dx

sending end (x = 0) and V = 0 at the receiving end (x = l) ; show that V = V0

LM sinh n (l − x) OP , where
N sinh nl Q
n2 = RG.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 625

di
Sol. – = GV
dx
d FG 1 dV IJ d 2V
⇒ –
dx H
−
R dx K = GV ⇒
dx 2
– RGV = 0

d
⇒ (D2 – RG)V = 0, where D ≡
dx
Auxiliary equation is
D2 – RG = 0 or D2 – n2 = 0 [∵ n2 = RG (given)]
⇒ D= ±n
∴ C.F. = C1enx + C2 e–nx
P.I. = 0
∴ Solution is V = C1enx + C2e–nx ...(1)
It is given that at x = 0, V = V0 ∴ V0 = C1 + C2 ...(2)
at x = l, V = 0, 0 = C1enl + C2e–nl ...(3)
Solving equations (2) and (3), we have

V0 − V0 . e 2nl
C1 = , C2 =
1−e 2nl 1 − e 2nl

V0 e nx − e 2nl −nx e 2nl −nx − e nx

From equation (1), V= [enx – e2nl–nx] = V0 . = V0 .
1 − e 2nl 1 − e 2nl e 2nl − 1

e nl − nx − e nx − nl
= V0 . (On dividing the numerator and denom. by enl)
e nl − e −nl

e nl −nx − e − ( nl −nx )
= V0 .
enl − e −nl

or V = V0 .
RS sinh n (l − x ) UV . Hence shown.
T sinh nl W
239. When a particle is said to execute a simple harmonic motion ? What is amplitude of the motion ?
Sol. A particle is said to execute simple harmonic motion if it moves in a straight line such that
its acceleration is always directed towards a fixed point in the line and is proportional to the
distance of the particle from the fixed point.
Let O be the fixed point in the line A′A. Let P be the position of the particle at any time t, where
OP = x. Since the acceleration is always directed towards O, i.e., the acceleration is in the direc-
tion opposite to that in which x increases, the equation of motion of the particle is

d 2x
= – µ2x.
dt2
A¢ A
O P
d 2x d x
+ µ2x = 0n or (D2 + µ2)x = 0, whereD ≡ ...(1)
dt2 dt a

This is a linear differential equation with constant coefficients.

Its A.E. is D2 + µ2 = 0 so that D = ± i µ
∴ Solution of (1) is x = C1 cos µt + C2 sin µt ...(2)
dx
Velocity of particle at P = = – C1µ sin µt + C2 µ cos µt ...(3)
dt
If the particle starts from rest at A, where OA = a then from equation (2),
626 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

(at t = 0, x = a) ; C1 = a
FG at t = 0, dx = 0IJ
and from (3),
H dt K ; C2 = 0

∴ x = a cos µt ...(4)
dx
and = – aµ sin µt ...(5)
dt
dx x2
= – aµ 1 − cos2 µt = – aµ
= – µ a2 − x 2
1− ...(6)
dt a2
Equation (4) gives the displacement of the particle from the fixed point O at any time t. Equation
(6) gives the velocity of the particle at any time t, when its displacement from the fixed point O
is x. Equation (6) also shows that the velocity is directed towards O and decreases as x increases.
2π
Equations (4) and (5) remain unchanged when t is replaced by t + i.e., when t is increased by
µ

2π
showing thereby that the particle occupies the same position and has the same velocity after
µ

2π 2π
a time . The quantity , usually denoted by T, is called the time of complete oscillation. The
µ µ
point O is called the centre of motion or the mean position. The maximum distance ‘a’ which
the particle covers on either side of the mean position is called the amplitude of the motion. The
number of complete oscillations per second is called the frequency of motion. If n is the frequency,
1 µ
then n = = .
T 2π
240. The distances of a point moving with Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.) at the end of 3 successive
seconds from its mean position are x1, x2, x3 respectively. Show that the time of a complete oscilla-
Fx + x I .
tion is 2π/cos–1 GH 2x JK
1
2
3

Sol. Let the moving point be at distances x1, x2, x3 from the mean position at the end of t, t + 1,
t + 2 seconds respectively.
Using x = a cos µt
We have x1 = a cos µt ...(1) x2 = a cos µ(t + 1) ...(2) x3 = a cos µ(t + 2) ...(3)
Adding (1) and (3), we get
x1 + x3 = a [cos µ(t + 2) + cos µt]
LM
= a 2 cos
µ ( t + 2 ) + µt
cos
µ ( t + 2 ) − µt OP
N 2 2 Q
= 2 a cos µ(t + 1) cos µ = 2x2 cos µ [Using (2)]
Fx + x I
⇒ µ = cos–1 GH 2x JK
1
2
3

2π Fx + x I
Hence the time of a complete oscillation =
µ
or 2π/cos–1 GH 2x JK
1
2
3
.

241. A particle moving in a straight line with S.H.M. has velocities v1 and v2 when its distances from

x12 − x 2 2
the centre are x1 and x2 respectively. Show that the period of motion is 2π .
v12 − v2 2
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 627

Sol. The velocity v of the particle, when it is at a distance x from the mean position is given by
v2 = µ2(a2 – x2), where a is the amplitude.
∴ v12 = µ2 (a2 – x12) ...(1)
and v22 = µ2 (a2 – x22) ...(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
v22 − v12
v22 – v12 = µ2(x12 – x22) or µ2 =
x12 − x 22

2π x 2 − x 22
Periodic time T= = 2π 1 2 .
µ v2 − v12
242. A particle is executing S.H.M. with amplitude 20 cm and time 4 seconds. Find the time required by
the particle in passing between points which are at distances 15 cm and 5 cm from the centre of
force and are on the same side of it.
Sol. Here a = 20 cm T = 4 seconds
2π π
Since T= ∴ µ=
µ 2
Let t1 and t2 seconds be the times when the particle is at distances 15 cm and 5 cm respectively
from the centre of force.
Using x = a cos µt, we have
π 2 3
15 = 20 cos t ⇒ t1 = cos–1
2 1 π 4
π 2 1
and 5 = 20 cos t ⇒ t2 = cos–1
2 2 π 4
2 FG cos −1 1
− cos−1
3 IJ
Required time = t2 – t1 =
π H 4 4 K = 0.38 sec.

µ
243. A point moves in a straight line towards a centre of force , starting from rest at a
(distance )3
distance ‘a’ from the centre of force. Show that the time of reaching a point distant ‘b’ from the

a µ
centre of force is a 2 − b2 , and that its velocity then is . a 2 − b2 .
µ ab
Sol. O is the centre of force and the point starts from P, where OP = a. We have to find out the
time of reaching from P to Q and velocity at Q, where OQ = b

d 2x µ
Given =− ...(1)
dt2 x3
b
dx
Multiplying both sides of (1) by 2 , we get
dt O Q P
2 a
dx d x µ dx
2 . 2 = − 3 .2
dt dt x dt
Integrating both sides, we get

FG dx IJ
H dt K
2
=
z FG − µ IJ . 2 dx . dt + C
H x K dt
3
⇒
FG dx IJ
H dt K
2
=
µ
x2
+C ...(2)
628 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dx
Also, velocity = 0, when x = a (given)
dt
∴ By (2), C = – µ a–2

FG dx IJ 2 Fa − x I
2 2
∴
H dt K = µ(x–2 – a–2) = µ GH a x JK2 2 ...(3)

∴ Velocity towards O at Q i.e., at x = b is

FG dx IJ µ
a 2 − b2
H dt K x =b
=
ab
[From (3)]

Again, separating the variables in equation (3)

− ax
. dx = µ . dt where (–) sign is taken because point is moving towards 0.
a2 − x 2
Integrating both sides, we get

z − ax
a2 − x 2
. dx =
z µ . dt + A ⇒ a a2 − x 2 = µ .t + A ...(4)

Now, t = 0 when x = a (given)

a a 2 − b2
∴ From (4), A = 0. ∴ At Q (when x = b), t =
µ

µ
Hence velocity towards O at Q (at x = b) is . a 2 − b2 and time of reaching a point distant ‘b’
ab

a
from the centre of force is . a 2 − b2 .
µ
244. In the case of a stretched elastic horizontal string which has one end fixed and a particle of mass
m attached to the other, find the equation of motion of the particle given that l is the natural length
of the string and e is its elongation due to a weight mg. Also find the displacements of the particle
when initially S = S0 , v = 0.
Sol. Let OA = l be the elastic horizontal string with the end O fixed and a particle of mass m
attached at A.
Let P be the position of the particle at any time t, where OP = S, so that the elongation
AP = S – l.
Now, for the elongation e, tension = mg

O A T P

mg(S − l )
∴ For the elongation (S – l), tension =
e
Since tension is the only horizontal force acting on the particle, its equation of motion is

d 2S d 2S mg(S − l )
m 2
=–T or m =– ...(1)
dt dt2 e

d 2S g gl
From (1), we have + .S=
dt2 e e
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 629

g g
Its A.E. is m2 + =0 ⇒ m=±i
e e
F gI t+C F gI t
∴ C.F. = C1 cos GH e JK 2 sin GH e JK
1 gl gl 1 gl 1
and P.I. = . or P.I. = . . e0t = . . e 0t = l
g 2 e e D2 + g e 0+ g
D +
e e e
∴ The complete solution of (1) is
F gI t+C F gIt +l
S = C1 cos GH e JK 2 sin GH e JK ...(2)

When t = 0, S = S0, so that from (2),

S0 = C1 + l or C1 = S0 – l

g F gI t+C g F gI t
Also from (2)
dS
dt
= – C1
e
sin GH e JK 2
e
cos GH e JK
dS
When t = 0, =v=0 ∴ C2 = 0
dt
F gI
∴ From (2), we get S = (S0 – l) cos GH e JK t + l.

245. A particle moves with S.H.M. in a straight line. In the first second, starting from rest, it travels a
distance ‘a’ and in the next second, it travels a distance ‘b’ in the same direction. Prove that the

2a 2
amplitude of motion is .
3a − b
Sol. Let A be the amplitude of motion.
According to the problem A – a = A cos µ ...(1)
A – a – b = A cos 2µ ...(2)
Now, A – a – b = A (2 cos2 µ – 1)
L F A − aI 2 OP
= A M2 . G
MN H A JK
2
− 1 = 2 (A2 + a2 – 2Aa) – A or A – a – b = 2A + 2a – 4a – A
PQ A A

2a 2 2a 2
3a – b = ⇒ A= . Hence proved.
A 3a − b
246. A particle moves with S.H.M. in a straight line under the action of a force which is proportional to
the distance of the particle from x = 0. If it starts at x = 5 cm with a velocity of 10 cm/sec and it
reaches an extreme position x = 10 cm, at what speed does it pass through the origin ?
Sol. v2 = µ(a2 – x2) ...(1)
Given, x = 5, v = 10
∴ (10)2 = µ(a2 – 25) ...(2)
Dividing (1) by (2), we get

v2 a2 − x 2 v2 100 − x 2
= 2 ⇒ = | Here a = 10
100 a − 25 100 100 − 25
4
⇒ v2 = (100 – x2)
3
630 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

400
At x = 0, v2 = = 133.33
3

∴ v= 133.33 = 11.546 cm/sec.

Hence the required speed is 11.546 cm/sec.
247. Show that if the displacement of a particle in a straight line is expressed by the equation x = a
2π
cos µt + b sin µt, it describes a S.H.M. whose amplitude is a 2 + b2 and time period is .
µ
Sol. x = a cos µt + b sin µt ...(1)
dx
∴ = – a µ sin µt + bµ cos µt ...(2)
dt

d 2x
= – a µ2 cos µt – b µ2 sin µt = – µ2 [a cos µt + b sin µt]
dt2

d 2x
or = – µ2 . x
dt2
which represents simple harmonic motion with centre at origin.
2π 2π
Time period, T= =
w µ

dx
Also, amplitude is the value of x, when =0
dt
b
From (2), 0 = – a µ sin µt + bµ cos µt ⇒ tan µt =
a
b a
∴ sin µt = and cos µt =
2 2
a +b a + b2
2

a b
From (1), x=a. +b. ⇒ x= a 2 + b2 Hence the result.
a +b2 2 a + b2
2

248. In a system, the amplitude of motion is 5 metres and the period is 4 seconds. Find the time required
by the particle in passing between the points which are at distances of 4 metres and 2 metres from
the centre of force and are on same side of it. Also find the velocities at these points.
Sol. Equation of Simple Harmonic Motion is
d 2x
= – µ2 . x ...(1)
dt2
2π
Time period T= =4 (given)
µ
π
∴ µ=
2
π
Solution to (1) is, x = a cos µt = 5 cos
t ...(2) (∵ a = 5 m)
2
Let t1 sec and t2 sec be the times when the particle is at a distance of 4 metres and 2 metres
respectively from the centre of force.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 631

FG π t IJ 2 FG 4 IJ
Then from equation (2) 4 = 5 cos
H2 K 1 ⇒ t1 =
π
cos–1
H 5K
Fπ I
2 = 5 cos GH 2 t JK
2 FG 2 IJ
2 ⇒ t2 =
π
cos–1
H 5K
∴ Time required in passing through these points
2 LM
cos−1
2
− cos−1
4 FG IJ FG IJ OP = 0.33 secs.
= t2 – t1 =
π N 5 5 H K H KQ
To find the velocities at x = 4 m and x = 2 m
Differentiating equation (2) w.r.t. ‘t’, we get
dx 5π πt 5π πt 5π x2 π
=– sin =− 1 − cos2 =– 1− =– 25 − x 2
dt 2 2 2 2 2 25 2

π 3π
When, x = 4 m, v = – 25 − 16 = – m /sec.
2 2
π
When, x = 2 m, v = – 21 m /sec.
2
Negative sign indicates that it is directed towards centre of force.
249. A particle is performing a S.H.M. of period T about a centre O and it passes through a point P,
where OP = b with velocity v in the direction OP. Prove that the time which elapses before it
T
tan −1
vTFG IJ
returns to P is
π H
2 πb
.
K
Sol. Let the amplitude be a.
Required time = time taken from P to N + time taken from N to P
= 2 (time taken from N to P) ...(1)

M O b P N

For the motion from N to P, we have

dx dx
=–µ a2 − x 2 ⇒ dt = – ...(2)
dt µ a2 − x 2
Let t1 be the time taken from N to P. Then at N, t = 0, x = a and at P, t = t1, x = b
∴ Integrating (2), we get

z z
t1

0
dt =
1
µ a
b – dx
a2 − x 2

1 LM
cos−1
x FG IJ OP b
1
cos−1
b FG IJ
t1 =
µ N a H KQ a
=
µ a H K
∴ From equation (1),

FG IJ F I
Required time =
2
cos−1
b
H K =
2
tan −1 GG a 2 − b2
JJ
µ a µ
H b
K
632 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dx
Since = − µ a2 − x 2
dt
dx
At P, x = b, =v ∴ v = – µ a 2 − b2
dt
2
tan −1
vFG IJ
⇒ Required time =
µ bµ H K , (Ignore (–)ve sign of v)

2π 2π
Since T= or µ =
µ T
T FG vT IJ .
Required time =
π
tan–1
H 2π b K Hence proved.

250. Discuss free oscillations, damped free oscillations, forced oscillatory motions (without damping
and with damping) for a mechanical system when a spring is suspended vertically from a fixed
support and a body of mass m be suspended from the other end. Derive equations of motion of the
body in each case.
Sol. (a) Free oscillations
Consider a spring OA suspended vertically from a fixed support at O. O
Let a body of mass m be suspended from the end A, the mass of the body
being so large in comparison with the mass of the spring that the latter
may be neglected. Let e (= AB) be the elongation produced by the mass m
hanging in equilibrium, then B is called the position of static equilib-
rium and e is called the static extension. A
Let k be the stiffness of the spring, i.e., the restoring force per unit stretch
of the spring due to elasticity. e
For equilibrium at B, mg = T = k, e ...(1) B
Let the mass be displaced through a further distance x from the equilib-

d 2x
rium position. The acceleration of the mass m at this position is x
dt2
and the forces acting upon it are its weight mg downwards and the re- k (e + x)
storing force k(e + x) upwards.
∴ The equation of motion of mass m is
d 2x
m = mg – k (e + x) = – kx (∵ ke = mg) mg
dt2
d 2x k
or + x=0
dt2 m
k d 2x
Writing w2 = , it becomes + w2x = 0 ...(2)
m dt2
(b) Damped free oscillations
If the motion of the mass m be subjected to an additional force of resistance, proportional to the
dx
instantaneous velocity of the mass, say λ , produced by a damper, the oscillations are said to
dt
be damped.
The equation of motion of the mass m is

d 2x dx dx d 2x λ dx k
m 2
= mg – k (e + x) – λ = – kx – λ or + + x=0
dt dt dt dt 2 m dt m
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 633

λ k d 2x dx
Writing = 2p and = w2, it becomes 2
+ 2p + w2 x = 0 ...(1)
m m dt dt
Equation (1) is a linear differential equation with constant coefficients.

Its auxiliary equation is D2 + 2pD + w2 = 0 ⇒ D = – p ± p 2 − w2

Thus the general solution of equation (1) depends upon the relative values of p and w.
Case I. When p > w, roots of A.E. are real and distinct. The solution of (1) is
(− p + p 2 − w2 ) t (− p − p 2 − w2 ) t
x = C1 . e + C2 . e

p 2 − w2 t − p 2 − w2 t
or x = e–pt (C1 e + C2 . e )
where C1, C2 are arbitrary constants to be determined from the initial conditions of the given
problem. The solution shows that x is always positive and hence the motion is non-oscillatory.
Further, as t → ∞, x → 0 ; the restoring force in this case is so great that the non-oscillatory
motion is called over-damped or dead-beat motion.
Case II. When p = w, roots of the auxiliary equation are equal, each being equal to – p.
The solution of (1) is x = (C1 + C2t) e–pt
Here also x is always positive and the motion is non-oscillatory. Further as t → ∞, x → 0. The
motion of the mass in this case is called critically damped motion, because it separates the non-
oscillatory motion of case I from the oscillatory motion of case III.
Case III. When p < w, the roots of the auxiliary equation are imaginary i.e.,

D=–p±i w2 − p 2

The solution of equation (1) is x = e–pt (C1 cos w2 − p2 t + C2 sin w2 − p2 t)

where C1 and C2 are constants.
The variation of x is now oscillatory due to the presence of the trigonometric factor. The periodic
2π
time of the oscillation is T = which is greater than the periodic time in case of freed
w − p2
2

2π
oscillations (without damping) which is . Thus the effect of damping is to increase the period
w
of oscillation and the motion ultimately dies away. Such a motion is called damped oscillatory
motion.
(c) Forced oscillations (without damping)
If the point of the support of the spring is also vibrating with some external periodic force, then
the resulting motion is called forced oscillatory motion.
Consider the motion of the mass m as in (a) with an external periodic force Q cos nt impressed
upon the system. This force is applied to the support of the spring so that now the support is not
steady :
The equation of motion of mass m
d 2x
m = mg – k(e + x) + Q cos nt = – kx + Q cos nt
dt2
d 2x k Q
or 2
+ x= cos nt
dt m m

k Q d 2x
Writing w2 = and E = , it becomes + w2 x = E cos nt ...(1)
m m dt2
This is a linear differential equation with constant coefficients.
634 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Its A.E. is D2 + w2 = 0 ⇒ D = ± iw
C.F. = C1 cos wt + C2 sin wt
1
and P.I. = E . cos nt
D + w2
2

Evaluation of P.I. depends upon the relative values of w and n. Thus we have to consider two
cases :
w ≠ n and w = n.
Case I. When w ≠ n
E
P.I. = cos nt
w − n2
2

∴ Complete solution of (1) is

E
x = C1 cos wt + C2 sin wt + cos nt
w2 − n 2
E
which may be written as x = A cos (wt + B) + . cos nt ...(2)
w − n2 2

This shows that the variation of x consists of two oscillatory motions : the one due to the C.F.
2π
gives free oscillations of period and the second due to the P.I. gives forced oscillations of
w
2π
period . Also, if the frequency of free oscillations is very high i.e., w is large, then the ampli-
n
E
tude of the forced oscillations is small.
w − n2
2

z
Case II. When w = n
1 E.t E.t
P.I. = E.t. cos wt = cos wt . dt = sin wt
2D 2 2w
E.t
∴ The complete solution of (1) is x = C1 cos wt + C2 sin wt + 2w sin wt

FG Et IJ
or x = C1 cos wt + C2 +
H 2w K sin wt ...(3)

E.t
Let C1 = r sin φ and C2 + = r cos φ
2w
R| U|
F IJ 2
S| Et V|
+ GC
E. t C1
C12
then r=
H 2 +
2w K and φ = tan–1
|T C 2w |W
2 +

2π
Equation (3) reduces to x = r sin (wt + φ) which shows that motion is oscillatory with period
w

FG
C12 + C2 +
E. t IJ 2
and amplitude =
H 2w K .

Clearly, amplitude increases with time, so that after a long time the amplitude becomes abnormally
large. This phenomenon in which the impressed frequency due to external periodic force becomes
equal to the natural frequency of the system is known as resonance. A practical instance of the
case of resonance is the soldiers breaking step while marching over a bridge, for the simple
reason that, if by chance the steps be in rhythm with the natural frequency of the bridge, it may
collapse due to resonance.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 635

(d) Forced oscillations (with damping). In the above case (c), if in addition, there is a damp-
dx
ing force, which is proportional to the instantaneous velocity of the mass, say λ , then the
dt

d 2x dx
equation of motion of mass m is m = mg – k (e + x) – λ + Q cos nt
dt 2 dt
Since mg = ke, it becomes

d 2x dx
m 2
= – kx – λ . + Q cos nt
dt dt

d 2x λ dx k Q
or + . + x= cos nt
dt2 m dt m m
λ k Q
Writing = 2 p, = w2 and = E, it becomes
m m m

d 2x dx
2
+ 2p . + w2.x = E cos nt ...(1)
dt dt
This is a linear differential equation with constant coefficients.

Its A.E. is D2 + 2pD + w2 = 0 ⇒ D = – p ± p 2 − w2

p2 − w2 . t − p 2 − w2 t
∴ C.F. = e–pt (C1 e + C2 e )
1 1
P.I. = E . 2 2 cos nt = E . . cos nt
D + 2 pD + w − n + 2 pD + w2
2

1
=E. 2 2 cos nt
(w − n ) + 2 pD

( w 2 − n 2 ) − 2 pD ( w2 − n 2 ) cos nt + 2 pn sin nt
or P.I. = E . 2 2 2 2 2 cos nt = E .
(w − n ) − 4 p D ( w2 − n 2 )2 + 4 p2n 2
Now, let w2 – n2 = r cos φ
2pn = r sin φ
F 2 pn I
so that r2 = (w2 – n2)2 + 4p2n2 and φ = tan–1 GH w − n JK
2 2

r cos (nt − φ ) E
∴ P.I. = E . = . cos (nt – φ)
r 2 r
∴ The complete solution of equation (1) is
E
p 2 − w2 t − p 2 − w2 t
x = e–pt (C1 e cos (nt – φ)
+ C2 e ) +
r
The C.F. represents free oscillations of the system which die out as t → ∞ due to the presence of
–pt
the factor e .
The P.I. represents the forced oscillations of the system having a constant amplitude
E
=
(w − n ) + 4 p2n 2
2 2 2

2π
and the period = which is the same as that of the impressed force.
w
636 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Thus as t increases, the free oscillations (given by the C.F.) die out while the forced oscillations
(given by the P.I. ) persist giving the steady state of motion.
251. A body weighing 4.9 kg is hung from a spring. A pull of 10 kg will stretch the spring to 5 cm. The
body is pulled down 6 cm below the static equilibrium position and then released. Find the dis-
placement of the body from its equilibrium position at time t seconds, the maximum velocity and
the period of oscillation.
Sol. Let O be the fixed end and A the free end of the spring.
O
Let k be the stiffness of the spring (or the spring constant).
Since a pull of 10 kg stretches the spring by 0.05 metres,
∴ 10 = k × 0.05 ⇒ k = 200 kg/m.
Let e (= AB) be the elongation produced by the body weighing 4.9 kg hang-
ing in equilibrium, then 4.9 = ke = 200 e A
4.9
∴ e= = 0.0245 m e
200
Now the body is pulled down to C, where BC = 0.06 m. B
After t sec of its release from C, let the body be at P, where BP = x metres.
The forces acting on the body are
(i) its weight W = 4.9 kg downwards. x
(ii) the restoring force T = k (e + x) or T = 200 (0.0245 + x) kg upwards. T
The equation of motion of the body is 0.06 m
P
d 2x
m 2
=W–T W
dt
C
4.9 d 2 x
or = 4.9 – 200 (0.0245 + x)
g dt2

4.9 d 2 x
or = – 200 x (∵ g = 9.8 m/sec2)
9.8 dt2

d 2x
or + 400 x = 0
dt2
Its A.E. is D2 + 400 = 0 ⇒ D = ± 20 i
∴ Its solution is x = C1 cos 20 t + C2 sin 20 t ...(1)
Initially, when t = 0, x = 0.06
∴ From equation (1), C1 = 0.06
dx
Also, = – 20 C1 sin 20 t + 20 C2 cos 20 t
dt
dx
Initially, when t = 0, =0
dt
∴ C2 = 0
Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in equation (1), we get
x = 0.06 cos 20 t which gives the displacement of the body from its equilibrium position at time t.
Maximum velocity = w (amplitude)
= 20 × 0.06 = 1.2 m/sec
2π 2π π
Period of oscillation = = = or 0.314 sec.
w 20 10
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 637

252. A spring for which the spring constant k = 700 Nm–1 hangs in a vertical position with its upper
end fixed to a support. A mass of 20 kg is attached to the lower end and system brought to rest.
Find the position of the mass at time t, if a force 70 sin 2t N is applied to the support.
Sol. Equation of motion is

d 2x
m = – kx + 70 sin 2t
dt2
d 2x d 2x 7
⇒ 20 2 = – 700x + 70 sin 2t ⇒ 2
+ 35 x = sin 2t
dt dt 2

Auxiliary equation is D2 + 35 = 0 ⇒ D = ± i 35

∴ C.F. = C1 cos 35 t + C2 sin 35 t

1 FG 7 sin 2tIJ = 7 sin 2t
+ 35 H 2 K 62
P.I. = 2 (D2 = – 4)
D
7
∴ x = C1 cos 35 t + C2 . sin 35 . t + 62 sin 2t ...(1)

At t = 0, x = 0
∴ From (1), C1 = 0
7
∴ x = C2 sin 35 t + sin 2t ...(2)
62
dx 7
= 35 C2 cos 35 t + cos 2t ...(3)
dt 31
dx
When, t = 0, v = =0
dt
Substituting in (3), we get
7 7
0= 35 C2 + ⇒ C2 = –
31 31 35
7 7
∴ From equation (2), x = – sin 35 t + sin 2t.
31 35 62
253. A mass M suspended from the end of a helical spring is subjected to a periodic force
f = F sin wt in the direction of its length. The force f is measured positive vertically downwards and
at zero time M is at rest. If the spring stiffness is S, prove that the displacement of M at time t from
F RSsin wt − w sin ptUV , where p2 S
) T W
the commencement of motion is given by x = 2 2 = and
M(p − w p M
damping effects are neglected.
Sol. Let x be the displacement from the equilibrium position at any time t, then the equation of
motion of the mass M is
d 2x d 2x S F
M = – Sx + F sin wt or =– x+ sin wt
2 2 M M
dt dt
d 2x F FG∵ S
= p2
IJ
H K
or 2
2 + p x = M sin wt ...(1)
M
dt
Its A.E. is D2 + p2 = 0 ⇒ D = ± ip
C.F. = C1 cos pt + C2 sin pt
638 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

F 1
P.I. = . sin wt
M D2 + p 2
F 1
P.I. = . sin wt
M p 2 – w2
∴ Complete solution of equation (1) is
F 1
x = C1 cos pt + C2 sin pt + M . 2 sin wt ...(2)
p – w2
Initially, when t = 0, x = 0 ∴ C1 = 0
Differentiating equation (2) w.r.t. t,
dx F w
= – pC1 sin pt + pC2 cos pt + . 2 cos wt
dt M p − w2

dx
Since = 0, when t = 0
dt
F w w F
∴ pC2 + M . 2 = 0 or C2 = – .
p − w2 p M ( p 2 − w2 )
Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in equation (2), the displacement of the mass at any time t is
given by
w F F 1
x=– . sin pt + . sin wt
p M ( p 2 − w2 ) M ( p 2 − w2 )

F FG sin wt − w sin ptIJ , S

or x=
M( p2 − w2 ) H p K where p2 =
M
.

254. A spring of negligible weight which stretches 1 inch under tension of 2 lb is fixed at one end and is
attached to a weight of w lb at the other. It is found that resonance occurs when an axial periodic
force 2 cos 2t lb acts on the weight. Show that when the free vibrations have died out, the forced
vibrations are given by x = ct sin 2t and find the values of w and c.
1
Sol. When a weight of 2 lbs is attached to A, spring stretches by ft.
12
1
∴ 2=k. ⇒ k = 24 lb/ft.
12
Let B be the position of the weight w attached to A, then
w
w = k × AB ⇒ AB = ft.
24
At any time t, let the weight be at P, where BP = x.
FG w + xIJ
Tension at P, Tp = k × AP = 24
H 24 K = w + 24 x

Its equation of motion is

w d 2x
= – T + w + 2 cos 2t = – w – 24x + w + 2 cos 2t = 2 cos 2t – 24x
g dt2

d 2x
⇒ w + 24 gx = 2g cos 2t ...(1)
dt2
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 639

The phenomenon of resonance occurs when the period of free oscilla- O

tions is equal to the period of forced oscillations,
From equation (1),
d 2x 2g 24 g
+ µ2x = cos 2t where µ 2 =
dt 2 w w
A
2π
∴ The period of free oscillations is found as and the period of
µ
F 2g I
the force GH w JK cos 2t is π.
B

2π
∴ µ =π ⇒ µ=2 x
24g T
Hence, 4= ⇒ w = 6g ...(2)
w
2 cos 2t
d 2x 1
From equation (1), + 4x = cos 2t ...(3) P
dt2 3
We know that the free oscillations are given by the C.F. and the forced
oscillations are given by P.I. Thus, when the free oscillations have died out, the forced oscilla-
tions are given by the P.I. of (3).
1F 1 I
∴ P.I. = GH
3 D2 + 4
cos 2tJK =
1
3
.t.
1
2D
cos 2t or P.I. =
t
12
sin 2t

1
Hence, C=
.
12
255. A mass of 200 gm is tied at the end of a spring which extends to 4 cm under a force 196,000 dynes.
The spring is pulled 5 cm. and released. Find the displacement, t seconds after release, if there be
a damping force of 2000 dynes per cm per second. What should be the damping force for the dead
beat motion ?
O
Sol. Let O be the fixed end and A be the free end of the spring.
196000
Since a force = 200 gm wt stretches the spring by 4 cm.
980
∴ 200 = k × 4 or k = 50 gm/cm.
where k is the restoring force. A
Let B be the equilibrium position when a mass of 200 gm is attached to A,
4 cm
then
200 = k × AB or 200 = 50 × AB
∴ AB = 4 cm. B
Now the 200 gm weight is pulled down to C, where BC = 5 cm. If
t seconds after its release from C, the weight be at P, where BP = x cm, then x cm
the forces acting on it are
T
(i) its weight W = 200 gm acting downwards.
5 cm
(ii) the tension T = k × AP = 50 (4 + x) gm upwards. P
2000 dx W
(iii) the damping force . gm upwards.
g dt C
∴ The equation of motion is
200 d 2 x 2000 dx 2000 dx
. =W–T– . = 200 – 50 (4 + x) – .
g dt2 g dt g dt
640 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

200 d 2 x 2000 dx d 2x dx g
. = – 50 x – . or + 10 . + .x=0
g dt2 g dt dt2 dt 4

d 2x dx
or 2
+ 10 . + 245 x = 0 ...(1) (∵ g = 980 cm/sec)
dt dt
This is a linear differential equation with constant coefficients.

Its A.E. is D2 + 10D + 245 = 0 This ⇒ D = – 5 ± i 220

∴ Solution of equation (1) is x = e–5t (C1 cos 220 t + C2 sin 220 t) ...(2)
Initially, when t = 0, x = 5 ⇒ C1 = 5
dx
Also, = – 5e–5t (C1 cos 220 t + C2 sin 220 t)
dt
+ e–5t (– 220 C1 sin 220 t + 220 C2 cos 220 t)
dx 25
Since, = 0 when t = 0, we have C2 =
dt 220
∴ From equation (2), the displacement, t seconds after release, is given by
F 25 I
GH
x = e–5t 5 cos 220 t +
220
sin 220 t JK
Let the damping force for the dead beat motion be p dynes per cm per second, then the equation
of motion becomes

200 d 2 x p dx d 2x dx
. 2 = − 50 x − . or 200 . 2
+ p. + 49000 x = 0
g dt g dt dt dt
Its A.E. is 200 D2 + pD + 49000 = 0
For dead beat motion, roots of A.E. must be equal.

∴ p2 = 4 × 200 × 49000 ⇒ p = 2800 5 = 6261.

256. A particle is projected with velocity u making an angle α with the horizontal. Neglecting air resis-

gx 2
tance, show that the equation of its path is the parabola, y = x tan α – . Find the time
2u cos2 α
2

of flight, greatest height attained and range on the horizontal plane.

Sol. Let a particle of mass m be projected from a point O Y
with velocity u in a direction making an angle α with the u
horizontal. Let the horizontal and the vertical lines through
u sin a

O in the plane of motion of the particle be taken as the P(x, y)

axes of x and y respectively. Let P(x, y) be the position of
a
the particle at time t.
O u cos a A X
The horizontal and vertical components of u are
u cos α and u sin α respectively.
The only force acting on the particle as its weight mg acting vertically downwards.
∴ The equations of motion are

d 2x d 2x
Parallel to x-axis m =0 or =0 ...(1)
dt2 dt2

d2y d2y
Parallel to y-axis m = – mg or =–g ...(2)
dt2 dt2
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 641

dx
Integrating (1) w.r.t. t, = C1
dt
dx
Initially when t = 0, = u cos α ∴ C1 = u cos α
dt
dx
∴ = u cos α ...(3)
dt
Integrating w.r.t. t x= (u cos α)t + C2
Initially when t = 0, x = 0 ∴ C2 = 0
x= (u cos α)t ...(4)
dy
Integrating (2) w.r.t. t, = – gt + C3
dt
dy
Initially when t = 0, = u sin α so that
dt
C3 = u sin α
dy
∴ = u sin α – gt ...(5)
dt
1
Integrating w.r.t. t, y = (u sin α)t – gt2 + C4
2
Initially, when t = 0, y = 0 ∴ C4 = 0
1
∴ gt2
y = (u sin α)t – ...(6)
2
Equations (4) and (6) give the position of the particle at any time t. The equation of the path
described by the particle is obtained by eliminating the parameter t between equations (4) and (6).
x
From (4), t=
u cos α
Substituting this value of t in equation (6), we get
gx 2
y = x tan α – ...(7)
2u cos2 α 2

which is the equation of the path of the projectile. Clearly, the path is a parabola.
The time of flight of the projectile is the time taken by the particle to reach the horizontal plane
through O.
At the point A, y = 0
1 2u sin α
∴ From equation (6), 0 = (u sin α)t – gt2 or t =
2 g
dy
At the highest point, the vertical component of velocity vanishes, i.e., =0
dt
u sin α
so that u sin α – gt = 0 or t =
g
FG dy IJ
∴ The greatest height = y when
H dx
=0
K
1 FG u sin α IJ
= (u sin α) t –
2 H
gt2 when t =
g K
u2 sin2 α
=
2g
The Range R(= OA) is the horizontal distance covered by the particle in the time of flight.
2u sin α 2u 2 sin α cos α u 2 sin 2α
∴ R = u cos α × = or R = .
g g g
ooo
 9
Laplace Transforms and Its Applications

SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. Let f(t) be a function of t defined for all t ≥ 0. What is the Laplace transform of f(t) ? Write the
Laplace transforms of 1, tn, eat, sin at, cos at, sinh at and cosh at.
Sol. Laplace transform of f(t) denoted by

L {f(t)}, is defined as L{f(t)} =

z ∞

0
e − st f (t ) dt
provided that the integral exists, ‘s’ is a parameter which may be real or complex. L{f(t)} is a
function of s and is briefly written as f (s). Some authors use the letter ‘p’ for the parameter
instead of ‘s’.
Laplace transforms of 1, tn, eat, sin at, cos at, sinh at and cosh at :

z L e OP ∞
− st
. 1 . dt = M−
∞ 1
− st
e = , if s > 0
(i) L(1) =
0 MN s PQ s

z
0
∞
(ii) L(tn) = e − st tn . dt
0
Put st = x, dt = dx/s

∴ L(tn) = z
0
∞
e−x

If n is a positive integer, Γ ( n + 1) = n !
FG x IJ
H sK
n
dx
s
1
= n +1
s z ∞

0
x n e − x dx =
Γ (n + 1)
sn +1
, provided s > 0 and n + 1 > 0

n!
Hence, L(tn) = .
sn +1

(iii) L(eat) = z 0
∞
e − st . e at . dt =
z ∞

0
e −( s − a )t . dt =
1
s−a
, if s > a

z L e ( − s sin at + a cos at)OP = a ∞

− st
sin at dt = M
∞
(iv) L(sin at) = e–st
0 MN s + a PQ s + a
2 2
0
2 2

z L e ( − s cos at − a sin at)OP = s ∞

− st
e . cos at dt = M
∞
(v) L(cos at) = –st
0 MN s + a PQ s + a
2 2
0
2 2

R1
(vi) L(sinh at) = L S ( e − e )V =
U 1 L(e ) – 1 L(e ) = 1 FG 1 IJ − 1 FG 1 IJ
at − at a
2 H s − aK 2 H s + aK
at –at
T2 W 2 2
=
s2 − a 2

R1
(vii) L(cosh at) = L S ( e + e )V =
U s
at − at
T2 W s −a . 2 2

642
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 643

2. State first shifting theorem. Applying this theorem, write the Laplace transforms of eat . tn, eat
sin bt, eat cos bt, eat sinh at and eat cosh at.

Sol. First shifting theorem states that if L {f(t)} = f (s), then L {eat f(t)} = f (s – a)
Similarly L {e–at f(t)} = f (s + a)
Applying this theorem, we get the useful results :

n! n!
L(eat . tn) = ∵ L(tn ) =
(s − a) n +1 sn +1
b s−a
L(eat sin bt) = ; L(eat cos bt) =
( s − a )2 + b2 ( s − a ) 2 + b2

b s−a
L(eat sinh bt) = ; L(eat cosh bt) = .
( s − a )2 − b2 ( s − a ) 2 − b2
3. What is change of scale property ? Prove it.
1 FG s IJ
Sol. If L {f(t)} = f (s) , then L {f(at)} =
a
. f
H aK
L {f(t)} =
z 0
∞
e–st f(t) dt = f (s)

L {f(at)} =
z 0
∞
e–st f(at) dt =
z∞ − s u

0
e a f (u ) .
du
a
| Put at = u ; a dt = du

1 1 FG s IJ .
=
a
L {f(u)} =
a
. f
H aK
4. Find the Laplace transforms of
(i) sin 2t cos 3t (ii) e–3t (cos 4t + 3 sin 4t).
1 1
Sol. (i) Since sin 2t cos 3t = (2 cos 3t sin 2t) = (sin 5t – sin t)
2 2

∴
RS 1 (sin 5t − sin t)UV = 1 [L (sin 5t) – L (sin t)]
L {sin 2t cos 3t} = L
T2 W 2
1 L 5 1 O
M P = ( s 2+ (25s )(−s5)+ 1) .
2
−
2 MN s + 5 s + 1 PQ
= 2 2 2 2 2 2

(ii) L {e–3t (cos 4t + 3 sin 4t)}

= L {e–3t cos 4t} + 3L {e–3t sin 4t}
s+3 4 s + 15
= 2 2
+ 3. 2 2
= 2
.
( s + 3) + 4 ( s + 3) + 4 s + 6s + 25
2
5. Find the Laplace transform of t sin at.
2! 2
Sol. Since L(t2) = 3
=
s s3
∴ By first shifting theorem, we have
2 2( s + ia )3
L (t2 ei at) = 3
=
( s − ia ) ( s − ia )3 ( s + ia )3
644 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2 [( s3 − 3a 2s ) + i( 3as2 − a 3 )]
or L {t2 (cos at + i sin at)} =
( s2 + a 2 )3
Equating the imaginary parts on both sides, we get
2a( 3s2 − a 2 )
L {t2 sin at} = .
( s2 + a 2 )3
6. Find the Laplace transform of te–4t sin 3t.
1
Sol. Since L(t) =
t2
∴ By first shifting theorem, we have

1 ( s + 3i ) 2
L {te3it} = =
( s − 3i ) 2 {( s − 3i )( s + 3i )}2

( s2 − 9) + 6is
or L{t( cos 3t + i sin 3t)} =
( s 2 + 9 )2
Equating the imaginary parts on both sides, we get
6s
L {t sin 3t} =
( s 2 + 9 )2
Again applying the first shifting theorm, we have
6( s + 4 ) 6( s + 4 )
L {e–4t . t sin 3t} = = .
[( s + 4 )2 + 9]2 ( s2 + 8s + 25)2

R| t ,
7. Find the Laplace transform of f(t) defined as f(t) = S|T when 0 < t < T
T1 , when t > T.

Sol. L {f(t)} =
z 0
∞
e − st f(t) dt = z T

0
e − st .
t
T
dt +
z ∞

T
e − st . 1 . dt

LM e
z OP LM OP
T ∞
− st
1 T e − st e − st
= MM t . − s − 1. . dt +
PP MN PQ
T
N 0
0 −s −s
Q T

1
LM T |RS U|V OP + e
1 e − st
T
− sT
e − sT e − sT − 1 e − sT 1 − e − sT
MM− s e T| |W PPQ s
− sT
= + =– − + = .
T
N 2t
s −s
–2t 3
0 s Ts2 s Ts2
8. Find the Laplace transform of 7e + 9e + 5 cos t + 7t + 5 sin 3t + 2.
Sol. L (7e2t + 9e–2t + 5 cos t + 7t3 + 5 sin 3t + 2)
= 7L(e2t) + 9.L(e–2t) + 5L(cos t) + 7.L(t3) + 5L (sin 3t) + 2L(1)
1 1 s 3! 3 1
=7. + 9. + 5. 2 + 7. 4 + 5. 2 + 2.
s−2 s+2 s +1 s s +9 s

7 9 5s 42 15 2
= + + + + 2 + .
s − 2 s + 2 s2 + 1 s4 s +9 s
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 645

9. Find the Laplace transforms of the following :

(i) t7/2 e5t

1
(ii) z
0
x sin x
x
dx (M.D.U. Dec., 2009)

Sol. (i) L (e5t) =

s−5
d3 FG 1 IJ = (− 1) . 5 ! = 120 7/2
L (t7/2 e5t ) = (– 1)7/2 3 H s − 5 K (s − 5) (s − 5) 4 4
.

z
ds
x sin x
(ii) f(x) = . dx

z
0 x
FG sin x IJ =
1 ∞ 1 π
− tan −1 s
L(sin x) =
s +1 H x K
2
, L
s s2 + 1
. ds = [tan −1 s]∞
s =
2

L
z
0
x sin x

10. Find the Laplace transform of

x
1 Lπ
. dx = M − tan sP .
s N2
O
Q
−1

(i) sin3 2t (ii) cosh3 2t (iii) (1 + te–t)3.

Sol. (i) Since sin 6t = 3 sin 2t – 4 sin3 2t
3 1
⇒ sin3 2t = sin 2t − sin 6t
4 4
3 1
∴ L(sin3 2t) = L(sin 2t ) − L (sin 6t )
4 4
3 2 1 6 48
= . − . = 2 .
4 s2 + 4 4 s2 + 36 ( s + 4 )( s2 + 36)
(ii) Since cosh 6t = 4 cosh3 2t – 3 cosh 2t
3 1
⇒ cosh3 2t =
cosh 2t + cosh 6 t
4 4
3 1
∴ L(cosh3 2t) = L (cosh 2t) + L (cosh 6 t)
4 4
3 s 1 s s( s2 − 28)
= . 2 + . 2 = 2 .
4 s − 4 4 s − 36 ( s − 4 )( s2 − 36)
(iii) (1 + te–t)3 = 1 + t3e–3t + 3te–t (1 + te–t) = 1 + t3e–3t + 3te–t + 3t2e–2t
L {(1 + te–t)3} = L(1) + L(t3 e–3t) + 3L(te–t) + 3L (t2e–2t) ...(1)
Determination of L(t3 e–3t)
3!
L(t3) =
s4
3! 6
∴ L(t3 e–3t) = = (Using first shifting property)
( s + 3 )4 ( s + 3 )4
Determination of L(te–t)
1
L(t) =
s2
1
∴ L(te–t) = (Using first shifting property)
( s + 1) 2
646 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Determination of L(t2e–2t)
2!
L(t2) =
s3
2! 2
∴ L(t2 e–2t) = 3
=
( s + 2) ( s + 2)3
1
Also, L(1) =
s
∴ Substituting these values in equation (1), we get
1 6 3 6
L {(1 + te–t)3} = + 4
+ 2
+ .
s ( s + 3) ( s + 1) ( s + 2)3
11. Find the Laplace transform of

F 1 I 3
(i) et t–1/2 (ii) GH t+ J
tK
(iii) sinh2 2t.

FG 1 IJ
Sol. (i) Since, L(t–1/2) =
Γ
H 2K = π
s1/ 2 s
π
L(e t . t −1/2 ) = (Using first shifting property)
s −1

F 1I = ( t ) + F 1 I + 3 F t + 1 I (Using (a + b)
3 3
(ii) GH t + J
tK
GH t JK GH
3
J
tK
3 expansion formula)

F 1I
3
or GH t+ J = t + t + 3t + 3t
tK
3/2 –3/2 1/2 –1/2

R|F 1I |
U3
L SG Jt K V| = L(t ) + L(t ) + 3.L(t ) + 3.L(t )
|TH
∴ t+ 3/2 –3/2 1/2 –1/2

W
F 5 I F 1 I Γ FG 3 IJ 3 . Γ FG 1 IJ
Γ G J Γ G− J
=
H 2K + H 2K + 3 . H 2K + H 2K
s3/ 2 s −1/ 2 s3 / 2 s1/ 2
3 1 1
. π π π
2 2 −2 π 2
= 5/ 2
+ −1/ 2
+ 3 . 3/ 2 + 3 . 1/ 2
s s s s
F∵ FG − 1IJ = − 2 π , Γ FG 1 IJ = π , Γ FG 3 IJ = 1 FG 5 IJ = 3 π IJ
GH Γ
H2K H 2K H 2K 2 π and Γ
H 2K 4 K
R|F 1 I U| L 3
V| = π MN 4s − 2 s + 2s3 + 3s OPQ .
3

L SG t + J
or
|TH tK
W
5/ 2 3/ 2

Fe
sinh (2t) = G
2t
−e I −2t
2
1
(iii) 2
H 2
J
K 4 = [e + e
4t
− 2] −4 t

1
∴ L(sinh2 2t) = [L(e4t) + L(e–4t) + L(– 2)]
4

=
1 1LM
+
1
−
2 OP = 1 LM s
−
1 OP
=
8
.
N
4 s−4 s+4 s Q 2 MN s 2
− 16 s PQ 2
s( s − 16)
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 647

12. Find the Laplace transform of

sin t
(i) t sin3 t (ii) e–t . (M.D.U. May, 2007)
t
Sol. (i)L{ f (t)} = L {t sin3 t}
3 sin t − sin 3 t
Let F(t) = sin3 t =
4
RS 3 sin tUV − L RS 1 sin tUV = 3 . 1 − 1 . 3 3
L{ F(t)} = L
T4 W T4 W 4 s + 1 4 s + 9 2 2

d L3 3 O
L{t F(t)} = (– 1) M .
1 1
− .
ds MN 4 s + 1 4 s + 9 PQ 2 P = − 43 . (s −+2s1) + 41 . (s −+2s9)
2 2 2 2 2

s L 3 (s + 9) − (s + 1) O 2 2 2 2
= M P
3s s
= −
2( s + 1) 2 2
2(s + 9) 2 MN (s + 1) (s + 9) PQ
2 2 2 2 2 2

s L 3 (s + 81 + 18 s ) − (s + 1 + 2s ) O
4 2
s L 2s + 242 + 52s O
4 2 4 2
= M
2 MN (s + 1) (s + 9) 2
PQ MN (s + 1) (s + 9) PPQ
P = M
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

=s M
L s + 26s + 121 OP .
4 2

MN (s + 1) (s + 9) PQ
2 2 2 2

1
(ii) L(e–t sin t) =
( s + 1) 2 + 1
FG
L e− t
H
sin t
t
IJ =
K z ∞

s ( s + 1) + 1
13. Find the Laplace transform of (i) te–t sin 2t
1
2
−1
ds = tan ( s + 1)
∞
s
=
π
2
– tan–1 (s + 1) = cot–1 (s + 1).

(ii) t2 et sin 4t.

1
Sol. (i) L(t) =
s2
By first shifting property,

1 ( s + 2i )2 s2 − 4 + 4is
L(t.e2it) = 2
= 2 2
or L(t cos 2t + it sin 2t) =
( s − 2i ) (s + 4) ( s 2 + 4 )2
Equating imaginary parts, we get
4s
L(t sin 2t) =
( s + 4 )2
2

Again applying first shifting property, we get

4( s + 1) 4s + 4
L (e–t . t sin 2t) = 2 2
= .
{( s + 1) + 4 } ( s + 2s + 5)2
2

2
(ii) L(t2) =
s3
By first shifting property
2 2( s + 4i )3
L(t2 e4it) = 3
=
( s − 4i ) ( s2 + 16)3
648 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2 [ s3 − 64i + 12is( s + 4i )] 2 [( s3 − 48s ) + i(12s2 − 64 )]

or L(t2 cos 4t + it2 sin 4t) = 2 3
=
( s + 16) ( s2 + 16)3
Equating imaginary parts on both sides,
8( 3s2 − 16 )
L(t2 sin 4t) =
( s2 + 16 )3
Again applying first shifting property, we get

8[3( s − 1)2 − 16] 8( 3s2 − 6s − 13)

L(et . t2 sin 4t) = = .
[( s − 1)2 + 16]3 ( s2 − 2s + 17)3
14. Find the Laplace transform of

RScos t , R| 1 , 0 ≤t<1
(i) f(t) =
T0 ,
0<t<π
t>π
(ii) f(t) = S| t , 1≤t<2 .
Tt ,
2
2≤t<∞

Sol. (i)L {f(t)} =

z0
∞
e–st . f(t) dt = z 0
π
e–st . cos t . dt +
z ∞

π
e − st . 0 dt

L e ( − s cos t + sin t)OP

= M
− st
π

=
LM e . s − 1 ( − s)OP = s(1 + e
− sπ − sπ
)
MN s + 1 2
PQ MN s + 1 s + 1 PQ s + 1
2 2 2

z
0

(ii) L {f(t)} =
0
∞
e–st f(t) dt =
z
0
1
e − st . dt +
z
1
2
t . e − st . dt +
z ∞

2
t2 e − st . dt

Fe I |R e − e |UV + FG t e IJ − 2t . e
z
1 2 ∞
− st − st − st − st ∞ − st
= G + St
H − s JK
2

T| − s s W| H − s K 2 dt
−s 2
0 1 2

or
F1 − e
L {f(t)} = G
H s
I + F− 2 e − e I − F e − e I + 4 e
JK GH s
−s
J G
s K H−s s K
J s −2 s
−2 s

2
−s −s

2
−2 s
+
2
s z
2
∞
t e − st . dt

L 1 Fe I P
O ∞
+ M e
−s −2s − st
1 2 e e 2 2
+ G J
s Ms s H −sK P
−2s −2s
= + e + −
s s s s
MN 2
PQ 2
2

1 2 −2s e − s e −2s 4 2
= + e + 2 − 2 + 2 e −2s − 3 ( 0 − e −2s )
s s s s s s

1 2 −2s e − s 3 2
=+ e + 2 + 2 e −2s + 3 e −2s .
s s s s s
15. Find the Laplace transform of e3t + 5t4 – 2 cos t + 3 sin t (M.D.U. Dec., 2007)
Sol. L(e3 t) + L(5t4) – L(2 cos t) + 3L(sin t)
1 4! s 1 1 120 2s 3
= + 5. 5 − 2. 2 + 3. 2 = + 5 − 2 + .
s−3 s s +1 s +1 s−3 s s + 1 s2 + 1
16. Find the Laplace transform of the function f(t), where
R|sin FG t − π IJ , π

(i) f(t) = S
H 3K t>
3 RS (t − 1) 2
, t>1
|| 0 , π
(ii) f(t) =
T 0 , 0 <t<1
. (U.P.T.U., 2006)

T t<
3
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 649

π π
−s −s 1
3 . L (sin t ) = e 3
Sol. (i) L{f(t)} = e . 2
s +1
2
(ii) L{f(t)} = e–s . L (t2) = e–s . .
s3
RS t, 0<t<c
17. Find the Laplace transform of function f(t) given by f(t) =
T2c − t, c < t < 2c
.

(M.D.U. May, 2007)

R t,
L f(t) = S2c − t,
0<t<c
Sol.
T c < t < 2c
Since f(t) is periodic with period 2 c

L[ f (t)] =
z 0
2c
e− st f (t) dt

1− e −2 cs =
z c
e− st f (t) dt +
z 2c
e− st f (t) dt

z z
0 c
c 2c
= e− st . t dt + e− st (2c − t) dt
0 c

z
LM te OP − e . dt + LM(2c − t) e OP −
− st c

z
− st − st 2c
c 2c e− st
= (− 1) dt
MN − s PQ −s
0MN (− s) PQ
0
c
c (− s)

F ce − 0I − F e I + F 0 − ce I + F e I
= G
− cs − st c − cs − st 2 c

H − s JK GH s JK GH − s JK GH s JK 2
0
2
c
− cs − cs − cs −2 cs − cs
ce e 1 ce e e 2e− cs 1 e−2 cs
= − − 2
+ 2
+ + 2
− 2
− 2
+ 2
+
s s s s s s s s s2
1 1 (1 − e− cs )2
= 2
e−2 cs − 2 e− cs + 1 =
s s2 (1 − e−2 cs )
F cs − cs I
(1 − e− cs )2 F1− e I = 1 Ge − cs 2 −e 2 JJ = 1 tanh cs .
=
1
s2 (1 + e− cs ) (1 − e− cs )
=
1
s2
GH 1 + e JK s GG− cs 2 cs − cs
JK s 2 2
He 2 +e 2

FG sin t IJ = tan FG 1IJ , find L FG sin at IJ .

−1
18. Given that L
H t K H sK H t K (M.D.U. Dec., 2009; U.P. May, 2005)

Sol. By change of scale property

FG sin at IJ = 1 tan −1 FG 1 IJ
H at K a
L
H s/a K
1 F sin atq I 1 FG a IJ FG sin at IJ = tan FG a IJ
LG JK = a tan −1 −1
a H H sK H t K H sK
⇒ L .
t
19. Find the Laplace transform of sin kt . sinh kt.
e kt − e − kt
Sol. As sinh kt =
2

LM ( e kt
− e − kt ) sin kt OP
∴ L [sin kt . sinh kt] = L
MN 2 PQ
650 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM ( e kt
− e − kt )
sin kt = L
OP LM e kt OP LM
. sin kt
−L
e − kt . sin kt OP
R.H.S. = L
MN 2 PQ MN PQ MN
2 2 PQ
k L (s + k) 2
+ k 2 − ( s − k )2 − k 2 OP
=
k
2[( s − k )2 + k 2 ]
−
2[( s + k )2
k
+k ]
= 2
M
2 NM {( s − k ) 2
+ k 2 } {( s + k )2 + k } PQ2

=
k LM 4sk OP = 2k 2 . s
.
MN
2 s4 + 4 k 4 PQ s4 + 4k 4
20. Find the Laplace transform of
R| t , 2
0<t≤2
(i) e–t sin2 t (ii) f(t) = St − 1 , 2<t≤3. (U.P., 2007, 2009)
|T 7 , t>0

1 − cos 2t
Sol. (i) sin2 t =
2
LM e −t
(1 − cos 2t ) e −t OP
e −t . cos 2t F I F I
∴ L
MN 2
=L
2
−L
PQ 2
GH JK GH JK
=
1
−
1 ( s + 1)
=
1 ( s + 1)2 + 4 − ( s + 1)2 LM OP
2
2( s + 1) 2 ( s + 1) + 4 2 ( s + 1)( s2 + 2s + 5) MN PQ
2 2
= =
( s + 1)( s2 + 2s + 5 ) s3 + 3s2 + 7s + 5
R| t , 2
0<t≤2
f(t) = St − 1 , 2<t≤3
(ii)
|T 7 , t>0

L {f(t)} =
z ∞

0
e–st f(t) dt = z0
2
t2 e − st dt +
z2
3
(t − 1)e − st . dt +
z0
∞
7 . e − st dt

LMR| t e U| O F
z I
SM| − s V| − 1(.−es) dtPP + GH (t −−1)se JK – 1 . (e− s) dt + 7 FG e− s IJ z
2 3 ∞
e −2s 2 − st 2 − st − st 3 − st − st
=4. +
−s s
MNT W PQ
0
0 H K 2 2
3

L 1 Fe I P
O e e 1 Fe I
2
Fe I 3
+ M
−2s − st −3s −2s − st −3 s
4 −2s 2 2.e
+ G J + G J +7. G
M P H s JK
e + 2. −
MN − s s H − s K PQ ( − s) ( − s) s H − s K
=–
s s
0 2

LM 2O 1 Le O −3 s −2 s
+ s M ( − s) − ( − s) P + 7 .
4 −2 s 4 2 e e e e −3 s −2s −3s
= −
N s
e −
s
e 2
−
s
e −2s
+
s Q
P –2. 3s
−2 s
+
s MN 3 PQ s
.

2 e −2s e −3s e −3s e −2s e −2s e −3s

= − ( 2 + 4s + 4s2 ) − 2 . − 2 + + 2 + 7.
s3 s3 s s s s s

2 e −2s e −3s
= 3
− 3
( 2 + 3s + 3s2 ) + (5s − 1) .
s s s2
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 651

21. Find Laplace transform of each of the following:

(i) e4t sin 2t cos t (ii) sin h(t) cos2 t (iii) e–t cos2 t.
(M.D.U. May, 2008; U.P.T.U., 2006)
1
Sol. (i) sin 2t cos t = [sin 3t + sin t]
2
LM 1 3
+ 2
1 OP
L(sin 2t cos t) =
MN 2
2 s +9 s +1 PQ
1L OP = 1 LM 3 + 1 OP .
sin 2t cos t) = M
3 1
+
2 MN (s − 4)
+ 9 (s − 4) + 1 PQ 2 MN s − 8 s + 25 s − 8s + 17 PQ
Now, L(e4t 2 2 2 2

1 L1 s O
L(1 + cos 2t) = M + P
1
2 MN s s + 4 PQ
(ii) L(cos t) = 2
2 2

F e − e . cos tI = 1 L{e cos t} – 1 L {e cos t}

L(sin h t cos t) = L G
t −t
2
H 2 JK 2 2
2
t 2 –t 2

1L 1 s−1 O 1 L 1 s+1 O
= M + P − M 2
+
4 MN s − 1 (s − 1) + 4 PQ 4 MN s + 1 (s + 1) + 4 PQ
P 2

1L 1 L O
= M − 1 OP + 1 M s − 1 − s + 1 P
4 N s − 1 s + 1 Q 4 MN (s − 1) + 4 (s + 1) + 4 PQ 2 2

1L 1 L O
= M − 1 OP + 1 M s − 1 − s + 1 P
4 N s − 1 s + 1 Q 4 MN s − 2s + 5 s + 2s + 5 PQ 2 2

1 |R 1 s |U
L(1 + cos 2 t) = S + V
1
2 T| s s + 4 W|
(iii) L(cos t) = 2
2 2

1 R| 1 s + 1 U| 1 R| 1 s + 1 U|
L(e cos t) = S V = S V.
2 |T s + 1 (s + 1) + 4 |W 2 |T s + 1 s + 2s + 5 |W
∴ –t 2 + + 2
2

22. Find the Laplace transform of the function f(t) defined as

f(t) = | t – 1 | + | t + 1 | + | t + 2 | + | t – 2 |, f ≥ 0. (M.D.U., 2005)
Sol. For 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, | t – 1 | = – t + 1, |t+1|=t+1
| t + 2 | = t + 2, |t–2|=–t+2
∴ f(t) = 6
For t > 1, | t – 1 | = t – 1, | t + 1 | = t + 1, | t + 2 | = t + 2,
| t – 2 | = t – 2, f(t) = 4t.

z z L e OP + 4 LM te − e . dtOP
z
1 ∞
− st − st − st
4t dt = 6 M
1 ∞
− st − st
∴ L {f(t)} = e . 6 . dt + e
0 1 MN − s PQ MN − s −s PQ 0 1

L e − e OP = 6 − 6 e + 4e − 4 . e
−s −s
(1 – e ) + 4 M
6 −s −s
–s −s
L {f(t)} =
s MN s s PQ s s s s
2 2

2L e O −s
M P.
−s −s
6 2e 4e −s
− − 3−e −2
s MN s PQ
= = 2
s s s
652 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

23. Find the Laplace transform of the following functions :

0, RS
0<t<5 e− at − e− bt
(i) g(t) = t − 3,
T
t>5 (ii) . (M.D.U. Dec., 2008)

z z z
t
∞ 5 ∞
Sol. (i) L[ g (t)] = e− st . g(t) dt = 0 . e− st . dt + (t − 3) e− st dt
0 0 5

L e OP − (1) F e I ∞
R| 2e −5 s
e −5 s U|
S| − s V|
− st − st
= (t – 3) M
MN − s PQ GH s JK
=0–0– −
2
5
T s 2
W
2e −5 s
e F2 1I
−5 s
=G + J e −5 s
=
s
+
s Hs s K
2 2
.

1 1
(ii) L[e–at – e–bt] = −
s+a s+b

L
LM e
MN
− at
− e− bt
t z
OP = F 1 − 1 I ds = [log (s + a) − log (s + b)]
∞

PQ GH s + a s + b JK
s
∞
s

LM F 1 + a I OP F1+ aI ∞

L
= Mlog
s + aO
P G
= Mlog G
∞
J P G s JJ = – log s + a = log FG s + b IJ .
= log 1 – log G
N s + b Q M GH 1 + JK P
s
b J G 1+ J
b s+b H s + aK
NM
s
s QP H sK s
24. Write the inverse Laplace transforms of
1 1 1 1
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
s s−a s n (s − a)n
1 s 1 s
(v) (vi) 2 2 (vii) 2 2 (viii)
2
s +a 2 s +a s −a s − a2
2

1 s−a s 1
(ix) 2 2 (x) 2 2 (xi) 2 2 2 (xii) .
(s − a) + b (s − a) + b (s + a ) (s + a 2 ) 2
2

Sol. If L {f(t)} = f (s) , then f(t) is called the inverse Laplace transform of f ( s ) and is denoted by
L–1 {f(s)} = f(t)
–1
Here L denotes the inverse Laplace transform.

For example, Since L (e5t) =

1
, L−1
1 RS UV = e 5t
s−5 s−5 T W
From solution of Question 1, it follows that inverse Laplace transforms of various functions are as
given below :
FG 1 IJ = 1 (ii) L G
F 1 IJ = e
(i) L–1
H sK H s − aK
–1 at

FG 1 IJ = t , if n is a positive integer and = t , otherwise.

n−1 n−1
(iii) L–1
H s K (n − 1) !
n Γn

|RS 1 |UV = e . t at
n −1 R| 1 U| = 1 sin at
S| s + a V| a
L–1
T| (s − a ) W|
(iv) (v) L –1
n (n − 1) !
T W 2 2

|RS s |UV = cos at (vii) L S

| 1 U|V = 1 sinh at
R
(vi) L–1
T| s + a W| |T s − a |W a
–1
2 2 2 2
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 653

R| s U| = cosh at R| 1 U| = 1 e sin bt
(viii) L–1 S| s − a V| (ix) L –1
S| (s − a ) + b V| b at

T 2 2
W T 2
W 2

R| s − a U| = e . cos bt
S| (s − a ) + b V| |RS s |UV = 1 t sin at
T| (s + a ) W| 2a
(x) L–1 (xi) L at –1

T 2
W 2 2 2 2

R| 1 U| = 1 (sin at – at cos at).

(xii) L–1 S| (s + a ) V| 2a
T
2 2 2
W 3

25. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following functions :

3(s2 − 1) 2 3s + 5 2
(i) (ii)
2s5 s2 + 8
4s + 15 s+1
(iii) (iv) .
16s2 − 25 s2 + s + 1

3( s2 − 1)2 3s4 − 6s2 + 3 3 1 1 3 1

Sol. (i) = = . − 3. 3 + . 5
2s 5
2s 5 2 s s 2 s

|RS 3( s − 1) |UV = 3 L RS1 UV − 3L RS 1 UV + 3 L RS 1 UV =

2 2
−1 −1 −1 3 R|
t2
S|
U|
3 t4
V|
R|
S|
U|
V|
∴ L–1
|T 2s |W 2 T s W
5
Ts W 2 Ts W 3 5
2
(1) − 3
2!
+
T 2 4!W T W
R| 3( s − 1) U| = 3 − 3 t + 1 t .
2 2
L S
|T 2s V|W 2 2 16
–1 2 4
or 5

3s + 5 2 s 1
(ii) Since = 3. +5 2.
s2 + 8 s 2 + ( 2 2 )2 s 2 + ( 2 2 )2

R| 3s + 5 2 U| = 3L R| U| + 5 R| U|
∴ L–1 S| s + 8 V| −1
S| s s
V| 2 . L−1 S| s 1
V|
T 2
W T 2
+ (2 2 ) 2
W T 2
+ (2 2 ) 2
W
1
= 3 cos (2 2 t) + 5 2 . sin (2 2 t)
2 2
5
= 3 cos (2 2 t) + sin (2 2 t).
2
4s + 15 4s + 15 1 s 15 1
(iii) Since
16s − 252
=
16 s2 −
FG
25
= .
4 2 5 IJFG 5 IJ FG IJ 2
+
16
. 2

H
16 s −
4 K H 4K H K s2 −

LM OP F I
R| 4s + 15 U| = 1 L M s P + 15 . L G 1 JJ G
∴ L–1 S|16s − 25 V| 4 M F 5 I P 16 G F 5 I J −1 −1

T 2
W MM s − G J PP GH s − GH 4 JK JK
2
2
2
2

N H 4K Q
F 5 I 15 . 1 . sinh FG 5 tIJ = 1 cosh FG 5 tIJ + 3 sinh FG 5 tIJ .
= cosh G tJ +
1
4 H 4 K 16 5 H4 K 4 H4 K 4 H4 K
4
654 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

FG s + 1 IJ + 1 1
(iv) Since
s +1
=
H 2K 2
=
s+
2 +
1
.
1
+ s +1 F
s2
GH s + 12 IJK + 34 FGH s + 12 IJK + FG 23 IJ
FG s + 1 IJ + FG 3 IJ
2 2 2 2 2 2

H 2K H 2 K
H K
LM OP LM OP
R| s + 1 U| = L MM s + 2 1
PP 1 MM PP
S| s + s + 1 V| M −1 1 −1

W M FG s + 1 IJ + F 3 I PP 2 MM FG s + 1 IJ + F 3 I PP
∴ L–1 + L
T 2 2 2 2 2

MN H 2 K GH 2 JK PQ MN H 2 K GH 2 JK PQ
−
1
t F 3 tI + 1 . 1 . e . sin F 3 tI = 1 . e F 3 cos 3 t + sin
−
1
t −
1
t 3 I
= e 2
H 2 JK 2 3
. cos G GH 2 JK 3 2
GH 2
2
2
JK
t .

1
26. Find the inverse Laplace transform of . (M.D.U. Dec., 2007)
s 2 (s 2 + a 2 )

Sol. L–1
LM OP 1
MN s
(s + a ) PQ
2 2 2

Compare with M
L 1 f (s)OP , f (s) = – 1 1
Ns Q 2
s 2
+ a2
, f(t) =
a
sin at

L M
L 1 f (s)OP = LM
Ns Q N
–1
2 zz
t t 1
a
sin at dt =
OP
Q z t
FG 1 . (− cos at) IJ
Ha a K
t
dt

z z
0 0 0 0
t 1 1 t
= 2
. (1 − cos at) dt = 2
(1 − cos at) dt
0 a a 0

1 LMt − sin at OP t
1 LMt − sin at OP .
a
= 2
N a Q 0
=
a2 N a Q
27. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of

2s2 − 4 2s2 − 1 21s − 33

(i) (ii) (iii) .
(s + 1)(s − 2)(s − 3) (s + 1)(s2 + 4)
2 (s + 1)(s − 2)3
Sol. (i) Here the denominator has non-repeated linear factors.

2s2 − 4 A B C
Let = + +
( s + 1)( s − 2)( s − 3) s + 1 s − 2 s − 3
Multiplying both sides by (s + 1) (s – 2) (s – 3), we have
2s2 – 4 = A(s – 2)(s – 3) + B(s + 1) (s – 3) + C(s + 1) (s – 2)
1
Putting s = – 1, we get – 2 = A (– 3)(– 4) ⇒ A=–
6

4
Putting s = 2, we get 4 = B(3)(– 1) ⇒ B=–
3
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 655

7
Putting s = 3, we get 14 = C(4)(1) ⇒ C=
2

2s2 − 4 1 4 7
Thus =− − +
( s + 1)( s − 2)( s − 3) 6( s + 1) 3( s − 2) 2( s − 3)

|RS 2s − 4 |UV = − 1 L FG 1 IJ − 4 L FG 1 IJ + 7 L FG 1 IJ
2
−1 −1 −1

T| ( s + 1)( s − 2)( s − 3) W| 6 H s + 1K 3 H s − 2 K 2 H s − 3 K
∴ L–1

1 −t 4 2t 7 3t
=– e − e + e .
6 3 2

2p − 1
(ii) Put s2 = p. The given fraction becomes, which has non-repeated linear factors
( p + 1)( p + 4 )
in the denominator.
Resolving it into partial fractions ;
2p − 1 A B
Let = + or 2p – 1 = A(p + 4) + B(p + 1)
( p + 1)( p + 4 ) p + 1 p + 4
Putting p = – 1, – 4, we get A = – 1, B = 3
Substituting the values of A and B and replacing p by s2, we get
2s 2 − 1 1 3
=– +
( s + 1)( s2 + 4 )
2 s2 + 1 s2 + 4
R| 2s2 − 1 U| = ( − 1) L F I + 3L F I
∴ L–1 S| ( s + 4 ) |W
V GH s
−1 1
J
+1 K
GH s
−1 1
JK = – sin t +
3
sin 2t.
T 2
+ 1)( s 2 2 2 2
+2 2 2
(iii) Here the denominator has a linear factor repeated thrice.
21s − 33 A B C D
Let = + + +
( s + 1)( s − 2)3 s + 1 s − 2 ( s − 2)2 ( s − 2)3
Multiplying both sides by (s + 1) (s – 2)3, we get
21s – 33 = A(s – 2)3 + B(s + 1) (s – 2)2 + C(s + 1) (s – 2) + D(s + 1)
Putting s = – 1, we get – 54 = A(– 27) ⇒ A = 2
Putting s = 2, we get 9 = D(3) ⇒ D = 3
Equating co-efficients of s3, 0 = A + B ⇒ B = – A = – 2
Putting s = 0, we get – 33 = – 8A + 4B – 2C + D
or – 33 = – 16 – 8 – 2C + 3 or C = 6
21s − 33 2 2 6 3
Thus 3
= − + +
( s + 1)( s − 2 ) s + 1 s − 2 ( s − 2 )2 ( s − 2 )2

|RS 21s − 33 |UV = 2L RS 1 UV − 2L RS 1 UV + 6L |RS 1 |UV + 3L R| 1 U|

|T (s + 1)(s − 2) |W
−1 −1 −1
|T (s − 2) |W S| (s − 2) V|
L–1
T W
–1
∴ 3
Ts + 1W Ts − 2W 2 3

t t2
= 2e–t – 2e2t + 6.e2t . + 3 . e 2t .
1! 2!
F Since L R| 1 U| = e tn −1 I
GH −1
S| ( s − a ) V| at
. JK
T n
W (n − 1) !

3 2 2t
= 2e–t – 2e2t + 6te2t + t e .
2
656 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

28. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of

5s + 3 s
(i) 2
(ii)
(s − 1)(s + 2s + 5) s + s2 + 1
4

s s3
(iii) 4 4
. (iv)
s + 4a s − a4 4

Sol. (i) Here the denominator has a non-factorisable quadratic factor s2 + 2s + 5.

5s + 3 A Bs + C
Let 2
= +
( s − 1)( s + 2s + 5 ) s − 1 s 2 + 2s + 5
Multiplying both sides by (s – 1) (s2 + 2s + 5), we get
5s + 3 = A(s2 + 2s + 5) + (Bs + C)(s – 1)
Putting s = 1, we get 8 = 8A ⇒ A = 1
Equating the coefficients of s2, 0 = A + B ⇒ B = – A = – 1
Putting s = 0, we get 3 = 5A – C ⇒ C = 5A – 3 = 2
5s + 3 1 −s+2
Thus = +
( s − 1)( s2 + 2s + 5) s − 1 s 2 + 2s + 5
1 ( s + 1) − 3 1 s +1 1
= − = − + 3.
s − 1 ( s + 1) 2 + 4 s − 1 ( s + 1) 2 + 2 2 ( s + 1)2 + 22
R| 5s + 3 U| = L R 1 U − L R| s + 1 U| + 3L R| 1 U|
∴ L–1 S| (s − 1)(s + 2s + 5) V| ST s − 1 VW −1 −1
S| (s + 1) + 2 V| −1
S| (s + 1) + 2 V|
T 2
W T 2 2
W T 2 2
W
3 –t
= et – e–t cos 2t +
e sin 2t
2
(ii) Since s4 + s2 + 1 = (s4 + 2s2 + 1) – (s2) = (s2 + 1)2 – s2 = (s2 + 1 + s)(s2 + 1 – s)
s s
∴ =
s 4 + s2 + 1 ( s2 + 1 + s )( s2 + 1 − s )
s As + B Cs + D
Let 2 2
= 2
+ 2
( s + 1 + s )( s + 1 − s ) s + s +1 s − s +1
Multiplying both sides by + s + 1) (s2
– s + 1), we get (s2
s = (As + B)(s2 – s + 1) + (Cs + D)(s2 + s + 1)
Equating coefficients of s3, 0 = A + C or C = – A ...(1)
Equating coefficients of s2, 0=–A+B+C+D ...(2)
Equating coefficients of s, 1=A–B+C+D ...(3)
Putting s = 0, 0 = B + D or D = – B ...(4)
From (2), 0=–A+B–A–B
⇒ A = 0, ∴ From (1), C=0
1
From (3), 1=A–B–A–B ⇒ B=–
2
1
∴ From (4), D=
2

1 1
LM OP
Thus
s
= 2
−
+ 2 =
1 MM 1 −
1 PP
s 4 + s 2 + 1 s 2 + s + 1 s2 − s + 1 2
MM FG s − 1 IJ 2
3 F
G s + 12 IJK + 34 PPQ
2

NH 2K 4 H
+
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 657

LM R U| R| U|OP
|
LM OP = 1 MML || || || ||PP
L–1
MN s
s
+ 1 PQ 2 M
S −1 1
V −L S
1 −1
V|P
MM || FG s − 1 IJ + G 3 J || || FG s + 1 IJ + FG 3 IJ
F I
∴ 4
+ s2 2 2

||PP
2 2

N |T H 2 K H 2 K |W |T H 2 K H 2 K WQ
L
1 M 1 3
1
t 1 3 P
O −
1
t

2 M 3/2 2 P
e sin 2 t− e . sin t 2
=
N 2 3/2
Q
F I 1 1
3 Ge − e JJ = 2 sin 3 t . sinh t .
t − t
2 2 2

2 GG
= sin t
3
H
2 JK 3 2 2

(iii) Since s4 + 4a4 = (s2 + 2a2)2 – (2as)2 = (s2 + 2as + 2a2) (s2 – 2as + 2a2)
s s
∴ 4 4
=
s + 4a ( s + 2as + 2a )( s2 − 2as + 2a 2 )
2 2

1 F 1 1 I
= GH
2
4a s − 2as + 2a 2
− 2
s + 2as + 2a 2
JK
1 L OP
= M 1
4a MN ( s − a ) + a
−
1
( s + a ) + a PQ
2 2 2 2

LM OP = 1 LML R| 1 U| − L R| 1 U|OP
PQ 4a MN ST| (s − a ) + a VW| ST| ( s + a ) + a VW|PQ
s −1 −1
L–1
MN s 4
+ 4a 4 2 2 2 2

1 R1
S at 1 U 1 sin at R|S e
sin at V = − at
at
− e − at U|
V|
=
4a T a
e sin at − e
a W 2a |T 2 2 W
1
= sin at sinh at.
2a 2

s3
=s
LM OP = 1 s LM
s2 1
+
1 OP = 1 LM
s
+
s OP
(iv) 4
s −a 4
MN ( s− a )( s + a ) PQ 2 MN s
2 2 2 2 2
−a 2 2
s +a 2
PQ MN
2 s2 − a 2 s2 + a 2 PQ
L S
|R s |UV = 1 LML |RS 3
−1 s |UV + L R|S −1 s |UVOP = 1
|T s − a |W 2 MN T| s W| |T s W|PQ 2
∴ –1 (cosh at + cos at).
4 4 2 2 2
−a + a2

s2
29. Find the inverse Laplace transform of . (M.D.U. May, 2007)
(s + 1)3
Sol. Put s + 1 = u or s = u – 1 or s2 = (u – 1)2 = u2 – 2u + 1
2
s2 (u − 1) u2 − 2u + 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
= = = − 2 + 3 = − +
3 3 3 u u u s + 1 ( s + 1)2 ( s + 1)3
(s + 1) u u
LM s 2 OP = L L 1 O − L LM 2 OP + L LM 1 OP = e t 2 −3 t
∴ L–1
MN (s + 1) 3
PQ MN s + 1PQ MN (s + 1) PQ MN (s + 1) PQ
–1 −1
2
−1
3
– 2t – 2te– 2t +
2
e .
658 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

30. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of

6 3 + 4s 8 − 6s 1 4 2s − 18
(i) − + (ii) 3/2
+ + 2
2s − 3 9s2 − 16 16s2 + 9 s s−2 s −9
2s + 912 1
(iii) 2 + + .
s + 9 4 − 3s s
F 6 − 3 + 4s + 8 − 6s I
Sol. (i) L–1 GH 2s − 3 9s − 16 16s + 9 JK
2 2

R| U| R| U|
FG 1 IJ − 1 L |S |V − 4 L |S |
|| s − FG 4 IJ V||
−1 1 −1 s
= 3L–1
H s − 3/2 K 3 || s − FG 4 IJ || 9
2
2
2
2

T H 3K W T H 3K W
R| U| R| U|
L S
| |V − 3 L |S |
|| s + FG 3 IJ V||
1 −1 1 −1 s
+
2 || s 2 F 3I | 8
+G J |
2
2
2

T H 4K W T H 4K W
3
t 1 3 4 4 4 1 4 3 3 3
= 3 e2 − . sinh t − . cosh t + . sin t − cos t
3 4 3 9 3 2 3 4 8 4
3
t 1 4 4 4 2 3t 3 3
= 3 e2 − sinh t − cosh t + sin − cos t .
4 3 9 3 3 4 8 4

F1 4 2s − 18 I FG 1 IJ + 4L FG 1 IJ + 2L FG s I − 18L F 1 I
(ii) L–1 GH s 3/ 2
+
s−2
+ 2
s −9
JK = L–1
Hs K
3/ 2 H s − 2K
−1
Hs
−1
2 J
− 9K
GH s − 9 JK
−1
2

t1/ 2
= + 4e2t + 2 cosh 3t – 6 sinh 3t
Γ (3/2)

F∵ Γ F 3 I = π I
=2
t
π
+ 4e2t + 2 cosh 3t – 6 sinh 3t GH GH 2 JK 2 JK
R| 2s + 9 + 12 + 1 U| R U
(iii) L–1 S| s + 9 4 − 3s s V| = L |S| 2s s ++ 99 |V| − L FGH 3s12− 4 IJK + L FGH 1s IJK
–1
−1 −1

T 2
W T W 2

F s I + 3L F 3 I − 4L FG 1 IJ + L F 1 I
= 2L G s + 9 J
H K –1
2GH s + 9 JK GG s − 4 JJ GH s JK
−1
2
−1 −1

H K 3
4
t 1
= 2 cos 3t + 3 sin 3t – 4 e3 + .
πt
31. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of

2s + 1 F s −1 I 2
1
(i)
s(s + 1)
(ii) GH s
JK (iii)
2s + 3
.
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 659

LM 2s + 1 OP = L
LM s + ( s + 1) OP = L LM 1 + 1 OP = e + 1 −1 −t
L–1
N s( s + 1) Q
Sol. (i) –1
N s( s + 1) Q N s + 1 s Q
F s + 1 − 2 s I = L F1 + 1 − 2 I
F s − 1I = L 2

(ii) L –1
GH s JK GH s s s JK
GH s JK –1
2
−1
2 3/ 2

F 1I F1I
= L G J + L G J − 2L G
F 1 IJ = 1 + t – 2 . t
−1 −1
1/ 2
t
H sK Hs K –1
Hs K F 3I
ΓG J
2 3/ 2 =1+t–4
π
.
H 2K
F I
F 1 I = L F 1 I = 1 . L GG 1 JJ
L G
H 2s + 3 JK GH 2 . s + 3/2 JK 2 GG s + 3 JJ
–1 −1 −1
(iii)

H 2K
1
.L G
F 1 I = 1 .e .
−
3
t −
3
t

H s JK 2πt
2 −1 2
= e
2
32. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of
1 s 15 s+8
(i) (ii) 2 (iii) 2 (iv) 2 .
s+a 2s + 8 s + 4s + 13 s + 4s + 5

F I =e F 1 I =e t −1/ 2 e − at
Sol. (i) L–1 GH J
s+aK
1 − at
. L−1 GH s JK − at
.
1FG IJ
=
πt
.
Γ
2 H K
F s I = 1 L F s I = 1 cos 2t
(ii) L–1 GH 2s + 8 JK 2 GH s + 4 JK 2
2
−1
2

F 15 I = L |R 15 |U = e . L F 15 I
(iii) L–1 GH s + 4s + 13 JK ST| (s + 2) + 9 VW|
2
−1
GH s + 9 JK 2
–2t –1
2

[By first shifting property]

1
= e–2t . 15 . . sin 3t = 5 . e–2t . sin 3t
3
F I = L R| (s + 2) + 6 |U = L R| s + 2 U| + 6 . L R| 1 U|
(iv) L–1 GH s 2
s+8
J S|T(s + 2) + 1 VW|
+ 4s + 5 K
−1
2
–1
S| (s + 2) + 1 V|
T 2
W
−1
S| (s + 2)
T 2
+ 1 |W
V
=e .L G
F s I + 6.e F 1 I
H s + 1JK .L G
H s + 1JK
–2t –1 –2t –1
2 2

= e–2t cos t + 6e–2t . sin t = e–2t . (cos t + 6 sin t).

33. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of
s2 + 2s − 3 1 + 2s
(i) (ii)
s(s − 3)(s + 2) (s + 2) 2 (s − 1) 2
1 s
(iii) (iv) .
(s − α )(s − β ) (s − 1) 2
2
660 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

s2 + 2s − 3 A B C
Sol. (i) Let, = + +
s( s − 3)( s + 2) s s−3 s+2
Multiplying both sides by s(s – 3)(s + 2), we have
s2 + 2s – 3 = A(s – 3)(s + 2) + B(s + 2)s + Cs(s – 3)
Comparing the coefficients, we get
A + B + C = 1, – A + 2B – 3C = 2, – 6A = – 3
1 4 3
Solving these, we get A= ,B= ,C=–
2 5 10
s2 + 2s − 3 1 4 3
∴ = + −
s( s − 3)( s + 2) 2s 5( s − 3) 10( s + 2)
R| s + 2s − 3 U| = 1 L F 1 I + 4 L F 1 I − 3 L F 1 I
2
∴ L–1 S| s( s − 3)( s + 2) V| 2 GH s JK 5 GH s − 3 JK 10 GH s + 2 JK
−1 −1 −1
=
1 4 3t
+ e −
3
. e −2t .
T W 2 5 10
1 + 2s A B C D
(ii) = + + +
( s + 2)2 ( s − 1)2 s + 2 ( s + 2)2 ( s − 1) ( s − 1)2
⇒ 1 + 2s = A(s + 2)(s – 1)2 + B(s – 1)2 + C(s + 2)2(s – 1) + D(s + 2)2
= A (s3 – 3s + 2) + B(s2 – 2s + 1) + C(s3 + 3s2 – 4) + D(s2 + 4s + 4)
Comparing the coefficients of s3, s2, s and constants on both sides, we have
A + C = 0, B + 3C + D = 0, – 3A – 2B + 4D = 2, 2A + B – 4C + 4D = 1
1 1
On solving these, we getA = 0, C = 0, B = – ,D=
3 3
1 + 2s 1 1
∴ 2 2
=− 2
+
( s + 2) ( s − 1) 3( s + 2) 3( s − 1)2

|RS 1 + 2s |UV = − 1 L FG 1 IJ + 1 L FG 1 IJ −1 −1

T| (s + 2) (s − 1) |W 3 H (s + 2) K 3 H (s − 1) K
∴ L–1 2 2 2 2

1 −2t 1 t t −2t
=– .e . t + et . t = ( e − e )
3 3 3

1 1 1 1 FG IJ
(iii) We have = −
( s − α )( s − β ) α − β s − α s − β H K
LM 1 OP = 1 . L FG 1 − 1 IJ = 1 . (e −1 αt
− e βt )
∴ L–1
N ( s − α )( s − β) Q α − β H s − α s − β K α − β
1 R| 1 1 U|
(iv) 2
1
( s − 1)
= 2
1
( s + 1) ( s − 1) 2
= S
4s |T ( s − 1)2
− V
( s + 1) |W 2 2

1 R| 1 1 U|
= S V
s
4 |T ( s − 1) ( s + 1) |W
2 2
− 2 2
( s − 1)

|RS s |UV = 1 LML |RS 1 |UV − L |RS 1 |UVOP = 1 . ( e

−1 −1 t
. t − e −t . t ) =
t
∴ L–1
|T ( s − 1) |W 4 MN |T ( s − 1) |W |T ( s + 1) |WPQ 4
2 2 2 2
2
. sinh t.
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 661

2s2 − 6s + 5
34. Find the inverse Laplace transform of the function f(s) = .
s3 − 6s2 + 11s − 6
Sol. We observe that denominator,
s3 – 6s2 + 11s – 6 = (s – 1) (s – 2) (s – 3)

2s 2 − 6s + 5 A B C
Let 3 2
= + +
s − 6s + 11s − 6 s −1 s − 2 s −3
∴ 2s2 – 6s + 5 = A(s – 2)(s – 3) + B(s – 1)(s – 3) + C(s – 1)(s – 2)
1
Putting s = 1, we get 2A = 1 or A =
2
Putting s = 2, we get – B = 1 or B = – 1
5
Putting s = 3, we get 2C = 5 or C =
2

2s2 − 6s + 5 1 1 5
Hence 3 2
= − +
s − 6s + 11s − 6 2( s − 1) s − 2 2( s − 3)

LM OP = L L 1 O − L F 1 I + 5 L F 1 I
2s2 − 6s + 5 1 t 5
∴ L–1
MN s
− 6s + 11s − 6 PQ
3 2 MN 2( s − 1) PQ GH s − 2 JK 2 GH s − 3 JK
−1 −1 −1
=
2
e − e 2t + e 3t .
2

35. If L S
–1|R s |UV = 1 t sin t, find L |RS 32s |UV . −1

T| (s + 1) W| 2
2 2
T| (16s + 1) W| 2 2

Sol. Replacing s by as, we get L S

R| as U| = 1 . t sin t
|T (a s + 1) V|W 2 a a
–1
2 2 2

Now, writing a = 4

|RS 4s |UV = 1 t sin t 1 –1 |RS

32s 1 t |UV
T| (16s + 1) W| 8 4 T| W|
L–1 2 2 or L 2 2
= t sin
8 (16s + 1) 8 4

|RS 32s |UV = t sin t .

T| (16s + 1) W|
∴ L–1 2 2 4

5s + 3
36. Find the inverse Laplace transform of . (U.P.T.U., 2005)
(s − 1)(s2 + 2s + 5)

5s + 3 5(1) + 3 As + B
Sol. Let 2
= 2
+ 2
( s − 1)( s + 2s + 5 ) ( s − 1)(1 + 2 + 5) s + 2s + 5
Multiplying both sides by (s – 1) + 2s + 5), (s2
5s + 3 = 1 . (s2 + 2s + 5) + (As + B) (s – 1)
Equating the coefficients of s2 from both sides,
0=1+A ∴ A=–1
Similarly comparing coefficient of s from both sides,
5 = 2 – A + B or B = 3 + A = 2

LM 5s + 3 OP = L F 1 I + L F − s + 2 I FG 1 IJ + L LM − (s + 1) + 3 OP
MN (s − 1)(s + 2s + 5) PQ GH s − 1JK GH s + 2s + 5 JK
−1 −1 −1
∴ L–1 2 2 = L–1
H s − 1K MN (s + 1) + 4 PQ
2
662 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

FG 1 IJ − L LM s + 1 OP + 3L LM 1
−1 −1
OP
= L–1
H s − 1K MN (s + 1) + 4 PQ MN (s + 1) 2 2
+ 4 PQ

3 –t
= et – et cos 2t + e sin 2t.
2
37. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of
s+2 4s + 5 s+3 s2
(i) 2
(ii) 2
(iii) 2
(iv) .
s − 4s + 13 (s − 1) (s + 2) s − 4s + 13 (s − 2)3

F s+2 I =L F s+2 I =L F s−2+4 I

Sol. (i) L–1 GH s 2 J GH (s − 2) + 9 JK GH (s − 2) + 9 JK
− 4s + 13 K
−1
2
−1
2

=L G
F s − 2 I + 4L F 1 I = e 4 2t
H (s − 2) + 9 JK GH (s − 2) + 3 JK
–1 −1 2t cos 3t + e sin 3t.
2 2 2 3

4s + 5 A B 4( − 2 ) + 5
(ii) = + +
( s − 1) 2 ( s + 2 ) s − 1 ( s − 1)2 ( − 2 − 1)2 ( s + 2)
Multiplying both sides by (s – 1)2 (s + 2),
1
4s + 5 = A(s – 1)(s + 2) + B(s + 2) – (s – 1)2
3
Putting s = 1, we get 9 = 3B ⇒ B = 3
1 1
Equating the coefficients of s2 from both sides, 0 = A – , ∴ A=
3 3
LM 4s + 5 OP = 1 L F 1 I + 3L LM 1 OP − 1 L F 1 I = 1 e + 3te – 1 e
MN (s − 1) (s + 2) PQ 3 GH s − 1JK MN (s − 1) PQ 3 GH s + 2 JK 3
−1 −1 −1
∴ L–1 2 2
t t –2t.
3
s+3 s−2 5
(iii) 2
= 2 2
+
s − 4s + 13 ( s − 2) + 3 ( s − 2 )2 + 32

|RS s+3 |UV = L R|S s − 2 |UV + 5 L |RS 3

−1 −1 |UV (Using shifting property)
T| s − 4s + 13 W| |T (s − 2) + 3 W| 3 T| (s − 2) W|
∴ L–1 2 2 2 2 2
+3

5 2t
= e2t cos 3t + e . sin 3t
3
s2 ( s − 2)2 + 4( s − 2) + 4 1 4 4
(iv) 3
= = + +
( s − 2) ( s − 2)3 s − 2 ( s − 2)2 ( s − 2)3

LM s OP = L F 1 I + 4L
2 R| 1 U| + 4L R| 1 U|
∴ L–1
MN (s − 2) PQ GH s − 2 JK
−1 −1
S| ( s − 2) V| −1
S| (s − 2) V|
3
T 2
W T 3
W
= e 2 t + 4 e 2t . t + 2. e 2t . t 2 (Using shifting property)
38. State the theorems regarding Laplace transforms of integrals and derivatives.
Sol. (a) Theorem on Laplace transform of derivatives is :

If f ′(t) be continuous and L {f(t)} = f ( s ) ,

then L {f ′(t)} = s f ( s ) – f(0), provided Lt { e − st . f (t )} = 0

t→∞
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 663

(b) Theorem on Laplace transforms of integrals states :

If L {f(t)} = f ( s ) , then L
RS
T| z
0
t
f ( u ) du =
UV
W|
1
s
f ( s) or L–1
RS1 f ( s)UV =
Ts W z t

0
f (u ) du .

2ws
39. If L {t sin wt} = , evaluate
(s + w2 ) 2
2

(i) L {wt cos wt + sin wt} (ii) L {2 cos wt – wt sin wt}. (U.P.T.U., 2005, 2006)
Sol. Let f(t) = t sin wt
Then f ′(t) = wt cos wt + sin wt
f ″ (t) = 2w cos wt – w2t sin wt
Also f(0) = 0, f ′(0) = 0, f ″ (0) = 2w
2ws
f ( s) =
( s + w 2 )2
2

Since L {f n(t)} = sn f ( s ) – sn–1 . f(0) – sn–2 . f ′(0) – sn–3 . f ″(0) .....

(i) L {f ′(t)} = s f ( s ) – f(0)
2ws 2ws2
⇒ L {wt cos wt + sin wt} = s . −0=
( s 2 + w2 )2 ( s 2 + w2 )2
(ii) L {f ″ (t)} = s2 f ( s ) – s.f(0) – f ′(0)
2ws 2ws3
⇒ L {2w cos wt – w2t sin wt} = s2 . 2 2 2
− s.0 − 0 =
(s + w ) ( s + w2 )2
2

2 s3
∴ L {2 cos wt – wt sin wt} = .
( s + w 2 )2 2

40. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of

1 1
(i) (ii) .
s3 (s2 + a 2 ) s(s + 1)3
LM 1 OP = 1 sin at
Sol. (i) Since,
MN s + a PQ a
L–1 2 2

therefore by ‘‘Laplace transform of integral’’ Theorem, we have

L M –1
MN s (s + a ) PQ a
2 2
a N z
L 1 OP = 1 sin au du = – 1 Lcos auO = 1 (1 − cos at)
M PQ a
0
t
2
t

z
0

L M
L 1 OP = 1 (1 − cos au ) du = 1 Lu − sin au O = 1 Lt − sin at O
t t
–1
MN s (s + a ) PQ a
2 2 2
a N
M a PQ a MN a PQ
0 2 2
0
2

z
L 1 OP = 1 F u − sin au I du = 1 LM u + cos au OP = 1 LM t + cos at − 1 OP t 2
2
L M
t

MN s ( s + a ) PQ a GH a JK a MN 2 a PQ a MN 2 a a PQ
–1
3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
0
LM 1 OP = e . t = 1 t . e −t 2
2 −t
MN (s + 1) PQ 2 ! 2
(ii) Since, L –1
3

∴ L M
MN s (s + 1) PQ 2
–1
3 2 z
L 1 OP = 1 t e . dt = 1 t ( − e ) − 2t (e ) + 2( − e )
0
t
2 −t 2 −t −t −t
t

F t I 2
= [( − t − 2t − 2)e + 2] = 1 – e G1 + t + J .
1 2 −t –t
2 H 2K
664 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

41. Find the Laplace transforms of (i) t sin2 3t, (ii) t3 . e–3t. (M.D.U. 2009, U.P.T.U., 2005, 2007, 2008)

RS1 − cos 6t UV = 1 FG 1 − s I
J 18
Sol. (i) Since L (sin2 3t) = L
T 2 W 2 Hs s 2
+ 36 K
=
s( s2 + 36)

d L OP
∴ L{t sin2 3t} = (– 1) M 18
ds NM s( s + 36) QP
2

54( s2 + 12)
= – 18(– 1) (s3 + 36s)–2 (3s2 + 36) = .
s2 ( s2 + 36)2
1
(ii) Since L(e–3t) =
s+3

d3 FG 1 IJ ( − 1)3 . 3 !
=
6
∴ L {t3 . e–3t} = (– 1)3 .
ds 3 H s + 3K =–
( s + 3) 4
( s + 3 )4
.

s+1
42. Find the inverse Laplace transform of log .
s−1

Sol. Let L–1

RSlog s + 1 UV = f(t)
T s − 1W
s +1
Then L {f(t)} = f ( s ) = log .
s −1

∴ L {t . f(t)} = (– 1)
d
log
RS
s +1 UV = – d [log (s + 1) – log (s – 1)]
ds T
s −1 W ds
LM 1 − 1 OP = 1 − 1 = L {e – e } = L{2 sinh t}
N s + 1 s − 1Q s − 1 s + 1
=– t –t

⇒ t . f(t) = 2 sinh t or f(t) =

2 sinh t R s + 1 UV = 2 sinh t .
. Hence L Slog –1
t T s − 1W t
Note. In questions 41 and 42, we have used the result :
dn
If L {f(t)} = f ( s ) then L {tn . f(t)} = (– 1)n [ f ( s )] , where n = 1, 2, 3, ....
dsn
(M.D.U., U.P.T.U., 2009)
Thus this is useful to find the transform and inverse Laplace transform of the function f(t) when

multiplied by tn. Also when there is a division of f(t) by t, then L

the integral exists.
RS1 f (t)UV =
Tt W z ∞

s
f ( s ) ds , provided

43. Find the Laplace transforms of

e − at − e −bt cos at − cos bt
(i) (ii)
t t
e −t . sin t 1 − cos 2t
(iii) (iv) .
t t
(U.P.T.U., 2006, A.U.U.P., 2009 Uttarakhand June, 2007)
1 1
Sol. (i) Since L {e–at – e–bt} = −
s+a s+b

∴ L
R| e
S|
T
− at

t
U|
− e −bt
V|
=
W z FGH
∞

s
1
−
1
s+a s+b
IJ
K
ds = [log (s + a) − log (s + b)] ∞
s
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 665

LM 1 + a OP ∞ a
1+
L s + a OP ∞
= M log
s s+a
= M log
MMN 1 + bs PPPQ
s = log 1 – log b = 0 – log s + b .
N s + bQ s
1+
s
s
s+b
= log
s+a
s s
(ii) Since L (cos at – cos bt) = −
s2 + a 2 s 2 + b2

∴ L
T t z
RS cos at − cos bt UV = FG s − s IJ ds
W Hs + a s +b K
s
∞
2 2 2 2

O 1 L s + a OP
∞
L1
= M log ( s + a ) − log ( s + b )P = 2 M log
1 2 2 2 2
∞ 2 2

N2 2 Q MN s + b PQ s
2 2
s

LM 1 + a OP 2
∞

1 M s P 1 L s +a O Fs 2 2 2
+ b2 I
= 2 M log 1 − log P 1
= 2 log G JK .
2

2M
MN 1 + bs PPQ MN s + b PQ Hs
= log 2 2 2 2 2
+a
2
s
1
(iii) L (e–t. sin t) =
( s + 1)2 + 1

Fe I
z L O ∞

. ds = M tan ( s + 1)P
−t ∞
. sin t 1
L G JK
−1
⇒
H t
=
s ( s + 1)2 + 1 MN PQ s
π
= − tan −1 ( s + 1) = cot −1 ( s + 1)
2
1 s
(iv) L (1 – cos 2t) = − 2
s s + 22

⇒ L
H t K H s s + 4K z
FG 1 − cos 2t IJ = FG 1 − s IJ
s
∞
2
LM
ds = log s −
N
1
2
O
log ( s + 4 )P
Q
2
∞

1 L OP 1 L OP = 1 log F s + 4 I .
∞
2
M
2 2
=
2 MN
log
s
s + 4 PQ 2 = M
2 MN
log 1 − log
s
s + 4 PQ 2 2 GH s JK 2
s
s (s + 1)
44. Find inverse Laplace transform of the function log . (M.D.U. May, 2009)
s2 + 4

LM s (s + 1) OP = f (t) F s (s + 1) I = f (s)
Sol. L–1 log
MN s 2
+ 4 PQ GH s + 4 JK
⇒ L{ f(t)} = log
2

L[t f (t)] = −
d
[log s + log (s + 1) – log (s + 4)] = – M +
L 1 1 − 2s OP 2
ds MN s s + 1 s + 4 PQ 2

L 1 1 − 2s OP
t f (t) = – L M + –1
MN s s + 1 s + 4 PQ 2

t . f (t) = – [1 + e–t – 2 cos 2t] = – 1 – e–t + 2 cos 2t

− 1 − e− t + 2 cos 2t
∴ f (t) = .
t
666 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

45. Find the Laplace transforms of

1 − et
(i) t2 sin at (ii) .
t
a
Sol. (i) Since, L (sin at) =
s + a2
2

d2 F I = d R| − 2as U| = 2a(3s − a )
2 2
∴ L (t2 sin at) = (– 1)2
ds2
GH s 2
a
+ a2
JK ds S|T (s + a )
2 2 2 V| (s + a )
W 2 2 3

1 1
(ii) Since, L(1 – et) = L(1) – L(et) = −
s s −1

z
F1 − e I = F1 − 1 I LM OP ∞
t ∞
∴ L GH t JK GH s s − 1JK
s
ds = log s − log ( s − 1)
MN PQ s
LM OP
L F s I OP
= M log G
∞

= – log M
1
P F s − 1 IJ .
= log G
MN H s − 1JK PQ s
MMN1 − s PPQ
1 H s K
46. Evaluate :

(i)
z
0
∞
te −2t sin t dt (ii)
z
0
∞ sin mt
t
dt (U.P. May, 2005) (iii) L S
R|
|T z0
t et sin t
t
U|
V|
dt .
W
(A.U.U.P., 2008)

Sol. (i)
z ∞

0
te–2t . sin t dt =
z 0
∞
e–st (t sin t) dt, where s = 2
= L(t sin t) by definition
d F1 2s I 2×2 4
= (– 1) GH
ds s2 + 1
= 2
( s + 1)
JK
2 = 2
( 2 + 1) 2
=
25
m
(ii) Since, L (sin mt) = = f(s), say
s2 + m2

L
FG sin mt IJ
H t K =
z ∞
f(s) ds =
z ∞ m . ds
s 2 + m2
= tan −1
s
m
∞

z
s s s
∞ π s
sin mt − tan −1
or e–st . dt =
0 t 2 m
−1 s FG IJ
Now Lt tan
s→0 m H K
= 0 if m > 0 or π if m < 0

zF
Thus taking limits as s → 0, we get
∞ sin mt π π
dt = if m > 0 or – if m < 0.

z
0 t 2 2

GH IJK ds
sin t ∞ π
(iii) Since, L = 2
= [tan −1 s ]s∞ = – tan–1 s = cot–1 s
t s s +1 2
R F sin t IJ UV = cot (s – 1), by shifting property
L Se G
t
T H t KW
∴ –1

Thus, L S
|T t z
R| e sin t . dtU| = 1
0
t t
V| s cot (s – 1).
W
–1
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 667

47. Evaluate : (i)

z
0
∞
t3 e–t sin t dt (ii)
z0
∞ e −2t sin 2 t
t
dt.

Sol. (i)
z 0
∞

= L(t3 sin t) by definition

t3 e–t sin t dt =
z ∞

0
e–st (t3 sin t) dt, where s = 1

d3 F 1 I d2 F 2s I d L (s 2
+ 1)2 × 2 − 2s × 2( s2 + 1) × 2s OP
= (– 1)3 GH s + 1JK = G
ds H ( s + 1) K
J = ds MM PQ
N
3 2 2 2 2 2 4
ds ( s + 1)

LM
d 2( s2 + 1) − 8s2 OP = d LM 2(1 − 3s ) OP = 2 . (s 2 2
+ 1)3 × ( − 6s ) − (1 − 3s2 ) × 3( s2 + 1)2 × 2s
=
ds MN
( s2 + 1)3 PQ ds MN ( s + 1) PQ 2 3
( s2 + 1)6

− 6s( s2 + 1) − 6s(1 − 3s2 ) 24s( s2 − 1)

=2. = = 0 as s → 1.
( s2 + 1)4 ( s2 + 1)4

(ii) z ∞

0
e −2t sin 2 t
t
dt = z ∞

0
F sin t I dt, where s = 2.
GH t JK
e − st
2

F sin t I by definition
=L G
2

H t JK
F 1 − cos 2t IJ = 1 log FG s + 4 IJ as in Q. 35 part (iv).
=L G
2

H t K 2 H s K 2

1
= log 2 as s → 2.
2

48. Evaluate :
z ∞

0
e− t − e−3t
t
. dt (M.D.U. Dec., 2007)

Sol.
z ∞

0
Fe
GH t
−t
−
e−3t
t
I
JK
dt = L
1
t
FG IJ
HK −L
FG 1IJ
H tK
z z
s=1 s=3

=
∞

1
1
s
ds −
3
∞ 1
s
ds =
z1
3 1
s
ds = (log s)13 = log 3 – log 1 = log 3.

49. Evaluate : (i)

z
0
∞
e −t
sin 2 t
t
. dt (ii)
z0
∞
e–st t3 cos t dt (iii) z
0
∞
e–3t t sin t dt.

1 1 1 s F I
Sol. (i) L (sin2 t) =
2
L (1 – cos 2t) = − 2
2 s s +4 GH JK
L
F sin t I = 1 F 1 −
2
GH t JK 2 GH s s z ∞

s 2
s I
J
+ 4K
ds =
1
4
log
s2 + 4
s2
By definition

z
0
∞
e–st
sin 2 t
t
dt =
1
4
log
s2 + 4
s2
F
GH
I
JK
Put s = 1 . z
0
∞
e–st
sin 2 t
t
dt =
1
4
log 5.
668 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

s
(ii) L (cos t) =
s2 + 1
d3 F s I d2 F 1−s I 2 F
d 2s3 − 6s I
L (t3 cos t) = (– 1)3
ds 3 GH s + 1JK
2 =–
ds 2 GH ( s + 1) JK
2 2 =– GH
ds ( s2 + 1)3
JK
LM (1 + s )
2 3
. ( 6s2 − 6) − ( 2s3 − 6s ) . 3 (1 + s2 )2 . 2s OP 6(s − 6s + 1)
4 2
=–
MN ( s2 + 1)6 PQ = (1 + s ) 2 4

⇒ z
0
∞
e–st . t3 cos t dt =
6( s4 − 6s2 + 1)

1
(1 + s2 )4
(By definition)

(iii) L (sin t) =
s2 + 1
d 1 F 2s I
L (t sin t) = –
ds s2 + 1 GH
= 2
( s + 1)2
JK
z ∞
e–st . t sin t dt =
2s
( s + 1)2
2 (By definition)

z
0
∞ 6 3
Putting s = 3, we obtain e–3t . t sin t dt = or .
0 100 50
50. Find the Laplace transform of the following functions :

(i) t2 e–2t cos t (ii)

z 0
t
e–t cos t dt (iii) sin t

(iv)
cos t
t 0
(v)

s+2
x z
1 − e −2x t/2
. dx.

s+2
Sol. (i) L(e–2t cos t) = =
( s + 2 )2 + 1 s 2 + 4 s + 5
d2 LM s+2 OP
⇒ L(t2 e–2t cos t) = (– 1)2
ds 2
MN s 2
+ 4s + 5 PQ

LM
d ( s2 + 4s + 5) − ( s + 2)( 2s + 4 ) OP d LM− s + 4s + 3 2 OP
=
ds MN ( s 2 + 4 s + 5 )2 PQ = ds MN ( s + 4s + 5)
2 2
PQ
( s2 + 4s + 5)2 ( 2s + 4 ) − ( s2 + 4s + 3) . 2( s2 + 4 s + 5)( 2s + 4 )
=–
( s 2 + 4 s + 5 )4
2( s3 + 6s2 + 9s + 2)
=
( s2 + 4s + 5)3
s
(ii) L (cos t) =
s2 + 1

s +1
L (e–t cos t) = = f(s), say
( s + 1)2 + 1

∴ L
F
GH z
0
t
e −t cos t dt =
I
JK 1
s
f (s) =
s +1
s( s2 + 2s + 2)
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 669

( t )3 ( t )5 t3/ 2 t5/ 2
(iii) sin t= t− + – ...... = t1/2 – + – ......
3! 5! 3! 5!

FG 3 IJ Γ FG 5 IJ FG 7 IJ
F t3/ 2 t5/ 2 I Γ
H 2K − H 2K Γ
H 2K
t ) = L Gt JK
1/ 2
∴ − + − ...... = + ......
L(sin
H 3! 5! s3/ 2 3 ! s5/ 2 5 ! s7/ 2
R| F 1 I 1 F 1 I 2 U|
=
2s3/ 2
π
S|1 − GH 2 . s JK + 2 ! GH 2 . s JK
2 2
− ......V|
T W
FG 1 IJ
⇒ L (sin t)=
π
.e
−
H 4s K
2s3/ 2
LM d (sin t )OP = s [ L (sin t )] − 0
(iv) Now, L
N dt Q [See Q. 38]

L G
F cos t I = π . e FGH IJK −
1

H 2 t JK 2 s
4s
[See part (iii) above]

L G
F cos t I = π . e FGH IJK −
1

H t JK s
4s
∴

(v)
Put
z
0
1 − e −2 x
t/ 2

x
. dx
2x = u, 2dx = du

∴ Integral becomes
z 0
t F 1 − e I du
GH u JK
1 1
−u

Now, L (1 – e–u) = –
s s +1

z
F 1 − e I = F 1 − 1 I ds = LMlog F s I OP FG s IJ = log FG s + 1IJ
∞
−u ∞
L G
H u JK GH s s + 1JK s MN GH s + 1JK PQ = 0 – log
H s + 1K H s K
z
s
L F 1 − e I duOP = 1 log FG s + 1IJ = 1 log FG1 + 1 IJ .
L M
t −u
∴
MN GH u JK P s H s K s H s K
0
Q
Note. (For Part iii) Q. No. 50.
FG 3 IJ , Γ FG 5 IJ FG 7 IJ
The values for Γ
H 2K H 2K and Γ
H 2K have been used to calculate Laplace transform of t1/2,

t3/2 and t5/2. Here,

Γ (n + 1)
L (tn) = ; if n > – 1 and s > 0.
sn +1
3 FG IJ
L(t1/2) =
Γ
2 H K
s3/ 2
FG 3 IJ , Γ FG 5 IJ , Γ FG 7 IJ ,
To calculate Γ
H 2K H 2K H 2K we may use an important result of Gamma Function

FG 1 IJ
Γ ( 2n + 1) . π
(Reduction Formula) which is Γ n +
H 2 K
= 2n
2 . Γ ( n + 1)
= , Γ ( n + 1) = n !
670 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

FG 3 IJ = Γ (3) . π = 2 ! π = 1 π
Put n = 1 Γ
H 2 K 2 . Γ ( 2) 2 . 1 ! 2 2 2

F 5 I Γ (5) . π = 4 ! π = 12 π = 3 π
ΓG J =
Put n = 2
H 2 K 2 . Γ (3) 2 . 2 ! 2 4
2 4 4 2

F 7 I Γ (7) . π = 6 ! π = 120 π
ΓG J =
Put n = 3
H 2 K 2 . Γ (4) 2 . 3 ! 2 6 6 6

On using these values and simplification gives the final results.

51. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of
1 s+2 s+2 s
(i) 2 2
(ii) 2
(iii) 2 2
(iv)
s(s + a ) s (s + 1)(s − 2) (s + 4s + 5) (s + a 2 ) 2
2

s2 1 s2 + 1
(v) (vi) (vii) log .
(s2 + a 2 ) 2 (s2 + a 2 ) 2 s(s + 1)
F 1 I=1
Sol. (i) Since L–1 GH s 2
+a 2 JK a sin at

L–1
F
GH s(s 2
1 I=
J
+ a )K2 z
0
t 1
a a
1 t
sin at dt = 2 [ − cos at ]0 =
1 − cos at
a2

s+2 A B
(ii) Let = +
( s + 1)( s − 2) s + 1 s − 2
s + 2 = A(s – 2) + B(s + 1)
Putting s = 2, – 1, we get A = – 1/3, B = 4/3
s+2 1 4
∴ =− +
( s + 1)( s − 2) 3( s + 1) 3( s − 2)
RS s + 2 UV = 4 L FG 1 IJ − 1 L FG 1 IJ = 4 e − 1 e −1 −1 2t −t

T ( s + 1)(s − 2) W 3 H s − 2 K 3 H s + 1K 3 3
L–1

Now, L S
R s + 2 UV = L FG s + 2 IJ dt
–1
T s( s + 1)(s − 2) W H ( s + 1)( s − 2) Kz t
−1

z
0

FG 4 e − 1 e IJ dt = 2 e + 1 e − 1
t
2t −t 2t −t
=
H3 3 K 3 3 0

Again, L S
|R s + 2 |UV = L FG s + 2 IJ dt
T| s (s + 1)(s − 2) W|
–1
2 H s(s + 1)(s − 2) K z 0
t
−1

=
H3 3
F 1 I = L R| 1 U| = e . sin t
z
FG 2 e + 1 e − 1IJ dt = 1 (e – e – t)
K 3 0
t
2t −t 2t –t

L G
H s + 4s + 5 JK S|T (s + 2) + 1 V|W
–1 −1 −2t
(iii) 2 2

R| d F 1 I U|
Now,L S
|T ds GH s + 4s + 5 JK V|W = (– 1) . t . e . sin t
–1 1 –2t
2

i.e., L S
R − (2s + 4) UV = – t . e sin t or L R|S s + 2 U|V = 1 t . e −2t
|T (s + 4s + 5) |W 2 . sin t
–1 –2t –1

T (s + 4s + 5) W
2 2 2 2
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 671

R| U| , then
(iv) If f(t) = L–1 S| (s s
V|
T 2
+a ) 2 2
W
R f (t) UV =
z z F I ∞
∞ ∞
L S
s 1 2s 1 1 1 1
TtW s 2
(s + a ) 2 2
ds =
2 s 2
(s + a ) 2 2
. ds = – GH
2 s2 + a 2 JK = .
2 s2 + a 2
s

f (t ) 1 −1 1 sin at F I
∴
t
= L
2 2
s +a 2
=
2a GH
, Hence f(t) =
1
2a
JK
t sin at.

(v) In part (iv) we have proved that

R| s U| = 1 t sin at = f(t), say
L–1 S| (s + a ) V| 2a
T 2
W 2 2

Since, f(0) = 0

L M
L s OP = L R|s . s U| = d { f (t)} = d F 1 t sin atI = 1 (sin at + at cos at)
2
–1
MN ( s + a ) PQ S|T ( s + a ) V|W dt
2 2 2
−1
2 G
dt H 2a 2 2 JK 2a
(vi) In part (iv) we have shown that

L S
R| s U| = 1 t sin at = f(t), say
|T (s + a ) V|W 2a
–1
2 2 2

L S
R| 1 U| = L R|1 . s U| = f (t) dt
|T (s + a ) V|W S|T s (s + a ) V|W
–1
2 2 2
−1
2 2 2 z0
t

=
1
2a
t sin at dt = z L
1 M F − cos at I
t

2a M H
0
N
tG
a
J
K
F − cos at IJ dtOP
− 1. G
H a K PQ
t

0
z 0
t

1 R − t cos at sin at U
= S a + a VW = 21a {sin at – at cos at}
2a T 2 3

s2 + 1
(vii) If f(t) = L–1 log , then
s( s + 1)
R|− d log F s + 1 I U| 2
t f(t) = L–1 S| ds GH s(s + 1) JK V|
T W
=–L S
R d –1 U
log ( s + 1)V + L S
R d log sUV + L RS d log ( s + 1)UV
2 −1 –1
T ds W T ds W T ds W
F I F 1I F 1 I
H s + 1JK + L GH s JK + L GH s + 1JK = – 2 cos t + 1 + e
2s
=–L G –1 –1 −1 –t
2

1
Thus, (1 + e–t – 2 cos t).f(t) =
t
52. Apply convolution theorem to evaluate :
R| U| |RS |UV .
(i) L–1 S| (s s
V| (ii) L–1
s2
T 2
+a ) 2 2
W T| (s 2 2
+ a )(s + b 2 2
) W|
Sol. Convolution theorem states that
If L–1 { f ( s ) } = f(t) and L–1 { g ( s ) } = g(t)

Then L–1 { f ( s ) . g ( s ) } =
z
0
t
f(u) g(t – u) du = F ∗ G
672 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

F * G is called the convolution of F and G.

R| U| = cos at R| U| = 1
(i) Since L–1 S| s s
V| and L–1 S| s 1
V| a sin at
T 2
+a 2
W T 2
+a 2
W
∴ By convolution theorem, we get

L–1
F
GH s 2
s
+a 2
. 2
s +a
1
2
I=
JK z
0
t
cos a( t − u )
sin au
a
. du =
1
2a z t

0
{ 2 cos a( t − u ) sin au } du

Using formula ;
2 sin A cos B = [sin (A + B) + sin (A − B)]

R.H.S. =
1
2a z t

0
[sin at + sin ( 2au − at )] du

t
1 1
= u sin at − cos (2au − at)
2a 2a 0

R| s U| = 1 t sin at
Hence L–1 S| (s + a ) V| 2a
T 2
W 2 2

L G
F s I = cos at, L F s I = cos bt
H s + a JK GH s +b K
J
(ii) Since –1 –1
2 2 2 2

LM s 2 OP = L LM −1 s
.
s OP .
∴ By convolution theorem, we have L–1
NM ( s + a )( s + b ) PQ MN s
2 2 2 2 2
+a 2 2
s +b 2
PQ
53. Find the inverse Laplace transform of
FG 1IJ FG s + 3 IJ
H
(i) log 1 +
s K
2
(ii) cot–1
H 2 K (M.D.U. May, 2009)

FG 2 IJ FG s IJ FG s + a IJ .
(iii) tan–1
Hs K
2 (M.D.U. May, 2008) (iv) cot–1
H 2K (v) log
H s + bK
FG 1 IJ
Sol. (i) Let f(s) = log 1 +
H s2 K = L{F(t)}, then

FG − 2 IJ = − 2 = − 2 FG 1 − s IJ
1
f ′(s) =
FG1 + 1 IJ H s K s(s + 1) H s s + 1K
3 2 2

H sK 2

{f ′(s)} = – 2L G −
F 1 s I = – 2(1 – cos t)
L–1
H s s + 1JK
⇒ –1
2

But L–1 {f ′(s)} = – tF(t)

2 (1 − cos t )
∴ – t F(t) = – 2 (1 – cos t) ⇒ F(t) =
t
FG s + 3 IJ
(ii) Let f(s) = cot–1
H 2 K = L{F(t)},

−1 1 −2
then f ′(s) = . =
FG s + 3 IJ 2 2 ( s + 3 )2 + 4
1+
H 2 K
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 673

F 1 I F 1 I
∴ L–1 {f ′(s)} = – 2 L–1 GH (s + 3) 2 J
+ 4K
= – 2e–3t L–1 GH s 2 J
+ 4) K
= – e–3t . sin 2t.

But L–1 {f ′(s)} = – t F(t)

e −3t sin 2t
∴ – tF(t) = – e–3t . sin 2t ⇒ F(t) =
t

FG 2 IJ = tan FG 2 IJ −1
(iii)Let, f(s) = tan–1
Hs K 2
H 1 + s − 1K 2

= tan S –1
R 2 UV = tan 1 − tan –1 −1 1
T 1 + ( s − 1 )( s + 1 ) W s −1 s +1
R| F 1 I U|V − L RStan 1 UV
{f(s)} = L Stan G
|T H s − 1JK |W T s + 1 W
−1 −1 −1
∴ L–1 –1

= e L G tan
F 1 IJ − e . L FG tan 1 IJ
−1 −t −1 −1
t –1
H sK H sK

= 2 sinh t L G tan
F 1I
Js K = 2 sinh t . sint t
−1
H –1

2
⇒ F(t) = sin t sinh t
t

f(s) = cot–1 FG s IJ = L {F(t)}, then f ′(s) = − 1 .

1
=
−2
(iv) Let,
H 2K 1+
s 2 2 s2 + 4
4

{f ′(s)} = – 2 L G
F 1 I
L–1
H s + 4 JK = – sin 2t
∴ –1
2

But, L–1 {f ′(s)} = – t F(t)

sin 2t
∴ F(t) =
t
FG s + a IJ
(v) Let, f(s) = log
H s + bK = log (s + a) – log (s + b) = L{F(t)}, then

1 1
f ′(s) = −
s+a s+b
FG 1 IJ − L FG 1 IJ −1
Now, L–1 {f ′(s)} = L–1
H s + a K H s + bK = e–at – e–bt

But, L–1 {f ′(s)} = – t F(t)

e −bt − e − at
∴ – t F(t) = e–at – e–bt . ⇒ F(t) =
t
54. Find inverse Laplace transforms of the following functions :
s 1
(i) 2 2 (ii)
(s + 1)(s + 4) s(s − a 2 )
2

s s2
(iii) 2 2 (iv) .
(s + 4) (s + a )(s2 + b2 )
2 2

(M.D.U., Dec., 2008, 2009)

674 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 s
Sol. (i) Let f(s) = g(s) =
s2 + 4 s2 + 1
1
∴ F(t) =
sin 2t, G(t) = cos t
2
1
∴ F(u) = sin 2u, G(t – u) = cos (t – u)
2

∴ L–1
|RS
T| (s 2
s
+ 1)( s 2
|UV =
+ 4 ) W| z t

0
1
2
sin 2u . cos (t – u) du =
1
4 z0
t
[sin (u + t) + sin (3u – t)] du

=
LM
1
− cos (u + t) −
cos (3u − t) OP t

4N 3 Q 0

1 LF cos 2t I F cos t I O
= M
4 NH
G − cos 2t −
3 K H
J − G − cos t −
3 KQ
JP
1 L 4 4 O 1 [cos t – cos 2t]
= M
4 N 3
− cos 2t + cos t P =
3 Q 3
1 1
(ii) Let f(s) = and g(s) =
s2 − a 2 s
1
∴ F(t) =
sinh at, G(t) = 1
a
1
F(u) = sinh au, G(t – u) = 1
a

∴ L–1
|RS
T| s(s
1
− a ) W|
2 a 2 z
|UV = 1 sinh au . 1 . du = 1 FG cosh au IJ
0
t

aH a K
t

L S
R| 1 U| = 1 (cosh at – 1)
|T s(s − a ) V|W a
or –1
2 2 2

s 1 s
(iii) 2 2
= 2
. 2
(s + 4) s +4 s +4
1 s
Let f(s) = 2
, g(s) = 2
s +4 s +4
|RS 1 |UV = 1 sin 2t
T| s + 4 W| 2
∴ F(t) = L–1 {f(s)} = L–1 2

F s I = cos 2t
and G(t) = L–1 {g(s)} = L–1 GH s + 4 JK
2

1
Now, F(u) =
sin 2u, G(t – u) = cos 2(t – u)
2
∴ By convolution theorem, we have

L–1
R|
S| (s
T 2
s
+ 4 )2
U| =
V|
W z t

0
1
2
sin 2u . cos 2(t – u) du =
1
4 z t

0
[sin 2t + sin (4u – 2t)] du

1 LM
u sin 2t −
cos ( 4u − 2t ) OP
t
1
=
4 N 4 Q 0
=
4
t sin 2t.
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 675

s2 s s
(iv) = .
( s + a )( s2 + b2 )
2 2
s2 + a 2 s 2 + b2
s s
Let f(s) = . g(s) =
s2 + a 2 s 2 + b2

|RS s |UV = cos at

T| s + a W|
∴ F(t) = L–1 {f(s)} = L–1 2 2

R| s U|
and G(t) = L–1 {g(s)} = L–1 S| s + b |W
V = cos bt
T 2 2

Now F(u) = cos au, G(t – u) = cos b(t – u)

∴ By convolution theorem, we have

L–1
R|
S| ( s
T 2
s2
+ a 2 )( s2
U| =
+ b ) W|
V2 z t

0
cos au . cos b(t – u)du

=
1
2 z t

0
[cos {(a – b)u + bt} + cos {(a + b)u – bt}] du

LM
1 sin {( a − b)u + bt } sin {( a + b)u − bt }
+
OP t
a sin at − b sin bt
=
2 Na−b a+b Q 0
=
a 2 − b2
.

55. Using the convolution theorem, evaluate

Sol. By convolution theorem, we have

z0
t
sin u cos (t – u) du.

Here,
z
0
t
sin u cos (t – u) du = sin t * cos t

F(t) = sin t, G(t) = cos t.

...(1)

1
∴ f(s) = L {F(t)} = L (sin t) = 2
s +1
s
and g(s) = L {G(t)} = L (cos t) =
s2 + 1

|RS s |UV
T| (s W|
sin t * cos t = L–1 {f(s), g(s)} = L–1 2 2 ...(2)
+ 1)

F s I
Now, L–1 GH s 2
+a 2 JK = cos at

Differentiating this w.r.t. a, we get

R| − 2as U| = – t sin at
L–1 S| (s + a ) V|
T 2
W 2 2

L S
|R s |UV = t sin t
|T (s + 1) |W 2
If a = 1, –1
2 2

From (1) and (2),

z
0
t
sin u . cos (t – u) du =
1
2
t sin t.
676 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

R| 1 U| = 1 [(3 – t ) sin t – 3t cos t].

56. Prove that : L–1 S| (s + 1) V| 8 2

T W
2 3

L G
F 1 I = 1 sin at
H s + a JK a
Sol. We have –1
2 2

Differentiating w.r.t. a, we get

R| d F 1 I U| = d F sin at I |RS − 2a |UV = –
L–1 S| da GH s + a JK V| da GH a JK ⇒ L –1
|T (s + a ) |W
1
sin at +
t
cos at
T 2
W 2 2 2 2
a 2 a

L S
|R 1 |UV = 1 sin at − t cos at
T| (s + a ) W| 2a
⇒ –1
2 2 2 3 2
2a
Differentiating again w.r.t. a, we get

R| − 4a U| = − 3 t t t2
L–1 S| (s + a ) V| 2a sin at + cos at + cos at + sin at .
T 2 2 3
W 4 2a 3
a 3
2a 2
Putting a = 1, this yields
R| U| = 1
L–1 S| (s 1
V| 8 [3(sin t – t cos t) – t2 sin t] =
1
[(3 – t2) sin t – 3t cos t].
T 2
+ 1) 3
W 8

R| s2 U| .
57. Apply convolution theorem to evaluate : L
–1
S| (s V|
T 2
+ 4) 2
W
LM s OP = cos 2t
Sol. Since L–1
MN s 2
+ 4 PQ
∴ By convolution theorem

L–1
LM
MN s 2
s
+4 s
. 2
s OP =
+ 4 PQ z
0
t
cos 2(t – u) cos 2u du

=
z t
cos 2u . [cos 2t . cos 2u + sin 2t sin 2u] du

z z
0
t t
= cos 2t cos2 2u du + sin 2t cos 2u . sin 2u du

z z
0 0

1 t 1 t
= cos 2t (1 + cos 4u) du + sin 2t sin 4u . du
2 0 2 0

cos 2t LM
u+
sin 4u OP + sin 2t LM − cos 4u OP
t t
=
2 N 4 Q 2 N 4 Q 0 0

cos 2t L sin 4t O sin 2t

2 MN 4 PQ
= t+ + [1 − cos 4t ]
8
t cos 2t sin 2t 1
= + + [sin 4t cos 2t – sin 2t cos 4t]
2 8 8
1 1 1 [ 2t cos 2t + sin 2t ]
= t cos 2t + sin 2t + sin 2t = .
2 8 8 4
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 677

cos 2t − cos 3t − e t + 1
58. Find the Laplace transform of the function . (M.D.U., 2005)
t
Sol. Let f(t) = cos 2t – cos 3t – et + 1
s s 1 1
L{f(t)} = L [cos 2t – cos 3t – et + 1] = − − +
s2 + 4 s2 + 9 s −1 s

L z
RS1 . f (t)UV = FG s − s − 1 + 1IJ ds
∞

Tt W H s + 4 s + 9 s − 1 sK
s
2 2

L1 2 1
= M log ( s + 4 ) − log ( s + 9) − log ( s − 1) + log sP
2 O ∞

N 2 2 Q s

F1 + 4 I ∞

F s + 4I
2
∞

− log G
F s − 1I 1
log G
G s JJ − LMlog FG1 − 1 IJ OP
∞ ∞

J
1 2
log G J
=
2 H K
s2
+ 9
s
H s K =
2 GH 1 + s9 JK N H s K Q
s 2
s
s
F FG1 + 4 IJ I
1G H s K JJ − LMlog 1 − log FG1 − 1 IJ OP
=
2G
G log 1 − log
FG1 + 9 IJ JJ N
2

H sKQ
GH H s KK 2

F s + 4 I + log F s − 1I
2 F s + 9 I + log F s − 1I 2
=–
1
2
log G J
H s + 9K H s K
2 G J or
1
2 H s + 4 JK GH s JK .
log G 2

e at − cos bt
59. If F(t) = , find the Laplace transform of F(t).
t
1 s
Sol. L (eat) = , L (cos bt) = 2
s−a s + b2
1 s
∴ L (eat – cos bt) = −
s − a s 2 + b2

Now, L
Fe
GH
at

t
I
− cos bt
JK=
z ∞

s
F 1 −
GH s − a s 2
s
+ b2
I
JK
LM
ds = log ( s − a ) −
N
1
2
log ( s2 + b2 )
OP
Q
∞

LM F a I OP 2
∞

LM OP ∞
LM
( s − a )2 OP 1 Mlog GH1 − s JK P
∞

PQ = 2 MM FG1 + b IJ PP
1 1
log ( s − a )2 − log ( s2 + b2 )
=
2 MN PQ =
2
log 2
MN
s + b2 2
s s
MN H s K PQ 2
s

1 LM
(s − a) 2 OP 1 R| s + b 2 2 U| .
PQ = 2 log S|T ( s − a ) V|
log 2
=–
2 MN
s + b2 2
W
sin at cos at
60. Find the Laplace transform of . Does the Laplace transform of exist ?
t t
(U.P.T.U., 2005)
sin at sin at
Sol. Since lim = a, the Laplace transform of exists.
t→0 t t
678 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

a
Now, L (sin at) =
s2 + a 2

∴ L
FG sin at IJ =
H t K z
s
∞ a
s2 + a 2
ds = tan −1 s
a
LM
N
FG
H
IJ OP
KQ
∞

s
=
π
2
− tan −1
s
a
FG IJ = cot FG s IJ
H K H aK
–1 = tan–1
FG a IJ .
H sK
cos at
The function is discontinuous at t = 0, so that the Laplace transform does not exist.
t
61. Apply the method of Laplace transform to solve differential equation :
d2x dx
2 + 5x = e–t sin t, x (0) = 0, x′(0) = 1.
+2
dt dt
Sol. The given equation is x″ + 2x′ + 5x = e–t . sin t
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides, we get
1
[s2 x – s.x(0) – x′(0)] + 2[s x – x(0)] + 5 x =
( s + 1)2 + 1
n −1
Since, L {f n (t)} = sn . f ( s ) − s . f ( 0 ) − sn − 2 . f ′ ( 0 ) ...... f n −1 ( 0 )
Using the given conditions x(0) = 0, x′(0) = 1, it reduces to
1
(s2 + 2s + 5) x – 1 = 2
s + 2s + 2
1 1
or x = 2 2
+ 2
( s + 2s + 2)( s + 2s + 5 ) s + 2s + 5
1LM 1
−
1
+ 2
1 OP
=
MN
3 s2 + 2s + 2 s2 + 2s + 5 s + 2s + 5 PQ
1L
M 1 2 OP = 1 LM 1 +
2 OP
3 MN ( s + 1) + 4 PQ
+
3 NM s + 2s + 5 QP
= 2 2
2
+ 2s + 2 s2 +1 ( s + 1)
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of both sides, we get

1 −1
L
1 LM
+ 2.
1 OP
x=
3 2
( s + 1) + 1 MN
( s + 1)2 + 22 PQ
1
=
1 LM
. e− t sin t + 2 . . e− t . sin 2 t
1 −t
or x = e (sin t + sin 2 t)
OP
3 2 N 3 Q
which is the required solution.
62. Solve the equation : y″ – 3y′ + 2y = 4t + e3t , where y(0) = 1, y′(0) = – 1.
Sol. Taking the Laplace transform of both sides, we have
4 1
[ s2 y − sy( 0) − y ′ ( 0)] − 3 [ sy − y( 0)] + 2 y = 2
+
s s−3
Using the given conditions, it reduces to
4 1 4 1
( s2 − 3s + 2) y − s + 1 + 3 = 2
+ or ( s2 − 3s + 2 ) y = 2
+ +s−4
s s−3 s s−3

s4 − 7s3 + 13s2 + 4s − 12
∴ y=
s2 ( s − 1)( s − 2)( s − 3)
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 679

3 2 1 2 1
or y= + − − + (Resolving into partial fractions)
s s2 2( s − 1) s − 2 2( s − 3)
Taking inverse Laplace transform of both sides, we get
FG 1 IJ + 2L FG 1 IJ − 1 L FG 1 IJ − 2L FG 1 IJ + 1 L FG 1 IJ
−1 −1 −1 −1
y = 3L–1
H sK H s K 2 H s − 1K
2 H s − 2K 2 H s − 3K
1 t 1
e − 2e 2t + e 3t
y = 3 + 2t –
2 2
1
or y = 3 + 2t + (e3t – et) – 2e2t, which is the required solution.
2
63. Solve the D.E. by the method of Laplace transformation :
y″ – 8y′ + 15y = 9 te2t, y(0) = 5, y′(0) = 10. (M.D.U. Dec., 2009)
Sol. Taking L.T. of both sides of the D.E., we get
9
[s2 y – s.y(0) – y′(0)] – 8[s y – y(0)] + 15 y =
s2 ( s − 2)
Under the given conditions, it reduces to
9
[s2 y – 5s – 10] – 8 (s y – 5) + 15 y = 2
s ( s − 2)
9
(s2 – 8s + 15) y = 2
+ 5s – 30
s ( s − 2)

9 9 + s2 (5 s − 30)(s − 2)
(s – 5) (s – 3) y = + 5s – 30 =
s2 ( s − 2) s2 (s − 2)

9 + s2 [5s2 − 10 s − 30 s + 60] 9 + s2 [5s2 − 40 s + 60]

= 2 =
s (s − 2) s2 (s − 2)

9 + 5s4 − 40 s3 + 60 s2 5s4 − 40 s3 + 60 s2 + 9
⇒ y = 2 =
s (s − 2)(s − 3)(s − 5) s2 (s − 2)(s − 3)(s − 5)
3 2 3 7 2.44
+ + + = −
s s2 4(s − 2) s − 3 s − 5
(Resolving by Partial Fractions)
Taking the inverse L.T. of both sides, we get
FG 1IJ FG 1 IJ + 3 L FG 1 IJ + 7L FG 1 IJ – 2.44 L FG 1 IJ
H sK
−1
y = 3L–1 + 2.L–1
H s K 4 H s − 2K H s − 3K H s − 5K
–1 –1
2

3 2t
or e + 7e3t – 2.44 e5t
y = 3 + 2t +
4
which is the required solution.
64. Solve the equation :

d3 y dy d2 y dy d2 y
3
+2. 2
−
− 2y = 0 , where y = 1, = 2 , 2 = 2 at t = 0 .
dt dt dt dt dt
Sol. The given equation is y′″ + 2y″ – y′ – 2y = 0
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides, we get
[ s3 y − s 2 y( 0 ) − sy ′ ( 0 ) − y ″ ( 0 )] + 2[ s2 y − sy( 0 ) − y ′ ( 0 )] – [ sy − y( 0 )] − 2 y = 0 ...(1)
680 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Using the given conditions y(0) = 1, y′(0) = 2, y″(0) = 2, equation (1) reduces to
( s 3 + 2 s 2 − s − 2 ) y − s 2 − 2s − 2 − 2 s − 4 + 1 = 0 or (s3 + 2s2 – s – 2) y = s2 + 4s + 5

s2 + 4s + 5
s2 + 4 s + 5 5 1 1
∴ y= == − +
3 2 3( s − 1) s + 1 3( s + 2)
s + 2s − s − 2 ( s − 1)( s + 1)( s + 2)
(After resolving into partial fractions)
Taking the inverse Laplace transforms of both sides, we get

y=
5 −1
L
1
− L−1
RS1 1
+ L−1
UV1 RS UV RS UV = 5 e – e
t –t +
1 –2t
e
3 s −1 T
s +1 3 W
s+2 T W T W 3 3
1
or (5et + e–2t) – e–t which is the required solution.
y=
3
65. Using Laplace transformation method, solve the differential equation :
d2 x π FG IJ
dt2
+ 9x = cos 2t, if x(0) = 1, x
2 H K = – 1.

Sol. The given equation is x″ + 9x = cos 2t

Taking the Laplace transform of both sides, we get
L(x″) + 9L(x) = L (cos 2t)
s s
[ s2 x − s . x ( 0) − x ′ ( 0 )] + 9 x = 2 ⇒ (s2 + 9) x − s − A = | where A = x′(0)
s +4 s2 + 4
s s A
⇒ x= 2 2
+ 2
+ 2
( s + 4 )( s + 9 ) s +9 s +9

1 F
s s s A I
= GH −
5 s2 + 4 s2 + 9
+ 2 +
s + 9 s2 + 9
JK
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of both sides, we get
1 A
x= (cos 2t – cos 3t) + cos 3t + sin 3t
5 3
FG π IJ
But x
H 2K =–1 (given)

1 A
⇒ (– 1 – 0) + 0 +
x=–1= (– 1)
5 3
1 A 12
⇒ –1=– – or A =
5 3 5
1 4
∴ x(t) = (cos 2t – cos 3t) + cos 3t + sin 3t
5 5
1
or x= (cos 2t + 4 cos 3t + 4 sin 3t)
5
This is the required solution.
66. Solve the following D.E. by using Laplace transformation y″ + y = t cos 2t, y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 0.
(M.D.U. Dec., 2008)
Sol. y″ + y = t cos 2t,
Taking L.T. on both sides,
L(y″) + L(y) = L(t cos 2t)

s2 – s (y(0) – y′(0) + y = −
d LM
s OP or (s2 + 1) y =
s2 − 4
or y =
s2 − 4
MN
ds s2 + 4 PQ 2
(s + 4) 2
(s + 1) (s2 + 4)2
2
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 681

s2 − 4 A B C
Now, 2 2 2 = 2
+ 2
+
(s + 1) (s + 4) s +1 s +4 ( s + 4) 2
2

Let, s2 = P
P−4 A B C
+2
= + ...(1)
(P + 1)(P + 4) P + 1 P + 4 (P + 4)2
P – 4 = (P + 4)2 A + (P + 1) (P + 4) B + (P + 1) C
5
Putting P = – 1, A= −
9
8
Putting P = – 4, C=
3
Putting P = 0, – 4 = 16 A + 4B + C
80 8 80 8
–4= −
+ 4B + or – 4 + − = 4B
9 3 9 3
− 36 + 80 − 24 20 5
4B = = or B =
9 9 9
Put these values of A, B and C in (1)
P−4 5 5 8
= − + +
(P + 1)(P + 4) 2 9 (P + 1) 9 (P + 4) 3 (P + 4) 2
5 5 8
Putting P = s2, y = − + +
9 (s2 + 1) 9 (s2 + 4) 3 ( s 2 + 4) 2
Taking L.T. on both sides,

y= −
5 5 1
sin t + . sin 2t +
8 1
(sin 2t − 2 cos 2t)
LM OP
9 9 2 3 2×8 N Q
1
which on simplification gives y=
[4 sin 2t – 5 sin t – 3 t cos 2t].
9
67. Using Laplace transformation, solve the differential equation :
(D2 + n2)x = a sin (nt + α) ; x = Dx = 0 at t = 0.
Sol. The given equation is (D2 + n2)x = a sin (nt + α)
Taking Laplace transform of both sides, we get
L(x″) + n2 L(x) = L{a sin (nt + α)}
n s
[ s2 . x − s . x ( 0) − x ′ ( 0] + n 2 x = a cos α . 2 2
+ a sin α .
s +n s + n2
2

an cos α as sin α
(s2 + n2) x = 2 2
+
s +n s2 + n 2
an cos α as sin α
⇒ x= 2 2 2
+ ...(1)
(s + n ) ( s 2 + n 2 )2
Taking the Inverse Laplace transform of both sides, we get
LM n OP + (a sin α ) L LM
−1 s OP
x = (a cos α) L–1
MN (s 2
+n ) 2 2
PQ MN (s 2
+n )2 2
PQ ...(2)

F 1 I=1
We know that L–1 GH s 2
+n 2 JK n sin nt ...(3)
682 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM d |R 1 |UOP = nt cos nt − sin nt L − 2n OP = nt cos nt − sin nt

or L M
L–1
dn
S
MN T| s + n W|PQ 2 V 2
n MN (s + n ) PQ
2 n
–1
2 2 2 2

L M
L n OP = 1 (sin nt – nt cos nt)
MN (s + n ) PQ 2n
–1
2 2 2 2

L d F 1 I OP
Again, from (3), L M
1
G J
MN ds H s + n K PQ
–1 =–t.2n
sin nt2

L M
L − 2s OP = − t sin nt ⇒ L LM s OP = t sin nt
MN (s + n ) PQ n MN (s + n ) PQ 2n
⇒ –1 –1
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 t
∴ From (2), x = (a cos α) . 2
(sin nt – nt cos nt) + (a sin α) . . sin nt
2n 2n

a
or [cos α sin nt – nt cos (α + nt)]
x=
2n 2
This is the required solution.
68. Solve the differential equation by Laplace transform
π
y″′ – 2y″ + 5y′ = 0 ; y = 0, y′ = 1 at t = 0 and y = 1 at t = .
8
Sol. Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get
L(y′″) – 2L(y″) + 5 . L(y′) = L(0)

⇒ [ s3 y − s 2 y( 0 ) − s . y ′ ( 0 ) − y ″ ( 0 )] − 2 . [ s 2 . y − s . y( 0 ) − y ′ ( 0 )] + 5 [ sy − y(0)] = 0
⇒ (s3 – 2s2 + 5s) y − s − A + 2 = 0 |y″(0) = A, say
A−2+s FG A − 2 IJ FG 1 − s − 2 IJ + 1
⇒ y= 2
s ( s − 2s + 5) H 5 K H s s − 2s + 5 K s − 2s + 5
= 2 2

F A − 2 IJ 1 − FG A − 2 IJ R|S (s − 1) − 1 U|V + 1
= G
H 5 K s H 5 K |T (s − 1) + 4 |W (s − 1) + 4 2 2

F A − 2 IJ 1 − FG A − 2 IJ LM s − 1 OP + FG A + 3 IJ FG 2 IJ
y=G
⇒
H 5 K s H 5 K NM (s − 1) + 4 QP H 10 K H (s − 1) + 4 K
2 2

Taking inverse Laplace transform on both sides, we get

A−2 A−2 FG
[ e t cos 2t ] +
IJ
A +3 t FG IJ
y=
5
−
5 H K
10
e sin 2t
H K
Since y = 1 when t = π/8
A−2 A − 2 π/8 1 FG
A + 3 π/8 1 IJ FG IJ
∴
5
−
1=
5
e .
2
+
10H e .
2 K H K
⇒ A=7 (On simplification)
The required solution therefore is y = 1 + et (sin 2t – cos 2t).
69. Solve by the method of Laplace transforms, the differential equation
y″′ + 2y″ – y′ – 2y = 0 given y(0) = y′(0) = 0 and y″(0) = 6.
Sol. Taking the Laplace transform of both sides, we get
[ s3 y − s2 y( 0 ) − sy ′ ( 0 ) − y ″ ( 0 )] + 2 [ s2 y − sy( 0 ) − y ′ ( 0 )] − [ sy − y( 0 )] − 2 y = 0
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 683

Using the given conditions, it reduces to (s3 + 2s2 − s − 2) y = 6

6 6 6 6
∴ y= = + +
( s − 1)( s + 1)( s + 2) ( s − 1)6 ( − 2)( s + 1) 3( s + 2)
On taking inverse Laplace transforms, we get
FG 1 IJ − 3 . L FG 1 IJ + 2L FG 1 IJ
−1 −1
y = L–1
H s − 1K H s + 1K H s + 2K
or y = et – 3e–t + 2e–2t
which is the required solution of the given equation.

d2x dx dx
70. Solve : −2 + x = et with x = 2, = – 1 at t = 0.
dt 2 dt dt
Using Laplace transform method.
Sol. Taking the Laplace transform of both sides, we get
1
[ s2 x − s. x(0) − x′ (0)] − 2[ sx − x(0)] + x =
s−1
Using the given conditions, it reduces to
1 2 s2 − 7 s + 6
(s2 − 2s + 1) x = + 2s − 5 =
s−1 s−1
2 s2 − 7 s + 6
⇒ x=
(s − 1)3
2 3 1
∴ x= − + on resolving into partial fractions.
s − 1 ( s − 1)2 ( s − 1)3
On taking inverse Laplace transforms of both sides, we get
FG 1 IJ − 3L F 1 I + L R|S 1 U|V
x = 2L –1
H s − 1K GH (s − 1) JK
−1
2
−1
|T (s − 1) 3
|W
t t2 1 2 t
⇒ + et .
x = 2et – 3et . or x = 2et – 3tet + t .e.
1! 2! 2
which is the desired solution of the given equation.
3 2 2 t
71. Solve (D – 3D + 3D – 1)y = t e given that y(0) = 1, y′(0) = 0, y″(0) = – 2.
Sol. Taking Laplace transforms of both sides, we get
2
[ s3 y − s2 y(0) − sy′ (0) − y″ (0)] − 3 [ s2 y − sy(0) − y′ (0)] + 3[ sy − y(0)] − y =
(s − 1)3
n!
Since, L(eat . tn) = .
( s − a) n +1
Using the given conditions, it reduces to
2
(s3 y − s2 + 2) − 3(s2 y − s) + 3( sy − 1) − y =
( s − 1)3
2
(s3 − 3s2 + 3s − 1) y − s2 + 2 + 3 s − 3 =
( s − 1)3
2
(s3 − 3 s2 + 3 s − 1) y = s2 − 3 s + 1 +
(s − 1)3
684 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2
( s − 1)3 y = (s2 − 3s + 1) +
( s − 1)3

s2 − 3 s + 1 2 (s − 1)2 − (s − 1) − 1 2
y= + = +
(s − 1) 3
(s − 1) 6 (s − 1)3 (s − 1)6
1 1 1 2
or y= − − +
s − 1 ( s − 1)2 ( s − 1)3 ( s − 1)6
Taking Laplace transform inversion, we obtain

FG 1 IJ − L F 1 I − L FG 1 IJ 3
1
H s − 1K GH (s − 1) JK H s − 1K
−1 −1
y = L–1 2
+ 2L−1
(s − 1)6
FG 1 − t − 1 t + 1 t IJ
2 5
or y = et
H 2 60 K
which is the required solution of the given equation
72. Solve the differential equation ty″ + 2y′ + ty = cos t given that y(0) = 1.
Sol. Taking Laplace transform of both sides of the equation and noting that
d
L{tf(t)} = – [L{ f (t)}] , we get
ds
d 2 d s
– [ s y − sy(0) − y′ (0)] + 2[ sy − y(0)] − ( y) = 2
ds ds s +1
FG s
2 dy IJ d s
or –
H ds K
+ 2s y + y(0) + 0 + 2sy − 2 y(0) −
ds
( y) = 2
s +1
dy s dy 1 s
or (s2 + 1) + 1= − 2 or =− 2 − 2
ds s +1 ds s + 1 (s + 1)2
On taking inverse Laplace transforms and noting that L–1 { f ′ ( s)} = – tf(t), we get
1 1 2 FG IJ sin t
– ty = – sin t –
2
t sin t or y =
2
1+
t H K which is the solution.

d2x
73. Solve + 9x = cos 2t, given that x(0) = – 1 and x′(0) = 2 using Laplace transform.
dt 2

d2 x
Sol. + 9x = cos 2t
dt2
Taking Laplace transform of both sides of the given equation, we have
L(x″) + 9.L(x) = L(cos 2t)
s
s2 L(x) – sx(0) – x′(0) + 9.L(x) =
s2 + 4
s
(s2 + 9) L(x) – s(– 1) – 2 =
s2 + 4
s
or (s2 + 9) L(x) = –s+2
s2 + 4
s s 2
or L(x) = − +
( s2 + 4)(s2 + 9) (s2 + 9) (s2 + 9)
s s s 2
= − − +
5(s2 + 4) 5(s2 + 9) ( s2 + 9) ( s2 + 9)
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 685

s 6s 2
= − +
5( s2 + 4) 5( s2 + 9) s2 + 9
1 –1 sF 6 s I 1 F I F I
∴ x=
5
L GH
s2 + 4
− L−1 2
5 s +9
JK
+ 2 . L−1 2
s +9
GH JK GH JK
1 6 2
or x= cos 2t – cos 3t + sin 3t
5 5 3
which is the desired solution of the given equation.
74. Solve : y″ + y′ – 2y = t, given that y(0) = 1 and y′(0) = 0, using Laplace transform.
d2 y
dy
Sol. Given equation is + – 2y = t
dt 2 dt
Taking Laplace transform of both sides
L(y″) + L(y′) – 2L(y) = L(t)
1
s2L(y) – sy(0) – y′(0) + sL(y) – y(0) – 2L(y) =
s2
1 1
s2L(y) – s – 0 + sL(y) – 1 – 2L(y) = 2 or (s2 + s – 2) L(y) = +s+1
s s2
1 s+1
L(y) = +
s2 ( s2 + s − 2) s2 + s − 2
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we have

y = L–1
LM 1 OP + L LM s + 1 OP −1
MN s (s + s − 2) PQ MN s + s − 2 PQ
2 2 2

LM 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 OP
or y = L–1
N s − 1 4(s + 2) 2s 4s Q 2

(After resolving into partial fractions)

1 −2t t 1
or y = et + e − −
4 2 4
is the desired solution of the given equation.
75. Solve : y″ + 4y′ + 3y = e–t, y(0) = y′(0) = 1 using Laplace transform.
Sol. Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get
L(y″) + L(4y′) + 3.L(y) = L(e–t)
1
[ s2 y − sy(0) − y′(0)] + 4(sy − y(0)) + 3 y =
s+1
1
(s2 + 4 s + 3) y − s − 1 − 4 =
s+1
1
(s2 + 4 s + 3) y = +s+5
s+1

s2 + 6 s + 6 s2 + 6 s + 6 s2 + 6 s + 6
y= = =
2
(s + 1)(s + 4 s + 3) (s + 1)(s + 1)(s + 3) (s + 1)2 (s + 3)
2
s + 6s + 6 A B C
Let 2
= + 2
+
(s + 1) (s + 3) s + 1 (s + 1) s+3
⇒ s2 + 6s + 6 = A(s + 1)(s + 3) + B(s + 3) + C(s + 1)2
686 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1
Put s = – 1, 2B = 1 ⇒ B=
2
−3
Put s = – 3, 4C = – 3 ⇒ C=
4
Comparing constant terms on both sides, we have
3 3 7
3A + 3B + C = 6 or 3A + − =6 ⇒ A=
2 4 4
7 FG
1 1 1IJ 3 1 F I FG IJ
∴ y=
H
4 s+1
+
K
2 (s + 1) 2
− .
4 s+3GH JK H K
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we have
7 −t 1 3
y=e + . t e− t − e−3t
4 2 4
which is the desired solution of the given equation.
–at
76. A voltage Ee is applied at t = 0, to a circuit of inductance L and resistance R. Show that the
E
current at time t is (e− at − e− Rt / L ) .
R − aL
Sol. Let I be the current in the circuit at any time t, then by Kirchhoff ’s law, we have
dI
L + R.I. = E.e–at, where I(0) = 0
dt
Taking Laplace transform of both sides, we have
E
L . [s I − I(0)] + RI =
s+a
Using the given condition, it reduces to

(Ls + R) I =
E E E FG 1 − L IJ
s+a
or I= =
(s + a)(Ls + R) R − aL H s + a Ls + R K
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of both sides, we get
R| U
E 1 |
I=
R − aL
. L–1 S| s + a − R V| = R −EaL . [e
1 − at
− e− Rt /L ] .

T s+
LW
77. Solve the simultaneous equations (D2 – 3)x – 4y = 0, x + (D2 + 1)y = 0 for t > 0, given that x = y
dy dx
= = 0 and = 2 at t = 0.
dt dt
Sol. Taking the Laplace transforms of the given equations, we get
s2 . x − sx(0) − x′(0) − 3 x − 4 y = 0 or (s2 − 3) x − 4 y = 2 ...(1)
and x + s2 y − sy(0) − y′(0) + y = 0
or x + (s2 + 1) y = 0 ...(2)
Solving (1) and (2) for x and y , we get
2(s2 + 1) 1 1
x = 2 2
= 2
+
(s − 1) (s − 1) (s + 1)2

y =–
2
=−
1 1LM−
1
−
1
+
1 OP
and 2
(s − 1) 2
MN
2 s + 1 s − 1 (s + 1)2 (s − 1)2 PQ
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 687

Taking the inverse Laplace transforms of both sides, we get

LM 1 + 1 OP = te + te = 2t F e + e I or x = 2t cosh t t −t
x = L–1
MN (s − 1) (s + 1) PQ 2 GH 2 JK 2
t –t

y=– L M
1 L 1 − 1 − 1 + 1 OP = – 1 . (e – e – te + te )
−1
MN s + 1 s − 1 (s + 1) (s − 1) PQ 2
and –t t –t t
2 2 2

= (1 – t) S
|R e − e |UV = (1 – t) sinh t
t −t

T| 2 W|
Hence the solution is given by x = 2t cosh t and y = (1 – t) sinh t.
dx dy
78. Solve the simultaneous equations : – y = et ; + x = sin t, given that x(0) = 1, y(0) = 0.
dt dt
Sol. Taking the Laplace transforms of the given equations, we get
1 1
{ sx − x(0)} − y = i.e., sx − 1 − y =
s−1 s−1
1 s
sx − y = + 1= ...(1)
s−1 s−1
1 1
and { sy − y(0)} + x = or x + sy = ...(2)
s2 + 1 s2 + 1
Solving (1) and (2) for x and y , we get

s2 1 1 1
+ 2
sLM
+ 2
1
+ 2
1 OP
x=
(s − 1)(s + 1) 2
+ 2
(s + 1) 2
=
MN
2 s−1 s +1 s +1 (s + 1)2 PQ
y=
s
−
s
=
s
−
1 LM
1
−
s
+
1 OP
and 2
(s + 1) 2
(s − 1)(s + 1) 2 2
(s + 1) 2
MN
2 s − 1 s2 + 1 s2 + 1 PQ
Taking the inverse Laplace transforms of both sides, we get
1 −1 1 LM s 1 1 OP F I
x=
2
L + 2
MN + 2
s−1 s +1 s +1
+ L−1
(s + 1)2
2
PQ GH JK
1 1
= . {et + cos t + sin t} + (sin t – t cos t)
2 2

L–1
LM 1 OP = 1
∵
MN (s
2
+a )2 2
PQ 2a 2
(sin at – at cos at)

1 t
x= [e + cos t + 2 sin t – t cos t]
2
LM s OP − 1 L LM 1 −
−1 s
+
1 OP
y = L–1
MN (s2
+ 1) 2
PQ 2 MN s − 1 s 2
+1 s 2
+ 1 PQ

1 1 t LM∵ L−1
R|S s U|V = 1 t sin atOP
=
2
t sin t –
2
{e – cos t + sin t}
MN |T (s 2
+a ) 2 2
|W 2a PQ
1
= {t sin t – et + cos t – sin t}
2
688 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 t 1
Hence x=
(e + cos t + 2 sin t – t cos t) ; y = (t sin t – et + cos t – sin t)
2 2
is the required solution of the given equation.

d2x dy dx d 2 y
79. Solve the simultaneous equations : +5 − x = t, 2 − + 4y = 2, given that when t = 0,
dt 2 dt dt dt 2
dx dy
x = 0, y = 0, = 0, = 0.
dt dt
Sol. Let L{x(t)} = x (s), L{ y(t)} = y (s)
Taking Laplace transform of the given equations, we get
1
{ s2 x − x(0) − x′ (0)} + 5{ sy − y(0)} − x =
s2
2
and 2 { sx − x(0)} − { s2 y − y(0) − y′(0)} + 4 y =
s
Using the given initial conditions, these equations reduce to
1 2
(s2 – 1) x + 5sy = ...(1) and 2 sx − (s2 − 4) y = ...(2)
s2 s
Eliminating y between (1) and (2), we have

s2 − 4
{(s2 – 1)(s2 – 4) + 10s2} x = + 10
s2

11s2 − 4 1 5 4
∴ x= =− 2
+ 2
− 2
2 2 2 s s +1 s +4
s (s + 1)(s + 4)
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get
x = – t + 5 sin t – 2 sin 2t ...(3)
Again eliminating x between (1) and (2), we have
2 2( s2 − 1)
{10s2 + (s2 – 1) (s2 – 4)} y = −
s s
4 − 2 s2 1 2s s
∴ y= or y= − +
2
s(s + 1)(s + 4) 2 s s2 + 1 s 2 + 4
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get
y = 1 – 2 cos t + cos 2t
Hence the desired solution of the given simultaneous equations is
x = − t + 5 sin t − 2 sin 2t UV
y = 1 − 2 cos t + cos 2t. .
W
dx dy
80. Use Laplace transform to solve the simultaneous equations + y = sin t, + x = cos t, given that
dt dt
x = 2, y = 0 at t = 0.
Sol. Taking Laplace transform of the given equations, we get
1 1
sx − x(0) + y = 2 ⇒ sx + y = +2 ...(1)
s +1 s2 + 1
s s
and sy − y(0) + x = 2 ⇒ x + sy = ...(2)
s +1 s2 + 1
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 689

Solving (1) and (2) for x and y , we get

2s 1 2
x= ,y= +
s2 − 1 1 + s2 1 − s2
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ x= + ,y= + −
s+1 s−1 1 + s2 s + 1 s − 1
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get
x = e–t + et, y = sin t + e–t – et which is the desired solution.
81. The co-ordinates (x, y) of a particle moving along a plane curve at any time t are given by
dy dx
+ 2x = sin 2t, – 2y = cos 2t ; (t > 0).
dt dt
It is given that at t = 0, x = 1 and y = 0.
Show using Laplace transforms that the particle moves along the curve 4x2 + 4xy + 5y2 = 4.
Sol. The given equations are
dy dx
+ 2x = sin 2t ...(1) – 2y = cos 2t ...(2)
dt dt
Above equations may be rewritten as
d
2x + Dy = sin 2t or Dx – 2y = cos 2t, where D =
dt
Taking Laplace transform of equation (1) on both sides, we get
2
2 x + sy − y(0) = , where x = L ( x), y = L( y)
s2 + 4
2
⇒ 2x + s y = 2 ...(3)
s +4
Again taking Laplace transform of equation (2) on both sides, we get
s s
sx − x(0) − 2 y = ⇒ +1 sx − 2 y = ...(4)
s2 + 4 s +4 2

Multiplying equation (3) by 2 and equation (4) by s and then adding, we get
4 s2 1+ s 1 s
4 x + s2 x = 2
+ 2 + s = 1 + s or x= = +
s +4 s +4 4 + s2 4 + s2 4 + s2
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get
1
x= sin 2t + cos 2t ...(5)
2
Similarly, we solve equations (3) and (4) to obtain y as follows :
Multiplying equation (3) by s and equation (4) by 2 and then subtracting equation (4) from
equation (3), we get
2s 2s −2
s2 y + 4 y = − −2 or y=
s2 + 4 s2 + 4 s2 + 4
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get
y = – sin 2t ...(6)
LM 1 sin 2
2t + cos2 2t + sin 2t cos 2t
OP
Now, 4x2 = 4
N4 Q
5y2 = 5 sin2 2t
690 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LMFG 1 sin 2t + cos 2tIJ (− sin 2t)OP

4xy = 4
NH 2 K Q
or 4xy = – (2 sin2 2t + 4 sin 2t cos 2t)
∴ 4x + 5y + 4xy = 4 sin2 2t + 4 cos2 2t or 4x2 + 5y2 + 4xy = 4.
2 2

This shows the particle moves along this curve since the co-ordinates (x, y) given by equations
(5) and (6) satisfy the curve.
82. Solve y″ + ty′ – y(t) = 0 if y(0) = 0 and y′(0) = 1.
Sol. Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the given equation, we get
L(y″) + L(ty′) – L(y) = L(0)
d d
or { s2 y − sy(0) − y′ (0)} − L( y′ ) − y′ = 0 ⇒ s2 y − 1 − { sy − y(0)} − y = 0
ds ds
d dy 2
⇒ s2 y − 1 − (sy) − y = 0 ⇒ –s + (s − 2) y = 1
ds ds
dy 2 FG 1 IJ
ds
+
s H
−s y=−
s K
dy
This is a linear differential equation of the type + Py = Q, where P and Q are functions of x
dx
(or s) alone.

I.F. = e s
z FGH
= s2 . e − s
2
− s ds
IJ
K 2
/2

Solution of the differential equation is

y s2 e − s
2
/2
=
z FGH −
s
IJ
1 2 − s2 / 2
K
s e

2
+C = −
z se− s
2
/2
ds + C

= C + e− s /2 , where C is a constant.
C must vanish if y is a transform since y → 0 as s → ∞.

1 FG 1 IJ = t
∴ y =
s2
or y = L–1
Hs K
2

Hence y = t is the desired solution.

dx dy
83. Solve the simultaneous equations + 5x – 2y = t, + 2x + y = 0, given that x = y = 0, when t = 0,
dt dt
by the Laplace transform method.
Sol. Taking the Laplace transform of the given equations, we get
1 1
[ sx − x(0)] + 5 x − 2 y = i.e., (s + 5) x − 2 y = ...(1)
s2 s2
and sy − y(0) + 2 x + 2 y = 0 i.e., 2 x + (s + 1) y = 0 ...(2)
Solving (1) and (2) for x ,
s+1 1 1 1 2
x = 2 2 = + 2 − −
s (s + 3) 27 s 9 s 27( s + 3) 9( s + 3)2
Substituting the value of x in (2), we get
2 4 2 4 2
y =– or y= − − −
s2 (s + 3)2 27 s 9 s2 27( s + 3) 9( s + 3)2
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 691

On taking inverse Laplace transform, we get

1 t 1 −3t 2 −3t 4 2t 4 −3t 2 −3t
x= + − e − te , y = − − e − te
27 9 27 9 27 9 27 9
which is the desired solution of the given simultaneous differential equations.
dx dy
84. Solve the equations: – 6x + 3y = 8et, – 2x – y = 4et given that x(0) = – 1, y(0) = 0, by Laplace
dt dt
transformation. (M.D.U. May, 2009)
dx
Sol. – 6x + 3y = 8et ...(1)
dt
dy
– 2x – y = 4et ...(2)
dt
x(0) = – 1, y(0) = 0.
(D – 6)x + 3y = 8et UV
(D – 1)y – 2x = 4et W ...(3)
Eliminating y in (3),
(D – 6) (D – 1)x + 3(D – 1)y = 8(D – 1)et or 3(D – 1)y – 6x = 12 et
⇒ (D – 6)(D – 1)x + 6x = 8(D – 1)et – 12et or [(D – 6)(D – 1) + 6]x = 8(D – 1)et – 12et
(D2 – 7D + 12)x = – 12et
Its A.E. is D2 – 7D + 12 = 0 ⇒ D = 4, 3
C.F. = C1e–4t + C2e–3t
− 12 et − 12et
P.I. = = = – 2et
2 1 − 7 + 12
D − 7D + 12
∴ x = C1e–4t + C2e–3t – 2et
dx
= – 4 C1e–4t – 3C2e–3t – 2et
dt
dx
Putting the values of x and in equation (1)
dt
(– 4C1e–4t – 3C2e–3t – 2et) – 6 (C1e–4t + C2e–3t – 2et) + 3y = 8et
or – 10 C1e–4t – 9C2e–3t + 10et – 8et = – 3y
10 2 t
or y= C1e–4t + 3C2e–3t – e.
3 3
2 2 2
85. Solve by transform method, the simultaneous differential equations D x + 3x – 2y = 0, D x + D y
– 3x + 5y = 0 Given x = 0, y = 0, Dx = 3, Dy = 2 when t = 0.
Sol. Taking Laplace transform of both the equations, we get

[ s2 x − sx(0) − x′(0)] + 3 x − 2 y = 0
i.e., (s2 + 3) x − 2 y = 3 ...(1)
2 2
and [ s x − s x(0) − x′(0)] + [ s y − sy(0) − y′(0)] − 3 x + 5 y = 0
i.e., (s2 – 3) x + (s2 + 5) y = 5 ...(2)
Solving (1) and (2) for x and y , we get
3s2 + 25 11 1 1 1 2 s2 + 24 11 1 3 1
x = 2 2
= . + . and y = = . + .
(s + 1)(s + 9) 4 s2 + 1 4 s2 + 9 2
(s + 1)(s + 9)2 4 s2 + 1 4 s2 + 9
692 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

On taking inverse Laplace transform, we get

11 1 11 1
x= sin t + sin 3t and y = sin t − sin 3t
4 12 4 4
which is the desired solution.

d2 y dy dy
86. Solve the equation : t 2
+ + 4ty = 0 given that y = 3 and = 0 when t = 0.
dt dt dt
Sol. Taking Laplace transform on both sides of the given equation, we have
L(ty″) + L(y′) + 4L(ty) = L(0)
d d
⇒ – . L(y″) + L(y′) – 4 . L(y) = 0
ds ds
d dy
⇒ – { s2 y − sy(0) − y′(0)} + { sy − y(0)} − 4 =0
ds ds
dy
⇒ (s2 + 4) + sy = 0
ds
dy sds
Separating the variables, we have + 2 =0
y s +4
1 C
On integration, we get log y + log (s2 + 4) = log C ⇒ y=
2 2
s +4
Taking inverse Laplace transform
R| U| R| U|
y = C.L–1 S| 1
+ 4 |W
V or L–1 S| 1
V=J (t),
T T + 1 |W
0
s2 s2
called Bessel function of order zero.
t2 t4 t6
J0(t) = 1 – 2
+ 2 2
− + ......
2 2 .4 2 . 4 2 . 62
2

∴ y = C J0(2t)
Since y(0) = 3, from above y(0) = C. J0 (0) = C, ∴ C = 3
Hence the required solution is y = 3 . J0 (2t).
87. Using Laplace transform, solve the differential equation y″ + 2t y′ – y = t, when y(0) = 0 and y′(0)
= 1.
Sol. Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get
L(y″) + 2L(ty′) – L(y) = L(t) ...(1)

s2 y − sy(0) − y′ (0) + 2 −
d LM 1
L ( y ′) − y = 2
OP
⇒
ds N s Q
d 1
⇒ s2 y − 1 − 2 . { sy − y(0)} − y = 2
ds s
dy FG 1 IJ
⇒ s2 y − 1 − 2 . s
ds H
+ y − y= 2
s K
dy 1
– 2s + y (s2 − 3) = 2 + 1
ds s
dy 3 − s2 F I y=− 1 1
⇒
ds
+
2s GH JK 2s 3
−
2s
...(2)
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 693

This is a linear differential equation of order 1 in y and s.

F I
I.F. = e
1
2 z FGH 3
s
− s ds
IJ
K = e
1
2 GH
3 log s −
s2
2 JK − (s /4) 3 / 2
=e
2
.s

z FGH
Solution to equation (2) is

y . e− s
2
/4
. s3 / 2 = −
1
2 z FGH 1
3
s
+
s
IJ
1 3 / 2 − s2 /4
s .e
K ds = –
1
2
s+
s
1
3/ 2
IJ e
K
− s2 /4
ds

dt
Put s2 = 4t ⇒ s = 2 t , ds =
t

R.H.S. integral
−1
2 z FGH s+
1
s3 / 2
IJ e
K
− s2 /4
. ds

=
−1
2 z FGH 2 t 1/4 +
1
2 2
IJ
t −3 / 4 e − t .
K
dt
t
=−
1
2 z FGH t − 1/ 4 +
1 −5 / 4 − t
4
t e . dt
IJ
K
=–
1 LMt
2 MN
−1/4
.
e− t
(− 1)
+
z − 1 −5 / 4 − t
4
.t . e dt +
1
4 z t −5 / 4 . e− t dt
OP
PQ
Fs I
1
−
2
1 1 4 1
− s2 / 4
GH 4 JK
2
−t −1/4
= e .t = e = e( − s / 4)
2 2 s
2 1 2
1
⇒ y . e− s /4
. s3 / 2 = e− ( s / 4)
⇒ y= + C, where C is a constant.
s s2
C must vanish if y is a transform since y → 0 as s → ∞.

1
∴ y=
s2

FG 1 IJ = t,
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get y = L–1
Hs K2
which is the required solution.

dx dy d2x dy
88. Solve the simultaneous equations − – 2x + 2y = 1 – 2t, +2 + x = 0 . Given that
dt dt dt 2 dt
dx
x = 0, y = 0, = 0 when t = 0, by using Laplace transforms. (M.D.U., 2005)
dt
dx dy
Sol. − – 2x + 2y = 1 – 2t ...(1)
dt dt
dy d2 x
+x=0 2
+2 ...(2)
dt dt
Taking Laplace transform on both sides of equation (1), we get
1 2
(sx − x(0)) − [ sy − y(0)] − 2 x + 2 y = −
s s2
s−2
sx − sy − 2 x + 2 y =
s2
s−2 1 1
(s − 2) x − y (s − 2) = 2
⇒ x− y= or y=x−
s s 2
s2
694 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Taking Laplace transform of both sides of equation (2), we get

[ s2 x − sx(0) − x′ (0)] + 2[ sy − y(0)] + x = 0

⇒ s2 x + 2sy + x = 0 or (s2 + 1) x + 2s y = 0
1
Putting the value of y , y = x − , we get
s2
FG 1 IJ = 0 2 2
(s2 + 1) x + 2s x −
H s2 K or (s2 + 2s + 1) x =
s
or x=
s( s + 1)2
Taking inverse Laplace transform
LM 2 OP
x = L–1
MN s(s + 1) PQ
2

LM 2 − 2 − 2 OP
x = L–1
MN s s + 1 (s + 1) PQ 2 or x = 2 – 2.e–t – 2t . e–t

⇒ x = 2(1 – e–t – te–t)

1 2 1
Now y=x− or y= 2
−
s 2 s(s + 1) s2
Taking inverse Laplace transform of this equation

LM 2 OP − L FG 1 IJ = 2(1 – e
−1
y = L–1
MN s(s + 1) PQ H s K
–t – te–t) – t
2 2

or y = 2(1 – e–t) – t(1 + 2e–t)

Hence the solution of the given simultaneous equations is
x = 2(1 – e–t – te–t)
y = 2(1 – e–t) – t(1 + 2e–t).
d2x d2 y
89. By using Laplace transform, solve the equation + y = − 5 cos 2t , + x = 5 cos 2t , where
dt 2 dt 2
x(0) = x′ (0) = y′ (0) = 1, y(0) = – 1. (M.D.U., 2005)

d2 y
Sol. Taking Laplace transform of both sides of the equation + x = 5 cos 2t, we have
dt 2
s
[ s2 y − sy(0) − y′ (0)] + x = 5 .
s2 + 4
5s
s2 y + s − 1 + x = 2
...(1)
s +4

d2 x
Now, + y = – 5 cos 2t
dt2
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get
− 5s
[ s2 x − sx(0) − x′ (0)] + y =
s2 + 4
s
or s2 x – s – 1 + y = – 5 . 2 . ...(2)
s +4
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 695

To eliminate y from (1) and (2), we multiply equation (2) by s2 and subtract from equation (1) and
we have
5s + 5s3
s2 y + s – 1 + x – s4 x + s2(s + 1) – s2 y =
s2 + 4
5s + 5s3
(1 – s4) x + s – 1 + s2 + s3 =
s2 + 4
5s + 5s3
(1 – s4) x = – s + 1 –s2 – s3
s2 + 4
5s(1 + s2 )
or (1 – s4) x = + (1 – s2) – s(1 + s2)
(s2 + 4)
5s(1 + s2 ) 1 − s2 s(1 + s2 ) 5s 1 s
⇒ x = 4 2
+ 4
− = + −
(1 − s )(s + 4) 1− s 1 − s4 (1 − s2 )( s2 + 4) 1 + s2 1 − s2

5s s 1 5s − s(s2 + 4) 1
= − + = +
2 2
(1 − s )( s + 4) 1− s 2
1+ s 2
(1 − s2 )(s2 + 4) 1 + s2
s 1
⇒ x = +
s2 + 4 1 + s2
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get
F s I +L F 1 I
x = L–1 GH s
2 J GH 1 + s JK
+ 4K
−1
2
or x = cos 2t + sin t

2
To eliminate x from equations (1) and (2), we multiply equation (1) with s and subtract equa-
tion (2) from the same. Thus, we get
5s(1 + s2 )
(s4 – 1) y = + s2 – 1 – s(1 + s2)
s2 + 4
15s s s 1
or y = + − ⇒ y =– 2 +
( s2 − 1)( s2 + 4) s2 + 1 s2 − 1 s + 4 s2 + 1
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we have
y = – cos 2t + sin t.
Hence the solution of the given simultaneous differential equations is given by
x = sin t + cos 2t
y = sin t − cos 2t .
90. Discuss and describe some other useful functions and how to find their Laplace transforms.
(M.D.U. May, 2009)
Sol. 1. Unit Step Function or Heaviside’s Unit Function
Definition : The unit step function u(t – a) is defined as
RS 0 , for t < a
T
u(t – a) = 1 , for t ≥ a , where a ≥ 0

R0 , for t < 0
As a particular case, u(t) = S1 , for t ≥ 0
T
R 0 , for t < 0
The product, f(t) . u(t – a) = S f (t) , for t ≥ 0
T
1 − as
L {u(t – a)} = e
s
696 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1
In particular, L{u(t)} =
s
If L {f(t)} = f ( s), then L {f(t – a) . u (t – a)} = e–as. f ( s)
If a = 0, L {f(t) . u(t)} = f ( s) = L{f(t)}.
Example. Find the Laplace transform of (t – 1)2 . u(t – 1).
Sol. Comparing with f(t – a) u(t – a), we have a = 1 and f(t) = t2
2
∴ f ( s) = L{f(t)} = L(t2) = 3
s
2 e− s
∴ L {(t – 1)2 u(t – 1)} = e–s . f ( s) =
.
s3
2. Unit Impulse Function or Dirac-delta Function
R|0 , for t < a
δ ε (t – a) = S , for a ≤ t ≤ a + ε
1
|T0ε , for t > a
As ε → 0, the function δε (t – a) tends to be infinite at x = a and zero elsewhere, with the charac-
teristic property that its integral across t = a is unity. If δε(t – a) represents a force acting for a
short duration ε at time t = a, then the integral.

Lt
ε→0 za
a+ε
δε (t − a) dt = 1, represents unit impulse at t = a. Hence the limiting form of δε (t – a) as

ε → 0 is expressed as unit impulse function denoted by δ(t – a).

Thus, the unit impulse function δ(t – a) is defined as follows :
RS∞ , for t = a
δ(t – a) =
T0, for t ≠ a

Such that,
z0
∞
δ(t − a) dt = 1 .

z
Laplace transform of unit Impulse function
∞
L {δ(t – a)} = e− st δ(t − a) dt = e− sa .
0
L (δ(t)) = 1.
3. Periodic Functions

z
If f(t) is a periodic function with period
1 T
T, i.e., f(t + T) = f(t), then L {f(t)} = e− st f (t) dt .
1 − e− sT 0
4. The Error Function

The error function denoted by erf t is defined as erf t =

Note. Lim erf x = 0 and lim erf x = 1.

2
π z0
t 2
e − η dη

x→0 x→∞

L(erf t ) = L
LM 2
MN π z 0
t 2
e− η dη = L
OP
PQ
LM 2
MN π z
0
t F1 − η
GH 2
+
η4
2!
I
JK
− ... dη
OP
PQ
L 2 |R LM Γ FG 3 IJ Γ FG 5 IJ OP
=LM
t3 / 2 |UVOP = M H 2 K − H 2 K + ...P
MN π ST|
1 2
. t5 / 2 − ...
t −
3
+
5.2 ! W|PQ M
π s
MN
3/ 2
3s 5/ 2
PP
Q
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 697

1 1 1 1.3 1
= − . + . − ...
s3 / 2 2 s5 / 2 2.4 s7 / 2
1 LM1 − 1 . 1 + 1.3 . 1 OP 1 FG 1 + 1IJ −1/2
1
=
s 3/ 2
N 2 s 2.4 2
s
− ... =
Q 3/ 2
s H sK =
s s+1
1 1 2
Also, L(erf 2 t ) = . =
4 s s s s+4
+1
4 4
d LM
2
= 2
3s + 8 OP
and L(t erf 2 t ) = –
MN
ds s s + 4 s ( s + 4)3 / 2 PQ
5. The Bessel Function (M.D.U., 2005; U.P., June, 2006, 2009; A.U.U.P., 2008)
Bessel function of order n is given by

xn LM1 − x + x 2 OP 4 ∞
(− 1) r x FG IJ n+ 2r

Γ (n + 1) MN 2 . (2n + 2) 2.4(2n + 2)(2n + 4) PQ ∑ H K

Jn(x) = n =
2 r ! Γ (n + r + 1) 2
r=0
Bessel function of order zero is given by
x2 x4 x6
J0(x) = 1 – 2
+ 2 2
− + ...
2 2 .4 2 . 4 2 . 62
2

t2 t4 t6
J0(t) = 1 – + − + ...
22 22 . 4 2 22 . 4 2 . 6 2
1 1 2! 1 4!
L {J0(t)} = − 2 . 3 + 2 2 . 5 − ...
s 2 s 2 .4 s

1 LM
1 1 1. 3 FG IJ FG 1 IJ − 1 . 3 . 5 FG 1 IJ + ...OP = 1 LMFG 1 + 1 IJ −1/ 2 OP = 1
=
s
1− . 2 +
N
2 s 2.4 H K H s K 2 . 4 . 6 H s K Q s MNH s K
4 6 2
PQ 2
s +1
By the recurrence relation, J0′(t) = – J1(t), where J1(t) is the Bessel function of order one.
6. The Exponential Integral Function
The exponential integral is defined as

7. Laguerre Polynomial
Ei(t) = z t
∞ e− u
u
. du or L {Ei (t)} =
1
s
log (s + 1)

ex dn
This polynomial is defined as Ln(x) = . (e–x . xn)
n ! dx n

(s − 1) n
Laplace transform of Ln (t) i.e., L {Ln(t)} = ; s > 1 and n is a positive integer.
sn + 1
8. The Sine Integral

9. The Cosine Integral

Si(t) = z 0
t sin y
y
dy

Ci(t) = z 0
∞ cos u
u
du, L {Ci(t)} =
1
2s
log (s2 + 1)
698 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

10. The Complementary Error Function

This is defined as erfc (t) = 1 – erf t =

2
π z
t

1
∞

1
e−u . du
2

L(erfc t ) = L [1 – erf t ] = L(1) – L {erf t } = − .

s s s+1
91. Express the following function in terms of unit step function and find its Laplace transform.
(M.D.U., May, 2009; U.P.T.U, 2007)
R| 0, 0<t<1
Sol. Here, f(t) = S| t − 1, 1< t < 2
T 1, t>2
or f(t) = (t – 1) {u(t – 1) – u(t – 2)} + u(t – 2) = (t – 1) u(t – 1) – (t – 2) u(t – 2)
If L {f(t)} = f (s) then L {f(t – a) u(t – a)} = e–as f (s)
1
Here, L {f(t)} = L(t) =
s2
1 1
∴ L {(t – 1) u(t – 1)} = e–s . and L {(t – 2) u (t – 2)} = e–2s .
s2 s2
e− s − e−2 s
Hence, L {(t – 1) u(t – 1) – (t – 2) u(t – 2)} = .
s2
92. Find the Laplace transform of the function e–t {1 – u(t – 2)}.
Sol. Expressing e–t as a function of t – 2, we have
e–t = e–{t – 2 + 2} = e–2 . e–(t – 2)
∴ e . u (t – 2) = e–2 . e–(t – 2) . u(t – 2)
–t

Comparing e – 2) u(t – 2) with F(t – a)u(t – a), we get a = 2 and F(t) = e–t
–(t

1
∴ f(s) = = L {F(t)}
s+1
1
∴ L [e–t . u(t – 2)] = e–2 . e–2s .
s+1
1 1 1 − e−2(1 + s)
∴ L[e–t {1 – u(t – 2)}] = – e–2 . e–2s . = .
s+1 s+1 (s + 1)

t − 1, 1 < t < 2 RS
93. Find Laplace transform of the function F(t) = 3 − t, 2 < t < 3 .
T (U.P.T.U., 2009)

Sol. F(t) = (t – 1) {u(t – 1) – u(t – 2)} + (3 – t) {u(t – 2) – u(t – 3)}

= (t – 3) u(t – 3) – 2(t – 2) u(t – 2) + (t – 1) u(t – 1)
Hence, L {F(t)} = L {(t – 3) u(t – 3)} – 2L {(t – 2) u(t – 2)} + L {(t – 1) u(t – 1)}
e−3s 2e−2 s e− s e− s (1 − e− s )2
= − + = .
s 2
s2
s 2
s2

RSt ,
2
0<t≤2
94. Express the function f(t) =
T 4t, t>2
in terms of unit step function and obtain the Laplace

transform.
Sol. In terms of unit-step function,
f(t) = t2 {u(t) – u(t – 2)} + 4t . u(t – 2) = t2 u(t) + (4t – t2) u(t – 2)
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 699

∴ L {f(t)} = L {t2 u(t)} + L [{4 – (t – 2)2} u(t – 2)]

2
+ e−2 s L(4 − t 2 ) =
2
+ e−2 s .
FG 4 − 2 IJ = 2(1 − e −2 s
) 4. e−2s
s3
=–
s3 Hs s K 3
s 3
+
s
.

95. Find the Laplace transform of the following periodic functions :

t πt FG IJ
(i) f(t) =
T
, for 0 < t < T (saw-tooth wave of period T) (ii) f(t) = sin
a
for 0 < t < a (Rectified
H K
sine wave of period a).

Sol. (i) Here, L {f(t)} =

1− e
1
− sT z0
T
e− st f (t) dt

=
1 − e− sT
1
z0
T
e− st .
t
T
dt =
1
T(1 − e− sT )
LMF te I − st

MNGH − s JK
T

0
−
z T

0
1.
e− st
−s
. dt
OP
PQ
1 LM− e − sT
+
1 − e − sT OP 1 − e − sT
=
1− e − sT
MN s 2
s .T PQ = s T s(1 − e
2 − sT
)
.

(ii) L {f(t)} =
1− e
1
− as z
FG πt IJ dt
H aK
0
a
e− st sin

LM OP a

Let I=
z0
a
F πt I
e . sin G J dt = M
− st

N a
F
H a K MM s + π GH − s sin a − a cos a JK PP
e πt π πt I P
2
Q
− st
2
2
0

LM OP LM OP
= MM
e F
G π I
J PP − MM
− as
1 F
G π I
− J P = (1 + e ) aπ
− as

H K H K
MN s + πa PQ MN s + πa a PPQ a s + π
a 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2

(1 + e− as ) aπ ( eas / 2 + e− as / 2 ) . (aπ)
∴ L {f(t)} = =
(1 − e− as )(a2 s2 + π 2 ) (eas / 2 − e− as / 2 )(a2 s2 + π 2 )
F aπ I coth as .
= GH a s + π JK
2 2
2 2

96. Find the Laplace transform of the triangular wave function of period 2c given by
RS t , 0<t≤c
f(t) =
T 2c − t, c < t < 2c
(M.D.U. May 2009, Uttarakhand, June 2007)

Sol. L {f(t)} =
1− e
1
−2 cs z0
2c
e− st f (t) dt =
1− e
1
−2 cs
LM
N z
0
c
e − st . t dt + zc
2c
e − st . (2c − t) dt
OP
Q
LMR|− ce − e + 1 U| + R| e + ce − e U|OP
− cs − cs −2 cs − cs − cs

MNS|T s s s V|W S|T s V

1
s |WPQ
= −2 cs 2 2 2 2
1− e s

1 F 1 − 2e + e I = 1 |R (1 − e ) |U = 1 . 1 − e
− cs −2 cs − cs 2 − cs
=
1− e
GH
−2 cs
s
JK s ST| (1 + e )(1 − e ) VW| s 1 + e
2 2 − cs − cs 2 − cs

1 F cs I
tanh G J .
=
s 2 H 2K
700 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

97. Find the Laplace transform of the rectified semi-wave function defined by
R| sin wt, 0<t<
π
f(t) = S
w
|T 0 , π
w
<t<
2π
w
.

2π
Sol. Here, f(t) is a periodic function with period
w

∴ L {f(t)} =
1−
−
e w
1
2 πs z0
2π / w
e− st . f (t) dt =
1−
1
−2 πs
e w
LM
N z
0
π/w
e− st sin wt dt +
z 2π / w

π/w
e− st . 0 . dt
OP
Q
=
1 LM e − st
(− s sin wt − w cos wt) OP π/w

1− e
− 2 πs
w
MN s2 + w2 PQ 0

− πs
we w +w w
=
F − πs IF − πs I =
F − πs I .
GG 1 − e w JJ GG 1 + e w JJ (s 2
+w )2 GG 1 − e w JJ 2
(s + w ) 2

H KH K H K
98. Find the Laplace transform of the square-wave function of period a defined as :
R| 1, 0≤t≤
a
f(t) = S 2.
|T− 1, a
2
<t<a

Sol. L {f(t)} =
1− e
1
− as z a

0
e− st . f (t) dt =
1− e
1
− as
LM
N z
0
a/2
e− st 1 . dt +
z a/2
a
e− st (− 1) dt
OP
Q
1
LMF e I − st
a/2
F e I OP− st
a

MNGH − s JK +G J 1
=
1 − e− as 0
s P
H K Q s(1 − e =
a/2
− as
)
[1 − e− as / 2 + e− as − e− as / 2 ]

1 F1− e I − as / 2
] = G JK
1
[1 − e− as / 2 2
s H1+ e
= − as − as / 2
s(1 − e )

F
1 eas / 4 − e− as / 4 I = 1 tanh FG as IJ
= . GH
s eas / 4 + e− as / 4 JK s H 4 K .
99. A condenser of capacity C is charged to potential E and discharged at t = 0 through an inductive
CE −µt
resistance L, R. Show that the charge q at time t is given by q = e (µ sin nt + n cos nt), where
n
F1 −R I 2
µ=
R
2L
and n2 = GH LC 4L JK > 0. 2

Sol. Let q be the charge and i be the current in the circuit at time t then the potential difference
di q
across the inductance L, resistance R and capacitance C are respectively L , Ri and .
dt C
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 701

When discharging, the applied potential is zero,

di q d2q dq q FG∵ dq IJ
∴ L
dt
+ Ri +
C
=0 ⇒ L
dt 2
+R +
dt C
=0 ...(1)
H i=
dt K
The initial conditions are q = EC and i = 0 when t = 0.
Hence Laplace transform of (1) is
FG R IJ
FG Ls 2 1 IJ EC s +
H L K EC (s + 2µ)
H + Rs +
C K
q = (Ls + R) EC ⇒ q =
F RI 1 = s
+G J s+
2
+ 2µ s + µ 2 + n 2
H L K LC
2
s

Now, taking inverse Laplace transform, we get

LM s + µ +
µ OP
q = EC
MN (s + µ) + n
2 2 2
( s + µ) + n 2
PQ
e−µt
or q = EC . (n cos nt + µ sin nt).
n
100. In an electrical circuit with e.m.f. E(t), resistance R and inductance L, the current i builds up at
di
the rate given by L + Ri = E(t). If the switch is connected at t = 0 and disconnected at t = a, find
dt
the current i at any instant. [U.P.T.U., (C.O.) 2005]
E, for 0 < t < a RS
Sol. Here, i = 0 at t = 0 and E(t) = 0, for t>a T
Taking Laplace transform of both sides of the given equation, we have

L [s i – i(0)] + R i = z
0
∞
e− st E(t) dt

or (Ls + R)i =
z
0
a
e− st E dt =

Taking inverse Laplace transform of both sides, we have

E
s
(1 – e–as) ⇒ i=
E
−
E . e− as
s(Ls + R) s(Ls + R)

FG E IJ − L |RS E . e |UV −1
− as

H s(Ls + R) K |T s(Ls + R) |W
i = L–1 ...(1)

L S
R E UV = L |RSE . 1 FG 1 − L IJ |UV
−1
T s(Ls + R) W |T R H s Ls + R K |W
Now –1

E L
= ML FGH 1s IJK − L |RS|FGH s + 1R/L IJK |UV|OPP = RE (1 – e
R NM
−1 −1 –Rt/L)
T WQ
|R E . e |U E [1 – e
L S s(Ls + R) V =
− as
and
|T
–1
|W R ] u(t – a) –R(t–a)/L

E E
∴ From (1), we have i= (1 – e–Rt/L) – [1 – e–R(t–a)/L] u(t – a)
R R
E E –Rt/L
Hence, for 0 < t < a, i= (1 – e–Rt/L) and for t > a, i= e . (eRa/L – 1).
R R
702 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

101. An impulsive voltage E δ(t) is applied to a circuit consisting of L, R, C in series with zero initial
conditions. If I be the current at any subsequent time t, find the limit of I as t → 0 and justify your
result.
dI q dq
Sol. The equation for the circuit is L + RI + = E.δ(t) ; = I, with zero initial conditions.
dt C dt
q
Laplace transform of these equations are (Ls + R) I + = E, qs = I
C
FG Ls 2 1IJ FG s2 +
Rs 1 IJ E
Multiplying by s,
H + Rs +
C K
I = Es or
H L
+
LC K
I= .s
L
E R 1
(s2 + 2ms + m2 + n2) I = s, where = 2m, = m2 + n2
L L LC
LM
E (s + m) − m OP E FG m
sin nt e− mt
IJ
This gives, I=
MN
L (s + m)2 + n2 PQ so that, I =
L H
. cos nt −
n K
E
We see that I → , where t → 0.
L
Even though the initial current is zero, a large current will develop instantaneously in the circuit
due to the impulsive voltage applied at t = 0. It will be the limit of this current which we have
found above.
102. A particle of mass m can perform small oscillations about a position of equilibrium under a restor-
2
ing force mn times the displacement. It is started from rest by a constant force F which acts for a
2F nT
time t and then ceases. Show that the amplitude of subsequent oscillation is sin .
mn 2 2
Sol. The force F acting for 0 < t < T, and ceasing afterwards can be represented by F {1 – u(t – T)}
Hence the equation of motion of mass m is
d2 x d2 x F
m = – mn2x + F{1 – u(t – T)} or + n2x = {1 – u(t – T)}
dt 2 dt 2 m
F
Its Laplace transform is (s2 + n2) x = (1 − e− sT )
ms
∵ The initial displacement and velocity are zero.
F(1 − e− sT ) F 1 F1 − s I
⇒ x=
ms(s2 + n2 )
⇒ x=
m
(1 − e− sT ) . 2
n
GH s s
2
+n 2 JK
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get
F
x= [(1 – cos nt) – {1 – cos n(t – T)} u(t – T)]
mn2

F
= (1 – cos nt), for 0 < t < T
mn2

F
and for t > T, x= [(1 – cos nt) – {1 – cos n(t – T)}]
mn2

F F nT FG
T IJ
=
mn2
[cos n(t – T) – cos nt] =
mn2
. 2 sin
2
. sin n t −
2H K
FG 2F IJ sin nT .
∴ Amplitude of oscillation is
H mn K 2 2
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 703

103. A body falls from rest in a liquid whose density is one fourth that of the body. If the liquid offers
resistance proportional to the velocity and the velocity approaches a limiting value of 9 metres/sec.,
find the distance fallen in 5 seconds.
Sol. The equation of motion of the body is
dv 1 dv 3
m = mg – mg – mkv ⇒ + kv = g ...(1)
dt 4 dt 4
The initial conditions are v = 0 when t = 0
Taking Laplace transform of equation (1) on both sides, we get
3 g 3g 1 1 FG IJ
sv + kv =
4 s
. or v =
4 k s
−
s + k H K
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
3g
∴ v= (1 – e–kt) ...(2)
4k
3g
When s → ∞, v →
4k
But limiting velocity is given to be = 9 m/sec
3g g
∴ = 9 or k =
4k 12
∴ Equation (2) becomes
dx
v or = 9(1 – e–kt) ...(3) and the initial condition is x = 0 when t = 0
dt
Taking Laplace transform of (3), we get
LM 1 − 1 OP
sx =9
N s s + kQ
L 1 − 1 OP LM 1 − 1 F 1 − 1 I OP
i.e., x=9M
N s s (s + k) Q
2
⇒ x=9
MN s k GH s s + k JK PQ
2

Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get

LM F 1 − e − kt I OP LM 12(1 − e− gt / 12 ) OP
x=9 t−
MN GH k JK PQ ⇒ x=9 t −
MN g PQ
Putting t = 5 sec , g = 9.8 m/sec2, the distance travelled in 5 sec is given by

x= 9 5−
LM 12(1 − e−49 / 12 ) OP ⇒ x = 34.17 metres.
MN 9.8 PQ
104. Discuss application of Laplace transforms to deflection of beams. Assuming that the deflection of
d4 y
a beam loaded by a weight w(x) per unit length is given by EI = w(x), obtain the deflection of
dx 4
a beam, clamped horizontally at one end and free at the other, carrying a uniform load P per unit
length.
Sol. Suppose a beam is kept along x-axis and its ends are x = 0, x = l. Suppose the beam suffers a
transverse deflection y(x) which is produced by applying a vertical load w(x) per unit length. The
d4 y
w( x)
deflection is given by = , 0 < x < l, where E is Young’s modulus of elasticity for the beam
dx4 EI
and I is the moment of inertia of a cross-section of the beam about x-axis.
704 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Following are the boundary conditions

(i) If beam is hinged or simply supported ends, then y = y″ = 0
(ii) If beam is clamped or built in or fixed end, then y = y′ = 0
(iii) If the beam has free end, then y″ = y′″ = 0
d4 y P
In the given problem, the equation is 4
= ...(1)
dx EI
Taking Laplace transform, we get
P 1
s4 y – s3y(0) – s2y′(0) – sy″(0) – y′″(0) = .
EI s
a
or s4 y – s3y(0) – s2y′(0) – sy″(0) – y′″(0) = ...(2)
s
P
where, a = (say).
EI
Boundary conditions are y(0) = 0 = y′(0) ...(3)
y″(l) = 0 = y′″ (l) ...(4)
From equation (2), in view of (3),
a a
s4 y – sy″(0) – y″′(0) = ⇒ s4 y = bs + c + , where y″′(0) = c(say), y″ (0) = b(say)
s s
b c a
⇒ y= 3
+ 4
+
s s s5
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get
bx 2 cx3 ax 4
y= + + ...(5)
2 6 24

ax2
∴ y″ = + b + cx ...(6) and y′″ = ax + c ...(7)
2
Subjecting this to (4), we obtain

al 2
y″(l) = + b + cl = 0
2
y′″(l) = 0 = al + c
al 2
On solving, we getc = – al and b =
2
ax 4 al2 2 al 3 x4 x 2 l2 lx3 F I P
∴ y=
24
+
4
x −
6
x =a
24
+
4
−
6 GH JK = 24EI (x 4 – 4lx3 + 6x2l2)

P
⇒ y= . x2 (x2 – 4lx + 6l2)
24EI
This gives the deflection of the beam.
105. A beam which is hinged at its ends x = 0 and x = l carries a uniform load w0 per unit length. Show
w0 x
that the deflection at any point is y(x) = (l – x)(l2 + lx – x2).
24EI
d4 y w0
Sol. The deflection y(x) is given by = = a(say) ...(1)
dx4 EI
Boundary conditions are, y(0) = 0 = y″(0) ...(2)
y(l) = 0 = y″(l) ...(3)
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 705

Taking Laplace transform on both sides of equation (1)

a a
s4 y – s3y(0) – s2y′(0) – sy″(0) – y″′(0) = ⇒ s4 y – s2y′(0) – y′″(0) = ...(4)
s s
Let y′(0) = b and y″′(0) = c, then from (4),
a b c a
s4 y = bs2 + c + ⇒ y = + +
s s2 s4 s5
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
cx3 ax4 cx3 ax 4
y = bx + + = bx + + ...(5)
3! 4! 6 24
cl2 al4
Subjecting to (3), y(l) = 0 = bl + + ...(6)
6 24
2
cl
y″(l) = 0 = cl + ...(7)
2
al al3
Solving equations (6) and (7), we get c = – ,b=
2 24
Then equation (5) becomes
al3 x alx3 ax 4 ax 3 ax
y= − + ⇒ y= (l – 2lx2 + x3) ⇒ y = (l – x)(l2 + lx – x2)
24 12 24 24 24
w0 x
or y= (l – x)(l2 + lx – x2). Hence shown.
24 EI
106. A beam is simply supported at its end x = 0 and is clamped at the other end x = l. It carries a load
l
w at x = . Find the resulting deflection of the beam at any point.
4
d4 y w FG
l IJ
Sol. The equation for the deflection is
dx 4
=
EI
.δ x −
H
4 K
w –ls/4
Taking Laplace transform, s4 y – s3y(0) – s2y′(0) – sy″(0) – y″′(0) =
e
EI
Using the conditions y(0) = 0, y″(0) = 0 and taking y′(0) = c1 and y′″(0) = c2, we get

c1 c2 w e− ls / 4
y= 2
+ 4
+ .
s s EI s4
On taking inverse Laplace transform, it gives

x3 w ( x − l/4)3
y = c1x + c2 . + . . u (x – l/4)
3 ! EI 3!

1 1 w l
i.e., y = c1x + c x3, for 0 < x < l/4 = c1x + c x3 + (x – l/4)3, for < x < l.
6 2 6 2 6EI 4
Using the conditions y(l) = 0, y′(l) = 0, we get

1 9wl3 1 9wl2
0 = c1l + c2l3 + and 0 = c1 + c2l2 +
6 128 EI 2 32EI
⇒ c1 = 9wl2/256 EI or c2 = – 81w/128 EI
Substituting the values of c1 and c2, we get
45wl2 27wx3 w l FG IJ u FG x − l IJ .
3
y=q
128EI
.x− +
256EI 6EI
x−
4 H K H 4K
706 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

−13
107. A weight less beam of length l is freely supported at ends when a concentrated load W acts at
692

d4 y
x = a. Obtain the deflection of the beam. Equation for deflection is EI = W. δ (x – a).
dx 4
a b=l–a
Sol. Taking Laplace transform of the equation, we get
W
s4 y – s3y(0) – s2y′(0) – sy″(0) – y″′(0) = . e–as
EI W

Using the conditions y(0) = y″(0) = 0 and taking y′(0) = c1, y′″(0) = c2, we get

W c1 c2 W e− as
s4 y – c1s2 – c2 = . e–as or y= + + .
EI s2 s4 EI s4
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we have
x3 W ( x − a)3
y = c1x + c2 . + . u (x – a) ...(1)
3 ! EI 3!
1 W
∴ y′ = c1 + . c2x2 + (x – a)2 u(x – a)
2 2EI
W
y″ = c2x + (x – a) u(x – a)
EI
Using the conditions y(l) = 0, y″(l) = 0, we get
l3 W b3
0 = c1l + c2 + .
6 EI 6
W
0 = c2l + .b [Since u(x – a) = 1, for x ≥ a and l – a = b]
EI
W b
. , c1 = –
1
c2 +
LM
l3 W b3
.
OP
∴ c2 = –
EI l l 6 MN
EI 6 PQ
1LM
−
W bl2
. +
W b3
.
Wab OP
=–
l MNEI 6 EI 6
=
6EIl
(l + b)
PQ
∴ From (1), the solution is
Wab W b 3 W ( x − a)3
y= (l + b) x − . x + . . u ( x − a)
6EIl 6EI l EI 3!
When 0 < x < a, u(x – a) = 0
LM
W ab(l + b) x b 3
− x
OP
∴ y=
6EI Nl l Q ...(2)

When a < x < l, u(x – a) = 1

LM
W ab(l + b) b
x − x 3 + ( x − a)3
OP
∴ y=
6EI N
l l Q ...(3)

From (2) and (3), we have

W Wa2b Wa 2 b
y(a) = [a2b(l + b) – ba3] = [l + b – a] = (2b)
6EIl 6EIl 6EIl

1 W a2b2
= . . .
3 EI l
ooo
 10
Partial Differential Equations
IMPORTANT FORMULAE AND DEFINITIONS

DEF : 1
A differential equation which involves partial derivatives is called Partial Differential Equa-
tion.

DEF : 2
The Order of a Partial Differential Equation is the order of the highest partial derivative
occurring in the equation.

DEF : 3
The Degree of a Partial Differential Equation is the degree of the highest order partial
derivative occurring in the equation.

Formation of Partial Differential Equation

(a) By the elimination of arbitrary constants
(b) By the elimination of arbitrary functions.
Method 1. (a) (i) If the number of arbitrary constants to be eliminated is equal to the number of
independent variables, then the partial differential equation obtained will be of first order.
(ii) If the number of arbitrary constants to be eliminated is more than the number of independent
variables, the partial differential equations obtained will be of second or higher order.
(b) If the partial differential equation is obtained by elimination of arbitrary functions, then the
order of the partial differential equation, in general, equals to the number of arbitrary functions
eliminated.

∂z ∂z ∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
Notations. = p, = q, = r, = s, = t.
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂t 2

Solutions to Partial Differential Equation

DEF : 4
Complete Solution or Complete Integral of a first order partial differential equation. It is a
solution which contains two arbitrary constants.

DEF : 5
General Solution or General Integral consider the solution f(x, y, z, a, b) = 0 of a first order
partial differential equation. If b = φ(a), and find the envelope of the family of surfaces f(x, y, z, a, φ(a)) = 0.
We get a solution involving an arbitrary function φ. This solution is called general solution or
general integral.

707
708 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Equations Solvable by Direct Integration

Method 2. The equations containing only one partial derivative can be solved by direct integra-
tion. For constants of integration, we must use arbitrary functions of the variable kept constant.

DEF : 6
Linear Partial Differential Equation of First Order. A differential equation involving first
order partial derivative p and q only, is called a partial differential equation of first order. If p and q both
occur in first degree only and are not multiplied together, then it is called a linear partial differential
equation of first order.

DEF : 7
Lagrange’s Linear Equation. The partial differential equation of the form P.p + Q.q = R, where
P, Q, R are functions of x, y, z is called Lagrange’s linear equation.

Solution of Partial Differential Equations

Method 3. To solve Lagrange’s linear equation.
dx dy dz
(i) Consider = =
P Q R
(ii) Find two independent solutions u(x, y) = c1 and v(x, y) = c2
(iii) Then the complete solution or general solution is given by φ(u, v) = 0 or u = f(v)
Very Important Note. If the functions P, Q, R occur in a cyclic order, we can apply either
a b c a−b b−c c−a
(1) = = ⇒ = =
d e f d−e e− f f −d
or (2) Choose the multipliers which make denominator of the desired fraction zero.

Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations of the First Order

DEF : 8
A partial differential equation which involves first order partial derivatives p and q with degree
higher than one and the product of p and q is called a non-linear partial differential equation of the first
order.
Remark. The complete solution of a non-linear partial differential equation involves only two arbitrary
constants (i.e., equal to the number of independent variables).

DEF : 9.
Some Standard Forms
(a) Equation of the form f(p, q) = 0
i.e., the equations involving only p and q and no x, y, z. Then the complete solution is given by
z = ax + by + c, where f (a, b) = 0
(b) Equation of the form z = px + qy + f(p, q). The complete solution is given by
z = ax + by + f(a, b)
Note. The above form is called Clairaut’s form.
(c) Equation of the form f (z, p, q) = 0
Step I. Take u = x + ay so that
dz dz
p= ,q= a
du du
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 709

Step II. Put these values of p and q in the given equation.

Step III. Solve the resulting equation obtained in step-II, in terms of z and u.
Step IV. Replace u by x + ay, we get the required solution.
(d) Equations of the form f1(x, p) = f2(y, q)
i.e., the equations in which z is absent and the terms involving x and p can be separated from those
involving y and q.
Step I. Find p and q from the given equation
Step II. Use dz = pdx + qdy and on integrating, find z in terms of x and y, as the required solutions.

To Solve Non-Linear Partial Differential Equation of the First Order (By Charpit’s Method)
Step I. Write the given equation in the form f(x, y, z, p, q) = 0.
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
Step II. Find , , , , and .
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q
Step III. Consider Charpit’s auxiliary equations
dp dq dz dx dy dF
∂f
+p
∂f
=
∂f
+q
∂f
=
∂f ∂f
=
−
∂f
=
−
∂f FG
=
0 IJ
∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z
− p
∂p
+q
∂q ∂p ∂q H K
Step IV. Find p(or q) from Step (III) and use the given equation to find q (or p).
Step V. Use dz = pdx + qdy and integrate to find z.

Homogeneous Linear Partial Differential Equations With Constant Co-efficients

DEF : 10
An equation of the form
∂n z ∂n z ∂n z ∂n z
n
+ a1 n−1
+ a2 n−2 2
+ ...... + an = F (x, y) ...(A)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂yn
where a1, a2, ......, an are constants, is called homogeneous linear partial differential equation of
order n with constant co-efficients. It is called homogeneous because all the terms contain derivatives
of the same order.
Method 4. Homogeneous linear partial differential equation of order n with constant co-efficients.
∂ ∂
Step. Write D for , D′ for , we get from (A)
∂x ∂y
(Dn + a1Dn–1 D′ + a2Dn–2 D′ 2 + ...... + anD′ n) z = F(x, y)
or φ(D, D′)z = F(x, y), where φ(D, D′) = Dn + a1 . Dn–1 D′ + a2Dn–2D′2 + ...... + an D′n ...(B)
Then the complete solution of (B) is given by z = C.F. + P.I.
where C.F. = Complementary function
P.I. = Particular integral.

DEF : 11
Rules for finding Complementary Functions (C.F.) for a homogeneous linear partial differential
equation of any order with constant co-efficients.
Consider φ(D, D′)z = F(x, y). Then
710 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Step. Put the A.E. φ(D, D′) = 0 and find the roots by putting D = m and D′ = 1. Let m1, m2, m3, ... are
the roots.
Case I. If the roots m1, m2, m3... of the A.E. are all distinct then
C.F. = f1(y + m1x) + f2(y + m2x) + f3(y + m3x) + ......
Case II. If two roots of the A.E. are equal, then
C.F. = f1(y + m1x) + x f2( y + m1x) + f3(y + m3x) + ......
Case III. If three roots of the A.E. are equal, then
C.F. = f1(y + m1x) + x f2(y + m1x) + x2 f3(y + m1x) + f4(y + m4x) + ......
and so on.

DEF : 12.
Rules For Finding Particular Integral
(Short method) for a homogeneous linear partial differential equation of order with constant
co-efficient.
Consider φ(D, D′)z = F(x, y)
1
Then P.I. = F(x, y)
φ(D, D′ )
Case I. When F(x, y) = eax + by,
1 1
Then P.I. = eax + by = eax + by , Provided φ(a, b) ≠ 0
φ(D, D′ ) φ(a, b)
| i.e., Put D = a, D′ = b
Note. If φ(a, b) = 0, then it is called a case of failure. We then apply General method, to be discussed
next.
Case II. When F(x, y) = sin (ax + by) [or cos (ax + by)]
1
Then P.I. = sin (ax + by) [or cos (ax + by)]
φ(D , DD′ , D′ 2 )
2

1
= sin (ax + by) [or cos (ax + by)],
φ( – a2 , – ab, – b2 )
Provided φ(– a 2, – ab, – b2) ≠ 0
i.e., Put D2 =– a2, DD′ = – ab, D′2 =– b2
Note. If φ(– a2, – ab, – b2) = 0, then it is a case of failure. We then apply General method, to be
discussed next.
Case III. When F(x, y) = xpyq, where p, q are +ve integers.
1
Then P.I. = xpyq
φ(D, D′ )
Take out common, the lowest degree terms in φ(D, D′). Expand it by Binomial theorem. If the
highest power of x is p. Then expand φ(D, D′) upto Dp. (since Dp + 1(xp) = 0, Dp + 2(xp) = 0 etc.) If the highest
power of y is q, then expand φ(D, D′) upto Dq (since Dq + 1(yq) = 0, Dq+2 (yq) = 0 etc.

Remarks. (i)
1
D
F(x, y) =
z F(x, y) dx

z
x constant

1
(ii) F(x, y) = F(x, y) dy
D′ x constant
(iii) (1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ......
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 711

(1 + x)– 1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + ......
(1 – x)– 2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ......
(1 + x)– 2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + ......

DEF : 13.
Very-Very Important Remarks
(1) When F(x, y) (D) is not of the form eax + by or sin (ax + by) or cos (ax + by) or xpyq, p > 0, q > 0.
or
(2) When there are cases of failures in the short methods, we have a General Method to find the
Particular Integral (P.I.)

General Method of Finding Particular Integral

1
Write P.I. = F( x, y)
φ (D, D′ )
1
= F ( x, y)
(D − m1D′ ) (D − m2D′ ) ...... (D − mnD′ )
| i.e., make the linear factor of φ(D, D′)

Consider
1
(D − mD′ ) z
F( x, y) = F( x, (c − mx)) dx

where y + mx = c. Integrate and replace c by y + mx.

DEF : 14.
Non-Homogeneous Linear Partial Differential Equation with Constant Coefficients
In the equation φ(D, D′)z = F(x, y), ...(1)
if the polynomial φ(D, D′) is not homogeneous (when all the terms do not involve derivatives of same
order). Then (1) is called a non-homogeneous linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients.
Method 5. To solve (1), non-homogeneous linear partial differential equation with constant
co-efficients.
The complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I., where
C.F. = complementary function
P.I. = particular integral
Note. The methods to find P.I. are exactly same as those for homogeneous linear equations.

DEF : 15.
General Method
Method 6. To find Complementary Functions (C.F.) for a Non-Homogeneous Linear Partial Dif-
ferential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step. Consider f(D, D′)z = 0, Resolve φ(D, D′) into linear factors of the form D – mD′ – a.
Case I. If all the factors are different
i.e., (D – m1D′ – a1)(D – m2D′ – a2) ...... (D – mnD′ – an)z = 0
a1 x a2 x
Then C.F. = e f1(y + m1x) + e f2(y + m2x) + ...... + e an x fn(y + mnx)
Case II. If we have repeated factors, like (D – mD′ – a)3z = 0, then
C.F. = eax f1(y + mx) + xeax f2(y + mx) + x2eax f3(y + mx) and so on
712 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Remark. When φ(D, D′) cannot be resolved into the linear factors of the form (D – mD′ – a), then the above
method fails. We adopt the following method.
Consider the equation φ(D, D′)z = F(x, y). Then the complete solution is given by
z = C.F. + P.I. where C.F. = ΣAehx + ky, and f(h, k) = 0.

SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. Form partial differential equations from the following equations by eliminating the arbitrary
constants : (A.U.U.P., 2009)
x2 y2 x2 y2 z2
(i) z = (x2 + a) (y2 + b) (ii) 2z = + (iii) + + =1
a 2 b2 a2 b2 c2
(iv) z = ax + by + ab (v) z = (x + a) (y + b).
Sol. (i) Differentiating z partially w.r.t. x and y
∂z ∂z
p= = 2x (y2 + b) ...(1) q= = 2y (x2 + a) ...(2)
∂x ∂y
Multiplying (1) and (2), we have
pq = 4xy (x2 + a) (y2 + b) = 4xyz
which is a partial differential equation of the first order.
x2 y2
(ii) Here, 2z = 2
+
a b2
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x and y,
∂z 2x 1 p ∂z 2y 1 q
= 2 or
2 2 = and 2 = 2 or 2 =
∂x a a x ∂y b b y
1 1
Substituting for 2 and 2 in the given equation, we get
a b
2z = px + qy which is a partial differential equation of the first order.
(iii) Here the number of arbitrary constants a, b, c is greater than the number of independent variables
x, y. So, the partial differential equation may be second or higher order.
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x and y, we have
2x 2 z ∂z ∂z
.+ =0 or c2x + a2z . =0 ...(1)
a2 c2 ∂x ∂x
2y 2 z ∂z ∂z
and 2
+ 2 . =0 or c2y + b2z =0 ...(2)
b c ∂y ∂y
Again differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x, we have

FG ∂z IJ 2
∂2 z c2 FG ∂z IJ 2
∂2 z
c2 + a2
H ∂x K + a2 . z
∂x 2
= 0 or
a 2
+
H ∂x K +z
∂x2
=0

c2 z ∂z
Substituting 2 =– from equation (1), we have
a x ∂x
z ∂z ∂z
2
∂2 z FG IJ ∂2 z ∂z ∂z FG IJ 2
.–
x ∂x
+
∂x
+z.
∂x 2 H K
= 0 or xz
∂x2
+x
∂x
–z
∂x
=0
H K
which is a partial differential equation of the second order.
Instead of differentiating equation (1) partially w.r.t. x, if we differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. y

c2 ∂2 z FG ∂z IJ 2
FG ∂z IJ = 0
and substitute for
b2
from (2), we shall get yz
∂y2
+y
H ∂y K –z
H ∂y K
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 713

(iv) z = ax + by + ab
∂z ∂z
Differentiating z partially w.r.t. x and y, p= = a, q = =b
∂x ∂y
Substituting for a and b in the given equation, we get
z = px + qy + pq which is a partial differential equation of the first order.
(v) z = (x + a) (y + b)
∂z
Differentiating z partially w.r.t. x, we get =p=y+b ...(1)
∂x
∂z
Differentiating z partially w.r.t. y, we get =q=x+a ...(2)
∂y
Multiplying equations (1) and (2), we get
pq = (y + b) (x + a) = z
∴ pq = z This is a partial differential equation.
2. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the function f from the relation
FG 1 + log yIJ .
z = y2 + 2f Hx K
Sol. Differentiating z partially w.r.t. x and y,
∂z 1FG IJ FG − 1 IJ FG 1 + log yIJ
p=
∂x
= 2f ′
x H KH xK
+ log y 2 or – px2 = 2f ′
Hx K ...(1)

∂z F1 I F 1I
= 2y + 2f ′ G + log yJ G J
F1 I
+ 2f ′ G + log yJ
and q=
∂y Hx K H yK or qy = 2y2
Hx K ...(2)

From (1) and (2), we have – px2 = qy – 2y2 or x2p + yq = 2y2

which is a partial differential equation of the first order.
3. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary functions from

(i) z = f(x + it) + g(x – it), where i = − 1 (ii) z = x f1(x + t) + f2(x + t)

(iii) f(x + y + z, x2 + y2 + z2) = 0.
Sol. (i) Given z = f(x + it) + g(x – it)
Differentiating z twice partially w.r.t. x and t, we have
∂z
= f ′(x + it) + g′(x – it)
∂x
∂2 z
= f ′′(x + it) + g′′(x – it) ...(1)
∂x2
∂z
= i f ′(x + it) – i g′(x – it)
∂t
2
∂ z
= i2 f ′′(x + it) + i2 g′′ (x – it)
∂t 2
∂2 z
or = – f ′′(x + it) – g′′(x – it) ...(2)
∂t 2
∂2 z ∂2 z
Adding (1) and (2), we have 2 =0+
∂x ∂t2
which is a partial differential equation of the second order.
(ii) Given, z = x f1(x + t) + f2(x + t)
∂z
∴ = f1(x + t) + xf1′(x + t) + f2′(x + t)
∂x
714 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂2 z
= f1′(x + t) + f1′(x + t) + xf1′′(x + t) + f2′′(x + t)
∂x2
∂2 z
or = 2 f1′ ( x + t) + xf1 ″ ( x + t) + f2 ″ ( x + t) ...(1)
∂x2
∂z
= xf1 ′ ( x + t) + f2 ′ ( x + t)
∂t
∂2 z
= xf1 ″ ( x + t) + f2 ″ ( x + t) ...(2)
∂t 2
Subtracting (2) from (1),
∂2 z ∂2 z
− = 2 f1′ ( x + t) ...(3)
∂x2 ∂t2

∂2 z
= f1 ′ ( x + t) + xf1 ″ ( x + t) + f2 ″ ( x + t) =
1 ∂2 z ∂2 z
− +
LM
∂2 z OP
Also,
∂x ∂t 2 ∂x2 ∂t 2 MN
∂t 2 PQ
∂2 z∂2 z ∂2 z
⇒ 2 –2.
+ 2 =0
∂x ∂x ∂t ∂t
which is a partial differential equation of the second order.
(iii) Let x + y + z = u, x2 + y2 + z2 = v, then f(u, v) = 0
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x and y, we have
FG
∂f ∂u ∂u IJ
∂f ∂v ∂v FG IJ
H
∂u ∂x ∂z
+ .p +
K
∂v ∂x ∂z
+
H
.p =0
K
∂f ∂f
or (1 + p) + (2 x + 2 zp) = 0 ...(1)
∂u ∂v
FG
∂f ∂u ∂u IJ
∂f ∂v ∂v FG IJ
and
H
∂u ∂y ∂z
+ .q +
K
∂v ∂y ∂z
+
H
.q =0
K
∂f ∂f
or (1 + q) + (2 y + 2 zq) = 0 ...(2)
∂u ∂v
∂f ∂f
Eliminating and from (1) and (2), we get
∂u ∂v
(1 + p) (2y + 2zq) = (1 + q) (2x + 2zp) or (y – z)p + (z – x)q = x – y
which is a partial differential equation of the first order.
4. Form the Partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary functions from
z = x f(x + t) + g (x + t). (M.D.U., May 2007)
Sol. Given z = x f (x + t) + g (x + t)
∂z
Partial derivation w.r.t. x gives = x f ′(x + t) + f (x + t) + g ′(x + t)
∂x
∂2 z
= x f ″(x + t) + 2f ′ (x + t) + g ″(x + t) ...(1)
∂x2
Partially differentiating w.r.t. t,
∂z ∂2 z
= x f ′(x + t) + g ′(x + t), = x f ″(x + t) + g ″(x + t) ...(2)
∂x ∂x2
∂2 z
Now, = x f ″(x + t) + f ′ (x + t) + g ″(x + t)
∂x ∂t
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 715

∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
f ′(x + t) = – x f ″(x + t) – g ″(x + t) = − 2 ...(3)
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂t
Putting the value of f ′(x + t) in (1), we get
∂2 z F ∂ z − ∂ zI + ∂ z
2 2 2
∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
∂x 2
=2 GH ∂x ∂t ∂t JK ∂t
2 2
or
∂x 2
=2 − 2
∂x ∂t ∂t

∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
2
+2 + 2 =0
∂x ∂x ∂t ∂t
5. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary functions from the following
2 2 2
x + y + z = f (x + y + z ) (M.D.U., Dec., 2009)
Sol. Let x + y + z = u, x2 + y2 + z2 = v, then u = f (v)
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x and y, we have
FG
∂f ∂u ∂u IJ
∂f ∂v ∂v FG IJ
∂u ∂xH+
∂z
.p = +
K
∂v ∂x ∂z
.p
H K
∂f ∂f
(1 + p) = (2x + 2zp) ...(1)
∂u ∂v
FG
∂f ∂u ∂u IJ
∂f ∂v ∂v FG IJ
+
H
∂u ∂y ∂z
.q = +
∂v ∂y ∂zK.q
H K
∂f ∂f
(1 + q) = (2y + 2zq) ...(2)
∂u ∂v
∂f ∂f
Eliminating and from (1) and (2), we get
∂u ∂v
(1 + p) (1 + q) = (2x + 2zp) (2y + 2zq)
which is a partial differential equation of the first order.
6. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function(s) from the following :
(i) z = f(x2 – y2) (ii) z = φ(x) . ψ(y) (iii) z = x + y + f(x, y).
Sol. (i) Differentiating z partially w.r.t. x, we get
∂z
= p = f ′(x2 – y2) . 2x ...(1)
∂x
Differentiating z partially w.r.t. y, we get
∂z
= q = f ′(x2 – y2) . (– 2y) ...(2)
∂y
Dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we get
p x
=− or py + qx = 0, which is a partial differential equation.
q y
(ii) Differentiating z partially w.r.t. x, we have
∂z
= p = φ′(x) . ψ(y) ...(1)
∂x
Differentiating z w.r.t. y partially, we get
∂z
= q = φ(x) . ψ′(y) ...(2)
∂y
Differentiating equation (1) partially w.r.t. y, we get
∂2 z
= φ′(x) . ψ′(y) = s ...(3)
∂y ∂x
716 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Multiplying equations (1) and (2), we have

pq = φ(x) . ψ(y) φ′(x) . ψ′(y) = zs [Using eqn. (3)]
⇒ pq – zs = 0
which is the required partial differential equation.
(iii) z = x + y + f(x, y)
Differentiating z w.r.t. x, y we get
∂z
= p = 1 + f ′(x , y) . y ⇒ p – 1 = y f ′(x, y) ...(1)
∂x
∂z
= q = 1 + f ′(x , y) . x ⇒ q – 1 = x f ′(x, y) ...(2)
∂y
Dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we get
p−1 y
= ⇒ px – qy = x – y
q−1 x
which is the required partial differential equation.
7. Form partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function from
z = f (ax + by) + g (ax + by) (M.D.U., May 2009)
∂z
Sol. = af ′(ax + by) + ag ′(ax + by)
p=
∂x
∂z
q= = bf ′(ax + by) + bg ′(ax + by)
∂y
∂z ∂z
Now, b −a = 0 or bp – aq = 0 which is the required differential equation.
∂x ∂y
8. Show that if u1 and u2 are two solutions of the equation
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
2
+ 2
+ = A. + B.
, then c1u1 + c2u2 is also a solution.
2
∂x ∂y ∂t∂z ∂t 2
(U.P.T.U., 2009)
Sol. Since u1 and u2 are solutions of the given equation, we have
∂2u1 ∂2u1 ∂2u1 ∂ 2u1 ∂u1
2
+ 2
+ 2
= A +B ...(1)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t2 ∂t
∂2u2 ∂2u2 ∂2u2 ∂2u2 ∂u2
and 2
+ 2
+ 2
= A. + B. ...(2)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t 2 ∂t
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
Now, (c1u1 + c2u2) + (c1u1 + c2u2) + (c1u1 + c2u2)
∂x2 ∂y 2
∂z 2
F∂ u + ∂ u + ∂ u I + c F∂ u + ∂ u + ∂ u I
2 2 2 2 2 2
= c1 GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
2
2

F A . ∂ u + B . ∂u I + c F A . ∂ u + B . ∂u I
2 2
= c1 GH ∂t ∂t JK
2
1
GH ∂t 1
∂t JK
2 2
2 2

∂ ∂2
=A.
(c1u1 + c2u2) + B . ( c1u1 + c2u2)
∂t2 ∂t
⇒ c1u1 + c2u2 is also a solution of the given equation.
N
∂u ∂2u
∑ce
2
−n t − n 2t
9. Verify that e sin nx is a solution of the heat equation = . Hence show that n
∂t ∂x2
n=1
sin nx, where c1, c2 ,....,cN are arbitrary constants, is a solution of this equation satisfying the
boundary conditions u(0, t) = 0 and u(π, t) = 0.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 717

2 ∂u 2
u = e−n t
Sol. Let sin nx then = – n2 e− n t . sin nx
∂t
∂u 2 ∂2u 2
= n e − n t cos nx or 2 = – n2 . e− n t sin nx
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂2u
so that =
∂t ∂x2
2
∴ u = e− n t sin nx is a solution of the given equation.
For n = 1, 2,...N, we get N different solutions.
2 2 2
Their linear combination u = c1 e−1 t sin x + c2 e−2 t sin 2x + ... + cN e−N t sin Nx
N
or u(x, t) = ∑
n=1
cn e− n
2
t sin nx is also a solution.

Clearly, u(0, t) = 0 and u(π, t) = 0, since nπ = 0, where n is an integer.

∂2z ∂z
10. Solve = sin x sin y, given that = – 2 sin y when x = 0 and z = 0 when y is an odd multiple
∂x ∂y ∂y
π
of .
2
∂2 z
Sol. Given = sin x sin y
∂x . ∂y
Integrating w.r.t. x, keeping y as constant, we have
∂z
= – cos x sin y + f(y) ...(1)
∂y
∂z
When x = 0, = – 2 sin y
∂y
∴ – 2 sin y = – sin y + f(y) or f(y) = – sin y
∂z
∴ From equation (1), = – cos x sin y – sin y
∂y
Integrating w.r.t. y, keeping x as constant, we have
z = cos x cos y + cos y + φ(x) ...(2)
π
When y is an odd multiple of ,z=0
2
π
∴ 0 = 0 + 0 + φ(x), since cos (2n + 1) = 0 or φ(x) = 0
2
∴ From (2), z = (1 + cos x) cos y
which is the required particular equation.

∂2z ∂z
11. Solve : + z = 0, given that when x = 0, z = ey and = 1. (M.D.U., Dec. 2008)
∂x 2 ∂x
Sol. If z were a function of x alone, the solution would have been
z = c1 cos x + c2 sin x, where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants.
But here z is a function of x and y, therefore, c1 and c2 are arbitrary functions of y, the indepen-
dent variable kept constant.
∴ The solution of the given equation is
718 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂z
z = f(y) cos x + φ(y) sin x and = – f(y) sin x + φ(y) cos x
∂x
When x = 0, z = ey, ∴ ey = f(y)
∂z
When x = 0, = 1, ∴ φ(y) = 1.
∂x
∴ The required particular solution is z = ey . cos x + sin x.

12. Solve : log

LM ∂ z OP = x + y.
2
(M.D.U., Dec., 2007)
MN ∂x ∂y PQ
Sol. log M
L ∂ z OP = x + y
2
or
∂2 z
= ex + y
MN ∂x ∂y PQ ∂x ∂y
Integrating w.r.t. x + y, we get
z = ex + y + c.
13. Solve : t = sin (xy).

∂2 z
Sol. The given equation is = t = sin (xy)
∂y2

∂z 1
Integrating w.r.t. y, we get =– cos (xy) + f(x)
∂y x
The constant is being taken as a function of x.
1
Again integrating w.r.t. y, we get z=– sin (xy) + yf(x) + φ(x).
x2

∂2z
14. Find the surface satisfying = t = 6 x2y, containing the two lines y = 0 = z, y = 2 = z.
∂y 2

∂2 z
Sol. = 6x2y ...(1)
∂y2
Integrating equation (1) w.r.t. y, we get
Fy I 2
∂z
∂y
= 6x2 GH 2 JK + f(x) ...(2)

The constant is being taken as a function of x.

Again integrating w.r.t. y, we get
F y I + y . f(x) + φ(x)
3
z = (3x2) GH 3 JK ...(3)

Since (3) contains y = 0 = z, we have

0 = 0 + 0 + φ(x) ⇒ φ(x) = 0.
∴ (3) reduces to z = x2y3 + yf(x)
Since the solution also contains the line y = 2 = z, we have
2 = 8x2 + 2f(x) ⇒ f(x)= 1 – 4x2
Hence the surface is given by the solution, z = x2y3 + y(1 – 4x2).
15. Solve the following differential equations :
y2z
(i) p + xzq = y2 (ii) pz – qz = z2 + (x + y)2 (M.D.U., Dec., 2008)
x
(iii) (x2 – yz) p + (y2 – zx) q = z2 – xy. (U.P.T.U., 2009)
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 719

Sol. (i) The given equation can be written as

y2zp + x2zq = xy2
Comparing with Pp + Qq = R (Lagrange’s linear equation), we have
P = y2z, Q = x2z, R = xy2
dx dy dz
∴ The auxiliary equations are 2 = 2 =
y z x z xy2
2
Taking the first 2 members, we havex dx = y dy 2

which on integration gives x3 – y3 = a ...(1)

Again taking the first and third members,
We have xdx = zdz
2 2
which on integration gives x –z =b ...(2)
From (1) and (2), the general solution is φ(x3 – y3, x2 – z2) = 0
(ii) Given equation is pz – qz = z2 + (x + y)2
Comparing with Pp + Qq = R, we have P = z, Q = – z, R = z2 + (x + y)2
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equations are = = 2
z −z z + ( x + y)2
Taking the first 2 members, we have dx + dy = 0 which on integration gives
x+y=a ...(1)
Again taking the first and third members, we have
zdz 2 zdz
dx = 2 2 or 2 dx =
z + ( x + y) z + ( x + y)2 2

which on integration gives log (z2

+ a2)
= 2x + b or log {z + (x + y)2} – 2x = b
2 ...(2)
From (1) and (2), the general solution is φ{x + y, log (x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy) – 2x} = 0.
(iii) Here P = x2 – yz, Q = y2 – zx, R = z2 – xy
dx dy dz
∴ Auxiliary equations are 2
= 2
= 2 ...(1)
x − yz y − zx z − xy
dx − dy dy − dz
∴ = 2
x − y − yz + zx y − z2 − zx + xy
2 2

dx − dy dy − dz dx − dy dy − dz
= or =
( x − y) ( x + y + z) ( y − z) ( x + y + z) x− y y− z
which on integration gives log (x – y) = log (y – z) + log a
FG x − y IJ = log a x− y
or log
H y − zK or
y−z
=a ...(2)

Using x, y, z as multipliers, each fraction of (1)

xdx + ydy + zdz xdx + ydy + zdz
= =
x( x 2 − yz) + y( y2 − zx) + z( z2 − xy) x3 + y3 + z3 − 3 xyz
xdx + ydy + zdz
= ...(3)
( x + y + z) ( x 2 + y2 + z2 − xy − yz − zx)
dx + dy + dz
Also each fraction of (1) = ...(4)
x 2 + y2 + z2 − xy − yz − zx
xdx + ydy + zdz
From (3) and (4), = dx + dy + dz
x+ y+z
⇒ xdx + ydy + zdz = (x + y + z) d (x + y + z)
x2 y2 z2 ( x + y + z)2
Integrating it gives, + + = +c
2 2 2 2
720 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

or x2 + y2 + z2 = (x + y + z)2 + 2c
or 2xy + 2yz + 2zx + 2c = 0
or xy + yz + zx = b, where b = – c ...(5)
FG x − y , xy + yz + zxIJ = 0.
Combining equations (2) and (5), the general solution is φ
Hy−z K
16. Solve the following differential equations :
(i) (mz – ny)p + (nx – lz)q = ly – mx (ii) x2(y – z)p + y2(z – x)q = z2(x – y).
(M.D.U., May 2008)
Sol. (i) Here, P = mz – ny, Q = nx – lz, R = ly – mx
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equations are = =
mz − ny nx − lz ly − mx
Using x, y, z as multipliers, we get
xdx + ydy + zdz
Each fraction =
0
∴ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0
which on integration gives x2 + y2 + z2 = a ...(1)
Again using l, m, n as multipliers, we get
ldx + mdy + ndz
Each fraction =
0
∴ ldx + mdy + ndz = 0
which on integration giveslx + my + nz = b ...(2)
From (1) and (2), the general solution is
x2 + y2 + z2 = f(lx + my + nz).
(ii) Here P = x2(y – z), Q = y2 (z – x), R = z2(x – y)
dx dy dz
∴ The auxiliary equations are 2
= 2
= 2
x ( y − z) y ( z − x) z ( x − y)
1 1 1
Using , , as multipliers, we get
x2 y2 z 2
1 1 1
2
. dx + 2 . dy + 2 . dz
x y z
Each fraction =
0
dx dy dz
∴ + + =0
x2 y2 z2
1 1 1
which on integration gives + + =a ...(1)
x y z
1 1 1
Again using , , as multipliers, we get
x y z
1 1 1
dx + dy + dz
x y z
Each fraction =
0
dx dy dz
∴ + + =0
x y z
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 721

which on integration gives log x + log y + log z = log b or log (xyz) = log b ⇒ xyz = b
...(2)
FG 1 + 1 + 1 , xyzIJ = 0.
From (1) and (2), the general solution is φ
Hx y z K
17. Solve the differential equation x2p + y2q = (x + y) z. (M.D.U., Dec. 2007)
Sol. x2p + y2q = (x + y) z
dx dy dz dx − dy dz dx − dy dz
= = or = or =
x2 y2 ( x + y )z x 2 − y2 ( x + y) z x− y z
log (x – y) = log z
x−y
Integrating both sides, we have x–y=z+c ⇒ =c ...(1)
z

dx dy
Also, =
x2 y2

Integrating both sides, we get

Let,
z z dx
x2
=

x2 = t, y2 = T
dy
y2

2xdx = dt, 2ydy = dT

dt dT
dx = , dy =
2 T

z z
2 t
dt dT 1 1 1 1
= ⇒ = or =
2t 3 / 2 2T 3 / 2 t T x y
∴ From (1) and (2) x–y=0 ...(2)
FG x− y IJ = 0.
∴ Complete solution is φ x − y,
H z K
18. Solve the following differential equations :
(i) (x2 – y2 – z2)p + 2xy q = 2xz (ii) (z2 – 2yz – y2)p + (xy + zx)q = xy – zx.
(M.T.U., 2010)
Sol. (i) Here P = x2 – y2 – z2, Q = 2xy, R = 2xz
dx dy dz
∴ The auxiliary equations are = =
x 2 − y2 − z2 2 xy 2 xz
dy dz
Taking the last 2 members, we have =
y z
y
which on integration gives log y = log z + log a ⇒ =a ...(1)
z
Using x, y, z as multipliers, we get
xdx + ydy + zdz
Each fraction =
x( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
xdx + ydy + zdz dz 2 xdx + 2 ydy + 2 zdz dz
∴ = or =
x( x 2 + y2 + z2 ) 2 xz x 2 + y2 + z2 z
x 2 + y2 + z2
which on integration gives log (x2 + y2 + z2) = log z + log b or =b ...(2)
z
722 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ From (1) and (2), the general solution is

x 2 + y2 + z 2 FG y IJ FG y IJ
z
=f
H zK or x2 + y2 + z2 = z f
H zK
dx dy dz
(ii) The auxiliary equations are = =
z2 − 2 yz − y2 xy + zx xy − zx
Taking x, y, z as multipliers, we have
xdx + ydy + zdz
Each fraction =
0
∴ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0
which on integration gives x2 + y2 + z2 = a ...(1)
Again, taking the last 2 members, we have
dy dz
=
y+ z y− z
or (y – z) dy = (y + z) dz or ydy – (zdy + ydz) – zdz = 0
or ydy – d(yz) – zdz = 0
which on integration givesy2 – 2yz – z2 = b ...(2)
From (1) and (2), the general solution is φ(x2 + y2 + z2, y2 – 2yz – z2) = 0.
19. Solve the following equations :
(i) p cos (x + y) + q sin (x + y) = z (ii) px (z – 2y2) = (z – qy) (z – y2 – 2x3).
Sol. (i) Here the auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
= = ...(1)
cos ( x + y) sin ( x + y) z
Using 1, 1, 0 as multipliers, each fraction of (1)
dx + dy
= ...(2)
cos ( x + y) + sin ( x + y)
Using 1, – 1, 0 as multipliers, each fraction of (1)
dx − dy
= ...(3)
cos ( x + y) − sin ( x + y)
From (1), (2) and (3), we have
dz dx + dy dx − dy
= = ...(4)
z cos ( x + y) + sin ( x + y) cos ( x + y) − sin ( x + y)
Taking the first 2 fractions of (4), we have
dz d( x + y) dz dt
= or = , where t = x + y
z cos ( x + y) + sin ( x + y) z cos t + sin t
dz dt
or z
=
F
2G
1 1 IJ
H 2
cos t +
2
sin t
K
dt dt
=
FG π π IJ =
FG π IJ
2 sin
H 4
. cos t + cos . sin t
4 K H
2 . sin t +
4 K
dz π FG IJ dt
or 2.
z
= cosec t +
4 H K
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 723

FG t + π IJ + log c
Integrating 2 log z = log tan
H 2 8K 1

F t πI
tan G + J or z
FG x + y + π IJ = c
H 2 8K H 2 8K
∴ 2 = c1 2 cot ...(5)
z 1

Taking the last 2 fractions of equation (4), we have

cos ( x + y) − sin ( x + y) .
dx – dy = d(x + y)
cos ( x + y) + sin ( x + y)
cos t − sin t
or dx – dy = . dt, where t = x + y
cos t + sin t
Integrating, we get x – y = log (cos t + sin t) – log c2
sin t + cos t
or = ex–y or ey–x [sin (x + y) + cos (x + y)] = c2 ...(6)
c2
Combining equations (5) and (6), the general solution is
LM 2 FG x + y + π IJ , e y− x OP
φ z
N
cot
H 2 8K {sin ( x + y) + cos ( x + y)} = 0
Q
(ii) The given equation is px (z – 2y2) + qy (z – y2 – 2x3) = z (z – y2 – 2x3)
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equations are = = ...(1)
x ( z − 2 y2 ) y( z − y2 − 2x3 ) z( z − y 2 − 2 x 3 )
Taking the last two fractions of equation (1), we have
dy dz
=
y z
y
Integrating, log y = log z + log a
=a ⇒ ...(2)
z
Taking the first and third fractions of (1), we have
dx dz
=
x( z − 2 y2 ) z( z − y 2 − 2 x 3 )
Using (2) i.e., y = az, we have
dx dz dx dz
= or =
x ( z − 2 a2 z2 ) z( z − a 2 z 2 − 2 x 3 ) x(1 − 2 a2 z) z − a2 z2 − 2 x 3
or zdx – a2z2 dx – 2x3 dx = xdz – 2a2xzdz or (xdz – zdx) – a2(2xzdz – z2dx) + 2x3dx = 0
Dividing by x2, we have

xdz − zdx
− a2
|RS 2xzdz − z dx |UV + 2xdx = 0
2
FG z IJ – a d FG z IJ + d(x ) = 0
2

x2 T| x 2
W|
or d
H xK 2
H xK
2

z z2 z y2
Integrating, we get − a2 . + x2 = b or – + x2 = b ...(3)
x x x x
Combining (2) and (3), the general solution is
F y, z − y 2 I
φ GH z x x JK
+ x2 = 0.
724 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

20. Solve : (z – y)p + (x – z) q = y – x.

Sol. Comparing with Pp + Qq = R, P = z – y, Q = x – z, R = y – x.
dx dy dz dx dy dz
= = ⇒ = =
P Q R z− y x−z y−x
Using 1, 1, 1 as multipliers, we get
dx + dy + dz
Each fraction =
0
∴ dx + dy + dz = 0 which on integration gives
x+y+z =a ...(1)
Again, using x, y, z as multipliers, we get
xdx + ydy + zdz
Each fraction =
0
x2 y2 z2
∴ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0 which on integration gives + + =b ...(2)
2 2 2
2 2 2
From (1) and (2), general solution is x + y + z = f(x + y + z).
21. Solve the differential equation : x(y – z)p + y(z – x)q = z(x – y)
dx dy dz
Sol. The auxiliary equations are = =
x( y − z) y( z − x) z( x − y)
dx + dy + dz
Each fraction = ⇒ dx + dy + dz = 0
0
which on integration gives x + y + z = a ...(1)
1 1 1
Using , , as the multipliers, we have
x y z
dx dy dz
+ +
x y z dx dy dz
Each fraction = ⇒ + + =0
0 x y z
which on integration gives log x + log y + log z = log b or xyz = b ...(2)
From (1) and (2), the general solution is given by φ(x + y + z, xyz) = 0.
22. Solve the differential equation : x(y2 – z2) p + y(z2 – x2) q = z(x2 – y2). (U.P.T.U., 2007)
dx dy dz
Sol. Auxiliary equations are = = ...(1)
x( y2 − z2 ) y( z 2 − x 2 ) z( x 2 − y 2 )

dx dy dz
+ +
1 1 1 x y z
Using , , as multipliers, each fraction of (1) =
x y z 0
dx dy dz
∴ + + = 0 which on integration gives
x y z
log x + log y + log z = log a or log xyz = log a or xyz = a ...(2)
Using x, y, z as multipliers, each fraction of (1)
xdx + ydy + zdz xdx + ydy + zdz
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 =
x ( y − z ) + y (z − x ) + z (x − y ) 0
∴ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0 which on integration gives x2 + y2 + z2 = b ...(3)
From (2) and (3), we have the general solution given by φ (x2 + y2 + z2, xyz) = 0.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 725

FG 1 − 1 IJ p + FG 1 − 1 IJ q = 1 − 1 .
23. Solve :
H z yK H x zK y x
dx dy dz
Sol. The auxiliary equations are = = ...(1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
− − −
z y x z y x
dx + dy + dz
Each fraction of (1) is =
0
∴ dx + dy + dz = 0 which on integration gives x + y + z = a ...(2)
1 1 1
Using , , as multipliers, each fraction of (1)
x y z
dx dy dz dx dy dz
+ + + +
x y z x y z
=
FG
1 1 1 1 1 1 IJ FG
1 1 1 IJ FG IJ =
0
−
H
x z y
+ −
y x z K +
H −
z y x K H K
dx dy dz
∴ + + = 0, which on integration gives
x y z
log x + log y + log z = log b ⇒ xyz = b ...(3)
Combining (2) and (3), the general solution is φ (x + y + z, xyz) = 0.
2
24. Solve : y p – xyq = x(z – 2y).
dy dx dz
Sol. The auxiliary equations are =2
= ...(1)
y − xy x( z − 2 y)
Taking first and second members of (1), we have
dx dy
=− or xdx + ydy = 0
y x
which on integration gives x2 + y2 = a ...(2)
Taking second and third members of (1), we have
dy dz
= or (z – 2y) dy + ydz = 0
− xy x( z − 2 y)
zdy + ydz – 2ydy = 0
which on integration gives (yz) – y2 = b ...(3)
Combining (2) and (3), the general solution is φ (x2 + y2, yz – y2) = 0.

25. Solve : (i) p+ q =1 (ii) pq = p + q. (U.P.T.U., 2007, 2009)

Sol. (i) The equation is of the form f(p, q) = 0
The complete solution is z = ax + by + c ...(1)
where, a + b = 1 or b = (1 – a )2
∴ From (1), the complete solution is z = ax + (1 – a )2 y + c
(ii) The equation is of the form f(p, q) = 0
The complete solution is z = ax + by + c ...(1)
a
where, ab = a + b or b =
a−1
FG a IJ y + c.
∴ From (1), the complete solution is z = ax +
H a − 1K
726 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

26. Solve : x2p2 + y2q2 = z2.

Sol. The given equation can be written as
x2 y2 FG x . ∂z IJ + FG y . ∂z IJ
2 2

z2
. p2 +
z2
. q2 = 1 or
H z ∂x K H z ∂y K =1 ...(1)

dx dy dz
Putting = dX, = dY, = dZ
x y z
so that X = log x, Y = log y, Z = log z.
∂Z x ∂z ∂Z y ∂z
= . and = .
∂X z ∂x ∂Y z ∂y
∴ Equation (1) can be written as

FG ∂Z IJ + FG ∂Z IJ
2 2
∂Z ∂Z
H ∂X K H ∂Y K = 1 or P2 + Q2 = 1, where P =
∂X
,Q=
∂Y
It is of the form f(P, Q) = 0
Its complete solution is Z = aX + bY + c ...(2)

where, a2 + b2 = 1 or b = 1 − a2

∴ From (2), the complete solution is log z = a log x + 1 − a2 log y + c.

27. Solve the partial differential equation : (y2 + z2) p – xyq + zx = 0. (M.D.U., May 2009)
dx dy dz
Sol. 2 2 = =
y +z − xy − zx

xdx + ydy + zdz xdx + ydy + zdz

=
xy2 + xz2 − xy2 − z2 x 0
∴ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0
x 2 + y2 + z 2 = c 1 ...(1)
Now taking second and third member,
dy dz dy dz
= ⇒ =
− xy − zx y z
log y = log z + log c2
y
= c2 ...(2)
z

Hence from (1) and (2), solution is given by f x 2 + y2 + z2 ,

y FG IJ
z H
= 0.
K
28. Solve the partial differential equation (bz – cy)p + (cx – az) q = ay – bx
(M.D.U., Dec. 2009)
Sol. (bz – cy) p + (cx – az) q = ay – bx
dx dy dz
Here the auxiliary equations are = =
bz − cy cx − az ay − bx
Using x, y, z as multipliers, we get
xdx + ydy + zdz
Each fraction = or xdx + ydy + zdz = 0
0
which on integration gives x2 + y2 + z2 = c1 ...(1)
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 727

Again using a, b, c as multipliers, we get

adx + bdy + cdz
Each fraction =
0
∴ adx + bdy + cdz = 0 which on integration gives
ax + by + cz = c2 ...(2)
From equations (1) and (2), the general solution is x2 + y2 + z2 = f(ax + by + cz).
29. Solve : (y – x) (qy – px) = (p – q)2
Sol. Let x + y = X, xy = Y
∂z ∂z ∂X ∂z ∂Y ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
So that p= = . + . or p = +y and q = +x
∂x ∂X ∂x ∂Y ∂x ∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y
∂z ∂z
∴ qy – px = (y – x) and p – q = (y – x)
∂X ∂Y
∴ Given equation can be written as
∂z FG IJ
∂z
2
∂z ∂z
∂X
=
∂YH K or P = Q2, where P =
∂X
and Q =
∂Y
It is of the form f(P, Q) = 0
Its complete solution is z = aX + bY + c ...(1)
where, a= b2 or b = a.
∴ From (1), the complete solution is z = a(x + y) + a . xy + c.
2 2
30. Solve : p + q = 1.
Sol. The equation is of the form f(p, q) = 0.
The complete solution isz = ax + by + c

where a2 + b2 = 1 or b2 = 1 – a2 i.e., b = 1 − a2

∴ The complete solution is z = ax + 1 − a2 . y + c.

31. Solve : z = px + qy + 1 + p2 + q 2 . (A.U.U.P., 2009)

Sol. The given equation is of the form
z = px + qy + f(p, q) = 0

Its solution is z = ax + by + 1 + a2 + b2 .
2 2
32. Solve : 4xyz = pq + 2px y + 2qxy (U.P.T.U., 2006; M.T.U., 2010)
Sol. Let x2 = X and y2 = Y
∂z ∂z ∂X ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂Y ∂z
so that p=
= . = 2x and q = = . = 2y
∂x ∂X ∂x ∂X ∂y ∂Y ∂y ∂Y
∴ The given equation becomes
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
4xyz = 4xy + 4x3y + 4xy3 .
∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
or z = x2 + y2 . + .
∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
z=X +Y. + . or z = PX + QY + PQ
∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y
∂z ∂z
where, P= ,Q=
∂X ∂Y
728 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

It is of the form z = PX + QY + f(P, Q)

Its complete solution is z = aX + bY + ab or z = ax2 + by2 + ab.
2 2 2 2
33. Solve : z (p + q + 1) = a . (M.D.U., 2006)
Sol. The given equation is of the form f(z, p, q) = 0
dz dz
Let u = x + by, so that ,q=b p=
du du
Substituting these values of p and q in the given equation, we get
LMF dz I 2
FG dz IJ 2 OP LM FG dz IJ 2 OP
MNGH du JK + b2 2
z2
H du K + 1 = a2
PQ or z2 (1 + b )
MN H du K PQ = a
2 – z2

dz z
or z 1 + b2 . = ± a2 − z2 or ± 1 + b2 . dz = du
du a − z2
2

Integrating, we have ± 1 + b2 . a2 − z2 = u + c or (1 + b2) (a2 – z2) = (x + by + c)2

which is the required complete solution.
2 2 2 2
34. Solve : z (p x + q ) = 1. (M.D.U., May 2007)
Sol. The given equation can be written as
LMF ∂z I F ∂z I OP
2 2
z2
MNGH x ∂x JK + GH ∂y JK PQ = 1 ...(1)

dx ∂z ∂z ∂X 1 ∂z ∂z ∂z
Put = dX so that X = log x and = . = . ⇒ x =
x ∂x ∂X ∂x x ∂X ∂x ∂X
LMF ∂z I F ∂z I OP
2 2

MNGH ∂X JK + GH ∂y JK PQ = 1 or
∂z
∴ Equation (1) reduces to z2 z2[P2 + q2] = 1, where P = ...(2)
∂X

dz dz
Let u = X + ay so that P = ,q=a
du du
LMF dz I 2
FG dz IJ OP = 1
2
∴ From (2), we have z2
MNGH du JK + a2
H du K PQ
FG dz IJ = 1 or
2
or (1 + a2) z2
H du K 1 + a2 . z . dz = ± du

z2
which on integration gives 1 + a2 . =±u+b or 1 + a2 . z2 = ± 2(X + ay) + 2b
2

or 1 + a2 . z2 = ± 2(log x + ay) + c which is the required complete solution.

2 2
35. Solve : p – q = x – y. (M.D.U., Dec. 2009)
Sol. The given equation is p2 – x = q2 – y which is of the form f1(x, p) = f2(y, q)
Let p2 – x = q2 – y = a then p2 = x + a, q2 = y + a i.e., p = x+a,q= y+a
Substituting these values of p and q in dz = pdx + qdy, we get
dz = x + a . dx + y + a . dy
2 2
On integrating, (x + a)3/2 +
z= (y + a)3/2 + b
3 3
which is the required complete solution.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 729

36. Solve : yp = 2yx + log q.

Sol.The given equation can be written as
1 1
p = 2x + log q or p – 2x = log q, which is of the form f1(x, p) = f2(y, q)
y y
1
Let p – 2x = log q = a then p = 2x + a, q = eay
y
Substituting these values of p and q in dz = pdx + qdy, we get
dz = (2x + a) dx + eay dy
1 ay
On integrating we obtain z = x2 + ax + e + b, which is the required complete solution.
a
37. Solve : z2(p2 + q2) = x2 + y2 (A.U.U.P., 2007, 2009; M.T.U., 2010)
Sol. The given equation can be written as

FG z ∂z IJ + FG z ∂z IJ
2 2

H ∂x K H ∂y K = x2 + y2 ...(1)

1 2
Let zdz = dZ so that Z = z
2
∂Z ∂Z ∂z ∂z ∂Z ∂Z ∂z ∂z
Now, = . =Z or = . = Z.
∂x ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂y

FG ∂Z IJ + FG ∂Z IJ
2 2
∴ Equation (1) becomes
H ∂x K H ∂y K = x2 + y2

∂Z ∂Z
or P2 + Q2 = x2 + y2, where P = ,Q=
∂x ∂y
or P2 – x2 = y2 – Q2 which is of the form f1(x, P) = f2(y, Q)

Let P2 – x2 = y2 – Q2 = a, then P = x2 + a , Q = y2 − a
Substituting these values of P and Q in dZ = Pdx + Qdy, we get

dZ = x2 + a . dx + y2 − a . dy
On integrating, we get
1 a 1 a
Z= x x2 + a + log (x + x2 + a ) + y y2 − a – log (y + y2 − a ) + b
2 2 2 2
x+ x2 + a
or z2 = x x2 + a + y y2 − a + a log + c,
y+ y2 − a
(where c = 2b), is the required complete solution.
2 2
38. Solve : p + q = x + y
Sol. Let p2 – x = y – q2 = a

Then p2 = x + a, q2 = y – a i.e., p = x+a,q= y−a

Substituting these values of p and q in dz = pdx + qdy, we get
dz = x + a . dx + y − a . dy
2 2
Integrating, (x + a)3/2 +
z= (y – a)3/2 + b
3 3
which is the required complete solution.
730 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

39. Solve : p (1 + q) = qz
dz a dz
Sol. Let , q=
u = x + ay, p =
du du
Substituting these values of p and q in the given equation, we have
dz FG
a dz a dz IJ a dz a dz
du
1+
Hdu
=
du
.z
K or
du
= az − 1 or
az − 1
= du

This ⇒ on integration
log (az – 1) = u + b or log (az – 1) = x + ay + b
which is the required complete solution.
40. Solve the following partial differential equations :
(i) yp + xq + pq = 0 (ii) (p – 1) (z – px – qy) = 1 (M.D.U., May 2009)
y+q x
Sol. (i) yp + xq + pq = 0 or p(y + q) = – xq or = − = α (say)
q p
f(y, q) = f (x, p)
x y+q y
⇒ p =− , = α or y + q = qα or y = q(α – 1) or =q
α q α−1
Using dz = pdx + qdy
x y 1 x2 1 y2
dz = − . dx + . dy or z = − + . +c
α α+1 α 2 α−1 2
x2 y2
2z = − + + c.
α α−1
1 1
(ii) (p – 1) (z – px – qy) = 1 or z – px – qy = or z = px + qy +
p−1 p−1
which is of the form z = px + qy + f(p, z)
1
Put p = a, q = b, z = ax + by + .
a−1
41. Solve : q2 = z2p2(1 – p2). (M.T.U. 2010)
dz dz
Sol. Let u = x + ay, p = , q=a
du du

FG dz IJ 2
FG dz IJ 2 LM1 − F dz I 2 OP LM F dz I OP
MN GH du JK
2

H du K H du K PQ MN GH du JK PQ
a2 = z2 or a2 = z2 1 −

FG dz IJ 2
FG dz IJ = z – a
2
a2 = z2 – z2
H du K z2
H du K
or 2 2

FG dz IJ = z 2 − a2 z 2 − a2 zdz
H du K z 2
=
z
or
z − a2
2
= du

(z2 – a2)1/2 = u + b = (x + ay + b)
z2 – a2 = (x + ay + b)2 which is the required complete solution.
42. Solve : (x + y) (p + q)2 + (x – y) (p – q)2 = 1
Sol. This equation can be reduced to the form f1(x, p) = f2(y, q) i.e., equations in which z is absent
and the terms containing x and p can be separated from those containing y and q.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 731

Putting u = x + y, v = x – y and z = z(u, v)

∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂z
Then, p= = . + . or p = + =P+Q
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂v
∂z ∂z ∂z
q= = P – Q, where P = ,Q=
∂y ∂u ∂v
Substituting these, the given equation reduces to
u(2P)2 + v(2Q)2 = 1 or 4P2u + 4Q2v = 1
4P2u = 1 – 4Q2v = a (say)

1 a 1 1− a
∴ P=± ,Q=±
2 u 2 v

∂z . a du 1− a
∴ dz =
∂z
du + dv = Pdu + Qdv = ± . ± . dv
∂u ∂v 2 u 2 v
Integrating, we have z=± a. u ± 1− a . v + b

or z=± a( x + y) ± (1 − a) ( x − y) + b
which is the required complete solution.
43. Solve by Charpit’s method non-linear partial differential equation of the first order :
2zx – px2 – 2qxy + pq = 0. (M.D.U., May 2008, Dec. 2009)
Sol. Here, f = 2zx – px2 – 2qxy + pq = 0 ...(1)
∂f ∂f
∴ = 2z – 2px – 2qy , = – 2qx,
∂x ∂y
∂f ∂f ∂f
= 2x , = – x2 + q , = – 2xy + p.
∂z ∂p ∂q
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy dF
= = = = =
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f 0
+ p +q − p −q − −
∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q ∂p ∂q
dp dq dz dx dy dF
or = = = = =
2 z − 2 qy 0 px 2 − 2 pq + 2 qxy x 2 − q 2 xy − p 0
∴ dq = 0 or q = a
Putting q = a in equation (1), we get
2 x ( z − ay)
p=
x2 − a
2 x ( z − ay) dz − ady 2x
∴ dz = pdx + qdy = 2 . dx + ady or = 2 . dx
x −a z − ay x −a
Integrating, we get
log (z – ay) = log (x2 – a) + log b
or z – ay = b(x2 – a),
∴ z = ay + b (x2 – a) which is the required complete solution.
2 2
44. Solve : (p + q ) y = qz by Charpit’s method.
Sol. Here, f = (p2 + q2) y – qz = 0 ...(1)
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
∴ = 0, = p2 + q2, = – q, = 2py, = 2qy – z
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q
732 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Charpit’s auxiliary equations are

dp dq dz dx dy dF
= = = = =
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f 0
+ p +q − p −q − −
∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q ∂p ∂q
dp dq dz dx dy dF
or = = = = =
− pq p2 − qz − 2 py − 2 qy + z 0
From the first two members, we have pdp + qdq = 0
Integrating, p2 + q2 = a2 ...(2)
2
a y
Putting in equation (1), q =
z
a
∴ From (2), p= a2 − q2 = z2 − a2 y2
z
a a2 y
∴ dz = pdx + qdy = z2 − a2 y2 dx + dy
z z
1
d( z2 − a2 y2 )
or zdz – a2ydy =a z −a y 2 2 2 dx or 2 = adx
z 2 − a2 y 2
Integrating, we get

z2 − a2 y2 = ax + b or z2 – a2y2 = (ax + b)2 or z2 = (ax + b)2 + a2y2

which is the required complete solution.
2 2
45. Solve : 2z + p + qy + 2y = 0 by Charpit’s method.
Sol. Here, f = 2z + p2 + qy + 2y2 = 0 (A.U.U.P., 2006, 2008)
dx dy dz dp dq
The auxiliary equations are = = = =
− 2 p − y − (2 p2 + qy) 2 p 4 y + 3q
From first and fourth members, dp = – dx or p = – x + a
Substituting p = a – x in the given equation, we get
1
q= [– 2z – 2y2 – (a – x)2]
y
1
∴ dz = pdx + qdy or dz = (a – x)dx – [ 2z + 2y2 + (a – x)2] dy
y
Multiplying both sides by 2y2
2y2dz + 4yzdy = 2y2 (a – x) dx – 4y3dy – 2y(a – x)2 dy
Integrating 2zy2 = – [y2(a – x)2 + y4] + b or y2 [(a – x)2 + y2 + 2z] = b
which is the desired solution.
46. Solve by Charpit’s method the partial differential equation :
(p2 + q2)x = pz (M.D.U., Dec. 2007)
Sol. Here, f = (p2 + q2)x – pz = 0 ...(1)
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
∴ = p2 + q2, = 0, = – p, = 2px – z, = 2qx
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy dF
2
= = = = =
q − pq − p(2 px − z) − 2 q2 x − 2 px + z − 2qx 0
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 733

From the first two members, we have

pdp + qdq = 0 which on integration gives p2 + q2 = a2 ...(2)
Putting in equation (1), we get
a2 a
p= x, q = a2 − p2 = z2 − a2 x2
z z
a2 a
∴ dz = pdx + qdy = xdx + z2 − a2 x2 . dy or zdz – a2xdx = a z2 − a2 x2 . dy
z z
1
d( z2 − a2 x2 )
1 2
d(z2 – a2x2) = a z2 − a2 x2 . dy or = a . dy
2 z 2 − a2 x 2

which on integration gives z2 − a2 x2 = ay + b or z2 – a2x2 = (ay + b)2

⇒ z2 = a2x2 + (ay + b)2 which is the required complete solution.
47. Solve by Charpit’s method : px + qy = pq
Sol. Here, f = px + qy – pq = 0 ...(1)
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
= p, = q, = 0, = x – q, =y–p
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q
dp dq dz dx dy dF
= = = = =
p q − p( x − q) − q( y − p) − x + q − y + p 0
dp dq
From first two members =
p q
log p = log q + log a ⇒ p = qa
py p2
Putting in equation (1) px + = ⇒ p = 0, ax + y
a a
ax + y
∴ q= .
a
dz = p . dx + q . dy
1
dz = (ax + y)dx or adz = a(ax + y)dx ⇒ az = (ax + y)2 + b.
2
48. Solve by Charpit’s method : pxy + pq + qy = yz
Sol. Here, f = pxy + pq + qy – yz = 0 ...(1)
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
∴ = py, = px + q – z, = – y, = xy + q, =p+y
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q
Then Charpit’s auxiliary equations are :
dp dq dz dx
= = =
0 px + q − z − qy − p( xy + q) − q( p + y) − ( xy + q)
dy dF
= =
− ( p + y) 0
∴ dp = 0 or p = a
Putting p = a in (1), we get
y( z − ax)
q=
a+ y
y( z − ax)
∴ dz = pdx + qdy = a . dx + . dy
a+ y
734 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

dz − a . dx y dz − a . dx a FG IJ
∴
z − ax
=
a+ y
. dy or
z − ax
= 1−
a+ y H K dy

Integrating both sides, we get

log (z – ax) = y – a log (a + y) + b which is the required complete solution.
49. Solve the partial differential equation z = p2x + q2y by Charpit’s method.
(M.D.U., 2005; M.T.U. 2010)
Sol. z = p2x + q2y
Here, f = z – p2x – q2y = 0
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
∴ = – p2, = – q2, = 1, = – 2px, = – 2qy
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q
The auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz dp dq dF
= = = = =
2 px 2 qy 2 p2 x + 2 q2 y − p2 + p − q2 + q 0
dx dy dp dq dp dq
− − + − +
2x 2 y p q p q dx dy dp dq
= = ⇒ − =− +
p−q ( p − 1) − (q − 1) p−q 2x 2 y p q
which on integrating gives
1 1
log x – log y = – log p + log q + log a
2 2
1 x q.a x q p x
or log = log or = . a or q =
2 y p y p a y
Substituting the value of q in the given equation, we have
p2 x FG
1 IJ x
z = p2x +
a2
.
y
. y = p2 1 +
H
a2 K
z . a2 z.a
∴ p2 = 2 ⇒ p=
(a + 1) x 2
a +1. x
z
∴ q=
2
a +1. y
Substituting the values of p and q in dz = pdx + qdy, we have
z z
dz = a . x–1/2 . dx + y–1/2 . dy
2 2
a +1 a +1
dz a 1
= x–1/2 . dx + y–1/2 . dy
z 2 2
a +1 a +1
On integration, this gives
z a x 1 y
= . + . +b
1 2 1 2 1
a +1 a +1
2 2 2
a2 + 1 . z =a x + y + b ⇒ z(a2 + 1) = (a x + y + b)2

(a x + y + b)2
or z= , which is the required complete solution.
(a2 + 1)
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 735

50. Solve by using the Charpit’s method : p2 + qy = z (M.D.U., 2006)

Sol. Let f = p2 + qy – z = 0 ...(1)
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
∴ = 0, = q, = – 1, = 2p, =y
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q
The auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz dp dq dx dy dz dp dq
= = = = or = = = =
− 2 p − y − ( 2 p2 + qy ) − p 0 2p y 2 p2 + qy p 0
dq = 0 ⇒ q = a ...(2)

∴ From (1), p2 + ay = z or p = z − ay ...(3)

Substituting the values of p and q in dz = pdx + qdy

dz = z − ay . dx + a . dy
dz − ady
We have, dz – ady = z − ay . dx or = dx
z − ay
which on integration gives

z − ay FG
x +b IJ 2

1
= x + b or 4(z – ay) = (x + b)2 ⇒ z = ay +
H
2 K
2
which is the required complete solution.
51. Solve the partial differential equation using Charpit’s method : 2(z + xp + yq) = yp2
(M.D.U., Dec. 2008)
Sol. f (x, y) = 2z + 2xp + 2yq – yp2 = 0
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
= 2p, = 2q – p2, = 2, = 2x – 2yp, = 2y
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
= = = − ∂f = − ∂f
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
+ p +q − p −q
∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q ∂p ∂q
dp dq dz dx dy
⇒ = = = =
4p 4 q − p2 − 2 xp + 2 p2 y − 2 yq − 2 x + 2 yp − 2y

ax a2 b
Hence its solution is z= 2
− 3
+ .
y 4y y
2
52. Solve by Charpit’s method z = pqxy. (M.D.U., May 2008)
Sol. Here, f = z2 – pqxy = 0 ...(1)
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
= – pqy, = – pqx, = 2z, = – qxy, = – pxy
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂p ∂q
Auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
= = = =
− pqy + 2 pz − pqx + 2qz 2 pqxy qxy pxy

dp dq dz dx dy
= = = =
p( 2z − qy ) q( 2z − px ) 2 pqxy qxy pxy
736 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

From first and second members,

dp dq dq dp dx dy
− + − +
p q q p x y dp dq dx dy
= or = ⇒ − =– +
2z − qy 2z − px px − qy px − qy p q x y
Integrating, we get
log p – log q = – log x + log y + log b2
FG px IJ px
or log p + log x – log q – log y = log b2 or log
H qy K = log (b2) ⇒
qy
= b2

b2qy
px = b2qy or p = ...(1)
x
Since, z2 = pqxy ...(2)

b2qy
or z2 = . qxy [Using equation (2)]
x
⇒ z2 = b2q2y2
z
⇒ z2 = bqy or q =
by

b2 y z bz
∴ p= . = ...(3)
x by x
Substituting the values of p and q in
dz = pdx + qdy
dx z dz dx 1 dy
We have, dz = bz + . dy or =b + .
x by z x b y
On integrating, we get
1
log z = b log x + log y + log a = log xb + log y1/b + log a
b
⇒ log z = log (axb . y1/b) or z = a . xb . y1/b is the solution.
53. Solve :

∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
(i) − −6 =0 (ii) (D + 2D′) (D – 3D′)2 . z = 0 (iii) 4r – 12s + 9t = 0.
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2

∂ ∂
Sol. (i) The given equation is (D2 – DD′ – 6D′2) z = 0 where D≡ , D′ =
∂x ∂y
Auxiliary equation is m2 – m – 6 = 0 ⇒ (m – 3) (m + 2) = 0 ⇒ m = 3, – 2
∴ C.F. = f 1(y + 3x) + f2 (y – 2x)
P.I. = 0
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions. Hence the complete solution is z = f1 (y + 3x) + f2(y – 2x).
(ii) The given equation is (D + 2D′) (D – 3D′)2 z = 0
Auxiliary equation is (m + 2) (m – 3)2 = 0 ⇒ m = – 2, 3, 3
C.F. = f1 (y – 2x) + f2 (y + 3x) + xf3 (y + 3x)
P.I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. or z = f1 (y – 2x) + f2 (y + 3x) + xf3(y + 3x)
where f1, f2 and f3 are arbitrary functions.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 737

∂2z ∂2 z ∂2 z
(iii) The given equation is 4 − 12 + 9 . 2 = 0 ⇒ (4D2 – 12DD′ + 9D′2) z = 0
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y

3 3
Auxiliary equation is 4m2 – 12m + 9 = 0 or (2m – 3)2 = 0 ⇒ m = ,
2 2
FG 3 IJ FG 3 IJ
∴ C.F. = f1 y +
H 2
x
K + xf2 y +
H 2
x ,
K P.I. = 0

FG 3 IJ FG y + 3 x IJ .
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 y +
H 2
x
K + xf2
H 2 K
54. Solve :
(i) (D3 – 3D2D′ + 2DD′2) z = 0 (ii) r = a2t

∂4 z ∂4 z
(iii) (D3D′2 + D2D′3) z = 0 (iv) − =0 (A.U.U.P., 2009; M.T.U.,2010)
∂x 4 ∂y 4
Sol. (i) The given equation is (D3 – 3D2D′ + 2DD′2) z = 0
The auxiliary equation is m3 – 3m2 + 2m = 0
⇒ 2
m(m – 3m + 2) = 0 or m(m – 1) (m – 2) = 0 or m = 0, 1, 2
∴ C.F. = f1 (y) + f2 (y + x) + f3 (y + 2x)
P.I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. ⇒ z = f1 (y) + f2 (y + x) + f3 (y + 2x)
where f1, f2, f3 are arbitrary functions.
(ii) The given equation is r – a2t = 0 or (D2 – a2 D′2) z = 0
The auxiliary equation is m2 – a2 = 0 ⇒ m = ± a
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + ax) + f2 (y – ax)
P.I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1(y + ax) + f2(y – ax)
where f1, f2 are arbitrary functions.
(iii) The given equation is D2D′2 (D + D′) z = 0
∴ C.F. = f1 (y) + xf2 (y) + f3 (x) + yf4 (x) + f5 (y – x)
P.I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F + P.I. or z = f1 (y) + xf2 (y) + f3 (x) + yf4 (x) + f5 (y – x)
where f1, f2, f3, f4 and f5 are arbitrary functions.
(iv) The given equation is (D4 – D′4) z = 0
The auxiliary equation is m4 – 1 = 0 ⇒ (m2 – 1) (m2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ m = ± 1, ± i
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y – x) + f3 (y + ix) + f4 (y – ix)
P.I. = 0
∴ The complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y – x) + f3 (y + ix) + f4 (y – ix)
where f1, f2, f3, f4 are arbitrary functions.
∂4 z ∂4 z ∂4 z ∂4 z
55. Solve the linear partial differential equation : −2 + 2. − = 0.
∂x 4 ∂x 3 ∂y ∂x ∂y 3 ∂y 4
(U.P.T.U., 2008)
∂ ∂
Sol. The given equation is (D4 – 2D3D′ + 2DD′3 – D′4) z = 0, where D ≡ and D′ ≡
∂x ∂y
Auxiliary equation is m4 – 2m3 + 2m – 1 = 0
or m4 – m3 – m3 + m2 – m2 + m + m – 1 = 0
738 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

or m3(m – 1) – m2(m – 1) – m(m – 1) + 1(m – 1) = 0

⇒ (m – 1) [m3 – m2 – (m + 1)] = 0
(m – 1) [m2 (m – 1) – 1(m – 1)] = 0
(m – 1)2 (m2 – 1) = 0
(m – 1)3 (m + 1) = 0 ⇒ m = – 1, 1, 1, 1
∴ C.F. = f1 (y – x) + f2 (y + x) + xf3 (y + x) + x2f4 (y + x)
Also, P.I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is z = f1 (y – x) + f2 (y + x) + xf3 (y + x) + x2f4 (y + x)
where f1, f2, f3 and f4 are arbitrary functions.

∂4 z ∂4 z
56. Solve : 4
+ = 0. (A.U.U.P., 2006, 2008, 2009)
∂x ∂y 4
Sol. The given equation is (D4 + D′4) z = 0
Auxiliary equation is m4 + 1 = 0 ⇒ m4 + 1 + 2m2 = 2m2 or (m2 + 1)2 = 2m2
(m2 + 1)2 – ( 2 m)2 = 0 ⇒ (m2 + 1 + 2 . m) (m2 + 1 – 2 m) = 0
− 1± i 1± i
so that m2 + 2 . m + 1 = 0 or m2 – 2 .m+1=0 ⇒ m= ,
2 2
− 1+ i 1+ i
Let z1 = , z2 = then m = z1, z1, z2, z2
2 2
Here z1 and z2 denote complex conjugate of z1 and z2 respectively.
∴ C.F. = f1(y + z1x) + f2 (y + z1x) + f3 (y + z2x) + f4 (y + z2 . x)
P.I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is
z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y + z1x) + f2 (y + z1x) + f3 (y + z2x) + f4 (y + z2 x)
where f1, f2, f3 and f4 are arbitrary functions.
3 2 2 3
57. Solve : (D – 6D D′ + 11DD′ – 6D′ ) z = 0.
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m – 6m2 + 11m – 6 = 0
3

⇒ (m – 1) (m – 2) (m – 3) = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 2, 3
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y + 2x) + f3 (y + 3x)
P.I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. or z = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y + 2x) + f3 (y + 3x)
where f1, f2 and f3 are arbitrary functions.
58. Solve : (D3 – 6D2D′ + 12DD′2 – 8D′3) z = 0.
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m3 – 6m2 + 12m – 8 = 0
By hit and trial method m = 2 satisfies it.
∴ (m – 2) (m2 + 4 – 4m) = 0 or (m – 2) (m – 2)2 = 0
∴ (m – 2)3 = 0 or m = 2, 2, 2
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + 2x) + xf2 (y + 2x) + x2f3 (y + 2x)
P.I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y + 2x) + xf2 (y + 2x) + x2f3 (y + 2x)
where f1, f2 and f3 are arbitrary functions.
59. Solve : r – 4s + 4t = 0
Sol. Given equation is (D2 – 4DD′ + 4D′2) z = 0
Auxiliary equation is m2 – 4m + 4 = 0 ⇒ (m – 2)2 = 0 ⇒ m = 2, 2
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 739

∴ C.F. = f1 (y + 2x) + xf2 (y + 2x)

P.I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. or z = f1 (y + 2x) + xf2 (y + 2x)
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.

∂2z ∂2z ∂2z

60. Solve : 2
+3 + 2 2 = x + y. (A.U.U.P., 2007)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Sol. The given equation is (D2 + 3DD′ + 2D′2) z = x + y
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 ⇒ (m + 1) (m + 2) = 0 or m = – 1, – 2
∴ C.F. = f1 (y – x) + f2 (y – 2x)

P.I. = 2
1
D + 3DD′ + 2D′ 2 . (x + y) =
1
(1) + 3(1)(1) + 2(1)2
2 zz u du du, where x + y = u.

1 u3 u3 ( x + y)3
= . = =
6 6 36 36

( x + y)3
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. or z = f1 (y – x) + f2 (y – 2x) +
36
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
61. Solve : (D2 + 2DD′ + D′2) z = e3x+2y. (U.P.T.U., June, 2007)
Sol. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 ⇒ (m + 1)2 = 0 or m = – 1, – 1
∴ C.F. = f1 (y – x) + xf2 (y – x)

P.I. =
1
D2 + 2DD′ + D′ 2
. e3x+2y =
1
(3)2 + 2(3)(2) + (2)2 zz eu du du, where 3x + 2y = u

1 1 3x+2y
. eu =
= e
25 25
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I.
1 3x+2y
z = f1 (y – x) + xf2(y – x) + e
25
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.

∂2z ∂2z ∂2z

62. Solve the linear partial differential equation − 2. + 2 = sin (2x + 3y).
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y

∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
Sol. The given equation is − 2. + 2 = sin (2x + 3y)
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂ ∂
⇒ (D2 – 2DD′ + D′2) z = sin (2x + 3y) where D ≡ , D′ ≡
∂x ∂y
The auxiliary equation is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 ⇒ (m – 1)2 = 0 or m = 1, 1
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + x) + xf2 (y + x)
1
P.I. = sin (2x + 3y)
D2 − 2DD′ + D′ 2

=
1
(D − D′ ) 2
sin (2x + 3y) =
1
(2 − 3)2 zz
sin u du du = – sin u = – sin (2x + 3y)

Hence the complete solution is z = f1 (y + x) + xf2 (y + x) – sin (2x + 3y)

where f1, f2 are arbitrary functions.
740 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

63. Solve : (2D2 – 5DD′ + 2D′2) z = 24 (y – x).

Sol. The given equation is (2D2 – 5DD′ + 2D′2) z = 24 (y – x)
1
The auxiliary equation is 2m2 – 5m + 2 = 0 or (2m – 1) (m – 2) = 0 ⇒ m= ,2
2
FG 1 IJ
Hence, C.F. = f1 y + H 2 K
x + f (y + 2x) = φ (2y + x) + f (y + 2x)
2 1 2

1
P.I. = . 24 (y – x) | Here a = – 1, b = 1
2D2 − 5DD′ + 2D′ 2

=
24
2(− 1)2 − 5(− 1)(1) + 2(1)2
4 3 4
zz u du du, where y – x = u

= u = (y – x)3
9 9
4
∴ Complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = φ1 (2y + x) + f2 (y + 2x) + (y – x)3.
9
64. Solve : r + s – 2t = 2x + y (U.P.T.U., 2006, 2008)

∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
Sol. The given equation is 2
+ − 2 2 = (2x + y)1/2 or (D2 + DD′ – 2D′2) z = (2x + y)1/2
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Auxiliary equation is m2
+ m – 2 = 0 ⇒ (m – 1) (m + 2) = 0 ⇒ m = 1, – 2
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y – 2x)
1
P.I. = (2x + y)1/2 | Here a = 2, b = 1
D2 + DD′ − 2D′ 2

=
1
(2)2 + (2)(1) − 2(1) 2
1 4 1
zz u . du du, where u = 2x + y

= . . u5./2 = (2x + y)5/2

4 15 15
1
Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. or z = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y – 2x) + (2x + y)5/2.
15
∂2z ∂2z
65. Solve the linear partial differential equation : 2
+ = cos mx cos ny + 30 (2x + y).
∂x ∂y 2
(A.U.U.P., 2009)

∂2 z ∂2 z
Sol. The given equation is 2
+ = cos mx cos ny + 30 (2x + y)
∂x ∂y2
⇒ (D2 + D′2) z = cos mx cos ny + 30 (2x + y)
Hence auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ± i
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + ix) + f2 (y – ix)
1 1
P.I. = (cos mx . cos ny) + . 30 (2x + y) = P1 + P2
D 2 + D′ 2 D + D′ 2
2

1
where, P1 = cos mx cos ny
D 2 + D′ 2
1 1
= . [cos (mx + ny) + cos (mx – ny)]
2 D 2 + D′ 2
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 741

=
1LM 1 cos (mx + ny) +
1
cos (mx − ny)
OP
2 MN D + D′
2 2 2
D + D′ 2
PQ
or P1
1L
= M
2 MN m + n
1
2 2 zz cos u du du + 2
m +n
1
2 zz cos v dv dv
OP
PQ
1L OP
= M−
1 1
cos u − cos v , where mx + ny = u, mx – ny = v
2 MN m + n 2 2
m2 + n2 PQ
1
= − [cos (mx + ny) + cos (mx – ny)]
2(m2 + n2 )

and P2 =
1
D 2 + D′ 2
. 30 (2x + y) =
30
(2)2 + (1)2 zz w dw dw, where 2x + y = w

w3
=6.= w3 = (2x + y)3
6
1
∴ P.I. = − [cos (mx + ny) + cos (mx – ny)] + (2x + y)3
2(m + n2 )
2

1
= − 2 cos mx cos ny + (2x + y)3
m + n2
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I.
1
⇒ z = f1 (y + ix) + f2 (y – ix) − cos mx cos ny + (2x + y)3
m + n2
2

where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.

∂2z ∂2z ∂2z

66. Solve : 2
−3 + 2 2 = e2x+3y + sin (x – 2y). (U.P.T.U. 2006, 2009)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – 3DD′ + 2D′2) z = e2x+3y + sin (x – 2y)
Auxiliary equation is m2 – 3m + 2 = 0 ⇒ (m – 1) (m – 2) = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 2
∴ C.F. = f1(y + x) + f2 (y + 2x)
1 2x+3y +
1
P.I. = 2 2 .e 2 . sin (x – 2y) = P1 + P2
D − 3DD′ + 2D′ D − 3DD ′ + 2D′ 2
1
where, P1 = 2 . e2x+3y
D − 3DD′ + 2D′ 2

=
1
(2)2 − 3(2)(3) + 2(3) 2
1 u 1 2x+3y
zz
eu du du, where 2x + 3y = u

= e = e

zz
4 4
1 1
P2 = 2 sin (x – 2y) = sin v dv dv
D − 3DD′ + 2D′ 2 (1)2 − 3(1)(− 2) + 2(− 2)2
1 1
= (– sin v) = – sin (x – 2y), where x – 2y = v
15 15
1 2x+3y 1
∴ P.I. = P1 + P2 = e – sin (x – 2y)
4 15
Hence the complete solution is
1 2x+3y 1
z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y + 2x) + e – sin (x – 2y)
4 15
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
742 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂2z ∂2z ∂2z

67. Solve : 2
− 2. + 2 = sin x. (U.P.T.U., 2007, 2009)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – 2DD′ + D′2) z = sin x
Auxiliary equation is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 1
∴

zz
C.F. = f1 (y + x) + x . f2 (y + x)
1 1
P.I. = sin (x + 0. y) = sin u du du, where x = u
(D − D′ ) 2 (1 − 0)2
= – sin u = – sin x
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y + x) + xf2 (y + x) – sin x
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
68. Solve the linear partial differential equation :
∂3 z ∂3 z ∂3 z
−4 + 4. = 4 sin (2x + y). (A.U.U.P. 2010)
∂x 3 ∂x 2∂y ∂x ∂y 2
Sol. The given equation is (D3 – 4D2 D′ + 4DD′2) z = 4 sin (2x + y)
The auxiliary equation is m3 – 4m2 + 4m = 0 or m(m2 – 4m + 4) = 0 ⇒ m = 0, 2, 2
∴ C.F. = f1(y) + f2 (y + 2x) + xf3 (y + 2x)
1
P.I. = 4 sin (2x + y)
D3 – 4D2D′ + 4DD′ 2
4 4 LM 1 sin (2x + y)OP
or P.I. = 2
D(D − 4DD′ + 4D′ ) 2 sin (2x + y) =
D MN (D − 2D′ )
2
PQ
4 LM 1 sin (2x + y)OP = 4x 1 L1 O
D MN 2
sin (2 x + y)P
Q
=x. 2 .
D N 2(D − 2D′ ) Q
1 cos (2x + y)
= 2x2 . sin (2x + y) = – 2x2 . = – x2 cos (2x + y)
D 2
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I.
⇒ z = f1 (y) + f2 (y + 2x) + xf3 (y + 2x) – x2 cos (2x + y)
where f1, f2 and f3 are arbitrary functions.
69. Solve the linear partial differential equation :
∂2z
∂2z ∂2z
2 2
−5.
+ 2 . 2 = 5 sin (2x + y). (M.D.U., 2010)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Sol. The given equation is (2D2 – 5DD′ + 2D′2) z = 5 sin (2x + y)
1
The auxiliary equation is 2m2 – 5m + 2 = 0 or (2m – 1) (m – 2) = 0 ⇒ m = ,2
2
1FG IJ
∴ C.F. = f1 y +
2 H K
x + f2 (y + 2x)

1 1
P.I. = . 5 sin (2x + y) = 5x . sin (2x + y)

z
2D2 − 5DD′ + 2D′ 2 4D − 5D′
1
= 5x . sin u du, where 2x + y = u
4(2) − 5(1)
5 5x
= . x . (– cos u) = – cos (2x + y)
3 3
1 FG 5xIJ
Hence complete solution is z = f1 y + x + f2 (y + 2x) –
2 H 3 Kcos (2x + y)
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 743

1
70. Solve : (D2 + 5DD′ + 6D′2) z = . (M.T.U., 2010)
y − 2x
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m2 + 5m + 6 = 0 ⇒ (m + 2) (m + 3) = 0 ⇒ m = – 2, – 3
∴ C.F. = f1 (y – 2x) + f2 (y – 3x)
1 FG 1 IJ = x . 1 F 1 I
P.I. = 2
D + 5DD′ + 6D′ 2 .
H y − 2 x K 2D + 5D′ GH y − 2 x JK
=x.
1
2(− 2) + 5(1)
1
u z
. du, where y – 2x = u

= x log u = x log (y – 2x)

Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y – 2x) + f2 (y – 3x) + x log (y – 2x)
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary, functions.

∂2z ∂2z
71. Solve the linear partial differential equation : − = sin x cos y (U.P.T.U. 2008, 2010)
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – DD′) z = sin x cos y
Auxiliary equation is m2 – m = 0 or m(m – 1) = 0 ⇒ m = 0, 1
∴ C.F. = f1 (y) + f2 (y + x)
1 1
P.I. = sin x . cos y = [sin (x + y) + sin (x – y)]
D2 − DD′ 2(D2 − DD′ )
1 LM 1
sin ( x + y) + 2
1
sin ( x − y) =
1 OP
=
MN
2
2 D − DD′ D − DD′ 2
(P1 + P2)
PQ
1 1
where, P1 = 2 sin (x + y) = x . sin (x + y)
2D − D′

z
D − DD′
1
or P1 = x. sin u du, where x + y = u
2(1) − (1)

zz
= x . (– cos u) = – x cos (x + y)
1 1
and P2 = 2
sin (x – y) = sin w dw dw where x – y = w
D − DD′ (1) 2 − (1)(− 1)
1 1
= (– sin w) = – sin (x – y)
2 2
1 LM 1
− x cos ( x + y) − sin x − y b gOPQ
∴ P.I. =
2 N 2
Hence the complete solution is
x 1
z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y) + f2 (y + x) – cos (x + y) – sin (x – y)
2 4
where, f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
72. Solve : 4r – 4s + t = 16 log (x + 2y).
Sol. The given equation is (4D2 – 4DD′ + D′2) z = 16 log (x + 2y)
1 1
Auxiliary equation is 4m2 – 4m + 1 = 0 or (2m – 1)2 = 0 ⇒ m = ,
2 2
FG 1 IJ 1 FG IJ
∴ C.F. = f1 y +
H 2 K
x + xf2 y + x
2 H K
1 1
P.I. = 16 log (x + 2y) = 16x . log (x + 2y)
(2D − D′ ) 2 2(2D − D′ ) ⋅ 2
744 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 1
= 4x . log (x + 2y) = 4x2 . log (x + 2y) = 2x2 log (x + 2y)
2D − D′ 2
Hence the complete solution is
1 FG 1 IJ FG IJ
z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 y +
2 H K H
x + xf2 y + x + 2x2 log (x + 2y)
2 K
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
73. Solve : r + 2s + t = 2(y – x) + sin (x – y). (A.U.U.P., 2009)
Sol. Given equation is (D2 + 2DD′ + D′2) z = 2(y – x) + sin (x – y)
Auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = – 1, – 1
∴ C.F. = f1 (y – x) + xf2 (y– x)
1 1
P.I. = . 2(y – x) + . sin (x – y) = P1 + P2
(D + D′ )2 (D + D′ )2
1 1 1
where, P1 = . 2(y – x) = 2x . (y – x) = x . (y – x) = x2 . (y – x)
(D + D′ )2 2(D + D′ ) D + D′
1 1 1
P2 = sin (x – y) = x . sin (x – y) = x2 . . sin (x – y)
(D + D′ )2 2(D + D′ ) 2
x2
∴ P.I. = x2(y – x) + sin (x – y)
2
x2
Hence complete solution is z = f1 (y – x) + xf2 (y – x) + x2 (y – x) + sin (x – y).
2
ex
74. Solve : 2r – s – 3t = 5. . (M.D.U., 2010)
ey
Sol. The given equation is (2D2 – DD′ – 3D′2) z = 5ex–y
Auxiliary equation is 2m2 – m – 3 = 0 or 2m2 – 3m + 2m – 3 = 0
3
(m + 1) (2m – 3) = 0 ⇒ m = – 1,
2
FG 3 IJ
∴ C.F. = f1 (y – x) + f2 y +
H 2
x
K
P.I. =
1
2D2 − DD′ − 3D′ 2
(5ex–y) =
5x . ex− y
4 D − D′
= 5x .
4 (1)
1
− (− 1) z eu du = xex–y

FG 3 IJ
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y – x) + f2 y +
H 2 K
x +xex–y

where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.

75. Solve : (D – D′)2 z = x + φ (x + y).
Sol. The auxiliary equation is (m – 1)2 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 1
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + x) + xf2 (y + x)
1 1 1
P.I. = {x + φ (x + y)} = .x+ φ (x + y) = P1 + P2
(D − D′ ) 2 (D − D′ ) 2 (D − D′ ) 2

where, P1 =
1
(D − D′ ) 2
(x + 0 . y) =
1
(1 − 0)2 zz u du du, where x = u

u3 x3
= =
6 6
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 745

1 1 x2
P2 = 2 . φ (x + y) = x . . φ (x + y) = φ (x + y)
(D − D′ ) 2(D − D′ ) 2
x3 x2
∴ P.I. = + . φ (x + y)
6 2
x3 x2
Hence complete solution is z = f1 (y + x) + xf2 (y + x) + + φ (x + y).
6 2
∂3 z ∂3 z ∂3 z 1
76. Solve : 2
−2 2
+ = . (U.P.T.U., 2007; M.T.U., 2010)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y 3 x2
1 1
Sol. The given equation is (D2D′ – 2DD′2 + D′3) z = 2 ⇒ D′ (D2 – 2DD′ + D′2) z =
x x2
Part of C.F. Corresponding to D′ is f1 (x)
Auxiliary equation of the remaining factor is
m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 or (m – 1)2 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 1
∴ Another part of C.F. = f2 (y + x) + xf3 (y + x)
∴ Complete C.F. = f1 (x) + f2 (y + x) + xf3 (y + x)
FG 1 IJ
1
D′ + D D′ − 2DD′ H x K
P.I. = 3 2 2
. 2 | x–2 = (x + 0 . y)–2

1 F 1I
.G J
3D′ + D − 4DD′ H x K
=y. 2 2 2

=y. 2
3(0) + (1) − 4(1)(0)
1
2 zz 1
u2
du du, where x = u.

P.I. = y .
1
u z FGH −
IJ
K
du = y (– log u) = – y log x

Hence the complete solution is z = f1(x) + f2(y + x) + xf3(y + x) – y log x

where f1, f2 and f3 are arbitrary functions.
77. Solve : (D3 – 7DD′2 – 6D′3) z = sin (x + 2y) + e3x+y.
(Uttarakhand, June 2009, A.U.U.P., 2010)
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m3 – 7m – 6 = 0 or m3 + m2 – m2 – m – 6m – 6 = 0
m2(m + 1) – m(m + 1) – 6(m +1) = 0 or (m2 – m – 6) (m + 1) = 0
⇒ (m + 2) (m – 3) (m + 1) = 0 ⇒ m = – 1, – 2, 3
∴ C.F. = f1 (y – x) + f2 (y – 2x) + f3 (y + 3x)
1
P.I. = [sin (x + 2y) + e3x + y]
D − 7DD′ 2 − 6D′ 3
3

1 1
= 3 2 3 sin (x + 2y) + e3x+y
D − 7DD′ − 6D′ D − 7DD′ 2 − 6D′ 3
3

zzz
P.I. Corresponding to :
1 1
. sin (x + 2y) = sin u du du du, where x + 2y = u
D3 − 7DD′ 2 − 6D′ 3 (1)3 − 7(1)(2)2 − 6(2)3
1 1
=– cos u = – cos (x + 2y)
75 75
1
P.I. Corresponding to e3x+y = . (e3x+y)
D3 − 7DD′ 2 − 6D′ 3
Here, F(D, D′) = D3 – 7DD′2 – 6D′3
F(a, b) = F(3, 1) = (3)3 – 7(3)(1) – 6(1)3 = 0
746 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ It is a case of failure.
1
∴ P.I. Corresponding to e3x+y = x . . e3x+y
∂ 3 2 3
(D − 7DD′ − 6D′ )
∂D
1 1
=x. . e3x+y = x . . e3x+y
3D2 − 7D′ 2 20
1 x 3x+y
∴ Required P.I. = – cos (x + 2y) + e
75 20
∴ Complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I.
1 x 3x+y
z = f1 (y – x) + f2 (y – 2x) + f3 (y + 3x) – cos (x + 2y) + e
75 20
where f1, f2 and f3 are arbitrary functions.

∂3 z ∂3 z
78. Solve : 3
− = x3y3.
∂x ∂y 3
Sol. The given equation is (D3 – D′3) z = x3y3
Auxiliary equation is m3 – 1 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, w, w2, where w is one of the cube roots of unity.
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y + wx) + f3 (y + w2x)
1 1
(x3y3) =
F D′ I
P.I. = (x y ) 3 3
D3 − D′ 3 3
D G1 −
H D JK
3
3

1 F D′ I 3 −1
1 F D′ I 3
=
D H 3G 1−
D K
J (x y ) =
3
D H
G
3 31+
D K
J (x y )
3 3
3 3

1 L
M x y + D D′ (x y )OPQ = D LMN x y + D (6 x )OPQ = D
3 3 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 1
(x3y3) + (6x3)
D N
= 3
3 3 3 3
D6
F x I (y ) +
= G
6
6x 9
x y x 6 3 9

H 6 . 5 . 4 J
K 4
3
. 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9
=
120
+
10080

x 6 y3 x9
Hence complete solution is z = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y + wx) + f3 (y + w2x) + +
120 10080
where f1, f2 and f3 are arbitrary functions.
79. Solve : (D2 – 6DD′ + 9D′2) z = 12x2 + 36xy. (M.T.U., 2010)
Sol. The auxiliary equation is m2 – 6m + 9 = 0 ⇒ m = 3, 3
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + 3x) + xf2 (y + 3x)
1 1
P.I. = 2 . 12x2 + 2 . (36xy)
D − 6DD′ + 9D′ 2 D − 6DD′ + 9D′ 2

zz
= P1 + P2
1 12
where, P1 = 2 (12x2) = u2 du du where x = u
D − 6DD′ + 9D′ 2 (1)2 − 6(1)(0) + 9(0)2
u4
= 12 . = u4 = x4
12
1 36 36 3D′
−2
FG IJ
and P2 = 2
D − 6DD′ + 9D′ 2
(36xy) =
(D − 3D′ )2
(xy) =
D2
1 −
D
(xy)
H K
36 6 D′ FG IJ
= 2 1+
D D H
( xy)
K (Ignoring higher power terms)
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 747

36 LM xy + 6 ( x)OP = 36 LM x . y + x OP = 6x y + 9x
3 4

N D Q D [xy + 3x2] = 36 3 4
=
D2
3 4
2
MN 6 4 PQ
∴ P.I. = 6x y + 10x
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y + 3x) + xf2 (y +3x) + 6x3y + 10 . x4
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
2 2 x+2y
80. Solve : (D – 2DD′ + D′ ) z = e + x3. (A.U.U.P., 2010)
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 or (m – 1)2 = 0 or m = 1, 1
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + x) + xf2 (y + x)
1 1
P.I. = . ex+2y + . x3 = P 1 + P 2
2 2
(D − D′ ) 2

zz
D − 2DD′ + D′
1 1
where, P1 = . ex+2y = eu du du, where x + 2y = u
D2 − 2DD′ + D′ 2 (1)2 − 2(1)(2) + (2)2

zz
or P1 = ex+2y
1 1
P2 = . x3 or P2 = u3 du du, where u = x
(D − D′ )2 (1 − 0)2
u5 x5
= =
20 20
Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = C.F. + P1 + P2
x5
= f1 (y + x) + xf2 (y + x) + ex+ 2y +
20
∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
81. Solve the linear partial differential equation: − 6 +
= y cos x.
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2
( M.D.U., May 2010; R.G.P.V., Bhopal, June, 2009,
Feb., 2008, June, 2006; U.P.T.U., 2009)
2 2
Sol. The given equation is (D + DD′ – 6D′ ) z = y cos x
The auxiliary equation is m2 + m – 6 = 0 ⇒ m = 2, – 3
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + 2x) + f2 (y – 3x)
1 1
P.I. = 2 2 . y cos x = . y cos x

zR
D + DD′ − 6D′ (D − 2D′ ) (D + 3D′ )
1
= (c + 3x) cos x dx, where y = c + 3x

z
D − 2D′
1
ST UV
=
D − 2D′
c sin x + 3 x cos x dx
W
=
1
D − 2D′
1
N T
1
z
LMc sin x + 3 RS x sin x − 1 . sin x dxUVOP
WQ
= [c sin x + 3x sin x + 3 cos x] = [(c + 3x) sin x + 3 cos x]

z
D − 2D′ D − 2D′
1
= [y sin x + 3 cos x] = (b – 2x) sin xdx + 3 sin x, where y = b – 2x

z
D − 2D′
RS UV
T
= – b cos x – 2 x (− cos x) −
W
1 . (− cos x) dx + 3 sin x

= – b cos x + 2x cos x – 2 sin x + 3 sin x

= – (b – 2x) cos x + sin x = – y cos x + sin x.
Hence complete solution is z = f1 (y + 2x) + f2 (y – 3x) – y cos x + sin x.
748 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂2z ∂2z ∂2z

82. Solve : 2
+ − 2 2 = (y – 1) ex. (U.P.T.U., 2008)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Sol. The given equation is (D2 + DD′ – 2D′2) z = (y – 1) ex
The auxiliary equation is m2 + m – 2 = 0 or (m – 1) (m + 2) = 0 ⇒ m = 1, – 2
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y – 2x)
1 1
P.I. = . (y – 1) ex = . (y – 1) ex
D2 + DD′ − 2D′ 2 (D − D′ ) (D + 2D′ )

=
1
D − D′
1
z (c + 2x – 1) ex dx, where y = c + 2x

1 1
= [(c – 1) ex + 2(x – 1) ex] = [(c + 2x) ex – 3 . ex] = (yex – 3ex)

z
D − D′ D − D′ D − D′

= (b – x) ex dx – 3ex, where y = b – x
= bex – (x – 1) ex – 3ex = (b – x – 2) ex = (y – 2) ex
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y – 2x) + (y – 2) ex
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.

∂2z ∂2z
83. Solve : − = tan x tan y (sec2 x – sec2 y),
∂x 2 ∂y 2
(M.D.U., 2010; M.T.U., 2010; A.U.U.P., 2007, 2009)
Sol. Auxiliary equation is –1=0 ⇒ m=±1 m2
∴ C.F. = f1(y + x) + f2 (y – x)
1
P.I. = tan x tan y (sec2 x – sec2 y)
D − D′ 2
2

=
1 LM 1 (tan x sec x tan y − tan x tan y sec y)OP
2 2
D + D′ N D − D′ Q

where
=
1
D + D′
y = c – x.
N z 2
z
LM tan x sec x tan (c − x) dx − tan x tan (c − x) sec 2 OP
(c − x) dx ,
Q
=
1
D + D′
LMtan (c − x) tan
MN 2
2
x
+
z sec 2 (c − x)
tan 2 x
2
. dx + tan x
tan 2 (c − x)
2

– z sec 2 x .
tan 2 (c − x)
2
. dx
OP
PQ
=
1
[tan (c – x) tan2 x + tan x tan2 (c – x] +
z sec2 (c – x) (sec2 x – 1) dx

z
2(D + D′ )

– {
sec 2 x sec2 (c − x) − 1 dx } OPQ
=
1
2(D + D′ )
1
LM
tan (c − x) tan2 x + tan x tan2 (c − x) +
N z{ sec2 x − sec2 (c − x)} dxOP
Q
= [tan (c – x) tan2 x + tan x tan2 (c – x) + tan x + tan (c – x)]
2(D + D′ )
1
= [tan x sec2 (c – x) + tan (c – x) sec2 x]
2(D + D′ )
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 749

1
P.I. = [tan x sec2 y + tan y sec2 x]

z z
2(D + D′ )
1 LM
tan x sec 2 (b + x) dx + tan (b + x) sec 2 xdx , where y = b + x OP
=
2 N Q
=
1
2
LM
N
tan x . tan (b + x) −

1 1
z
sec2 x . tan (b + x) dx + tan (b + x) sec2 xdx
z OP
Q
= tan x . tan (b + x) = tan x tan y, where b = y – x
2 2
1
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y – x) + tan x tan y
2
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
84. Solve : (D2 – DD′ – 2D′2) z = (2x2 + xy – y2) sin xy – cos xy.
Sol. Auxiliary equation is m2 – m – 2 = 0 or (m + 1) (m – 2) = 0 ⇒ m = – 1, 2
∴ C.F. = f1 (y – x) + f2 (y + 2x)
1
P.I. = [(2x – y) (x + y) sin xy – cos xy]
(D + D′ ) (D − 2D′ )

=
1
(D + D′ ) z [(4x – c) (c – x) sin (cx – 2x2) – cos (cx – 2x2)] dx, where y = c – 2x

=
1
(D + D′ ) zL [(x – c) (c – 4x) sin (cx – 2x2) – cos (cx – 2x2)] dx

=
1
(D + D′ )
1
MN {
( x − c) − cos (cx − 2 x2 +

1
} z cos (cx − 2 x2 ) dx −
z cos (cx − 2 x2 ) dx OP
Q
= (c – x) cos {x(c – 2x)} = (y + x) cos xy, where c = y + 2x

z
(D + D′ ) (D + D′ )

= (b + 2x) cos (bx + x2) dx, where y = b + x

= sin (bx + x2) = sin xy
∴ Complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y – x) + f2 (y + 2x) + sin xy
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
2 2
85. Solve : (D + 2DD′ + D′ ) z = 2 cos y – x sin y. (A.U.U.P. 2009)
Sol. The given equation is (D2 + 2DD′ + D′2) z = 2 cos y – x sin y
Auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 ⇒ (m + 1)2 = 0 or m = – 1, – 1
∴ C.F. = f1 (y – x) + xf2 (y – x)
1 1
P.I. = 2 2 cos y – . (x sin y) = P1 – P2
(D + D′ ) (D + D′ )2

where, P1 =
(D + D′ )
1
2

= 2(– cos y) = – 2 cos y

. 2 cos y =
(0 + 1)2
2
zz cos u du du, where y = u

P2 =
(D + D′ )
1
2 (x sin y) =
1
D + D′ z x sin (c + x) dx, where y = c + x

=
1
D + D′
1
LMx l− cos (c + x)q −
N
1
z l
1. − cos (c + x) dxq OPQ
= [– x cos (c + x) + sin (c + x)] = (– x cos y + sin y)
D + D′ D + D′
750 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

=
z – x cos (b + x) dx +
z sin (b + x) dx, where y = b + x

= (– x) sin (b + x) –
z (– 1) . sin (b + x) dx +
= – x sin (b + x) – 2 cos (b + x) = – x sin y – 2 cos y
z sin (b + x) dx

∴ P.I. = x sin y
Hence complete solution is z = f1 (y – x) + xf2 (y – x) + x sin y where f1, f2 are arbitrary functions.
86. Solve the partial differential equation : (D – D′ – 1) (D – D′ – 3) z = 0.
Sol. The given equation is (D – D′ – 1) (D – D′ – 3) z = 0
Its C.F. = ex f1 (y + x) + e3x f2 (y + x) and P.I. = 0
Hence complete solution is z = ex f1 (y + x) + e3x . f2 (y + x) where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
87. Solve the linear partial differential equation : (D + D′ – 1) (D + 2D′ – 2) z = 0.
Sol. Given equation is (D + D′ – 1) (D + 2D′ – 2) z = 0
C.F. = ex f1 (y – x) + e2x f2 (y – 2x)
P.I. = 0
Hence complete solution is z = ex f1 (y – x) + e2x f2 (y – 2x) where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
88. Solve : DD′ (D + 2D′ + 1) z = 0.
Sol. The given equation is DD′ (D + 2D′ + 1) z = 0
Corresponding to the factor D, Part of C.F. = f1(y)
Corresponding to the factor D′, Part of C.F. = f2(x)
Corresponding to the factor (D + 2D′ + 1), Part of C.F. = e–x f3 (y – 2x)
Hence combined C.F. = f1 (y) + f2 (x) + e–x f3 (y – 2x)
P.I. = 0
Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y) + f2 (x) + e–x f3 (y – 2x)
where f1, f2 and f3 are arbitrary functions.
89. Solve : r + 2s + t + 2p + 2q + z = 0.
Sol. The given equation is [D2 + 2DD′ + D′2 + 2D + 2D′ + 1] z = 0
⇒ [(D + D′)2 + 2(D + D′) + 1] z = 0 ⇒ (D + D′ + 1)2 z = 0
Its C.F. = e–x f1 (y – x) + xe–x . f2 (y – x) where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
90. Solve : r – t + p – q = 0.
Sol. Given equation is (D2 – D′2 + D – D′) z = 0
⇒ (D – D′) (D + D′ + 1) z = 0
Its C.F. = f1 (y + x) + e–x f2 (y – x)
P.I. = 0
Hence complete solution is z = f1 (y + x) + e–x . f2 (y – x) where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
91. Solve : (D + 4D′ + 5)2 z = 0. (M.T.U., 2009; A.U.U.P., 2008)
Sol. Given equation is (D + 4D′ + 5) z = 02

Its C.F. = e–5x f1 (y – 4x) + xe–5x f2 (y – 4x)

P.I. = 0
Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = e–5x f1 (y – 4x) + xe–5x f2 (y – 4x)
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
92. Solve : (D2 – DD′ – 2D) z = 0
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – DD′ – 2D) z = 0 ⇒ D(D – D′ – 2) z = 0
Its C.F. = f1 (y) + e2x f2 (y + x)
P.I. = 0
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 751

Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. or z = f1 (y) + e2x f2 (y + x)

where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
93. Solve : (D + 1) (D + D′ – 1) z = 0 (A.U.U.P., 2010)
Sol. The given equation is (D + 1) (D + D′ – 1) z = 0
Its C.F. = e–x . f1(y) + ex f2 (y – x)
P.I. = 0
Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. or z = e–x f1 (y) + ex f2 (y – x)
2 2
94. Solve : (D – D′ + D + 3D′ – 2) z = 0
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – D′2 + D + 3D′ – 2) z = 0
⇒ 2 2
(D – D′ + 2D – D + 2D′ + D′ – 2 + DD′ – DD′) z = 0
⇒ [D2 – DD′ + 2D + DD′ – D′2 + 2D′ – D + D′ – 2] z = 0
[D(D – D′ + 2) + D′(D – D′ + 2) – 1(D – D′ + 2)] z = 0
(D – D′ + 2) (D + D′ – 1) z = 0
Its C.F. = e–2x f1 (y + x) + ex . f2 (y – x)
P.I. = 0
Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. ⇒ z = e–2x f1 (y + x) + ex f2 (y – x)
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
95. Solve : (D2 – DD′ – 2D′2 + 2D + 2D′) z = 0.
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – DD′ – 2D′2 + 2D + 2D′) z = 0
⇒ [D2 + DD′ – 2DD′ – 2D′2 + 2(D + D′)] z = 0
⇒ [D(D + D′) – 2D′ (D + D′) + 2(D + D′)] z = 0
(D + D′) (D – 2D′ + 2) z = 0
Its C.F. = f1 (y – x) + e–2x f2 (y + 2x)
P.I. = 0
Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. ⇒ z = f1 (y – x) + e–2x . f2 (y + 2x)
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
96. Solve : (D2 + D′2 – p2) z = 0. (U.P.T.U., 2008, 2009; M.T.U., 2010)
Sol. Here D2 + D′2 – p2 can not be resolved into linear factors in D and D′.
Let z = Aehx+ky
∴ D2z = Ah2ehx+ky
D′2z = Ak2ehx+ky
∴ (D2 + D′2 – p2) z = A(h2 + k2 – p2) ehx+ky
Then, (D2 + D′2 – p2) z = 0 ⇒ A(h2 + k2 – p2) ehx+ky = 0
⇒ h2 + k2 – p2 = 0 or h2 + k2 = p2
∴ C.F. = Σ Aehx+ky, where h2 + k2 – p2 = 0
P.I. = 0
∴ z = ΣAehx+ky, where h2 + k2 – p2 = 0
Now h may be taken as p cos α and k may be taken as p sin α
The complete solution is z = ΣAep(x cos α + y sin α) where A is arbitrary constant and Σ denotes that
any number of terms may be taken.
97. Solve : s + ap + bq + abz = emx+ny.
Sol. The given equation is
(DD′ + aD + bD′ + ab) z = emx+ny ⇒ [D(D′ + a) + b(D′ + a)] z = emx+ny
⇒ (D′ + a) (D + b) z = e mx+ny
752 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Its C.F. = e–bx f1(y) + e–ay . f2(x)

1 emx + ny
P.I. = . emx+ny =
(D + b) (D′ + a) (m + b) (n + a)
emx + ny
Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = e–bx f1(y) + e–ay . f2(x) +
(m + b) (n + a)
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
98. Solve : (D3 – 3DD′ + D′ + 4) z = e2x+y.
Sol. Here D3 – 3DD′ + D′ + 4 cannot be resolved into linear factors in D and D′.
Let z = Aehx+ky
∴ (D – 3DD′ + D′ + 4) z = A(h3 – 3hk + k + 4) ehx+ky
3

Then (D3 – 3DD′ + D′ + 4) z = 0 iff h3 – 3hk + k + 4 = 0

∴ C.F. = ΣAehx+ky, where h3 – 3hk + k + 4 = 0
1 e2 x + y 1 2x+y
P.I. = 3 e2x+y = 3
= e
D − 3DD′ + D′ + 4 2 − 3(2)(1) + 1 + 4 7
1 2x+y
Hence complete solution is z = ΣAehx+ky + e , where h3 – 3hk + k + 4 = 0.
7
99. Solve : D(D – 2D′ – 3) z = ex+2y.
Sol. C.F. = f1(y) + e3x f2 (y + 2x)
1 ex+2 y 1 x+2y
P.I. = . ex+2y = =– e
D(D − 2D′ − 3) 1(1 − 4 − 3) 6
1 x+2y
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. or z = f1(y) + e3x f2 (y + 2x) – e
6
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
2
100. Solve : (D – DD′ + D′ – 1) z = sin (x + 2y). (U.P.T.U., 2011)
Sol. The given equation is
(D2 – DD′ + D′ – 1) z = sin (x + 2y)
⇒ {(D + 1) (D – 1) – D′(D – 1)} z = sin (x + 2y) ⇒ (D – 1) (D – D′ + 1) z = sin (x + 2y)
∴ C.F. = ex f1(y) + e–x f2 (y + x)
1 1
P.I. = sin (x + 2y) = 2 sin (x + 2y)
(D − 1) (D − D′ + 1) D − DD′ + D′ − 1
1 1 1
= sin (x + 2y) = sin (x + 2y) = − cos (x + 2y)
− 1 + 2 + D′ − 1 D′ 2
1
Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. or z = ex f1 (y) + e–x f2 (y + x) − cos (x + 2y)
2
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
101. Solve : (D – D′ – 1) (D – D′ – 2) z = sin (2x + 3y). (A.U.U.P., 2009)
Sol. The given equation is (D – D′ – 1) (D – D′ – 2) z = sin (2x + 3y)
C.F. = ex f1 (y + x) + e2x f2 (y + x)
1
P.I. = sin (2x + 3y)
( D − D′ − 1) ( D − D′ − 2)
1
= . sin (2x + 3y)
D − 2DD′ + D′ 2 − 3D + 3D′ + 2
2
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 753

1 1
= sin (2x + 3y) = sin (2x + 3y)
− 4 + 12 − 9 − 3D + 3D′ + 2 − 3D + 3D′ + 1
LM (3D − 3D′ ) + 1 O
sin (2 x + 3 y)P
=–
MN l(3D − 3D′ ) + 1q l3D − 3D′ − 1q PQ
L (3D − 3D′ ) + 1 sin (2x + 3 y)OP = – L 3D − 3D′ + 1 sin (2x + 3 y)O
=– M
MN 9D + 9D′ − 18DD′ − 1
2 2
PQ MN − 36 − 81 + 108 − 1 PQ
1
= (3D – 3D′ + 1) sin (2x + 3y)
10
1
= [6 cos (2x + 3y) – 9 cos (2x + 3y) + sin (2x + 3y)]
10
1
= [sin (2x + 3y) – 3 cos (2x + 3y)]
10
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I.
1
z = ex f1 (y + x) + e2x. f2 (y + x) + [sin (2x + 3y) – 3 cos (2x + 3y)]
10
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
102. Find particular integral of : 2s + t – 3q = 5 cos (3x – 2y).
Sol. The given equation is (2DD′ + D′2 – 3D′) z = 5 cos (3x – 2y)
1 1
P.I. = 2
. 5 cos (3x – 2y) = 5 cos (3x – 2y)
2DD′ + D′ − 3D′ 2(6) + (− 4) − 3D′

1 8 + 3D′ LM
cos (3 x − 2 y)
OP
=
8 − 3D′
. 5 cos (3x – 2y) = 5
64 − 9D′ 2 MN PQ
=5
LM 8 + 3D′ cos (3x − 2 y)OP = 1 [(8 + 3D′) cos (3x – 2y)]
N 64 − 9(− 4) Q 20
1
= [8 cos (3x – 2y) + 6 sin (3x – 2y)]
20
1
or P.I. = [4 cos (3 x − 2 y) + 3 sin (3 x − 2 y)]
10
103. Solve the linear partial differential equation : (M.T.U., 2009)
(D – D′ – 1) (D – D′ – 2) z = e3x–y + x.
Sol. The given equation is (D – D′ – 1) (D – D′ – 2) z = e3x–y + x
C.F. = ex f1 (y + x) + e2x f2 (y + x)
1
P.I. = . (e3x–y + x)
(D − D′ − 1) (D − D′ − 2)
1 1
= e3x–y + . (x) = P1 + P2
(D − D′ − 1) (D − D′ − 2) (D − D′ − 1) (D − D′ − 2)
1 1 1
where P1 = . e3x–y = . e3x–y = . e3x–y
(D − D′ − 1) (D − D′ − 2) (3 + 1 − 1) (3 + 1 − 2) 6
1 1
P2 = (x) = (x)
(D − D′ − 1) (D − D′ − 2) (1 − D + D′ ) (2 − D + D′ )
1
=
R F D − D′ I U
l1 − (D − D′ )q 2 ST1 − GH 2 JK VW
(x)
754 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM R F D − D′ I U −1
1L F D − D′ I O
MNl1 − (D − D′ )q ST1 − GH 2 JK VW (x) = 2 MN(1 + D − D′ ) GH 1 + 2 JK PQ (x)
1 −1
=
2

1L 2
DD′ D′ O 2
= M1 + P (x)
D D′ D
− +D+ − D′ − +
2 MN 2 2 2 2 2 PQ

1 L O 1 F 3I
x + − 0 + 1 + 0P = G x + J
1
2 MN Q 2 H 2K
=
2
1 F
∴ P.I. =
1
6
e 3x–y
+
2 H
G x + 32 IJK
1 F
x
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F + P.I. = e f (y + x) + e f (y + x) +
1
2x
2
6
1
e +
2 H
G x + 32 IJK
3x–y

where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.

104. Solve : (D + D′ – 1) (D + 2D′ – 3) z = 4 + 3x + 6y.
Sol. The given equation is (D + D′ – 1) (D + 2D′ – 3) z = 4 + 3x + 6y
C.F. = exf1 (y – x) + e3xf2 (y – 2x)
1
P.I. = (4 + 3x + 6y)
(D + D′ − 1) (D + 2D′ − 3)
1
= (4 + 3x + 6y)
(1 − D − D′ ) (3 − D − 2D′ )
1

l1 − (D + D′ )q 3 RST1 − D +32D′ UVW

= (4 + 3x + 6y)

1L R D + 2D′ UV OP (4 + 3x + 6y)
−1
= Ml1 − (D + D′ )q S1 −
−1
3M
N T 3 W PQ
1L F D + 2D′ IJ OP (4 + 3x + 6y)
= M(1 + D + D′ ) G 1 +
3N H 3 KQ
1L 2
D′ D 2D′ O 2
= M1 + P (4 + 3x + 6y)
D 2D′ D 2DD′
+ +D+ + + D′ + +
3 MN 3 3 3 3 3 3 PQ

1L 2
2D′ O 2
= M1 + P (4 + 3x + 6y)
4D 5D′ D
+ + + DD′ +
3 MN 3 3 3 3 PQ

1L 4 5 O 1 [3x + 6y + 18] = x + 2y + 6
= M(4 + 3 x + 6 y) + (3) + (6) + 0 + 0 + 0P =
3N 3 3 Q 3
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = exf1 (y – x) + e3x . f2 (y – 2x) + x + 2y + 6
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
105. Solve : (D2 – D′2 – 3D + 3D′) z = xy + ex+2y. [U.P.T.U., 2007, and A.U.U.P, 2010]
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – D′2 – 3D + 3D′) z = xy + ex+2y
⇒ (D – D′) (D + D′ – 3) z = xy + ex+2y
∴ C.F. = f1 (y + x) + e3x f2 (y – x)
1 1 FG 1 − D′ IJ FG 1 − D − D′ IJ
−1 −1
P.I. Corresponding to xy =
(D − D′ ) (D + D′ − 3)
(xy) = –
3D H DK H 3 3 K (xy)

1 FG 1 + D′ IJ FG 1 + D + D′ + 2DD′ + ...IJ (xy)

=–
3D H DK H 3 3 9 K
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 755

1 FG 1 + D + D′ + D′ + D′ + 2DD′ + ...IJ (xy)

=–
3D H 3 3 D 3 9 K
1 F xy + y + 2 x + x + 2 I = – 1 LM x y + xy + x
2 2 2
x3 2 OP
=–
3D
GH 3 3 2 9 JK 3 MN 2 3 3 +
6
+ x
9 PQ
(after integrating each term w.r.t. x)
P.I. Corresponding to ex+2y
1 1
= ex+2y = . ex + 2 y
(D − D′ ) (D + D′ − 3) (1 – 2) (D + D′ – 3)
1
= – ex + 2y (1)
D + 1 + D′ + 2 − 3
1 1 FG IJ
D
−1
1
= – ex+2y .
D + D′
(1) = – e–x+2y .
D′ H K
1+
D′
= – e–x+2y .
D′
(1) = – ye–x+2y

1 LM x2
y+
xy x2 x3
+ +
2 O
+ xP – ye –x+2y
Hence P.I. = –
3 MN 2 3 3 6 9 PQ
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I.

= f1 (y + x) + e3x f2 (y – x) –
LM
1 x2 . y xy x2
+ + +
x3 2
+ x – ye–x+2y.
OP
3 2MN 3 3 6 9 PQ
106. Solve : s + p – q = z + xy.
Sol. The given equation is (DD′ + D – D′ – 1) z = xy ⇒ (D – 1) (D′ + 1) z = xy
∴ C.F. = ex f1 (y) + e–y f2 (x)
1
P.I. = (xy) = – {(1 – D)–1 (1 + D′)–1} (xy)
(D − 1) (D′ + 1)
= – [(1 + D + D2 + ...) (1 – D′ + ...)] (xy)
= – (1 + D – D′ – DD′) xy (leaving higher powers)
= – (xy + y – x – 1) = x + 1 – xy – y
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = exf1 (y) + e–y . f2 (x) + x + 1 – xy – y
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
107. Solve : r – s + p = 1.
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – DD′ + D) z = 1 ⇒ D(D – D′ + 1) z = 1
∴ C.F. = f1 (y) + e–x . f2 (y + x)
1 1 1 1
P.I. = (1) = [1 + (D – D′)]–1 (1) = (1 – D + D′) (1) = (1) = x
D(D − D′ + 1) D D D
∴ Complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1(y) + e–xf2 (y + x) + x
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
108. Solve : D(D + D′ – 1) (D + 3D′ – 2) z = x2 – 4xy + 2y2.
Sol. C.F. = f1 (y) + ex . f2 (y – x) + e2xf3 (y – 3x)
1
P.I. = (x2 – 4xy + 2y2)
D(D + D′ − 1) (D + 3D′ − 2)

=
1
{1 – (D + D′)}–1 1 −
RS
D + 3D′ UV (x – 4xy + 2y )
−1
2 2
2D T
2 W
R| D + 3D′ + F D + 3D′ I 2 U|
P.I. =
1
{1 + D + D′ + (D + D′)2 + ...} S1 +
|T GH 2 JK V|
+ ... (x2 – 4xy + 2y2)
2D 2
W
756 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1 LM1 + 3D + 5D′ + 7D + 19D′ + 11DD′ + ...OP (x – 4xy + 2y )

2 2
2 2
=
2D MN 2 2 4 4 2 PQ
=
1 LM x − 4 xy + 2 y + 3( x − 2 y) + 5(2 y − 2 x) + 7 + 19 − 22OP
2 2
2D N 2 Q
1 LM x − 4 xy + 2 y − 7 x + 4 y + 1 OP = 1 M x − 2 x y + 2 y x − 7 x + 4 yx + x OP
2 2
L 3
2 2
2

2 MN 3 2 PQ
=
2D N 2Q 2
Hence the complete solution is
z = C.F. + P.I.
1 3 7 x
= f1(y) + exf2 (y – x) + e2xf3 (y – 3x) + x – x2y + xy2 – x2 + 2xy +
6 4 4
where f1, f2 and f3 are arbitrary functions.
109. Solve : (D – 3D′ – 2)3 z = 6e2x sin (3x + y).
Sol. Here, C.F. = e2xf1 (y + 3x) + xe2xf2 (y + 3x) + x2e2xf3 (y + 3x)
1 1
P.I. = 2x 2x .
3 6e sin (3x + y) = 6e (D + 2 − 3D′ − 2)3
sin (3x + y)
(D − 3D′ − 2)
1 x3
= 6e2x . sin (3x + y) = 6e2x . sin (3x + y) = x3 . e2x sin (3x + y)
(D − 3D′ )3 6
Hence complete solution is
z = e2x . f1 (y + 3x) + xe2xf2 (y + 3x) + x2e2xf3 (y + 3x) + x3e2x sin (3x + y)
where f1, f2 and f3 are arbitrary functions.
110. Solve : (D – 3D′ – 2)2 z = 2e2x tan (y + 3x).
Sol. C.F. = e2xf1 (y + 3x) + xe2xf2(y + 3x)
1 1
P.I. = . 2e2x tan (y + 3x) = 2e2x . tan (y + 3x)
(D − 3D′ − 2)2 (D + 2 − 3D′ − 2)2

= 2e2x
LM 1 OP
tan ( y + 3 x) = 2e2x x .
LM 1
tan ( y + 3 x)
OP
MN (D − 3D′ ) 2
PQ N 2(D − 3D′ ) Q
1
= 2e2x . x2 .tan (y + 3x) = x2 e2x tan (y + 3x)
2
Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I.
= e2xf1(y + 3x) +xe2xf2 (y + 3x) + x2e2x tan (y + 3x)
where f1, f2 are arbitrary functions.
111. Solve the linear partial differential equation :
(D2 – DD′ + D′ – 1) z = cos (x + 2y) + ey. (U.P.T.U., 2006, 2009)
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – DD′ + D′ – 1) z = cos (x + 2y) + ey
or (D2 – 1 – DD′ + D′) z = cos (x + 2y) + ey
⇒ {(D + 1) (D – 1) – D′(D – 1)} z = cos (x + 2y) + ey
⇒ (D – 1) (D + 1 – D′) z = cos (x + 2y) + ey
x –x
C.F. = e f1 (y) + e f2 (y + x)
1
P.I. = {cos (x + 2y) + ey} = P1 + P2
(D − D′ + 1) (D − 1)
1 1
where P1 = 2 cos (x + 2y) = 2 cos (x + 2y)
D − DD′ + D′ − 1 − (1) − (− 2) + D′ − 1
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 757

1 sin ( x + 2 y)
P1 = cos (x + 2y) =
D′ 2
1 FG 1 e IJ = 1 FG 1 e IJ
y y
and P2 =
D − D′ + 1 H D − 1 K D − D′ + 1 H 0 − 1 K
1 1
= (– ey) = – ey . (1)
D − D′ + 1 (D + 0) − (D′ + 1) + 1
1 1 FG 1 − D′ IJ −1
= – ey .
D − D′
(1) = – ey .
D H DK (1)

1 FG 1 + D′ IJ (1) = – e 1
= – ey .
H DK
y . (1) = – xey
D D
1
∴ P.I. = sin (x + 2y) – xey
2
1
Hence the complete solution is z = exf1(y) + e–xf2 (y + x) + sin (x + 2y) – xey
2
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
112. Solve : r – 4s + 4t + p – 2q = ex+y.
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – 4DD′ + 4D′2 + D – 2D′) z = ex+y
⇒ {(D – 2D′)2 + (D – 2D′)} z = ex+y
⇒ (D – 2D′) (D – 2D′ + 1) z = ex+y
∴ –x
C.F. = f1 (y + 2x) + e f2 (y + 2x)

P.I. =
1
ex+y =
1 1
ex+ y
LM OP
(D − 2 D′ ) (D − 2D′ + 1) D − 2D′ + 1 D − 2D′ N Q
=
1 1
D − 2D′ + 1 1 − 2
1
LM
N
1
z eu du
OP
Q where x + y = u

=– . ex+y = – ex+y .
D − 2D′ + 1 D + 1 − 2(D′ + 1) + 1
1 1 2D′
−1
FG IJ
= – ex+y
D − 2D′
(1) = – ex+y .
D
1−
D
= – xex+y
H K
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = f1 (y + 2x) + e–xf2 (y + 2x) – xex+y
where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.
2
113. Find the particular integral of (D2 – D′) z = xe ax + a y.

2
Sol. The given equation is (D2 – D′) z = xe ax + a y

1 2 2 1
( xe ax + a y ) = e ax + a y
P.I. = . (x)
D 2 − D′ (D + a)2 − (D′ + a2 )

= e ax + a
2
y 1
(x) = e ax + a
2
y 1 D FG
D′ IJ −1
.
D 2 + 2 aD − D ′
.
2 aD
1+ −
2 a 2aDH K (x)

= e ax + a
2
y 1 RS
D D′ ax + a2 y 1 1 UV FG IJ
.
2 aD
1−
T +
2 a 2 aD
+ ... (x) = e .
2 aD
x−
2a W H K
FG IJ = e 1 Fx 2
xI F x − x I.
2
1 1 1 ax + a2 y
GH 2 JK GH 4a 4a JK
2
ax + a y
= e
2
. .
2a D
x−
2a H K .
2a
−
2a
= e ax + a y 2
758 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2 ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z ∂z

114. Solve the linear partial differential equation : x + 4y 22
− 4xy
+ 6y = x3y4.
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 2 ∂y
(A.U.U.P., 2007, 2009)
Sol. In the given equation, coefficients of derivative are multiples of the variables. It can be
reduce to partial differential equation with constant coefficients by putting x = eX, y = eY
X = log x, Y = log y
The given equation becomes [D(D – 1) – 4DD′ + 4D′ (D′ – 1) + 6D′] z = e3X+4Y
Here note that the substitution x = eX, y = eY gives
∂2 z ∂2 z
x2 = (D – 1)Dz, y2 = (D′ – 1)D′z
∂x2 ∂y2
∂z ∂2z
y = D′z, xy
= DD′z
∂y ∂x ∂y
The given equation reduces to {(D2 – 4DD′ + 4D′2) – (D – 2D′)} z = e3X+4Y
⇒ (D – 2D′) (D – 2D′ – 1) z = e3X+4Y
Its C.F. = f1 (Y + 2X) + eXf2 (Y + 2X)
= f1 (log y + 2 log x) + xf2 (log y + 2 log x)
= f1 (log yx2) + xf2 (log yx2) = g1 (yx2) + xg2 (yx2)

P.I. =
1 LM
N
1
D − 2D′ − 1 D − 2D′
OP
, e3X + 4Y =
Q
1 LM
N
1
e
D − 2D′ − 1 3 − 8 z u OP
du where 3X + 4Y = u
Q
1 LM− 1 e OP = – 1 LM 1 . e OP
3X + 4Y 3X + 4 Y
D − 2D′ − 1 N 5 Q 5 N D − 2D′ − 1
=
Q
1L OP = – 1 L− 1 . e O = 1 . e 1 3 4
=– M
1
Q 5 MN 6 PQ 30
3X + 4 Y 3X +4 Y 3X+4Y
e = xy
5 N3 − 8 − 1 30
1 3 4
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = g1 (yx2) + xg2 (yx2) + xy
30
where g1 and g2 are arbitrary functions.
2 2
115. Solve : x r – y t + px – qy = log x.
Sol. Let x = eX, y = eY so that X = log x, Y = log y
Given equation reduces to [D(D – 1) – D′(D′ – 1) + D – D′] z = X ⇒ (D2 – D′2) z = X
which is a homogeneous linear Partial differential equation with constant co-efficients.
∴ C.F. = φ1(Y + X) + φ2(Y – X)

P.I. =
1
D 2 − D′ 2
(X) =
1
(1)2 − (0) 2 zz u du du, where X = u

=
z u2
2
du =
u3 X 3
6
=
6
X3
Hence solution is z = φ1(Y + X) + φ2(Y – X) +
6
(log x)3
= φ1(log y + log x) + φ2(log y – log x) +
6
FG y IJ + 1 (log x)
= φ1(log xy) + φ2 log
H xK 6 3

FG y IJ + 1 (log x)
or z = f1 (xy) + f2
H xK 6 3

where f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions.

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 759

∂2z ∂2z
116. Solve : x2 2
− y2 = xy.
∂x ∂y 2
Sol. Let x = eX, y = eY so that X = log x, Y = log y
Given equation reduces to [D(D – 1) – D′(D′ – 1)] z = eX+Y
(D2 – D′2 – D + D′) z = eX+Y
{(D – D′) (D + D′) – 1 (D – D′)} z = eX+Y
(D – D′) (D + D′ – 1) z = eX+Y
X
C.F. = f1 (Y + X) + e f2 (Y – X)
FG y IJ = g FG y IJ
= f1 (log xy) + xf2 log
H x K 1 (xy) + xg2
H xK
P.I. =
1
eX+Y =
1 LM 1 . e OP X+Y
(D − D′ ) (D + D′ − 1) D − D′ N1 + 1 − 1 Q
1
P.I. = eX+Y = X . eX+Y = xy log x
D − D′
FG y IJ + xy log x
Hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = g1 (xy) + xg2
H xK
where g1 and g2 are arbitrary functions.
117. Solve : (x2D2 + 2xyDD′ + y2D′2) z = xm . yn.
Sol. Let x = eX, y = eY so that X = log x, Y = log y
Then the given equation reduces to
[D(D – 1) + 2DD′ + D′(D′ – 1)] z = emX+nY
⇒ [D2 + 2DD′ + D′2 – D –D′] z = emX+nY
[(D + D′)2 – 1(D + D′)] z = emX+nY
(D + D′) (D + D′ – 1) z = emX+nY
FG y IJ + xf FG log y IJ
∴ C.F. = f1(Y – X) + eXf2 (Y – X) = f1 log
H x K 2
H xK
FG y IJ + xg FG y IJ
C.F. = g1
H xK 2 H xK
1 1 x m . yn
P.I. = . emX+nY = . emX+nY =
(D + D′ ) (D + D′ − 1) (m + n) (m + n − 1) (m + n) (m + n − 1)
FG y IJ + xg FG y IJ + x y m n
Hence complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = g1
H xK H x K (m + n) (m + n − 1)
2

where g1 and g2 are arbitrary functions.

118. Solve : x2r + 2y2t + px – 3xys + 2qy = x + 2y.
Sol. Let x = eX, y = eY, X = log x, Y = log y
Given equation reduces to
[D(D – 1) + 2D′ (D′ – 1) + D – 3DD′ + 2D′] z= eX + 2eY
⇒ [D2 – D + 2D′2 – 2D′ + D – 3DD′ + 2D′] z= eX + 2eY
⇒ (D2 – 3DD′ + 2D′2) z= eX + 2eY
⇒ (D – D′) (D – 2D′) z= eX + 2eY
∴ C.F. = f1 (Y + X) + f2 (Y + 2X)
= f1 (log xy) + f2 (log x2y) = g1 (xy) + g2 (x2y)
1 1
P.I. = . eX + . 2eY = P1 + P2
(D − D′ ) (D − 2D′ ) (D − D′ ) (D − 2D′ )
760 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

where, P1 =
1
(D − D′ ) (D − 2D′ )
= eu = eX = x
. eX =
1
(1 − 0) (1 − 0) zz eu du du, where X = u

P2 =
1
(D − D′ ) (D − 2D′ )
= eY = y
(2eY) =
2
(0 − 1) (0 − 2) zz ev dv dv, where Y = v

∴ P.I. = x + y
Hence complete solution is z = g1 (xy) + g2 (x2y) + x + y where g1 and g2 are arbitrary functions.

1 ∂2z 1 ∂z 1 ∂2z 1 ∂z
119. Solve : 2 2
− 3
. = 2 − 3 . .
x ∂x x ∂x y ∂y 2 y ∂y

x2 y2 dX dY
Sol. Let = X and =Y so that = x, =y
2 2 dx dy
∂z ∂z ∂x 1 ∂z
∴ = . =
∂X ∂x ∂X x ∂x

∂2 z ∂ FG 1 ∂z IJ = ∂ FG 1 ∂z IJ dx = – 1 ∂z 1 ∂2 z
∂X 2
=
∂X H x ∂x K ∂x H x ∂x K dX x 3
+ 2
∂x x ∂x2
...(1)

∂2 z 1 ∂z 1 ∂2 z
Similarly, 2
=− 3 ∂y
+ 2 ...(2)
∂Y y y ∂y2
Hence by (1) and (2), the given equation reduces

∂2 z ∂2 z
2
− = 0 or (D2 – D′2) z = 0 or (D + D′) (D – D′) z = 0,
∂X ∂Y 2
Fy 2
x2 I +f Fy 2
x2 I = φ (x
∴ C.F. = f1 (Y + X) + f2 (Y – X) = f1 GH 2 +
2 JK GH 2
2
−
2 JK 1
2 + y2) + φ2(y2 – x2)

P.I. = 0
∴ Complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = φ1(x2 + y2) + φ2(y2 – x2).
120. How do you classify linear partial differential equation of second order
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u FG
∂u ∂u IJ = 0
A
∂x 2
+B
∂x ∂y
+ C 2 + f x, y, u,
∂y H
,
∂x ∂y K
where A, B, C are constants or continuous function of x and y possessing continuous partial de-
rivative and A is positive. (U.P., IInd Semester, 2007, 2009)
Sol. Given equation is
(i) Elliptic if B2 – 4AC < 0 (ii) Hyperbolic if B2 – 4AC > 0
(iii) Parabolic if B2 – 4AC = 0
Note that if A, B, C are constants, then nature of the given equation will be the same in whole
region i.e., for all values of x and y. If A, B, C are functions of x and y, then nature of the given
equation will not be the same in the whole region i.e., for all values of x and y.
121. Classify the following operators :
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
(i) + + 2 (ii) 4 +4 + 2 (iii) 5 −9 +4 2 .
∂x 2 ∂x ∂t ∂t ∂x 2 ∂x ∂t ∂t ∂x 2 ∂x ∂t ∂t
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 761

Sol. (i) Here, A = B = C = 1 ∴ B2 – 4AC = – 3 < 0

∴ Given operator is elliptic.
(ii) Here A = 4, B = 4, C = 1 ∴ B2 – 4AC = 0
∴ Given operator is parabolic.
(iii) Here A = 5, B = – 9, C = 4, ∴ B2 – 4AC = 1 > 0
∴ Given operator is hyperbolic.
122. Classify the following operators :
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
(i) x2 – +u (ii) t + +2
x + (iii) x + t + .
∂t 2 ∂x 2 ∂t 2 ∂x ∂t ∂x 2 ∂x ∂x 2 ∂x ∂t ∂t 2
Sol. (i) Here, A = x2, B = 0, C = – 1
B – 4AC = 0 – 4(x2) (– 1) = 4x2
2

∴ Operator is hyperbolic if 4x2 > 0 i.e., x > 0

Parabolic if 4x2 = 0 i.e., x = 0
Since 4x2 is a square, cannot be negative, hence operator cannot be elliptic.
(ii) Here, A = t, B = 2, C = x
B2 – 4AC = 4 – 4tx
∴ Operator is hyperbolic if 4 – 4tx > 0 i.e., tx < 1
Elliptic if 4 – 4tx < 0 i.e., tx > 1 and parabolic if 4 – 4tx = 0 i.e., tx = 1
(iii) Here, A = x, B = t, C = 1 ∴ B2 – 4AC = t2 – 4x
∴ The operator is hyperbolic if t – 4x > 0 i.e., t2 > 4x, elliptic if t2 < 4x, parabolic if t2 = 4x.
2

123. Classify the equation as to type in the second quadrant of xy-plane :

y 2 + x 2 . uxx + 2(x – y) uxy + y 2 + x 2 . uyy = 0.

Sol. Here, A= y2 + x2 , B = 2(x – y), C = y2 + x2

Now, B2 – 4AC = 4(x – y)2 – 4(y2 + x2) = – 8xy
In the second quadrant, y is positive and x is –ve
∴ B2 – 4AC = +ve > 0
∴ Differential equation is hyperbolic.

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
124. Show that the equation
2
= C2 is hyperbolic.
∂t ∂x 2
(U.P.T.U., 2009; A.U.U.P., 2010; M.T.U., 2010)
2
∂ u ∂2u
Sol. The given differential equation is 2
– C2 =0
∂t ∂x2
Here A = 1, B = 0, C = – C2
Now B2 – 4AC = 4C2 which is always greater than zero.
Hence, the given equation is hyperbolic.

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
125. Classify the partial differential equation : 2 +4 + 3 2 = 0.
∂t 2 ∂x ∂t ∂x
Sol. Here, A = 2, B = 4, C = 3
∴ B2 – 4AC = 16 – 24 = – 8 < 0
Hence, the given equation is elliptic.

2 ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂u
126. Classify the partial differential equation : x +3 + x 2 + 17 = 100u.
∂t 2 ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t
762 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. Here, A = x2, B = 3, C = x

B2 – 4AC = (3)2 – 4(x2) (x) = 9 – 4x3
The equation is elliptic if 9 – 4x3 < 0, parabolic if 9 – 4x3 = 0, hyperbolic if 9 – 4x3 > 0.
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂u ∂u
127. Classify the Partial differential equation 2
+t +x 2 +2 + + 6u = 0
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
Sol. Here, A = 1, B = t, C = x
Now, B2 – 4AC = t2 – 4x
The equation is elliptic, parabolic, hyperbolic according as t2 – 4x < 0, = 0 and > 0 respectively.
128. Show that the equation : uxx + xuyy + uy = 0 is elliptic for x > 0 and hyperbolic for x < 0.
Sol. The given equation is uxx + xuyy + uy = 0
Here, A = 1, B = 0, C = x (∵ uxy term is missing ⇒ B = 0)
B2 – 4AC = – 4x
Equation is elliptic if B 2 – 4AC < 0 i.e., if – 4x < 0 or if x > 0 and equation is hyperbolic
if B2 – 4AC > 0 i.e., if x > 0.
129. Show that the equation : zxx + 2xzxy + (1 – y2) zyy = 0 is elliptic for values of x and y in the region
x2 + y2 < 1, parabolic on the boundary and hyperbolic outside this region.
Sol. Here A = 1, B = 2x, C = 1 – y2 ∴ B2 – 4AC = 4x2 – 4(1 – y2) = 4(x2 + y2 – 1)
Equation is elliptic if B2 – 4AC < 0 ⇒ x2 + y2 < 1
Parabolic if B2 – 4AC = 0 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 1 (on the boundary) and Hyperbolic if x2 + y2 > 1.
Hence the results.
130. Classify the equation : uxx – 2uxy + uyy = 0.
Sol. Here, A = 1, B = – 2, C = 1
B2 – 4AC = 4 – 4.1.1 = 0
∴ The given equation is parabolic.
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 1 ∂u
131. Classify the following equation : 2
+ 2
+ 2
= 2
.
∂x ∂y ∂z c ∂t
Sol. Here the equation is a linear partial differntial equation of II order in 3 independent variables.
Here, a11 = 1, a22 = 1, a33 = 1, a44 = 0; a13 = a23 = a31 = a24 = a34 = 0, etc.
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
∆= =0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
Hence the given differential equation is parabolic.
132. Classify the differential equation : uxx + 2uyy + uzz = 2uxy + 2uyz
Sol. Here a11 = 1, a12 = – 2, a13 = 0, a21 = 0, a22 = 2, a23 = – 2, a31 = 0, a32 = 0, a33 = 1
1 −2 0
∴ ∆= 0 2 −2 ≠0
0 0 1
∴ φ = δ12 – 2 δ1δ2 + 2 δ22 – 2δ2δ3 + δ32 = (δ1 – δ2)2 + (δ2 – δ3)2
which is positive definitely for all real values of δ1, δ2, δ3.
Hence the given equation is elliptic.
n n
Note. φ = ∑ ∑
i=1 j=1
aij δi δj for all real values of δi positive or negative. The differential equation is elliptic if

φ is positive for all real values of δi and it reduces to zero only when all δi’s are zero. The equation is hyperbolic
if φ can be both positive or negative. In this question, φ being positive the given differential equation is there-
fore elliptic.
ooo
 11
Applications of Partial Differential Equations
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE

Introduction
In applied mathematics, the partial differential equations generally arise from the mathematical
formulation of physical and engineering problems. Besides these, partial differential equations also
play an important role in the theory of Elasticity, Hydraulics, Transmission Lines of Electricity and
telegraph/radio, Flow of Heat by Conduction in a uniform bar etc. Since the general solution of a p.d.e.
in a region R contains arbitrary constants or functions, the unique solution of a p.d.e. corresponding to
a physical problem will satisfy certain other conditions at the boundary of the Region R. These are
known as boundary conditions. When these conditions are specified for the time t = 0, they are known as
initial conditions. Most of the boundary value problems involving linear partial differential equations
can be solved by the method of separation of variables.
In this method, right from the beginning, we try to find the particular solutions of the p.d.e.
which satisfy all or some of the boundary conditions and then adjust them till the remaining conditions
are also satisfied. A combination of these particular solutions gives the solution of the problem.

Method of Separation of Variables

In this method, we assume that the dependent variable is the product of two functions, each of
which involves only one of the independent variables. So two ordinary differential equations are formed.
Method 1. Method of Separation of Variables
Step 1. Consider the partial differential equation

∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
a0 2
+ a1 + a2 . 2 = 0
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
Here z is called dependent variable and x, y are called independent variables. Assume Z = XY,
where X is a function of x only and Y is a function of y only.

∂z ∂z ∂2 z ∂2 z
Step 2. Find = X′Y, = XY′, 2 = X″Y″, = XY″ etc., and put in the given partial
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y2
differential equation.
Step 3. Separate the variables and by solving the resulting equations, find X and Y.
Step 4. Z = XY will be the required solution.

1. DEF.
One Dimensional Wave Equation or Vibrations of a Stretched String

763
764 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂2 y ∂2 y
The equation = c2 , y = y (x, t) ...(1)
∂t 2 ∂x2
y (0, t) = 0 UV
where,
y (l, t) = 0 W Boundary conditions ...(2)

y( x, 0) = f ( x)U
FG ∂y IJ = 0 |V Initial conditions, ...(3)
H ∂t Kt=0
|W
is called one dimensional wave equation or vibrations of a stretched string.
Remark 1. Eqn. (1) is called one dimensional wave equation and y(x, t) is called Displacement
function.
Remark 2. Solution of one dimensional wave equation
The solution of one dimensional wave equation (1)
satisfying the boundary conditions (2) is given by
∞ FG a nπct IJ
nπct nπx
y = y(x, t) = ∑
n=1 H n cos
l
+ bn sin
l Ksin
l
Remark 3. The solution of one dimensional wave equation (1)
satisfying the boundary conditions (2) and the initial conditions (3) is given by
∞
nπct nπx
y = y(x, t) = ∑ an cos
l
sin
l
n=1

where an =
2
l zl
0
f ( x) sin
nπx
l
dx , and y(x, 0) = f(x)

DEF : 2. Two Dimensional Heat Flow

Its equation is given by
∂u ∂2u ∂2u F I
∂t
= c2 +
∂x2 ∂y2
GH JK ...(1)

∂u
Remark 4. In the steady state, u is independent of t, so that = 0 and the equation (1) reduces to
∂t
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= 0, +
∂x2 ∂y2
which is known as Laplace’s equation in two dimensions.

DEF : 3. Three Dimensional Heat Flow

The equation of heat flow in a solid (Three dimensional heat flow) is given by

∂u F
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2 u I
∂t
= c2 + GH
+
∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂z2
JK ...(2)

Remark 5. In the steady state, u is independent of t, so that (2) reduces to

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
2
+ 2
+ = 0,
∂x ∂y ∂z2
which is known as Laplace’s equation in three dimensions.
Remark 6. Solution of Laplace’s equation in two dimensions
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 765

DEF : 4. Vibrating Membrane—Two Dimensional Wave Equation

The wave equation in two dimensions is given by
∂ 2u F ∂ u + ∂ uI
2 2

∂t 2
= c2 GH ∂x ∂y JK 2 2 ...(1)

where the membrane is rectangular and is stretched between the lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b.

The boundary conditions are u (0, y, t) = u a, y, t = 0 b g OP ...(2)

u ( x, 0, t) = u ( x, b, t) = 0 Q
u ( x, y, 0) = f ( x, y) U|
and the initial conditions are ∂uFG IJ V| ...(3)
H K
∂t t = 0
=0
W
DEF : 5. Solution of Two Dimensional Wave Equation

∂2u F ∂ u + ∂ u I , satisfying the boundary conditions

2 2
(a) The solution of
∂t 2
= c
2
GH ∂x ∂y JK
2 2

u (0, y, t) = u (a, y, t) = 0
u (x, 0, t) = u (x, b, t) = 0
is given by
∞ ∞
mπ nπ
u (x, y, t) = ∑ ∑A
m=1 n=1
mn cos pt + Bmn sin pt sin
a
x sin
b
y

∂ 2u F ∂ u + ∂ u I , satisfying the boundary conditions

2 2
(b) The solution of
∂t 2
= c2 GH ∂x ∂y JK
2 2

u (0, y, t) = u (a, y, t) = 0 UV
u (x, 0, t) = u (x, b, t) = 0 W
as well as the initial conditions
u (x, y, 0) = f (x, y) U|
FG ∂u IJ V|
H ∂t K t=0
=0 , W is given by
∞ ∞
mπ nπy
u (x, y, t) = ∑ ∑A
m=1 n=1
mn sin
a
x sin
b
cos pt

where, Amn =
4
ab zz 0
a b

0
f ( x, y) sin
mπ
a
x sin
nπ
b
y dy dx

m2 n2
and p = πc + .
2
a b2
Note. Proof is beyond the scope of the book.

DEF : 6. Transmission Line Equations

Consider the flow of electricity in an insulated cable. Let V be the potential and I the current
at time t at a point P of the cable at a distance x from a given point.
766 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Let R = Resistance, L = Inductance, C = Capacitance, G = Leakance, to the ground per unit

length of the cable, each assumed to be constant.
Then the equations
∂2 V ∂2 V ∂V
= LC + (RC + LG) + RGV ...(1)
2
∂x ∂t 2 ∂t
∂ 2I ∂ 2I ∂I
= LC + (RC + LG) + RGI ...(2)
2 2 ∂t
∂x ∂t
are called Telephone Equations.

DEF : 7. Telegraph Equations

If L = 0, G = 0, the equations (1) and (2) reduce to

∂2 V ∂V ∂ 2I ∂I
2
= RC and = RC ,
∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂t
which are known as Telegraph Equations.

DEF : 8. Radio Equations

If R = 0, G = 0, then the equations (1) and (2) reduce to

∂2 V ∂2 V ∂ 2I ∂ 2I
2
= LC 2
and 2
= LC ,
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t 2
which are known as Radio Equations.
Remark 7. Telegraph equations are similar to one dimension heat flow.
Remark 8. Radio equations are similar to one dimension wave equation.

DEF : 9
Laplace Equation in Two Dimension Cartesian Form is given by

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ = 0,
∂x2 ∂y2
and its various possible solutions are given by
(i) u(x, y) = (c1 epx + c2 e–px) (c3 cos py + c4 sin py)
(ii) u(x, y) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) (c3 epy + c4 e–py)
(iii) u(x, y) = (c1 x + c2 ) (c3 y + c4).

DEF : 10
Laplace Equation in Three Dimensional Cartesian Form is
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
2
+ 2
+ = 0 , and its various possible solutions are
∂x ∂y ∂z2

(i) u(x, y, z) = (c1 ekx + c2 e–kx) (c3 ely + c4 e–ly)(c5 cos k2 + l2 z + c6 sin k2 + l2 z)

k2 + l2 z – k2 + l2 z
(ii) u(x, y, z) = (c1 cos kx + c2 sin kx) (c3 cos ly + c4 sin ly)(c5 e + c6 e )
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 767

DEF : 11
Laplace Equation in Polar Co-ordinates (r, θ) is given by

∂ 2u ∂u ∂2u
r2 +r + = 0 and its various possible solutions are
∂r 2 ∂r ∂θ2
(i) u(r, θ) = (c1 rp + c2 r–p) (c3 cos pθ + c4 sin pθ)
(ii) u(r, θ) = (c1 cos (p log r) + c2 sin (p log r)) (c3 e pθ + c4 e–pθ)
(iii) u(r, θ) = (c1 log r + c2) (c3 θ + c4).

DEF : 12
Laplace Equation in Cylindrical Co-ordinates (r, θ, z) is given by

∂ 2u 1 ∂u 1 ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ + 2 + = 0 and its solution is given by
∂r 2 r ∂r r ∂θ2 ∂z2
u(r, θ, z) = (c1Jn (kr) + c2 Yn (kr)) (c3 cos nθ + c4 sin nθ) (c5 ekz + c6 e–kz).

DEF : 13
Laplace Equation in Spherical Co-ordinates (r, θ, φ) is given by
∂ 2u 2 ∂u 1 ∂2u cot θ ∂u 1 ∂ 2u
+ + 2 + + =0
∂r 2 r ∂r r ∂θ2 r 2 ∂θ r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ2
and its solution is given by
∞ ∞
u(r, θ, φ) = ∑ ∑cP
n=0 m=0
1 n
m
(cos θ) + c2 Q n m (cos θ)

n –n–1
× [ c3 cos mφ + c4 sin mφ] c5 r + c6 r
Note. Proofs of the above are beyond the scope of the book.

DEF : 14. One Dimensional Heat Equation

∂u ∂2u
The solution of one dimensional heat equation = c2 is given by
∂t ∂x 2
2 2
u (x, t) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) e− c p t, where u(x, t) is called Temperature Function.

SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. Solve the equation using the method of separation of variables

∂u ∂u
=2 + u, given that u(x, 0) = 6e–3x. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
∂x ∂t
∂u ∂u
Sol. The given equation is =2 +u ...(1)
∂x ∂t
Here, u is a function of x and t.
Let u = XT ...(2)
where X is a function of x only and T is a function of t only.
768 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂u ∂u
= X′T, = XT′
∂x ∂t
Substituting in the given equation, we have
X ′ 2T ′ + T
X′T = 2 XT′ + XT or X′T = (2T′ + T)X ⇒ = ...(3)
X T
Since x and t are independent variables, as t varies x remains constant, so that the L.H.S. and
hencethe R.H.S. is constant. Therefore, equation (3) can hold only when each side is equal to
some constant, say k.
X′
∴ =k i.e., log X = kx + log c1
X
X
or log = kx or X = c1ekx ...(4)
c1
2T′ + T T′ 1
and =k i.e., = (k – 1)
T T 2
1
1 ( k − 1) t
⇒ log T = (k – 1) t + log c2 or T = c2 e 2 ...(5)
2
1
( k − 1) t
From (2), (4) and (5), we have u = u (x, t) = c1 ekx . c2 e 2
Since u(x, 0) = 6e–3x ∴ c1c2 = 6, k = – 3
∴ The unique solution of the given equation is u = 6e–3x . e–2t i.e., u = 6e–(3x + 2t).

∂ 2u ∂u ∂u
2. Use the method of separation of variables to solve the equation : 2
−2 + = 0.
∂x ∂x ∂y
(U.P.T.U., 2005, 2009)
Sol. Here u is a function of x and y. Let u = XY ...(1) where X is a function of x on y and Y is a
function of y only.
∂u ∂u ∂2u
Then, = X′Y, = XY′, = X″Y
∂x ∂y ∂x2
Substituting in the given equation, we have
X″Y – 2X′Y + XY′ = 0 ⇒ (X″ – 2X′)Y + XY′ = 0
Separating the variables, we have
X ′′ − 2X ′ Y′
=− ...(2)
X Y
Since x and y are independent variables, equation (2) can hold only when each side is equal to
some constant, say k.
X ′′ − 2X ′
∴ =k or X″ – 2X′ – kX = 0 ...(3)
X
Y′
and =k or Y′ + kY = 0 ...(4)
Y
These are ordinary differential equations.

For equation (3), the auxiliary equation is m2 – 2m – k = 0 ⇒ m=1± 1+ k

(1 + 1 + k ) x (1 − 1 + k ) x
∴ Solution of equation (3) is X = c1e + c2 e
Also the solution of (4) is Y = c3e–ky
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 769

Substituting these values of X and Y in equation (1), we get

RS (1 + 1 + k ) x (1 − 1 + k ) x UV c e or u = [ Ae(1 + 1 + k)x (1 − 1 + k ) x
u = c1e
T + c2 e
W
–ky ] . e–ky
3 + Be

where, A = c1c3 and B = c2c3 .

∂u ∂u
3. Use the method of separation of variables to solve 4 + = 3u, u = 3e–x – e–5x, when t = 0.
∂t ∂x
Sol. Let u = XT ...(1)
where, X is a function of x only and T is a function of t only.
∂u ∂u
∴ = XT′, = X′T
∂t ∂x
∴ Given equation becomes
4T′ X ′ 4T′ X′
4XT′ + X′T = 3XT ⇒ + = 3 or –3=– = p2 (say) ...(2)
T X T X
4T′
(i) = p2 + 3
T
F p + 3I t
F p + 3 I t + log c
2
2 GH 4 JK
log T = G
Integration yields,
X′
H 4 JK 1

2
⇒ T = c1 e ...(3)

(ii) = – p2 ⇒ X = c2 e− p x ...(4)
X
F p + 3I t
2
G 4 JK
. c 1 eH
2
From (1), we get u = XT or u = c2 e− p x

F p + 3I t
2 F p + 3I t
2
− p2 x + GH 4 JK − p2 x + GH 4 JK
= c1c2 e or u(x, t) = bn e
Most general solution is
F 3 + p It
2
∞ − p2 x + GH 4 JK
u(x, t) = ∑b
n=1
n .e ...(5)

∑b
2
When t = 0, u (x, 0) = 3e–x – e–5x = n . e− p x

n=1
Comparing, when p2 = 1, b1 = 3 and when p2 = 5, b2 = – 1
–x + t
– e–5x + 2t
Hence from equation (5), general solution is u(x, t) = 3e which is the required
solution.
∂ 2u ∂u
4. Solve : 2
= + 2u. (U.P. II Semester 2009, 2010)
∂x ∂y
Sol. Let u = XY ...(1)
where X is a function of x only and Y is a function of y only.
∂u ∂2u
= XY′, = X″.Y.
∂y ∂x2
Substituting these values in the given equation, we get
X″Y = XY′ + 2XY
X ′′ Y ′
= + 2 = – p2 (say)
X Y
770 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

X ′′ d2 X
(i) = – p2 ⇒ + p2X = 0
X dx2
Auxiliary equation is m2 + p2 = 0
m = ± pi
∴ C.F. = c1 cos px + c2 sin px
P. I. = 0
∴ X = c1 cos px + c2 sin px ...(2)
Y′ Y′
(ii) + 2 = – p2 or = – (p2 + 2).
Y Y
2
Integration yields, log Y = – (p2 + 2)y + log c3 ⇒ Y = c3 e − ( p + 2) y
...(3)
2
∴ u(x, y) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) . c3 e−( p + 2) y

is the required solution of the given equation.

∂ 2v ∂v
5. Use the method of separation of variables to solve the equation: = given that v = 0 when
2 ∂t
∂x
t → ∞ as well as v = 0 at x = 0 and x = l.

∂v ∂ 2v
Sol. Let v = XT, = XT′ and = X″T ...(1)
∂t ∂x2
From the given equation
X ′′ T ′
X″T = XT′ ⇒ = = – p2 (say) ...(2)
X T
T′ 2
(i) = – p2 ⇒ log T = – p2t + log c1 ⇒ T = c1 e − p t ...(3)
T
X ′′
(ii) = – p2 ⇒ X″ + p2X = 0
X
Auxiliary equation is m2 + p2 = 0 ⇒ m = ± pi
C.F. = c2 cos px + c3 sin px
P.I. = 0
∴ X = c2 cos px + c3 sin px ...(4)
2
Hence, v = XT = c1 e− p t (c2 cos px + c3 sin px) ...(5)
Putting x = 0, v = 0 in (5), we get
2
0 = c1 e − p t . c 2 ∴ c2 = 0 (∵ c1 ≠ 0)
2
∴ From (5), v = c1c3 e− p t sin px ...(6)
At x = l, v = 0
2
∴ From (6), 0 = c1c3 e− p t sin pl ⇒ sin pl = 0 = sin nπ (∵ c3 ≠ 0)
nπ
⇒ p= ,n∈I
l

−G
F n π It
2 2
n2 π 2
J
. e H l K
−
l2
t nπx nπx 2
∴ From (6), v = c1c3 e . sin = bn sin ...(7)
l l
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 771

The above equation (7) satisfies the given conditions for all values of n.
F n π It
2 2
∞ − GH l JK nπx
∑be
2
Hence the most general solution is v = n sin .
l
n=1

4 ∂u ∂u
6. Solve by the method of separation of variables : + = 3u ; u(0, y) = 4e– y – e–5y.
∂x ∂y
Sol. Let u = XY ...(1)
∂u ∂u
= X′Y, = XY′
∂x ∂y
∴ Given equation becomes
4X′Y + XY′ = 3XY
4X ′ Y ′ 4X ′ Y′
+ = 3 or –3=– = p2 (say) ...(2)
X Y X Y
4X ′ X′ p2 + 3
(i) = p2 + 3, =
X X 4
F p + 3I x
F p + 3 I x + log c
2
2 GH 4 JK
log X = G
Integration yields
H 4 JK 1 or X = c1 e ...(3)

− Y′ Y′
(ii) = p2 ⇒ = – p2
Y Y
2
log Y = – p2y + log c2 or Y = c2 e − p y
Integration yields ...(4)
From (1), we get u = XY
F p + 3I x
2 F p + 3I x
−p y + G
2
GH 4 JK H 4 JK
2
2
−p y
u = c1c2 e .e = c1c2 e
F p + 3I x
−p y + G
2

H 4 JK
∞ 2

u(x, y) = ∑
n=1
bn e ...(5)

When x = 0, u(0, y) = 4e–y – e–5y = ∑be n

− p2 y

Comparing when p2 = 1, b1 = 4
when p2 = 5, b2 = – 1
Hence from (5), general solution is u(x, y) = 4ex – y – e2x – 5y.
∂u ∂u
7. Solve by the method of separation of variables = – 2u ; u(x, 0) = 10 e–x – 6e–4x.
∂t ∂x
∂u ∂u
Sol. Given equation is = – 2u ...(1)
∂t ∂x
Let u = XT ...(2)
∂u ∂u
= XT′, = X′T ∴ XT′ = X′T – 2XT
∂t ∂x
T′ X ′
= – 2 = – p2 (say)
T X
772 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

T′ 2
log T = – p2 t + log c1 ⇒ T = c1 e − p t
(i) = – p2 ⇒ ...(3)
T
X′ X′
(ii) – 2 = – p2 or = – p2 + 2
X X
log X = (2 – p2) x + log c2
2
X = c2 e ( 2 − p )x
...(4)

∴ u = c1c2 e − p2 t + (2 − p2 ) x

∞
When t = 0, u(x, 0) = 10e–x – 6e–4x = ∑be
n=1
n
(2 − p2 ) x

Comparing, when p2 = 3, b1 = 10
p2 = 6, b2 = – 6
Hence general solution is u(x, t) = 10e–3t – x– 6e–6t – 4x = 10 e–(x + 3t) – 6e–2(3t + 2x).
8. What is one-dimensional wave equation giving the transverse vibrations of a stretched string ?
What are the boundary conditions ? What are the initial conditions ? What is the solution of the
wave equation ?

∂2 y ∂2 y
Sol. The equation
2
= c2is called the one dimensional wave equation. The boundary
∂t ∂x2
conditions, which the wave equation has to satisfy are :
(i) y = 0, when x = 0 (ii) y = 0, when x = l.
These should be satisfied for every value of t. If the string is made to vibrate by pulling it into a
curve y = f(x) and then releasing it, the initial conditions are :
∂y
(i) y = f(x), when t = 0 (ii) = 0, when t = 0.
∂t
Solution of the wave equation is

y=
∞

∑a
n=1
n cos
nπct
l
sin
nπx
l
where, an =
2
l z 0
l
f ( x) sin
nπx
l
dx

when f(x) i.e., y(x, 0) is known.

9. A string is stretched and fastened to two points l apart. Motion is started by displacing the string
πx
in the form y = a sin from which it is released at time t = 0. Show that the displacement of any
l
πx πct
point at a distance x from one end at time t is given by y(x, t) = a sin cos .
l l
(U.P., II Sem. 2009)
Sol. Here the boundary conditions are y(0, t) = y(l, t) = 0 and the initial conditions are
πx ∂y
y(x, 0) = a sin and = 0, when t = 0.
l ∂t
Solution of the wave equation (as stated in the previous question) is
∞
nπct nπx
y (x, t) = ∑a n cos
l
sin
l

z z
n=1
2 l nπx 2 l πx nπx
where an = y( x, 0) sin dx = a sin sin dx

z
l 0 l l 0 l l
2a l πx nπx
= sin sin dx
l 0 l l
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 773

which vanishes for all values of n except n = 1.

∴ a1 =
2a
l z0
l
sin 2
πx
l
dx =
a
l z
0
l
FG 1 − cos 2πx IJ dx = a L x − l sin 2πx O
H l K l MN 2π l PQ
l

0
=a

πct πx
Hence the required solution is y(x, t) = a cos sin .
l l
10. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially at rest in its equilibrium
position. If it is set vibrating by giving to each of its points a velocity λx(l – x), find the displacement
of the string at any distance x from one end at any time t.
Sol. Here the boundary conditions are y (0, t) = y(l, t) = 0. (U.P., III Semester, 2008)

∑ FGH a IJ
∞
nπct nπct nπx
We have, y(x, t) =
n=1
n cos
l
+ bn sin
l
sin
l K ...(1)

Since the string was at rest initially, y(x, 0) = 0

∞
nπx
∴ From (1), 0= ∑a
n=1
n sin
l
⇒ an = 0

∞
nπct nπx
∴ y(x, t) = ∑b
n=1
n sin
l
sin
l
...(2)

∞ ∞
∂y nπc nπct n πx πc nπct n πx
and
∂t
= ∑ l
bn cos
l
sin
l
=
l
n=1
nbn cos
l
sin
l ∑
n=1

∂y
But = λx(l – x) when t = 0
∂t
∞
πc nπx
∴ λx(l – x) =
l ∑ nb n sin
l

z
n=1

πc 2 l nπx
⇒ nbn = λx(l − x) sin . dx
l l 0 l

2λ LM nπx FG l2 nπx IJ F I + (− 2) F l 3
nπx I OP l

=
l
x(l − x) −
MN
l
nπ
cos
l H
− (l − 2 x) − 2 2 sin
n π l K GH JK GH n π
3 3
cos
l JK PQ
0
2 2
4 λl 4 λl
= 3 3
(1 – cos nπ) = [ 1 – (– 1)n]
n π n3 π 3
= 0, when n is even

8 λl 2
= , when n is odd.
n3 π 3

8λl2
i.e., , taking n = 2m – 1
π (2m − 1)3
3

8 λl 3
⇒ bn =
cπ (2m − 1)4
4

∴ From (2), the required solution is

∞
8λl3 1 (2m − 1) πct (2m − 1) πx
y(x, t) =
cπ 4 ∑
m=1
(2m − 1) 4
sin
l
. sin
l
.
774 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂2 y ∂2 y
11. Show how the wave equation c 2 can be solved by the method of separation of variables.
=
2
∂x ∂t 2
If the initial displacement and velocity of a string stretched between x = 0 and x = l are given by
∂y
y = f(x) and = g(x), determine the constants in the series solution. (U.P.T.U., 2005)
∂t

∂2 y ∂2 y
Sol. The wave equation is
2
= c2 ...(1)
∂t ∂x2
Let y = XT ...(2)
where, X is a function of x only and T is a function of t only.
∂2 y ∂2 y
= XT″ , = X″T
∂t 2 ∂x2
Substituting in equation (1), we get
1 T ′′ X ′′
XT″ = c2 X″T ⇒ = ...(3)
c2 T X
1 T ′′ X ′′
Case I. When = = p2 (say)
c2 T X

1 T ′′ d2T
(i) = p2 ⇒ – p2c2T = 0
c2 T dt 2
Auxiliary equation is
m2 – p2c2 = 0 ⇒ m = ± pc
C.F. = c1 epct + c2 . e–pct
P.I. = 0
∴ T= C.F. + P.I. = c1 e pct + c2 . e–pct.
X ′′ d2 X
(ii) = p2 ⇒ – p2 X = 0
X dx2
Auxiliary equation is m2 – p2 = 0 or m = ± p
∴ X = c3 epx + c4e–px
Hence the solution is y = XT = (c1epct + c2e–pct) (c3epx + c4e–px) ...(4)
1 T ′′ X ′′
Case II. When = = – p2 (say)
c2 T X
1 T ′′
. d2T
(i) 2 = – p2 ⇒ + p2c2T = 0
c T dt 2
Auxiliary equation is m2 + p2 c2 = 0 ⇒ m = ± pci
∴ T = c5 cos pct + c6 sin pct
X ′′ d2 X
(ii) = – p2 ⇒ + p2X = 0
X dx2
Auxiliary equation is m2 + p2 = 0 ⇒ m = ± pi
∴ X = c7 cos px + c8 sin px
Hence the solution is y = XT = (c5 cos pct + c6 sin pct) (c7 cos px + c8 sin px) ...(5)
1 T ′′ X ′′
Case III. When . = =0
c2 T X
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 775

1 T ′′ d 2T
(i) 2
. =0 ⇒ = 0 or T = c9 + c10 t
c T dt 2
X ′′ d2 X
(ii) =0 ⇒ = 0 or X = c11 + c12 . x
X dx2
Hence the solution is y(x, t) = (c9 + c10 t) (c11 + c12 x) ...(6)
of the above three solutions given by (4), (5) and (6), we have to choose the solution which is
consistent with the physical nature of the problem. Since we are dealing with a problem on vibra-
tions, y must be a periodic function of x and t. Therefore the solution must have trigonometric
terms. Hence solution (5) is the required solution.
Boundary conditions are y(0, t) = 0, y(l, t) = 0
y = f(x) when t = 0
∂y
= g(x) when t = 0
∂t
From equation (5), y(0, t) = (c5 cos cpt + c6 sin cpt) c7
0= (c5 cos cpt + c6 sin cpt) c7
⇒ c7 =0
Hence from (5), y (x, t) =(c5 cos cpt + c6 sin cpt) c8 sin px ...(7)
y(l, t) =0 = (c5 cos cpt + c6 sin cpt) c8 sin pl
nπ
⇒ sin pl = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I) ⇒ p =
l
FG
nπct nπct nπx IJ
∴ From (7), y(x, t) = c5 cos
Hl
+ c6 sin
l
c8 sin
l K ...(8)

F
= Ga
nπct nπct I
J nπx
H n cos
l
+ bn sin
l K sin
l
where c5 c8 = an and c6c8 = bn.

∑ FGH a IJ
∞
nπct nπct nπx
The general solution is y(x, t) =
n=1
n cos
l
+ bn sin
l
sin
K l
...(9)

∞
nπx
y(x, 0) = f(x) = ∑a
n=1
n sin
l

where an =
2
l z0
l
f ( x) . sin
nπx
l
. dx ...(10)

∑ FGH − na IJ . sin nπx

∞
∂y πc nπct nπct
From (9),
∂t
=
l
1
n sin
l
+ nbn cos
l K l

FG ∂y IJ πc
∞
nπx
At t = 0,
H ∂t K t =0
= g(x) =
l ∑1
nbn sin
l

where
nπc
l
bn =
2
l z0
l
g(x) . sin
nπx
l
dx.

⇒ bn =
2
nπc z l

0
g(x) . sin
nπx
l
dx ...(11)
776 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Hence the required solution is

∑ FGH a IJ
∞
nπct nπct nπ x
y(x, t) = n cos
l
+ bn sin
l
sin
l K
z
1

where
2 l
an =
l 0
f(x) . sin
nπx
l z
. dx and bn =
2
nπ c 0
l
g(x) . sin
nπx
l
. dx.

12. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially in a position given by
πx
y = y0 sin3 . If it is released from rest from this position, find the displacement y(x, t).
l
(U.P.T.U., 2006)
2 2
∂ y ∂ y
Sol. The equation of the string is 2 =
c2 2 ...(1)
∂t ∂x
The solution of equation (1) is y(x, t) = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) (c3 cos px + c4 sin px) ...(2)
Boundary conditions are y(0, t) = 0 ...(3)
y(l, t) = 0 ...(4)

FG ∂y IJ
H ∂t K t =0
=0 ...(5)

πx
y(x, 0) = y0 sin3 ...(6)
l
Applying boundary condition in (2),
y(0, t) = 0 = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c3 ⇒ c3 = 0
∴ From (2), y(x, t) = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c4 sin px ...(7)
Again, y(l, t) = 0 = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c4 sin pl
⇒ sin pl = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I)
nπ
∴ p=
l
FG nπct nπct IJ c nπx
Hence from (7), y(x, t) = c1 cos
H l
+ c2 sin
l K 4 sin
l
...(8)

∂y nπc
= − c1 sin
nπct LM
+ c2 cos
nπct OP c sin
nπx
∂t l l N l Q 4
l
FG ∂y IJ nπc nπx
At t = 0,
H ∂t K t=0
=0=
l
. c2 c4 sin
l
⇒ c2 = 0

nπx nπct nπx nπct

∴ From (8), y(x, t) = c1 c4 sin cos or y(x, t) = bn sin cos
l l l l
∞
nπx nπct
Most general solution is y(x, t) = ∑
n=1
bn sin
l
cos
l
...(9)

∞
πx nπx
y(x, 0) = y0 sin3
l
= ∑
n=1
bn sin
l

F 3 sin πx − sin 3πx I

⇒ y0
GG l l J =b
JJ sin
πx
+ b2 sin
2πx
+ b3 sin
3πx
+ ...
GH 4
K
1
l l l
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 777

3 y0 y
Comparing, we get , b2 = 0, b3 = – 0 , b4 = b5 = 0
b1 =
4 4
3 y0 πx πct y 3πx 3πct
Hence, from (9), y(x, t) = sin cos – 0 sin cos
4 l l 4 l l
which is the required displacement.
13. A string is stretched between two fixed points (0, 0) and (l, 0) and released at rest from the initial
R| FG 2k IJ x, l
S| 2kH l K
0<x<
deflection given by f(x) = 2.
l
|T l (l − x), 2
<x<l

Find the deflection of the string at any time.

Sol. The equation for the vibrations of the string is
∂2 y ∂2 y
2
= c2 ...(1)
∂t ∂x2
Solution of equation (1) is y(x, t) = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) (c3 cos px + c4 sin px) ...(2)
Boundary conditions are y(0, t) = 0
y(l, t) = 0
∂y
= 0 at t = 0
∂t
R| FG 2k IJ x, l
y(x, 0) = S
HlK 0<x<
2
|| k (l − x),
2 l
Tl 2
<x<l

From (2), y(0, t) = c3 (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt)

0 = c3 (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt)
⇒ c3 = 0
∴ From (2), y(x, t) = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c4 sin px ...(3)
y(l, t) = 0 = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c4 sin pl
⇒ sin pl = 0 = sin nπ ; n ∈ I
nπ
p=
l
FG
nπct nπct nπx IJ
∴ From (3), y(x, t) = c1 cos
Hl
+ c2 sin
l
c4 sin
l K ...(4)

∂y nπc
= − c1 sin
nπct LM
+ c2 cos
nπct
c4 sin
nπx OP
∂t l l N l l Q
FG ∂y IJ nπc nπ x LM OP
At t = 0,
H ∂t K t=0
=0=
l
c2 c4 sin
l N ⇒ c2 = 0
Q
nπct nπx nπct nπx
∴ From (4), y(x, t) = c1c4 cos sin = bn cos sin ...(5)
l l l l
where c1 c4 = bn.
The most general solution is
∞
y(x, t) = ∑
n=1
bn cos
nπct
l
sin
nπx
l
...(6)

∞
nπx
y(x, 0) = ∑ 1
bn sin
l
778 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

where bn =
2
zLl
y(x, 0) sin
nπx
. dx

MNz z
l 0 l

=
2 l/2 2k
x sin
nπ x
dx +
l 2k
(l − x) sin
n πx
. dx
OP
l l l l l Q
z z
0 l/2

=
4k
M L l/2
x sin
nπ x
dx +
l
(l − x) sin
nπ x
. dx
OP
l N 2
0 l l/2 l Q
LM F − cos nπx I F − cos nπx I
z
l/2

4k M G l J G l J dx
l/2

l M GG J 1. G
GH l JJK
= x −
MN H l JK
2 nπ nπ 0
0

R| F − cos nπx I U| F − cos nπx I OP

z
l

+ S(l − x) G
G l J
J V −
G
(− 1) G l J dx P
JJ P
l

|| GH l JK || nπ
G
H
nπ
K PPQ l/2
T W l l/2

LM F sin nπx I l/2

F sin nπx I OP l

4k M l l nπ l G l J l l nπ l G l J P
l M nπ 2 nπ GG nπ JJ nπ GG nπ JJ P
= −2
. cos + + . cos −
MMN 2
H l K
2 nπ 2
0
H l K PQ l/2

4k L l 2
FG sin nπ − sin nπ IJ OP
2
= M
l MN n π 2
sin
nπ
2
−
l
n π H
2 2 2 2 2 K PQ
4 k L 2l nπ O 2
= M
l MN n π 2
sin P = 8k sin n2π
2 PQ n π2 2 2 2

8k 1 nπ nπct nπx
∴ From (6), y(x, t) =
π ∑ n
sin 22
cos 2l
sin
l
.

l
14. A tightly stretched violin string of length l fixed at both ends, is plucked at x = and assumes
3
initially the shape of a triangle of height a. Find the displacement y at any distance x and any time
t after the string is released from rest.
Sol. One dimensional wave equation is Y

∂2 y ∂2 y C (l/3, a)
2
= c2 ...(1)
∂t ∂x2
The solution of equation (1) is
y(x, t) = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) a
(c3 cos px + c4 sin px) ...(2)
Equation of line OC is
a−0 3a O B A X
y–0= (x – 0) or y = x ...(3) x=0 x = l/3 x=l
l l
−0 l
3

0−a l FG IJ 3a l FG IJ
Equation of line CA is y–a=
l−
l
x−
3 H K or y – a = –
2l
x−
3 H K
3
3ax a 3ax 3a 3aFG x IJ
or y–a=–
2l
+
2
or y = –
2l
+
2
or y =
2 H
1−
l K ...(4)
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 779

Hence the boundary conditions are

y(0, t) = 0 ...(5)
y(l, t) = 0 ...(6)
∂y
= 0 at t = 0 ...(7)
∂t
R| 3ax , 0<x<
l

y(x, 0) = S 3a F
l 3
|| 2 GH 1 − xl IJK ,
and l ...(8)
<x<l
T 3
From (2), y(0, t) = 0 = c3 (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) ⇒ c3 = 0
∴ From (2), y(x, t) = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c4 sin px ...(9)
y(l, t) = 0 = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c4 sin pl
nπ
⇒ sin pl = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I) ⇒ p=
l

FG nπct nπct IJ c nπx

∴
H
y(x, t) = c1 cos
l
+ c2 sin
l K 4 sin
l
...(10)

∂y nπc
= − c1 sin
LM
nπct
+ c2 cos
nπct OP c nπx
∂t l l N l Q 4 sin
l

∂y nπ c nπ x LM OP
At t = 0,
∂t
=0=
l
c2 c4 sin
l N Q ⇒ c2 = 0

nπct nπx nπct nπx

∴ y(x, t) = c1c4 cos sin = bn cos sin
l l l l
The most general solution is
∞
nπct nπx
y(x, t) = ∑
1
bn cos
l
sin
l
...(11)

From (11),
∞
nπx
y(x, 0) = ∑ bn sin
l
, where

zL
1
2 l nπx
bn = y(x, 0) sin . dx
l l

MNz z
0

2 l/3 3ax nπ x FG IJ l 3aOP x nπx

=
l 0 l
sin
l
dx +
H K l/3 2
1−
Q l
sin
l
. dx

2 L 3a
= M
l N l z
x sin
0
l/3
nπ x
l
dx +
3a
2 H lK l Q z
FG 1 − x IJ sin nπx . dxOP
l/3
l

LMF R nπx UI OP
z
l/3
n πx
6 a MG | |J
G x S nπ l V|JJ − − nπ l . dxPP
− cos cos l/3

l MG |
= 2
MMNH T l WK 0 l
0
PPQ
LMF F − cos nπx I I F − cos nπx I OP
z
l

3a MG F xI G J F I
G 1 − l JK G nπ l J J − GH − l JK GG nπ l JJ dxPP
J 1 l

l MGG H
+
MMNH GH l JK JK GH l JK P l/3
PQ l/3
780 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM F sin nπx I OP LM l/3

F sin nπx I l OP
6a M − l l nπ l G J P + l MM nπ . 3 cos 3 − nπ GG nπ l JJ
3 a l 2 nπ 1 PP
nπ GG nπ JJ P
l
l M nπ 3
= . cos +
2
MN 3
H l K PQ MN 0
GH l JK l/3
PQ
6a L − l
M cos n3π + nl π sin n3π OPP + 3la LMN 32nlπ cos n3π + n lπ . sin n3π OPQ
2 2

l MN 3nπ
= 2
Q 2 2 2 2

6a L 1 nπ O 6 a F 1
=
nπ MN 3
− cos
nπ
3
+
1
nπ
sin + G cos n3π IJK + n3aπ sin n3π
3 PQ nπ H 3 2 2

6a nπ 3a nπ 9a nπ
= sin + 2 2 sin ⇒ bn = sin
n2 π 2 3 n π 3 n2 π 2 3
∞
9a 1 nπ nπct nπx
∴ From (11), y(x, t) =
π 2 ∑1
n 2
sin
3
. cos
l
sin
l
which is the required expression for displacement at any distance x and any time t.
15. The points of trisection of a string are pulled aside through the same distance on opposite sides of
the position of equilibrium and the string is released from rest. Derive an expression for the dis-
placement of the string at subsequent time and show that the mid point of the string always
remains at rest.
Sol. The equation for the vibration of the string is
∂2 y ∂2 y
2
= c2 ...(1)
∂t ∂x2
The solution of equation (1) is
y(x, t) = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) (c3 cos px + c4 sin px) ...(2)
Let l be the length of string.
Y
h−0
Equation of OB is y= (x – 0) l, h
l
−0 B 3
3
2l , 0
3h 3
⇒ y= .x ...(3)
l E A

F I O D (l, 0) X

FG IJ GH JK
− 2h l h
Equation of BC is y–h= x−
l 3
H K 3 2l
6h F
G x − 3l IJK
C 3,–h

l H
or y–h=–

F 2 x IJ
y = 3h G 1 −
⇒
H lK ...(4)

h F 2l I 3 h F
Equation of CA is y+h=
2l GH
x− J =
3K l H
G x − 23l IJK = 3hxl – 2h ⇒ y = 3h
FG x − 1IJ
Hl K ...(5)
l−
3
∂y
Hence boundary conditions are y(0, t) = 0, y(l, t) = 0, = 0 when t = 0
∂t
R| 3h x , 0≤ x≤
l U|
|| 3h (ll − 2x) , 3
||
y(x, 0) = S V|
l 2l
and ≤x≤
|| 3l h 3
2l
3
||
|T l (x − l) , 3
≤x≤l
W
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 781

From (2), y(0, t) = 0 = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c3 ⇒ c3 = 0

∴ From (2), y(x, t) = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c4 sin px ...(6)
y(l, t) = 0 = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c4 sin pl
⇒ sin pl = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I)
nπ
∴ p=
l
FG nπct nπct IJ c nπx
∴ From (6),
H
y(x, t) = c1 cos
l
+ c2 sin
l K 4 sin
l
...(7)

∂y nπc nπct FG nπct nπ x IJ

∂t
=
l
− c1 sin
l H
+ c2 cos
l
c4 sin
l K
FG ∂y IJ nπc nπx
At t = 0,
H ∂t K t=0
=0=
l
c2c4 sin
l
⇒ c2 = 0

nπct nπx nπct nπx

∴ From (7), y(x, t) = c1c4 cos sin = bn cos sin
l l l l
The most general solution is
∞
nπct nπx
y(x, t) = ∑
n=1
bn cos
l
sin
l
...(8)

nπx
y(x, 0) = ∑ bn sin ,

zL
l
2 l
nπx
where bn = y(x, 0) sin . dx
l l

MNz z z
0

=
2 l/3 3h
x sin
nπ x
dx +
2l / 3 3h
(l − 2 x) sin
nπ x
. dx +
l 3h
( x − l) sin
nπ x
dx
OP
l 0 l l l/3 l l 2l / 3 l l Q
=
2 3h
.
z l/3
x sin
nπx 2 3h
dx + .
z 2l / 3
(l − 2 x) sin
nπx
dx

z
l l 0 l l l l/3 l
2 3h l nπx
+ . ( x − l) sin dx
l l 2l / 3 l
2h nπ 6h nπ 2 h 2nπ 2h nπ
= – cos + 2 2 sin + cos + cos
nπ 3 n π 3 nπ 3 nπ 3
12 h 2 nπ nπ 2h FG
2 nπ 6h 2 nπ IJ FG IJ
− 2 2 sin
n π 3
− sin
3
–
nπ
cos
3H + 2 2 0 − sin
n π 3 K H K
18 h nπ 18 h 2nπ 18 h nπ 18 h nπ FG IJ
= 2 2 sin
n π 3
− 2 2 sin
n π 3
= 2 2 sin
n π 3
− 2 2 sin nπ −
n π 3 H K
18 h nπ 18 h nπ 18 h nπ
= 2 2 sin + 2 2 sin cos nπ = 2 2 sin (1 + cos nπ)
n π 3 n π 3 n π 3
R| 36h sin nπ ,
= S| n π 3
2 2
when n is even
T 0 , when n is odd.
∞
36 h 1 nπ nπct n πx
∴ From (8), y(x, t) =
π 2 ∑
n = 2, 4 ,...
n 2
sin
3
cos
l
sin
l
∞
9h 1 2mπ 2mπct 2mπx
=
π2 ∑
m = 1, 2 ,...
m2
sin
3
cos
l
. sin
l
...(9)

(where n = 2m) which is the required expression for y(x, t).

782 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

l
Putting x = in equation (6), we get
2
FG l , tIJ = 9h ∑ sin 2mπ . 1
∞
2mπct
y
H2 K π 2
3 m
m=1
2
cos
l
sin mπ = 0

Hence mid point of the string is always at rest.

16. If a string of length l is initially at rest in equilibrium position and each of its points is given the
FG ∂y IJ πx
velocity
H ∂t K t=0
= b sin3
l
, find the displacement y(x, t).

Sol. The equation for the vibrations of the string is

∂2 y ∂2 y
2
= c2 . ...(1)
∂t ∂x2
The solution of equation (1) is
y(x, t) = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) (c3 cos px + c4 sin px) ...(2)
Boundary conditions are,
y(0, t) = 0 ...(3) y(l, t) = 0 ...(4) y(x, 0) = 0 ...(5)
FG ∂y IJ = b sin
πx
H ∂t K
l
at t = 0 3 ...(6)

From equation (2), y(x, t) = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c4 sin px
y(l, t) = 0 = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c4 sin pl
nπ
⇒ sin pl = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I) ∴ p=
l
FG nπct nπct IJ c nπx
∴ From (7), y(x, t) = c1 cos
H l
+ c2 sin
l K 4 sin
l
...(8)

nπx
y(x, 0) = 0 = c1c4 sin ⇒ c1 = 0
l
nπct nπx nπct nπx
∴ From (8), y(x, t) = c2c4 sin sin = bn sin sin where c2c4 = bn
l l l l
The general solution is
∞
nπct nπx
y(x, t) = ∑ 1
bn sin
l
sin
l
...(9)

∂y nπc nπct nπx

∂t
= ∑b n .
l
cos
l
sin
l
FG ∂y IJ ∑b
nπ c nπ x
At t = 0, H ∂t K t=0
= n .
l
. sin
l

πx nπc nπ x
b sin3
l
= ∑b n .
l
. sin
l
b LM πx
− sin
3 πx πc
+
OP
πx 2b2 πc 2 πx
+ 3b3 .
πc 3πx
+ ...
4
3 sin
N l l
= b1
l
sin
l l Q sin
l l
sin
l
b1πc 3b 3bl
⇒ = ⇒ b1 = ,b =0
l 4 4 πc 2
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 783

− bl
b3 = , b = 0 = b5 = ... etc.
12πc 4
3bl πct πx bl 3πct 3πx
Hence from (9), y(x, t) = sin . sin − sin sin
4 πc l l 12πc l l
bl LMπx πct
− sin
3 πx 3πct OP
=
12 πc
9 sin
N l
sin
l l
sin
l
.
Q
∂2 y ∂2 y
17. Transform the equation 2
= c2 to its normal form using the transformation u = x + ct,
∂t ∂x 2
1
v = x – ct and hence solve it. Show that the solution may be put in the form y = [f(x + ct)
2
FG ∂y IJ = 0 at t = 0.
+ f(x – ct)]. Assume initial conditions y = f(x) and
H ∂t K
Sol. One dimensional wave equation is
∂2 y ∂2 y
= c2 ...(1)
∂t 2 ∂x2
Let us introduce two new independent variables
u = x + ct ...(2)
v = x – ct ...(3)
So that y becomes a function of u and v.
∂y ∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂y
Then, = . + . = + ...(4) [Using (2) and (3)]
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂v
∂ ∂ ∂
Also, ≡ + ...(5)
∂x ∂u ∂v
∂2 y ∂ ∂y FG IJ FG
IJ FG ∂y + ∂y IJ = ∂ y + 2 ∂ y + ∂ y
∂ ∂ 2 2 2
∴
∂x 2
=
∂x ∂x
=
H K H
K H ∂u ∂v K ∂u ∂u∂v ∂v
+
∂u ∂v 2 2
...(6)

∂y ∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂y F ∂y − ∂y IJ
(– c) = c G
Also, = .
∂t ∂u ∂t ∂v ∂t
+ . =c.
∂u ∂v
+
H ∂u ∂v K ...(7)

∂
≡cG
F − IJ
∂ ∂
⇒
∂t H ∂u ∂v K ...(8)

∂ y ∂ F ∂y I
2
F ∂ − ∂ IJ c FG ∂y − ∂y IJ
∴
∂t
= 2G
H
∂t ∂t
J
K =cG
H ∂u ∂v K H ∂u ∂v K
=c G
F ∂ y − 2 ∂ y + ∂ yI
2 2 2

H ∂u ∂u∂v ∂v JK
2 ...(9)
2 2

From (1), (6) and (9), we have

F ∂ y − 2 ∂ y + ∂ yI = c F ∂ y + 2 ∂ y + ∂ yI
2 2 2 2 2 2
c2 GH ∂u ∂u∂v ∂v JK GH ∂u ∂u∂v ∂v JK
2 2
2
2 2

∂2 y ∂2 y
⇒ – 4c2 =0 ⇒ =0 ...(10) (∵ c2 ≠ 0)
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
Integrating equation (10) partially, w.r.t. u, we get
∂y
= f1(v)
∂v
784 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

z
Integrating again w.r.t. v partially, we get

y= f1(v) ∂v + ψ(u) = φ(v) + ψ(u)

⇒ y(x, t) = φ(x – ct) + ψ(x + ct) ...(11)
which is D’ Alembert’s solution of wave equation.
∂y
Applying initial conditions y = f(x) and = 0 at t = 0 in (11), we get
∂t
f(x) = φ(x) + ψ(x) and 0 = – φ′(x) + ψ′(x)
1 1
Hence, φ(x) = ψ(x) =
f(x) ∴ y= [f(x + ct) + f(x – ct)]
2 2
18. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = π is initially at rest in its equilibrium
FG ∂y IJ
position. If it is set vibrating by giving to each of its points an initial velocity
H ∂t K t=0
= 0.03

sin x – 0.04 sin 3x then find the displacement y(x, t) at any point of string at any time t.
Sol. The equation for the vibrations of a string is
∂2 y ∂2 y
= c2 ...(1)
∂t 2 ∂x2
Its solution is y(x, t) = (c1 cos pct + c2 sin pct) (c3 cos px + c4 sin px) ...(2)

FG ∂y IJ
Boundary conditions are y(0, t) = 0 = y(π, t), y (x, 0) = 0 and
H ∂t K t=0
= 0.03 sin x – 0.04 sin 3x

From (2), y(0, t) = 0 = (c1 cos pct + c2 sin pct) c3 ⇒ c3 = 0

From (2), y(x, t) = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin cpt) c4 sin px ...(3)
y(π, t) = 0 = (c1 cos cpt + c2 sin pct) c4 sin pπ
⇒ sin pπ = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I) ⇒ p=n
From (3), y(x, t) = (c1 cos nct + c2 sin nct) c4 sin nx ...(4)
y(x, 0) = 0 = c1c4 sin nx ⇒ c1 = 0
∴ From (4), y(x, t) = c2c4 sin nct sin nx or y(x, t) = bn sin nct sin nx ...(5)
where, c2c4 = bn
The most general solution is
∞
y(x, t) = ∑
n=1
bn sin nct sin nx ...(6)

∞
∂y
∂t
= ∑
n=1
nc bn cos nct sin nx

FG ∂y IJ ∑
∞
At t = 0,
H ∂t K t=0
=
n=1
nc bn sin nx

0.03 sin x – 0.04 sin 3x = cb1 sin x + 2cb2 sin 2x + 3cb3 sin 3x + ...
0.03 − 0.0133
⇒ cb1 = 0.03 ⇒ b1 = , b2 = 0, 3cb3 = – 0.04 ⇒ b3 =
c c
0.03 0.0133
∴ From (6), y(x, t) = sin ct sin x − sin 3ct sin 3x
c c
1
= [0.03 sin ct sin x – 0.0133 sin 3x sin 3ct]
c
which is the required expression.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 785

19. Find the deflection of a vibrating string of unit length having fixed ends with initial velocity zero
and initial deflection f(x) = k(sin x – sin 2x).
Sol. By D’ Alembert’s method, the solution is
1
y(x, t) = [f(x + ct) + f(x – ct)] [See question 17]
2
1
y(x, t) = [k{sin (x + ct) – sin 2(x + ct) + k {sin (x – ct) – sin 2(x – ct)}]
2
= k [sin x cos ct – sin 2x cos 2 ct]
Also y(x, 0) = k(sin x – sin 2x) = f(x)
and ∂y(x, 0)/∂t = k(– c sin x sin ct + 2c sin 2x sin 2ct)t = 0 = 0
20. What is a two-dimensional wave equation ? Give its solution.
Sol. The wave equation in two dimensions is
∂ 2u F ∂ u + ∂ uI
2 2

∂t 2
= c2 GH ∂x ∂y JK
2 2 ...(1)

Its solution is given by

∞ ∞
u(x, y, t) = ∑∑ Amn sin
mπx
a
sin
nπy
b
cos pt ...(2)

zz
m=1 n=1

4 a b
mπx nπy
where Amn = f(x, y) sin sin dy dx ...(3)
ab 0 0 b a
m2 n2
and p = πc 2
+
...(4), m and n are integers
a b2
Equation (1) is the equation for the vibrations of a tightly stretched membrane (which is rectan-
gular and is stretched between the lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0 and y = b).
21. Find the deflection u(x, y, t) of the square membrane with a = b = c = 1, if the initial velocity is zero
and the initial deflection f(x, y) = A sin πx sin 2πy.
Sol. The vibrations of the square membrane are governed by two dimensional wave equation
∂ 2u F ∂ u + ∂ uI
2 2

∂t 2
= c2 GH ∂x ∂y JK
2 2 ...(1)

Here the boundary conditions are u(0, y, t) = 0, u(1, y, t) = 0, u(x, 0, t) = 0, u(x, 1, t) = 0

FG ∂u IJ
and the initial conditions are u(x, y, 0) = f(x, y) = A sin πx sin 2πy and
H ∂t K t=0
=0

To solve equation (1),

Let u = XYT ...(2)
where, X is a function of x only, Y is a function of y only,
and T is a function of t only.
∂ 2u ∂2
= (XYT) = XYT″
∂t2 ∂t2
∂2u ∂ 2u
= X″YT,
= XY″T
∂x 2 ∂y2
Substituting these values in equation (1), we have
1 T″ X″ Y″
XYT″ = c2 (X″YT + XY″T) ⇒ . = +
c2 T X Y
786 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

This will be true only when each member is a constant. Choosing the constants suitably, we have
d2 X d2 Y d 2T
+ k2X = 0, + l2Y = 0,
+ (k2 + l2) c2T = 0
dx2 dy2 dt 2
The solutions of these equations are respectively,
X = c1 cos kx + c2 sin kx, Y = c3 cos ly + c4 sin ly

T = c5 cos k2 + l2 ct + c6 sin k2 + l2 ct.

∴ u(x, y, t) = (c1 cos kx + c2 sin kx) (c3 cos ly + c4 sin ly)

(c5 cos k2 + l2 ct + c6 sin k2 + l2 ct) ...(3)

From (3), u(0, y, t) = 0 = c1 (c3 cos ly + c4 sin ly) (c5 cos k2 + l2 . ct + c6 sin k2 + l2 . ct)
⇒ c1 = 0
∴ From (3),

u(x, y, t) = c2 sin kx (c3 cos ly + c4 sin ly) (c5 cos k2 + l2 . ct + c6 sin k2 + l2 . ct) ...(4)

u(1, y, t) = 0 = c2 sin k (c3 cos ly + c4 sin ly) (c5 cos k2 + l2 . ct + c6 sin k2 + l2 . ct)
⇒ sin k = 0 = sin mπ (m ∈ I) or k = mπ

∴ u(x, y, t) = c2 sin mπx (c3 cos ly + c4 sin ly) (c5 cos k2 + l2 ct + c6 sin k2 + l2 ct) ...(5)

u(x, 0, t) = 0 = c2 sin mπx. c3 (c5 cos k2 + l2 ct + c6 sin k2 + l2 . ct) ⇒ c3 = 0

∴ From (5), u(x, y, t) = c2c4 sin mπx sin ly (c5 cos k2 + l2 ct + c6 sin k2 + l2 ct) ...(6)

u(x, 1, t) = 0 = c2c4 sin mπx sin l (c5 cos k2 + l2 ct + c6 sin k2 + l2 . ct)

⇒ sin l = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I) ⇒ l = nπ

∴ From (6), u(x, y, t) = c2c4 sin mπx sin nπy (c5 cos k2 + l2 ct + c6 sin k2 + l2 ct)
u(x, y, t) = sin mπx sin nπy (Amn cos pt + Bmn sin pt) ...(7)

where p = πc m2 + n2
The most general solution is
∞ ∞
u(x, y, t) = ∑∑
m=1 n=1
sin mπx sin nπy (Amn cos pt + Bmn sin pt) ...(8)

∂u
Applying the condition = 0 at t = 0 we get Bmn = 0 ...(9)
∂t
Also, using the condition u = f(x, y) = A sin πx sin 2πy
∞ ∞
When t = 0, we get A sin πx sin 2πy = ∑∑
m=1 n=1
Amn sin mπx sin nπy

This is a double Fourier Series.

Obviously
Amn =
2 2
.
1 1 zz
0
1

A m1 = A m3 = A m4 = ... = 0
0
1
A sin πx sin 2πy sin mπx sin nπy dxdy
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 787

But, A m2 = 4A
zz
1 1
sin πx sin mπx sin2 2πy . dxdy

zz
0 0
1 1
= 2A sin πx sin mπx (1 – cos 4πy) dxdy

z
0 0
1
FG sin 4 πy IJ 1
= 2A sin πx sin mπx y −
H 4π K . dx

z
0 0
1
= 2A sin πx sin mπx dx
0
Again obviously, A22 = A32 = A42 = ... = 0

But, A12 = 2A
z
1

0
sin2 πx dx = A
z0
1
(1 – cos 2πx) dx

FG sin 2πx IJ 1
=A x−
H 2π K 0
=A ...(10)

∴ From (8), (9) and (10), we get

u(x, y, t) = A sin πx sin 2πy cos pt ...(11)

where, p = πc m2 + n2 = π(1) 1+ 4 = π 5

∴ From (11), u(x, y, t) = A cos π 5 t sin πx sin 2πy which is the required deflection.
22. Find the deflection u(x, y, t) of a rectangular membrane (0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b) whose boundary is
fixed ; given that it starts from rest and u(x, y, 0) = xy(a – x) (b – y). Show that the deflection u is
∞ ∞
mπx nπy
given by u(x, y, t) = ∑∑
m=1 n=1
Amn cos ckt sin
a
sin
b

16a 2b 2 Fm 2
n2 I.
where Amn = 3 3 6
m n π
(1 – cos mπ) (1 – cos nπ) and k2 = π2 GH a
2
+
b 2 JK
Sol. As given in question 20, we have
mπx nπy
u(x, y, t) = ∑∑ Amn sin
a
sin
b
cos pt

m2 n2
where, p = πc 2
+ ...(1)
a b2
mπx nπy
From (1), u(x, y, 0) = ∑∑ Amn sin
a
sin
b
mπx nπy
xy(a – x) (b – y) = ∑∑ Amn sin
a
sin
b

where, Amn =
2 2
.
a b zz a b
xy(a – x) (b – y) sin
mπx
a
sin
nπy
b
dydx

z
0 0

=
4
ab 0
a
x(a – x) sin
nπx
a
dx .
z
0
b
y(b – y) sin
nπy
b
dy
788 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

LM F − cos mπx I F mπx I F mπx I OP a

4 M G
x(a − x ) G a J − ( a − 2x ) G
G − sin J G cos a JJ P
a J + ( − 2) G
=
ab M
GH maπ JK J GG m π JJ GG m π JJ PP
MM
2 2 3 3

N H a K 2 H a K PQ 3
0

LM F − cos nπy I F nπy I F nπy I OP b

G G − sin b JJ − 2 GG cos b JJ P
b J − (b − 2 y ) G
× MM y(b − y ) G
MM GH nbπ JJK GG n π JJ GG n π JJ PP
H b K H b K PQ
2 2 3 3

N 2 3
0

4 L − 2a 3
2a O L − 2b
3 3
2b O 3
= M
ab NM m π
3 3
cos mπ + P M
m π QP NM n π
3 3
cos nπ +
3 3
P
n π QP 3 3

4 2a3 2b3
= . 3 3 . 3 3 [1 – (– 1)n] [1 – (– 1)m]
ab m π n π

16a 2b2
Amn = [1 – (– 1)n] [1 – (– 1)m]
m3n3π6
Hence from (1),
mπx nπy
u(x, y, t) = ∑∑ Amn cos ckt sin
a
sin
b

16a 2b2 Fm 2
n2 I.
where, Amn = 3 6 3
m π n
(1 – cos mπ) (1 – cos nπ) and k2 = π2 GH a
2
+
b 2 JK
23. A tightly stretched unit square membrane starts vibrating from rest and its initial displacement is
k sin 2πx sin πy. Show that the deflection at any instant is k sin 2πx sin πy cos ( 5 πct).

∂ 2u F ∂ u + ∂ uI
2 2
Sol. Here we have to solve the equation =
∂t2
= c2 GH ∂x ∂y JK
2 2

with boundary conditions u(0, y, t) = u(1, y, t) = u(x, 0, t) = u(x, 1, t) = 0

∂u
and the initial conditions u(x, y, 0) = f(x, y) = k sin 2πx sin πy, = 0 when t = 0
∂t
Proceeding as in question 21, we have

u(x, y, t) = ∑∑ Amn sin mπx sin nπy cos pt ...(1)

Since a = b = 1, where p = πc m 2 + n 2

and Amn =
4
1×1 zz
1

0
1

0
k sin 2πx sin πy sin mπx sin nπy dydx

= 4k
z0
1
sin mπx sin 2πx dx

= 0 for m ≠ 2 or n ≠ 1.
z 1

0
sin nπy sin πy dy

FG 1 IJ FG 1 IJ ( 2 )2 + (1)2 = 5 πc
∴ A21 = 4k
H 2K H 2K = k and p = πc

Hence solution (1) reduces to u(x, y, t) = k sin 2πx sin πy cos ( 5 πct).
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 789

24. What is one-dimensional heat flow equation ? Give its solution.

∂u ∂2u
Sol. The heat equation is = c2 ...(1)
∂t ∂x 2
which shows the flow of heat by conduction in a uniform bar. It is assumed that the sides of the
bar are insulated and the loss of heat from the sides by conduction or radiation is negligible.
2
p 2t
Solution of equation (1) is given by u = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) e − c ...(2)

∂u ∂ 2u
25. Determine the solution of one-dimensional heat equation : = c2 where u(0, t) = 0 = u (l, t),
∂t ∂x 2
t > 0 and u(x, 0) = x, l being the length of the bar. (M.D.U., May 2007; Dec., 2009)

∂u ∂2u
Sol. = c2 2 ...(1)
∂t ∂x
Let u = XT where X is a function of x only and T is a function of t only, be a solution of equation (1)
∂u ∂2u
Then, = XT′, = X″T
∂t ∂x2
Then, XT′ = c2 X″T
X″ 1 T′
Separating the variables, = 2 .
X c T
Now LHS is a function of x only and RHS is a function of t only.
Since x and t are independent variables, this equation can hold only when both sides reduce to a
constant k.
The above equation leads to the partial differential equation :
d2 X dT
– kX = 0 and – kc2 T = 0
dx 2 dt
On solving, we get
(i) When k is +ve and = p2 (say)
2
p2 t
X = c1epx + c2e–px, T = c3 e c
(ii) When k is –ve and = – p2 (say)
2
p2 t
X = c1cos px + c2sin px, T = c3 e− c
(iii) When k is 0, X = c1x + c2, T = c3
Thus the various solutions of the Heat equations are :
2
c p2 t
u = (c1epx + c2e–px) c3 e
2
p2 t
u = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) c3 e − c
u = (c1x + c2) c3
Of these 3 solutions, we have to choose that solution which is consistent with the physical nature
of the problem. Since u decreases as time t increases, the only suitable solution of the heat equation
is
2
u = (c1cos px + c2 sin px) e− c p2 t

Now, u (0, t) = 0 = u (l, t), t > 0 (Given)

2 2
∴ 0 = c1 e − c p t ⇒ c1 =0
2
As u (l, t) = 0, 0 = c2 sin pl e− c p2 t
790 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

nπ
sin pl = 0 ⇒ pl = nπ or p = , n being an integer
l
c2 n2 π 2
nπx .t
u (x, t) = bn . sin e l2 (On replacing c2 by bn )
l
The most general solution is obtained by adding all such solutions for n = 1, 2, 3, ...
∞ c2 n2 π 2t
nπx −
u (x, t) = ∑
n=1
bn sin
l
e l2

Since u (x, 0) = x, we have

nπx
x= ∑b n sin
l
which is half range series for x.

bn =
2
l z 1

0
x sin
nπx
l
∞
=
− 2l
π
cos
nπ
l
− c2 n2 π 2 t
− 2l cos nπ nπx
∴ Complete solution is, u (x, t) =
π ∑
n=1
l
sin
l
e l2 .

26. A rod of length l with insulated sides is initially at a uniform temperature u0. Its ends are sud-
denly cooled to 0°C and are kept at that temperature. Find the temperature function u(x, t).
∂u ∂2u
Sol. The temperature function u(x, t) satisfies the differential equation = c2
∂t ∂x 2
As given in previous question (Q. No. 24), we have
2 2
u(x, t) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) e − c p t ...(1)
Since, the ends x = 0 and x = l are cooled to 0°C and kept at that temperature throughout, the
boundary conditions are u(0, t) = u (l, t) = 0 for all t.
Also u(x, 0) = u0 is the initial condition.
Since u(0, t) = 0, we have from (1)
2
p 2t
0 = c1 e − c ⇒ c1 = 0
2
p 2t
⇒ From (1), u(x, t) = c2 sin px . e − c ...(2)
2 2
Since u(l, t) = 0, we have from (2), 0 = c2 sin pl . e − c p t
⇒ sin pl = 0 ⇒ pl = nπ
nπ
∴ p= , n being an integer.
l
− c2 n2 π 2 t
n πx 2
Solution (2) reduces to u(x, t) = bn sin .e l on replacing c2 by bn.
l
The most general solution is obtained by adding all such solutions for n = 1, 2, 3,...
∞ − c 2 n2 π 2 t
nπx
∴ u(x, t) = ∑
n =1
bn sin
l
.e l2 ...(3)

Since u(x, 0) = u0, we have

∞
u0 = ∑
n =1
bn sin
nπx
l
which is half-range sine series for u0.
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 791

R| 0,
∴ bn =
2
l z
0
l
u0 sin
nπx
l
. dx = S| 4u ,
0
T nπ
when n is even
when n is odd .

Hence the temperature function

− c2 n2 π 2 t
4 u0 1 n πx
u(x, t) =
π ∑
n = 1, 3, 5,...
n
sin
l
.e l2

∞ − c 2 ( 2n −1) 2 π 2t
4u0 1 ( 2n − 1) πx
=
π ∑
n =1
2n − 1
sin
l
.e l2 .

27. An insulated rod of length l has its ends A and B maintained at 0°C and 100°C respectively until
steady state conditions prevail. If B is suddenly reduced to 0°C and maintained at 0°C, find the
temperature at a distance x from A at time t.
Sol. The temperature function u(x, t) satisfies the differential equation
∂u ∂2u
= c2 ...(1)
∂t ∂x 2

Prior to the temperature change at the end B, when t = 0, the heat flow was independent of time
(steady state condition). When the temperature function u depends only upon x and not on t, (1)

∂2u
reduces to = 0. Its general solution is u = ax + b ...(2)
∂x 2
where a, b are arbitrary constants.
Since u = 0 for x = 0 and u = 100 for x = l, we get
100
From (2), b = 0 and a =
l

100
∴ The initial condition is expressed by u(x, 0) = x.
l
Also the boundary conditions for the subsequent flow are u(0, t) = 0 and u(l, t) = 0 for all values
of t.
The most general solution of (1) satisfying the boundary conditions, is
∞ − c 2n 2 π 2t
nπx
u(x, t) = ∑
n =1
bn sin
l
.e l2 ...(3)

100 100 nπx

Since u(x, 0) =
l
x, we have
l
x= ∑ bn sin
l
100
which is half-range sine series for x.
l

LM F nπx I F nπx I OP l

G sin l JJ P
∴ bn =
2
l z
0
l 100x
l
sin
nπx
l
. dx =
200 M G − cos l J
M
l M G
xG 2nπ J
J
− (1) G
GG F nπ I JJ PP
MN H l K H GH l JK K PQ
2

0
792 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

200 LM− l cos nπOP = − 200 ( − 1)

2
n
=
200
(– 1)n+1
=
l 2
MN nπ PQ nπ nπ

∞ c 2n 2 π 2t
200 ( − 1)n +1 nπx −
Hence the temperature function u(x, t) =
π ∑
n =1
n
sin
l
.e l2 .

28. In the previous problem find also the temperature if the change consists of raising the temperature
of A to 20°C and reducing that of B to 80°C.
100
Sol. Initial condition remains the same i.e., u(x, 0) = x
l
Boundary conditions are u(0, t) = 20, u(l, t) = 80
FG 80 − 20 IJ 60
The final temperature distribution is u2 = 20 +
H l K x = 20 +
l
.x

Then, u = u2(x) + u1(x, t)

60
∑
2
p2 t
u = 20 + x+ (an cos px + bn sin px) e − c
l
∞

∑a
2
p 2t
u(0, t) = 20 = 20 + n e −c ⇒ an = 0
n =1
∞
60
∴ u = 20 +
l
x+ ∑
n =1
bn sin px . e − c 2 p 2t ...(A)

60
u(l, t) = 80 = 20 +
l
.l+ ∑ bn sin pl . e − c 2 p 2t ⇒ 0= ∑ bn sin pl e − c 2 p 2t

nπ
sin pl = 0 = sin nπ, n ∈ I, ∴ p = ...(B)
l
F nπc IJ 2

60 nπx − GH l K
t
From (A) and (B), u = 20 +
l
x+ ∑ bn sin
l
e ...(C)

Using initial condition,

∞
100 60 nπ x 40 nπx
u(x, 0) =
l
. x = 20 +
l
x+ ∑ bn sin
l
⇒
l
x – 20 = ∑
n =1
bn sin
l

where, bn =
2
l z FGH
l

0
40
l
IJ
K
x − 20 sin
nπx
l
. dx

L F − cos nπx I OP F − nπx I l

=
2 MF 40
l MH l
MN
I G
GH l JK PQ
l J 40 G cos l J
MG x − 20JK G nπ J PP − l . G nπ J dx
GH l JK
0
z 0
l

LM F nπx I OP l

2 M − 20l 20l 40 G sin l J P − 40

l M nπ nπ nπ G nπ J P
= cos nπ − + = (1 + cos nπ)
MN G
H l K PQJ nπ
0
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 793

R| 0, when n is odd
= S| − 80 ,
T nπ when n is even

Hence equation (C) becomes

F nπc IJ 2

nπx − GH
∞
l K
t
60 80 1
u(x, t) = 20 +
l
x−
π ∑
n = 2, 4 ,...
n
sin
l
.e

− 4 c 2m 2 π 2t
60 40 1 2mπx
= 20 +
l
x−
π m∑ sin
l
.e l2 (Taking n = 2m)
which is the required solution.
29. The ends A and B of a rod of length 20 cm are at temperatures 30°C and 80°C until steady state
prevails. Then the temperature of the rod ends are changed to 40°C and 60°C respectively. Find
the temperature distribution function u(x, t). The specific heat, density and the thermal conductiv-
k
ity of the material of the rod are such that the combination = c2 = 1.
ρσ

FG 80 − 30 IJ x = 30 + 5
Sol. Initial temperature distribution in the rod is u1 = 30 +
H 20 K 2
x

F
= 40 + G
60 − 40 I
Final temperature distribution (i.e., in steady state) is u2
H 20 JK x = 40 + x
To get u in the intermediate period u = u1 (x, t) + u2(x)
where u2 (x) is the steady state temperature distribution in the rod. u1(x, t) is the transient
temperature distribution which tends to 0 as t increases.
∵ u1(x, t) satisfies one-dimensional heat flow equation
∞
∴ u = 40 + x + ∑
n =1
(an cos px + bn sin px) e − p
2
t ...(1)

u(0, t) = 40 ...(2)
In steady state, u(20,t) = 60 ...(3)

From (1), u(0, t) = 40 = 40 + ∑a e n

− p 2t
⇒ an = 0 ...(4)

∴ From (1) and (4), u = 40 + x + ∑ b sin px e n

− p 2t

∞ ∞
Again, u(20, t) = 60 = 60 + ∑ bn sin 20p e − p 2t
⇒ 0= ∑ 1
bn sin 20p e − p
2
t

n =1

nπ
sin 20p = 0 = sin nπ(n ∈ I) ⇒ p=
20

F nπ I 2

nπx − GH 20 JK
∞ t
∴ u = 40 + x + ∑
n =1
bn sin
20
e ...(5)

5
Using initial condition, u(x, 0) = 30 + x in equation (5), we get
2
∞ ∞
5 nπx 3 nπx
30 +
2
x = 40 + x + ∑
n =1
bn sin
20
⇒
2
x – 10 = ∑
n =1
bn sin
20
794 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

where bn =
2
20 z FGH
20

0
3
2
IJ
K
x − 10 sin
nπx
20
dx = −
20
nπ
[2(– 1)n + 1]

FG nπ IJ
|RS 2( − 1) |UV sin nπx . e
2

20 n
+1 −
H 20 K t

π ∑ T|
From (5), u = 40 + x –
n W| 20
which is the required solution.
30. The temperature distribution in a bar of length π which is perfectly insulated at ends x = 0 and

∂u ∂2u
x = π is given by the equation =
∂t ∂x 2
Assuming the initial temperature distribution as u(x, 0) = f(x) = cos 2x, find the temperature
distribution at any instant of time.

∂u ∂2u
Sol. = ...(1)
∂t ∂x 2
2
Its solution is u(x, t) = c1 e − p t (c2 cos px + c3 sin px) ...(2)
Since ends of bar are insulated, no heat can pass from either sides and boundary conditions are
∂u ∂u
= 0 at x = 0 ...(3) and = 0 at x = π ...(4)
∂x ∂x
∂u 2
From (2), = c1 . e − p t (– pc2 sin px + pc3 cos px)
∂x
2
At x = 0, 0 = c1 e − p t
pc3 ⇒ c3 = 0
2
∴ From (2), u(x, t) = c1c2 e − p t cos px ...(5)
∂u − p 2t
Again = – pc1c2 e sin px
∂x
− p 2t
At x = π, 0 = – pc1c2 e sin pπ ⇒ sin pπ = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I)
pπ = nπ ⇒ p = n
2
∴ From (5), u(x, t) = bn e −n t
cos nx where c1c2 = bn.
∞

∑
2
Most general solution is u(x, t) = bn e −n t
cos nx ...(6)
n =1
∞
u(x, 0) = cos 2x = ∑
n =1
bn cos nx

Comparing, we get b2 = 1 and n = 2

All other bi’s are zero.
∴ From (6), u(x, t) = e–4t . cos 2x which is the required solution.

∂u ∂2u
31. Solve the equation = with boundary condition u(x, 0) = 3 sin nπx, u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0
∂t ∂x 2
where 0 < x < l.
∂u ∂2u
Sol. The solution to the equation = ...(1)
∂t ∂x 2
2
is given by u(x, t) = c1 e − p t
(c2 cos px + c3 sin px) ...(2)
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 795

2 2
From (2), u(0, t) = c1c2 e − p t ⇒ 0 = c1c2 e − p t ⇒ c2 = 0
2
∴ From (2), u(x, t) = c1c3 e − p t sin px ...(3)
2
u(l, t) = 0 = c1 c3 e − p t . sin pl ⇒ sin pl = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I)
nπ
∴ p=
l
− n 2 π 2t − n 2 π 2t
2 nπx l2
nπx
From (3), u(x, t) = c1c3 e l sin = bn e sin
l l
The most general solution is
F −n π t I 2 2
GH l JK nπx
∑
2
u(x, t) = bn e sin . ...(4)
l
∞
nπx nπx
∴ From (4), u(x, 0) = ∑1
bn sin
l
⇒ 3 sin nπx = ∑ bn sin
l
Comparison gives bn = 3, l = 1.
Hence from (4), the required solution is
∞

∑
2 2
u(x, t) = 3 e −n π t
sin nπx.
n =1
32. The initial temperature of an insulated infinite rod is given by u(x, 0) = (– 1)n U between x = nc and
x = (n + 1)c, where n ∈ I. Show that for t > 0,

4U
∞
1 πx RS UV ( 2 p + 1 ) 2 d 2 π 2t

∑
−
sin (2p + 1)
u(x, t) =
π
p=0
2p + 1 c
. e
T W c2 .

Sol. Since the initial temperature is alternatively U and – U over equal distances on the infinite
rod, the final temperature as t → ∞ will be the average of these, namely 0.
The temperature u(x, t) at any time will be an odd periodic function of distance with period 2c. It
will satisfy the conditions :
(i) u = 0 at x = 0 and (ii) u = 0 at x = c.
∂u ∂2u
The equation satisfied by u(x, t) is = d2 ...(1)
∂t ∂x 2
(∵ c has been used in the question, we are therefore using here d instead of c).
Most general solution of (1) is
∞ − n 2 π 2d 2
nπx .t
u(x, t) = ∑
n =1
bn sin
c
. e c2 ...(2)

where,
2 c
bn =
c 0 z
u(x, 0) sin

Since u = U(for 0 < x < c) when t = 0

nπx
c
. dx ...(3)

∴ From (3), bn =
2
c z0
c
U sin
nπx
c
. dx =
2U
c
−
c
nπ
cos
nπx
c
FG
H
IJ
K
c

0
=
2U
nπ
(1 – cos nπ)
796 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

R| 4 U ,
= S| nπ when n is odd

T 0, when n is even
Putting n = 2p + 1 to get odd n, (2) gives
πx − ( 2 p + 1 ) 2 d 2 π 2t
∞ sin ( 2 p + 1)
4U
u(x, t) =
π ∑
p=0
2p + 1
c .e c2 .

33. A bar with insulated sides is initially at a temperature 0°C throughout. The end
∂u
x = 0 is kept at 0°C, and heat is suddenly applied at the end x = l so that = A for x = l, where A
∂x
is a constant. Find the temperature function u(x, t).

∂u ∂2 u
Sol. One dimensional heat flow equation is = c2 ...(1)
∂t ∂x 2
− p 2 c 2t
Its solution is u(x, t) = c1 e (c2 cos px + c3 sin px)
2 2
or u(x, t) = (A1 cos px + B sin px) e − p c t ...(2)
Applying the zero end conditions as,
2 2
u(0, t) = 0 = A1 e − p c t ⇒ A1 = 0
2 2
∴ From (2), u(x, t) = B sin px . e − p c t ...(3)
∂u 2 2
From (3), = p B cos px . e − p c t
∂x
FG ∂u IJ 2 2 FG π IJ
H ∂x K = 0 = p B cos pl e − p
H K
c t
At x = l, ⇒ cos pl = 0 = cos nπ − ;n∈I
x =l
2
π π
pl = (2n – 1) ⇒ p = (2n – 1)
2 2l
2 2
∴ From (3), u(x, t) = B sin px e − p c t
...(4)
π
where p = (2n – 1)
2l
The most general solution is

∑
2 2
u(x, t) = Bn sin px e − p c t ...(5)

π
where p = (2n – 1)
2l
The end conditions given for this problem are
∂u
(i) u = 0 at x = 0 = A at x = l (ii) ...(6)
∂x
These conditions are different from the zero end conditions.
So we add to (5) the solution u = A1x + B
Choosing A1 and B so that (6) is satisfied.
This gives B = 0 and A1 = A
∞

∴ u(x, t) = Ax + ∑
n=1
Bn sin px e − p
2 2
c t ...(7)

where p = (2n – 1) π/2l.

APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 797

Applying the condition that u = 0 at t = 0, we have

∞ ∞
0 = Ax + ∑ Bn sin px or – Ax = ∑ Bn sin px

zL
n=1 n=1

2 l π
where Bn = (– Ax) sin px . dx where p = (2n – 1)
l 0 2l

=–
2A

NT| H p K W|
l
l

H p K Q
0
z
MMR|Sx FG − cos px IJ U|V − 1. FG − cos px IJ dx OPP
0
l

2A LM − l cos pl 1 F sin px I OP 2A L − l cos pl OP

l
=–
l M
+ G
pH p K P
J =–
l MN
M +
1
sin pl
PQ
N p Q p p
0
2

2A ( 2l )2 π
=– sin (2n – 1) (∵ cos pl = 0)
l( 2n − 1) π2 2 2

− 8Al FG π IJ 8Al
=
π 2 ( 2n − 1)2
sin nπ −
H 2
= 2
K
π ( 2n − 1)2
. (– 1)n ...(8)

∞ −
LM ( 2n − 1) π c t OP
2 2 2

8Al ( − 1)n πx MN 4l PQ
∑
2

∴ From (7), u(x, t) = Ax + sin ( 2n − 1) .e

π2 n =1
( 2n − 1) 2 2l
which is the required temperature function.
∂u ∂ 2u
34. Solve : =k under the conditions
∂t ∂x 2
∂u
(i) u ≠ ∞ if t → ∞ (ii) = 0 for x = 0 and x = l
∂x
(iii) u = l x – x2 for t = 0 between x = 0 and x = l.
∂u ∂2u
Sol. Solution to = k 2 is u(x, t) = c1 e − c 2 kt (c2 cos cx + c3 sin cx) ...(1)
∂t ∂x
Equation (1) satisfies the condition u ≠ ∞ if t → ∞.
∂u
Applying = 0 for x = 0 and x = l to (1), we get
∂x
nπ
c3 = 0 and c = ,n∈I
l
F n π kt I
2 2 F n π kt I 2 2
− GH l JK nπx
2 nπx H l JK
−G 2
∴ u = c1c2 e cos = an cos .e ...(2)
l l
Again, the second possible solution is
u = c1(c2x + c3) ...(3)
c2
| if = 0
∂u
Applying = 0 for x = 0 and x = l to (3), we get c2 = 0
∂x
a0
∴ u = c1c3 = (say) ...(4)
2
The general solution is the sum of solutions (2) and (4) for various n.
798 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

F n π kt I
2 2

a0
∞ − GH l JK
∑ nπx 2
∴ u(x, t) = + an cos .e ...(5)
2 l
n =1
Now applying u = lx – x2 for t = 0 to equation (5), we get
∞
a0 nπx
lx – x2 =
2
+ ∑ an cos
l

z
n =1

2 l l2
Here, a0 = (lx – x2) dx =
l 0 3

an =
2
l z l

0
(lx – x2) cos
nπx
l
. dx = −
4 l2
n2 π 2
R|
S|
, when n is even

T
0 , when n is odd.
F n π kt I
2 2

l 2 4l 2 1 nπx
− GH l JK
∑
2
∴ u= − 2 2
. cos .e
6 π n l
n = 2, 4 ,...
F 4m π kt I
2 2

l2 l2
∞
1 2mπx
− GH l JK
∑
2
Put n = 2m, we get u= − 2 cos .e
6 π
m =1
m2 l
which is the required solution.
35. What is the two dimensional heat flow equation ? Give its solution.
Sol. Two dimensional heat flow equation is

∂u F
∂ 2u ∂ 2u I
∂t
= c2 GH
+
∂x 2 ∂y 2
JK ...(1)

∂u
In steady state, u is independent of t so that = 0 and (1) reduces to
∂t
∂2u ∂ 2u
+ =0 ...(2)
∂x 2 ∂y 2
which is known as Laplace’s Equation in two dimensions.
The equation of heat flow in a solid (3-dimensional heat flow) can be written as

∂u F
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u I
∂t
= c2 GH
+ +
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
JK
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
In the steady state, it reduces to =0 + +
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
This is known as Laplace’s Equation in three dimensions.
Solution of Laplace’s Equation in Two Dimensions is given by
u(x, y) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) (c3 epy + c4 . e–py).

∂2 u ∂2u
36. Use separation of variables method to solve the equation + = 0 subject to the boundary
∂x 2 ∂y 2

nπx
conditions u(0, y) = u(l, y) = u(x, 0) = 0, u(x, a) = sin .
l
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 799

∂2u ∂ 2u
Sol. The given equation is 2
+ =0 ...(1)
∂x ∂y 2
The 3 possible solutions of (1) are
u = (c1epx + c2e–px) (c3 cos py + c4 sin py) ...(2)
u = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(3)
u = (c1x + c2) (c3y + c4) ...(4)
Keeping in view the given boundary conditions, the only possible solution is (3).
∴ u(x, y) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(5)
Since u(0, y) = 0, ∴ 0 = c1 (c3epy + c4e–py) ⇒ c1 = 0
Equation (5) reduces to
u(x, y) = c2 sin px (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(6)
Since u(l, y) = 0, ∴ 0 = c2 sin pl (c3epy + c4e–py)
nπ
⇒ sin pl = 0 = sin nπ ⇒ p = , n being an integer.
l
nπx
Also u(x, 0) = 0 ∴ 0 = c2 sin (c3 + c4)
l
⇒ c3 + c4 = 0 ∴ c4 = – c3
∴ Equation (6) becomes
F nπy nπy I
u(x, y) = c2 sin
nπx
c3e GG l − c3e
−
l JJ
l H K
Replacing c2c3 by bn, we have
F nπy nπy I
u(x, y) = bn sin
nπx
e GG l −e
−
l JJ = 2bn sin
nπx
. sinh
nπy
...(7)
l H K l l

nπx nπx nπa

Putting y = a, we have u(x, a) = sin = 2bn sin sinh
l l l
nπa 1
⇒ 2bn sinh = 1 or bn =
l nπa
2 sinh
l
LM
nπy OP
nπx sinh l
Hence (7) reduces to u(x, y) = sin
l nπaMM PP
, which is the required solution of (1).
sinh
l MN PQ
37. Solve the following partial differential equation by the method of separation of variables :
FG ∂u IJ
uxx = uy + 2u with u(0, y) = 0,
H ∂x K 0, y
= 1 + e–3y

(M.D.U., May 2009, U.P.T.U., 2009, 2010)

Sol. uxx = uy + 2u ...(1)
Let u = XY where X is a function of x only and Y is a function of y only.
∂u ∂u ∂2u
= X′Y, = XY′, = X″Y
∂x ∂y ∂x2
Putting these values in equation (1), we get
X″ Y ′ + 2Y Y ′
X″Y = XY′ + 2XY or X″Y = X(Y′ + 2Y) ⇒ = = + 2 = k (say)
X Y Y
800 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

X″
(a) =k
X
(D2 – k) X = 0 ⇒ D = ± k X = c1 e kx
+ c 2 e− kx

Y′ Y′
(b) + 2 = k or =k–2
Y Y
Integrating it, we get
log Y = (k – 2) y + log c3 or Y = c3 e(k – 2)y

∴ U = XY or u = c1 e FH kx
+ c2 e− kx IK c 3 e(k – 2) y

Given u (0, y) = 0 when x = 0 ...(2)

∴ 0 = (c1 + c2)c3 e(k – 2)y ...(3)
FG ∂u IJ
and
H ∂x K o, y
= 1 + e– 3 y (given)

Now,
∂u
= c3 e(k – 2)y FH k c1 e kx
− k c2 e− kx IK
∂x
FG ∂u IJ
H ∂x K o, y
= 1 + e–3 y = c3 e(k – 2)y . k (c1 – c2) ...(4)

From (3) and (4), we get the values of c1 and c2. Then we put in equation (2) and simplify.
1
Hence, u= sinh 2 x + e–3 y . sin x.
2
38. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10 cm. wide and so long compared to its width that
it may be considered infinite in length without introducing an appreciable error. If the tempera-
ture of the short edge y = 0 is given by u = 20 x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5 and u = 20(10 – x) for 5 ≤ x ≤ 10 and the
two long edges x = 0, x = 10 as well as the other short edge are kept at 0°C, prove that the tempera-
(2n − 1) πy
800 ( − 1)n +1 (2n − 1) πx −
ture u at any point (x, y) is given by u =
π2
∑ (2n − 1) 2
sin
10
.e 10 .

Sol. The temperature u(x, y) at any point P(x, y) satisfies the equation

∂2u ∂ 2u
+ =0 ...(1)
∂x 2 ∂y 2
The boundary conditions are
u(0, y) = 0 for all values of y ≥ 0 ...(2)
u(10, y) = 0 for all values of y ≥ 0 ...(3)
u(x, ∞) = 0 in 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 ...(4)

u(x, 0) =
RS 20x , 0≤x ≤5
...(5)
T20(10 − x ) , 5 ≤ x ≤ 10

Now the 3 possible solutions of (1) are

u = (c1epx + c2e–px) (c3 cos py + c4 sin py) ...(6)
u = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) (c3 epy + c4e–py) ...(7)
u = (c1x + c2) (c3y + c4) ...(8)
The solution (6) can’t satisfy the condition (2) since we get u ≠ 0 for x = 0, for all values of y.
The solution (8) can’t satisfy the condition (4).
Thus the only possible solution is (7).
∴ u(x, y) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(9)
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 801

Since u(0, y) = 0, ∴ 0 = c1(c3epy + c4e–py) ⇒ c1 = 0

∴ Equation (9) reduces to u(x, y) = c2 sin px (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(10)
Since, u(10, y) = 0, 0 = c2 sin 10p (c3 epy + c4e–py)
nπ
sin 10p = 0 = sin nπ ⇒ p = , n being an integer.
10
Also, u(x, ∞) = 0, ∴ c3 = 0
nπy
nπx − 10
Hence from (10) a solution satisfying (2), (3) and (4) is u(x, y) = c2c4 sin .e .
10
Replacing c2c4 by bn, the most general solution is
∞ nπy
u(x, y) = ∑
n=1
bn sin
nπx −
10
.e 10 ...(11)

Putting y = 0, we have
∞
nπx
u(x, 0) = ∑ bn sin
10

z z z
n=1

∴ bn =
2 10
u(x, 0) sin
nπxLM 20 x sin nπx . dx + 20(10 − x ) sin nπx . dx OP
. dx =
1 5 10

10 0 10 N 5 10 0 10 Q 5

LM F nπx I F nπx I OP LM F − cos nπx I FG − sin nπx IJ OP

5 10

M G − cos G
10 J − (1) G
− sin J
10 J P + 4 M(10 − x ) G 10 J + 1 G 10 J P
= 4 Mx G P M
J G
MM GH 10 JK G FG nπ IJ J PP
nπ J MM 2
GH 10 JK G FG nπ IJ JJ PPP
G nπ J G 2

N H H 10 K K Q N 0
H H 10 K K Q 5

L − 50 nπ F 10 I nπ OP LM 50 nπ F 10 I nπ OP
2 2
=4 M
MN nπ cos 2 + GH nπ JK sin 2 PQ + 4 MN nπ cos 2 + GH nπ JK sin 2 PQ
100 nπ 800 nπ
=4.2. 2 2
. sin = 2 2 sin
n π 2 n π 2
R| 800 n−1

= S n π (− 1)
2 , when n is odd
|T 0
2 2
, when n is even
Hence from (11) the required solution is
n −1 nπy
800 1 nπx −
u(x, y) =
π2
∑
n =1,3,5
n2
( −1) 2 sin
10
.e 10

Replacing n by 2n – 1,
∞ ( 2n −1) πy
800 1 ( 2n − 1) πx −
u(x, y) =
π2
∑
n =1
( 2n − 1)2
( −1)n −1 sin
10
.e 10

∞ ( 2n −1) πy
800 ( −1)n +1 ( 2n − 1) πx −
or u=
π2
∑
n =1
( 2n − 1)2
sin
10
.e 10

Since, (– 1)n+1 = (– 1)n–1 . (– 1)2 = (– 1)n–1.

802 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

39. A rectangular plate with insulated surfaces is 8 cm. wide and so long compared to its width that
it may be considered infinite in length without introducing an appreciable error. If the tempera-
πx
ture along one short edge y = 0 is given by u(x, 0) = 100 sin , 0 < x < 8 while the two long edges
8
x = 0 and x = 8 as well as the other short edge are kept at 0°C, show that the steady state tempera-
πy
− πx
8
ture at any point of the plate is given by u(x, y) = 100 e . sin .
8
Sol. Let u(x, y) be the temperature at any point of the plate.
Two-dimensional heat flow equation in steady state is given by
∂2u ∂ 2u
+ =0 ...(1)
∂x 2∂y 2
Its solution is u(x, y) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(2)
Boundary conditions are

u(0, y) = 0, u(8, y) = 0, y Lt
→ ∞ u(x, y) = 0

πx
u(x, 0) = 100 sin ,0<x<8
8
From (2), u(0, y) = 0 = c1 (c3epy + c4e–py) ⇒ c1 = 0
∴ From (2), u(x, y) = c2 sin px (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(3)
u(8, y) = 0 = c2 sin 8p (c3epy + c4e–py)
nπ
⇒ sin 8p = 0 = sin nπ ⇒ p= ,n∈I
8
F nπy nπy I
∴ From (3), u(x, y) = c2 sin
nπx
GG c e 8 + c4 e
−
8 JJ ...(4)
H K
3
8

F nπy nπy I
Lt u(x, y) = 0 = c2 . sin
nπx
lim c3e GG 8 + c4e
−
8 JJ
y→∞ 8 y→∞ H K
which is satisfied only when c3 = 0
nπy nπy
nπx − 8 nπx −
∴ From (4), u(x, y) = c2c4 sin .e = bn sin .e 8 ...(5)
8 8
nπx
From (5), u(x, 0) = bn sin
8
πx nπx
100 sin = bn sin ⇒ bn = 100, n = 1
8 8
πy
πx − 8
∴ From (5), u(x, y) = 100 sin .e
8
which is the required steady state temperature at any point of the plate.
40. An infinitely long plane uniform plate is bounded by two parallel edges and an end at right angles
to them. The breadth is π. This end is maintained at temperature u0 at all points and the other
edges are at zero temperature. Determine the temperature at any point of the plate in the steady state.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 803

Sol. In steady state, two dimensional heat flow equation is

∂2u ∂ 2u
2
+ =0 ...(1)
∂x ∂y 2
Boundary conditions are u(0, y) = 0 = u(π, y)
Lt . u(x, y) = 0 (0 < x < π) and u(x, 0) = u0(0 < x < π)
y→∞
Solution to equation (1) is
u(x, y) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(2)
From (2), u(0, y) = 0 = c1 (c3epy + c4e–py) ⇒ c1 = 0
From (2), u(x, y) = c2 sin px (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(3)
u(π, y) = 0 = c2 sin pπ (c3epy + c4e–py) ⇒ sin pπ = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I)
∴ p= n
∴ From (3), u(x, y) = c2 sin nx (c3eny + c4e–ny) ...(4)
lim u(x, y) = 0 = c2 sin nx . lim (c3eny + c4e–ny)
y→∞ y→∞

which is satisfied only when c3 = 0.

∴ From (4), u(x, y) = c2c4 sin nx . e–ny = bn e–ny sin nx, where c2c4 = bn
The most general solution is
∞

u(x, y) = ∑
n=1
bn e–ny . sin nx ...(5)

u(x, 0) = ∑ bn sin nx

z
n=1

2 π
2u0 FG − cos nx IJ π
where, bn =
π 0
u(x, 0) sin nx dx =
π H n K 0
R| 4u ,
{1 – (– 1) } = S nπ
0
2u0 n if n is odd
=
nπ |T 0 , if n is even.
∞
4u0 sin nx
∴ From (5), u(x, y) =
π ∑
n =1, 3,5,...
n
e–ny (n is odd)

4u0 1
or
π
u(x, y) = ∑ ( 2n − 1)
sin (2n – 1) x . e–(2n–1)y
which is the required solution.

∂2 u ∂2u 0<x<π
41. Solve : + = 0, which satisfies the conditions
∂x 2
∂y 2 0< y<π
u(0, y) = u(π, y) = u(x, π) = 0 and u(x, 0) = sin2 x.

∂2u ∂ 2u
Sol. The given equation is 2
+ =0 ...(1)
∂x ∂y 2
Its solution consistent with boundary conditions is
u(x, y) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(2)
From (2), u(0, y) = 0 = c1 (c3epy + c4e–py) ⇒ c1 = 0
804 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∴ From (2), u(x, y) = c2 sin px (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(3)

u(π, y) = 0 = c2 sin pπ (c3epy + c4e–py) ⇒ sin pπ = 0 = sin nπ, ∴ p = n
Hence from (3), u(x, y) = c2 sin nx (c3eny + c4e–ny)
u(x, y) = sin nx . (Aeny + Be–ny) ...(4)
where, A= c2c3 and B = c2c4
From (4), u(x, π) = sin nx (Aenπ + B.e–nπ)
0= sin nx (Aenπ + Be–nπ)
1
⇒ 0 = Aenπ + B.e–nπ ⇒ Aenπ = – B.e–nπ = – B (say)
2 n
Equation (4) becomes

u(x, y) = sin nx −
LM 1 1
Bn e −nπ . e ny + Bn e nπ . e −ny
OP
N 2 2 Q
1
Then (4) becomes u(x, y) = B [en(π–y) – e–n(π–y)] sin nx = Bn sinh n(π – y) . sin nx ...(5)
2 n

u(x, 0) = sin2 x = ∑ Bn sinh nπ sin nx

where, Bn sinh nπ =
2
π z π

0
sin2 x . sin nx dx =
1
π z
0
π
(1 – cos 2x) sin nx dx

=
1
π z LMNπ

0
sin nx −
1
2
{sin (n + 2)x + sin (n − 2)x } dx
OP
Q
1
−
LM
cos nx cos ( n + 2)x cos (n − 2) x
+ +
OP π

=
π Nn 2( n + 2) 2(n − 2) Q 0

LMF 1 + 1 − 2 I {( − 1) OP
MNGH n + 2 n − 2 n JK
1 n
− 1} , when n ≠ 2
=
2π PQ
R| − 8 ,
Bn sinh nπ = S| πn (n − 4)
2
when n is odd

T 0 , when n is even and ≠ 2.

When n = 2, B2 sinh 2π =
2
π z π

0
sin2 x sin 2x dx

=
1
π z π

0
(1 – cos 2x) sin 2x dx =
1
π z FGH
π

0
sin 2x −
1
2
sin 4 x
IJ dx
K
FG
1 − cos 2x 1 IJ π
1 1 LM 1 OP
=
π H
2
+ cos 4 x
8 K 0
=
π
− (1 − 1) + (1 − 1) = 0
2 N 8 Q
∴ B2 = 0
Hence the solution (5) becomes,
∞
−8 sin nx . sinh n ( π − y )
u(x, y) =
π ∑
n =1,3, 5,...
n(n 2 − 4 ) sinh nπ
∞
−8 sin ( 2m − 1) x sinh ( 2m − 1) ( π − y )
∴ u(x, y) =
π ∑
m =1, 2, 3,...
( 2m − 1) {( 2m − 1)2 − 4 } sinh ( 2m − 1) π
.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 805

∂2 u ∂2u
42. Solve + = 0, with the rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b ; given that
∂x 2 ∂y 2
u(x, b) = u(0, y),
= u(a, y) = 0 and u(x, 0) = x(a – x).

∂2u ∂ 2u
Sol. The equation is + =0 ...(1)
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Its solution is u(x, y) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(2)
u(0, y) = 0 = c1 (c3epy + c4e–py) ⇒ c1 = 0
∴ From (2), u(x, y) = c2 sin px (c3epy + c4e–py) ...(3)
u(a, y) = 0 = c2 sin ap (c3epy + c4e–py)
nπ
⇒ sin ap = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I) or p =
a
F nπy nπy I
From (3), u(x, y) = c2 sin
nπx
GG
c3 . e a + c4e
−
a JJ
a H K
F nπy nπy I
u(x, y) = sin
nπx
GG
. Αe a + Be
−
a JJ ...(4)
a H K
where A=c c ,B=c c
F I
2 3 2 4
nπb nπb
. G Αe JJ
nπx −

a GH
u(x, b) = sin a + B.e a

K
F nπb nπb I nπb nπb
.G Α . e JJ
nπx − −

a GH
0 = sin a + B.e a ⇒ Αe a + B.e a =0
K
nπb nπb
− 1
Αe a = − B.e a =− . Bn (say)
2
F nπy nπb nπb nπy I
Then (4) becomes u(x, y) = sin
nπx 1
. − Bn e
−
GG a .e a
1
+ Bn . e a .e
−
a JJ
a 2 H 2 K
1 nπx
LM nπ
(b− y ) −
nπ
( b− y ) OP
MN PQ
Bn . sin e a −e a
=
2 a

1 nπx nπ nπx nπ
= B sin . 2 sinh (b – y) = Bn sin sinh (b – y)
2 n a a a a
The most general solution is
∞
nπx nπ
u(x, y) = ∑
n=1
Bn . sin
a
. sinh
a
(b – y) ...(5)

Applying to this the condition u(x, 0) = x(a – x), we get

From (5), u(x, 0) = ∑ Bn sinh

nπb
a
sin
nπx
a
⇒ x(a – x) = ∑ Bn sinh
nπb
a
sin
nπx
a
806 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

where, Bn sinh
nπb 2
a
=
a z0
a
x(a – x) sin
nπx
a
. dx

LMR F − cos nπx I U| a

F − cos nπx I OP
=
2 M|
a M|
S( ax − x
MM|T
2 G
nπ
a J
GH a JJK ||W
)G V −
z
0
a
G a J dx P
GH a JJK PP
( a − 2x ) G
nπ
PQ
N 0

=
2 a
.
a nπ
L
z 0
a
(a – 2x) . cos
nπ
a
. x dx

MR nπ U F sin nπx I OP
z
a

2 M| sin x|
G a JJ dx P a

M S a
V ( − 2) G
GH naπ JK PP
= ( a − 2x ) −
nπ | n π ||W
MN|T a 0
0

Q
F − cos nπ x I a

4 a G a J = 4 a . a (1 – cos nπ)
nπ nπ GG J
= .
H a JK n π
nπ nπ 2 2

0
2 R| 8a 2

(1 – cos nπ) = S n π , when n is odd

4a
=
|T 0 , when n is even
3 3 3 3
n π

8a 2
∴ Bn =
nπb FG IJ
( n 3 π3 )
for odd n and 0 for even n.
sinh
a H K
nπx
8a 2 sin nπ
∴ From (5), u(x, y) =
π3
∑ 3
n sinh
a
nπb . sinh a (b – y) (n is odd)
a
∞
8a 2 1 πx
or u(x, y) =
π 3 ∑
n =0
( 2n + 1) 3 . sin (2n + 1)
a
.

F sinh ( 2n + 1) π (b − y ) I
GG a JJ which is the required solution.
GH sinh a . b JK
( 2n + 1) π

43. A thin rectangular plate whose surface is impervious to heat flow has at t = 0 an arbitrary distri-
bution of temperature f(x, y). Its four edges x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b are kept at zero temperature.
Determine the temperature at a point of a plate as t increases. Discuss the problem when
FG πx IJ sin FG πy IJ .
f(x, y) = β sin
HaK HbK
Sol. Two dimensional heat flow equation is
∂2u ∂2u
1 ∂u
2
+ = . ...(1)
∂x ∂y 2 c2 ∂t
Boundary conditions are u(0, y, t) = 0, u(a, y, t) = 0, u(x, 0, t) = 0, u(x, b, t) = 0
u(x, y, t) = f(x, y) at t = 0.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 807

Let the solution be u = XYT where X is a function of x only, Y is a function of y only and T is a
function of t only.
1 X ″ Y″ T′
(1) is X″YT + XY″T = (XYT′) ⇒ + = 2 ...(2)
c2 X Y c .T
There are three possibilities :
X″ Y″ T′ X″ Y″ T′
(i) = 0, = 0, 2 =0 (ii) = K12, = K22, 2 = K2
X Y c .T X Y c .T
X″ Y″ T′
(iii) = – K12, = – K22, 2 = – K2
X Y c .T
where K2 = K1 + K2 . Of these 3 solutions, we have to select the solution which is consistent with
2 2

physical nature of the problem. The solution satisfying the given boundary conditions will be
given by (iii).
Then, X = c1 cos K1x + c2 sin K1x, Y = c3 cos K2y + c4 sin K2y
2
K 2t
T = c5e − c
∴ u = XYT
2
K 2t
⇒ u(x, y, t) = (c1 cos K1 x + c2 sin K1 x) (c3 cos K2 y + c4 sin K2 y) ( c5e − c ) ...(3)
2
K 2t
u(0, y, t) = 0 = c1 (c3 cos K2 y + c4 sin K2 y) c5e − c ⇒ c1 = 0
2
K 2t
∴ From (3), u(x, y, t) = c2 sin K1 x (c3 cos K2 y + c4 sin K2 y) ( c5e − c )
2
= c6 sin K1 x (c3 cos K2 y + c4 sin K2 y) ( e − c K 2t ) ...(4)
where c6 = c 2 c5 .
2
From (4), u(a, y, t) = 0 = c6 sin K1 a (c3 cso K2 y + c4 sin K2 y) e − c K 2t

nπ
⇒ sin K1 a = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I) ∴ K1 =
a
nπx 2 2
From (4), u(x, y, t) = c6 sin (c3 cos K2 y + c4 sin K2 y) ( e − c K t ) ...(5)
a
nπx 2 2
u(x, 0, t) = 0 = c6 sin . c3 . e − c K t ⇒ c3 = 0
a
nπx 2 2
∴ From (5), u(x, y, t) = c6c4 sin sin K2 y . e − c K t ...(6)
a
nπx 2 2
u(x, b, t) = 0 = c6c4 sin sin K2 . b . e − c K t
a
mπ
⇒ sin K2 b = 0 = sin mπ (m ∈ I) ⇒ K2 b = mπ ⇒ K2 =
b
nπx mπy − c 2K 2t
∴ From (6), u(x, y, t) = c6c4 sin sin .e
a b
nπx mπy − c 2K 2t
= Amn sin sin .e ...(7) (where, c6c4 = Amn)
a b
n2π2 m2 π 2 Fn 2
m2 I
But K2 = K12 + K22 =
a 2
+
b 2
= π2 GH a 2
+
b 2 JK
808 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Equation (7) becomes

nπx mπy − c 2K 2t
u(x, y, t) = ∑∑ Amn sin
a
sin
b
.e ...(8)

which is the most general solution.

nπx mπy
u(x, y, 0) = f(x, y) = ∑∑ Amn sin
a
sin
b
which is the double Fourier half-range sine series for f(x, y)

where, Amn =
2 2
.
a b zz
a

x =0 y =0
b
sin
nπx
a
sin
mπy
b
f(x, y) dxdy

FG πx IJ sin FG πy IJ
Whenf(x, y) = β sin
HaK HbK
Amn =
4β
ab z a

0
sin
nπx
a
sin
πx
a
dx
z b

0
sin
nπy
b
sin
πy
b
. dy

=
β
ab z LMN
a

0
cos (n − 1)
πx
a
− cos (n + 1)
πx
a
dx .
OP
Q z LMN
b

0
cos (m − 1)
πy
b
− cos (m + 1)
πy
b
OP dy
Q
L πx πx O
a
LM sin (m − 1) πy sin (m + 1) πy OP b

β M sin (n − 1) a sin (n + 1)
a P
= M
ab M (n − 1) π
−
π PP
×M
MMN (m − 1) bπ
b −
π PP
b

MN a
(n + 1)
a PQ 0
( m + 1)
b PQ 0

β
= .0=0 (∵ sin nπ = 0 and sin mπ = 0)
ab
πx πy
Hence from (8), u(x, y, t) = 0 when f(x, y) = β sin sin .
a b
44. The edges of a thin plate of side π cm are kept at 0°C and faces are perfectly insulated. The initial
temperature is u(x, y, 0) = f(x, y) = xy (π – x) (π – y). Determine the temperature in the plate at
time t.
Sol. Referring to solution of Q. 43 where a = π, b = π and f(x, y) = xy (π – x) (π – y).
Fm 2
n2 I
and K2 = π2 GH π2
+
π 2 JK = m2 + n2

∞ ∞

∴ u(x, y, t) = ∑∑
m =1 n =1
Amn sin nx sin my . e − c
2
( m 2 + n 2 )t
...(1)

(Pl. See Sol. of Previous Q. No. 43)

From (1), u(x, y, 0) = ∑∑ Amn sin nx sin my ...(2)

where Amn =
π
4
2 zz
π

0 0
π
xy (π – x) (π – y) sin nx sin my dxdy

=
π
4
2 z
π

0
(πx – x2) sin nx dx
z0
π
(πy – y2) sin my dy ...(3)

z L F − cos nx IJ − ( π − 2x ) FG − sin nx IJ + ( − 2) FG cos nx IJ OP π

sin nx dx = M( πx − x ) G
π 2
Now
0
(πx – x2)
N H n K H n K H n KQ 2 3
0
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 809

2
= [1 – (– 1)n]
n3

and
z0
π
(πy – y2) sin my dy =
2
m3
16
[1 – (– 1)m]

∴ Amn = [1 – (– 1)n] [1 – (– 1)m]

π m3n3
2

R| 0 , when m = 2 p and n = 2q
= S| 64
, when m = 2 p − 1 and n = 2q − 1
Tπ 2
(2 p − 1)3 (2q − 1)3
Hence the required solution is
∞ ∞

∑∑
2
pq. t
u(x, y, t) = Apq sin (2q – 1) x sin (2p – 1) y . e −λ
p =1 q =1

where λ2pq = c2 [(2p – 1)2 + (2q – 1)2]

64
and Apq = .
π ( 2 p − 1)3 ( 2q − 1)3
2

45. The diameter of a semi-circular plate of radius a is kept at 0°C and the temperature at the semi-
circular boundary is T°C. Show that the steady state temperature in the plate is given by

4T
∞
1 r FG IJ 2n −1
u(r, θ) =
π ∑
n =1
(2n − 1) a H K sin (2n – 1) θ.

Sol. Take the centre of the circle as the pole and T°C
the bounding diameter as the initial line. Let the
steady state temperature at any point P(r, θ) be
u(r, θ), so that u satisfies the equation P
r (r, q)
∂2u ∂u ∂2u
r2 +r + =0 q
∂r 2 ∂r ∂θ2
...(1) A 0°C O 0°C B X
q=0
This is Laplace’s equation in polar coordinates.
Let u = RT ...(2)
where R is a function of r only and T is a function of θ only, be a solution of (1).
∂u ∂ dR
= (RT) = T = TR′
∂r r dr
∂2u ∂
= (TR′) = T . R″
2 r
∂r
∂ 2u ∂2 d 2T
= (RT) = R = RT″
∂θ 2 ∂θ 2 dθ2
r 2 R ″ + rR′ T″
∴ From (1), r2 T R″ + r T R′ + RT″ = 0 or =−
R T
r 2 R ″ + rR ′ T″
Case I. When =− = p2 (say)
R T
r 2 R ″ + rR′
(i) = p2 ⇒ r2R″ + rR′ – p2R = 0
R
810 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

d
Put r = ez so that z = log r and let D =
dz
Then above equation reduces to
{D(D – 1) + D – p2} R = 0 or (D2 – p2) R = 0
Auxiliary equation is m2 – p2 = 0, m = ± p
C.F. = c1epz + c2 . e–pz = c1ep log r + c2 . e–p log r = c1 . rp + c2 . r–p
P.I. = 0
∴ R = c1. rp + c2 . r–p

− T″ d 2T
(ii) = p2, + p2T = 0
T dθ2
Auxiliary equation is m2 + p2 = 0 or m = ± pi
C.F. = c3 cos pθ + c4 sin pθ
P.I. = 0
∴ T = c3 cos pθ + c4 sin pθ
∴ u(r, θ) = (c1rp + c2r–p) (c3 cos pθ + c4 sin pθ) ...(3)
2
r R ″ + rR′ T″
Case II. When =− = – p2 (say)
R T
r 2 R ″ + rR ′
(i) = – p2 ⇒ r2R″ + rR′ + p2 . R = 0
R
d
Put r = ez so that z = log r and let D ≡ then above equation reduces to
dz
[D(D – 1) + D + p2] R = 0 or (D2 + p2) R = 0
Auxiliary equation is m2 + p2 = 0 or m = ± pi
C.F. = (c5 cos pz + c6 sin pz)
P.I. = 0
∴ R = c5 cos pz + c6 sin pz
= c5 cos (p log r) + c6 sin (p log r).

T″ d 2T
(ii) – = – p2 ⇒ – p2T = 0
T dθ2
Auxiliary equation is m2 – p2 = 0 or m = ± p
∴ C.F. = c7epθ + c8 . e–pθ
P.I. = 0
∴ T= c7epθ + c8 . e–pθ
Hence u(r, θ) = [c5 cos (p log r) + c6 sin (p log r)] (c7epθ + c8e–pθ) ...(4)
2
r R ″ + rR′ T″
Case III. When =− = 0 (say)
R T
(i) r2R″ + rR′ = 0
d
Put r = ez so that z = log r and let D ≡ then above equation reduces to
dz
[D(D – 1) + D] R = 0 or D2 R = 0
Auxiliary equation is m2 = 0 ⇒ m = 0, 0
C.F. = (c9 + c10z) e0.z = c9 + c10 log r
R= c9 + c10 log r
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 811

T″
(ii) – = 0 ⇒ T″ = 0 ⇒ T = c11 + c12 . θ
T
∴ u(r, θ) = (c9 + c10 log r) (c11 + c12 θ) ...(5)
Of these three solutions (3), (4) and (5), we choose the solution consistent with the given bound-
ary conditions.
Boundary conditions are
u(r, 0) = 0 ...(6) u(r, π) = 0 ...(7) u(a, θ) = T ...(8)
and u → 0 as r → 0 ...(9)
Solutions (4) and (5) do not satisfy boundary condition (9).
Hence the consistent solution is
u(r, θ) = (c1rp + c2r–p) (c3 cos pθ + c4 sin pθ) ...(10)
From (10), u(r, 0) = 0 = (c1rp + c2r–p) c3 ⇒ c3 = 0
From (10), u(r, θ) = (c1rp + c2r–p) c4 sin pθ ...(11)
u(r, π) = (c1rp + c2r–p) c4 sin pπ
0 = (c1rp + c2r–p) c4 sin pπ
⇒ in pπ = 0 = sin nπ (n ∈ I)
∴ p=n
∴ From (11), u(r, θ) = (c1rn + c2r–n) c4 sin nθ ...(12)
Condition u → 0 as r → 0 is satisfied only and only when c2 = 0
Hence from (12), u(r, θ) = c1c4 rn sin nθ = bn rn sin nθ
The most general solution is
∞
u(r, θ) = ∑
n=1
bnrn sin nθ ...(13)

∞
u(a, θ) = T = ∑ bnan sin nθ

z
n=1

2 π 2T − cos nθ FG IJ π
where, bn an =
π 0
{T sin nθ dθ} =
π n H K 0
R| 4T ,
(1 – cos nπ) = S nπ
2T n is odd
= nπ
|T 0 , n is even
R| 4T
∴ bn = S| nπa n
, n is odd
T 0 , n is even
∞
4T 1 rn
From (13), u(r, θ) =
π ∑
n =1, 3, 5,...
.
n an
sin nθ

4T
∞
1 FG IJ
r
2n −1
u(r, θ) =
π ∑
n =1
H K
( 2n − 1) a
sin (2n – 1) θ

which is the required steady state temperature in the plate.

∂2V 1 ∂V 1 ∂2V
46. Solve : + . + 2 = 0 with boundary conditions :
∂r 2 r ∂r r ∂θ2
(i) V is finite when r → 0 (ii) V = ∑ Cn cos nθ on r = a.
[U.P., IInd Semester, 2010]
812 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. Solution to given differential equation is

∑ V= (Anrn + Bnr–n) cos (nθ + α)

When r = a, V= ∑ cn cos nθ

∴ ∑ c cos nθ = ∑
n (Anan + Bn . a–n) cos (nθ + α)
∴ cn = Anan + Bn . a–n, α = 0
When r → 0, V is finite.

cn
∑ FG r IJ n
∴ Bn = 0 ∴ An =
an
∴ V= cn .
H aK cos nθ.

47. The edge r = a of a circular plate is kept at temperature f(θ). The plate is insulated so that there is
no loss of heat from either surface. Find the temperature distribution in steady state.
Sol. Here we have to take the solution in polar coordinates.
The solution is u = (c1 cos pθ + c2 sin pθ) (c3rp + c4 . r–p) ...(1)
Since the temperature remains finite at r = 0
∴ c4 = 0
Also, if we increase θ by 2π, we arrive at the same point. So the solution (1) should be periodic
with period 2π.
∴ p = n, an integer.
Hence we may write the general solution as
∞

u= ∑
n= 0
(c1 cos nθ + c2 sin nθ) c3rn

= ∑ (An cos nθ + Bn sin nθ) rn | where c1c3 = An, c2c3 = Bn (say)

Applying to this, the condition

u = f(θ) for r = a, we get

f(θ) = ∑ (An cos nθ + Bn sin nθ) an

∴ an An =
1
π z 2π
f(θ) cos nθ . dθ

z
0

1 2π
an Bn = f(θ) sin nθ dθ
π 0
Hence the result.
48. Find the harmonic function φ in the semi-circle r < a, 0 < θ < π which vanishes on θ = 0 and takes
the value c when θ = π and on the curved portion r = a.
Sol. A harmonic function is a function satisfying Laplace’s equation.

∂ 2φ∂φ ∂2φ
Solution to r 2 ++r = 0 is φ = (A cos pθ + B sin pθ ) (C . rp + D . r–p) ...(1)
∂r 2 ∂r ∂θ2
Since φ → 0 as r → 0, ∴ D = 0
∴ φ = (A cos pθ + B sin pθ) Crp ...(2)
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 813

Imposing on (2), the zero boundary conditions φ(r, 0) = 0, φ(r, π) = 0, we get

A = 0 and p = n (n ∈ I)
Putting in (2) and adding up various solutions for n = 1, 2, 3,..., we get
∞
φ= ∑
n=1
Bn rn sin nθ ...(3)

This solution will not satisfy both the given boundary conditions of the problem namely
(i) φ = 0 when θ = 0
and (ii) φ = c when θ = π ...(4)
So we add to (3) the solution φ = A0θ + B0
which satisfies Laplace’s equation.
We choose A0, B0 so that (4) is satisfied.
Then, B0 = 0, c = A0 π
c
Hence, φ=
π
.θ+ ∑ Bnrn sin nθ ...(5)

Satisfies equation (4).

Applying to (5), the condition that φ = c when r = a, we get

c
∞
F θI ∞

c GH1 − JK = ∑
c=
π
θ+ ∑B n an sin nθ ⇒
π
n =1
Bnan sin nθ

z
n=1

2 π F θI
c G1 − J
∴ Bn . an =
π 0 H πK sin nθ dθ

2c 2c
Bn . an = ⇒ Bn = ...(6)
nπ nπan
∞
F I n

∑ GH JK
c . θ 2c 1 r
From (5) and (6), φ= + sin nθ.
π π n a
n =1
49. What are transmission line equations. Discuss their similarities under different conditions.
Sol. Consider the flow of electricity in an insulated cable. Let V be the potential and I the current
at time t at a point p of the cable at a distance x from a given point. Let R, L, C, G be resistance,
inductance, capacitance and leakance to the ground per unit length of the cable. The following
equations are known as telephone equations :

∂2 V ∂2 V ∂V
= LC . + (RC + LG) + RGV ...(1)
∂x 2 ∂t2 ∂t

∂ 2I ∂ 2I ∂I
2
= LC + (RC + LG) + RGI ...(2)
∂x ∂t2 ∂t
(a) If L = G = 0, equations become :

∂2 V ∂V ∂I ∂ 2I
2
= RC = RC and
∂x ∂x 2
∂t ∂t
which are known as the telegraph equations. These are similar to the equations in one-dimensional
heat flow.
(b) If R = G = 0, the above equations become
∂2 V ∂2 V ∂ 2I ∂ 2I
2
= LC 2
and 2
= LC
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t2
814 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

which are known as the radio equations. They are similar to the wave equation.
(c) If R and G are negligible, the transmission lines become
∂v ∂i ∂i ∂v
=−L and =−C
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t
(d) If L = C = 0, the above equations become
∂2 V ∂ 2I
= RGV and = RGI
∂x 2 ∂x 2
which are equations for sub-marine cable.
50. Find the current i and voltage e in a line of length l, t seconds after the ends are suddenly grounded,
πx
given that i(x, 0) = i0 , e(x, 0) = e0 sin . Also R and G are negligible.
l
Sol. Since R and G are negligible, the transmission line equations become
∂e ∂i
=−L ...(1)
∂x ∂t
∂i ∂e
=−C ...(2)
∂x ∂t
For elimination of i, differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x and (2) partially w.r.t. t, we have
∂ 2e ∂ 2i ∂ 2i ∂2e
2 =–L. and =–C 2
∂x ∂x ∂t ∂t ∂x ∂t
∂ 2e ∂2e
= LC ...(3)
∂x 2 ∂t2
πx
The initial conditions are i(x, 0) = i0 and e(x, 0) = e0 sin ...(4)
l
Since, the ends are suddenly grounded, the boundary conditions are
e(0, t) = e(l, t) = 0 ...(5)
Also, i = i0 (constant) when t = 0
∂i ∂e
∴ = 0 which gives = 0 when t = 0 ...(6)
∂x ∂t
Now, let e = XT be a solution of (3) where X is a function of x only and T is a function of t only.

∂ 2e ∂2e
= X″T and = XT″
∂x 2 ∂t2
∴ From (3), X″T = LCXT″
X″ T″
Separating the variables, = LC = – p2 (say)
X T
This leads to the ordinary differential equations

d 2X d 2T p2
+ p2X = 0 and + .T=0
dx 2 dt2 LC
∴ X = c1 cos px + c2 sin px
pt pt
T = c3 cos + c4 sin
LC LC
⇒ e = XT = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px)
Fc pt pt I
+ GH
3 cos
LC
+ c4 sin
LC
JK ...(7)
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 815

Applying the boundary conditions (5), we have

nπ
c1 = 0, p = , n being an integer.
l

Fc nπt I nπt
∴ Equation (7) becomes e = c2 sin
nπx
l
GH
3
l LC
cos J
l LC K
+ c4 sin

nπx F nπt nπt I

or e = sin
l HG A cos
l LC
+ B sin J
l LC K
...(8)

where A = c2c3 and B = c2c4

∂e nπx A nπ F nπt B nπ nπt I

∂t
= sin
l
−
l LC
GH
sin +
l LC l LC
cos
l LC
JK
∂e
Since = 0 when t = 0, we get B = 0
∂t
nπx n πt
∴ From (8), e = A sin cos
l l LC
nπx nπ t
e= ∑A n sin
l
cos
l LC
is also a solution.

πx
But e = e0 sin when t = 0
l
∞
πx
∴ e0 sin
l
= ∑
n =1
An sin
nπx
l
⇒ A1 = e0 and A2 = A3 = .... = 0.

πx πt
Hence, e = e0 sin l cos
l LC
∂i ∂ e
Now –L = [From (1)]
∂t ∂x
∂i 1 π πx πt
∴ =− . e0 cos cos
∂t L l l l LC
Integrating w.r.t. t, regarding x as a constant.

e0 π πx l LC πt
i=– cos . . sin + f(x) ...(9)
Ll l π l LC
where f(x) is an arbitrary constant function.
Since i = i0 when t = 0, we have i0 = 0 + f(x) or f(x) = i0

C πx πt
∴ From (9) we have i = i0 – e 0 cos sin .
L l l LC
51. A transmission line 1000 km. long is initially under steady-state conditions with potential 1300
volts at the sending end (x = 0) and 1200 volts at the receiving end (x = 1000). The terminal end of
the line is suddenly grounded, but the potential at the source is kept at 1300 volts. Assuming the L,
G are negligible, find the potential E(x, t).
816 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sol. Since L and G are negligible, we use the telegraph equation

∂2 E ∂E ∂E 1 ∂2 E
2
= RC or = ...(1)
∂x ∂t ∂t RC ∂x 2

∂2E
Here Es = initial steady voltage satisfying =0
∂x 2
1300 − 1200
= 1300 – . x = 1300 – 0.1 x = E(x, 0) ...(2)
1000
Es′ = steady voltage (after grounding the terminal end) when steady conditions are ultimately
reached
1300 − 0
= 1300 – x = 1300 – 1.3 x
1000
∴ E(x, t) = Es′ + Er (x, t) where Er (x, t) is the transient part.
−n 2 π 2t
nπx
= 1300 – 1.3 x + ∑ bn sin
l
.e l 2 RC ...(3)

where l = 1000 km.

Putting t = 0 in (3), we have
∞
E(x, 0) = 1300 – 1.3 x + ∑
n=1
bn sin
n πx
l

nπx
or 1300 – 0.1 x = 1300 – 1.3 x + ∑ bn sin
l
[Using (2)]

∞
⇒ 1.2 x = ∑ bn sin
nπx

z
n=1
l
2 l
nπx
where, bn = 1.2x sin . dx
l 0 l
LM F nπx I F nπx I OP l

2.4 M G − cos l J
G − sin l JJ P
− (1) G
2.4 l
=
l M M xG
G nπ J
J GG F nπ I JJ PP 2 = .
l nπ
[– l cos nπ]
MN H l K H GH l JK K PQ 0

2.4 × 1000 n +1
2400 ( − 1)
= − (– 1)n = .
nπ π n

∞ −n 2 π 2t
2400 ( − 1)n +1 nπx
Hence, E(x, t) = 1300 – 1.3 x +
π
. ∑n =1
n
sin
l
e l 2 RC
.

52. Find the e.m.f. v(x, t) in a line of length l, t seconds after the ends were suddenly grounded, given
πx 5πx
that i(x, 0) = i0 and v(x, 0) = e1 sin + e5 sin . Given that R and G are negligible.
l l
Sol. Since R and G are negligible, we use the radio equation

∂2v ∂2v
= LC ...(1)
∂x 2 ∂t2
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 817

Since the ends are suddenly grounded, we have the boundary conditions
v(0, t) = 0, v(l, t) = 0 ...(2)
Also the initial conditions are
i(x, 0) = i0
πx 5πx
and v(x, 0) = e1 sin + e5 sin ...(3)
l l

∂i ∂v FG ∂v IJ
∴
∂x
=–c
∂t
gives
H ∂t K t =0
=0 ...(4)

Let v = XT be the solution of (1) where X is a function of x only and T is a function of t only.
X″ T″
∴ From (1), TX″ = LCXT″ ⇒ = LC = – p2 (say)
X T
Fp I2
∴ X″ + p2X = 0 ⇒ X = c1 cos px + c2 sin px and T″ + GH LC JK T=0

p p
⇒ T = c3 cos . t + c4 sin .t
LC LC
F pt pt I
∴ v = XT = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px) c3 cos GH LC
+ c4 sin J
LC K
...(5)

Using the boundary conditions (2), we get

nπ
c1 = 0 and p = ,n∈I
l

nπxF nπt nπt I

∴ v = sin
l GH
an cos
l LC
+ bn sin
l LC
JK ...(6)

Using initial condition (4), we get

bn = 0
nπx n πt
∴ From (6), v = an sin cos
l l LC
Thus the most general solution of (1) is
∞
n πt
v= ∑
n=1
an sin
nπx
l
cos
l LC
...(7)

Finally by the initial condition (3), we have

∞
πx 5πx nπx
e1 sin
l
+ e5 sin
l
= ∑
n=1
an sin
l
∴ a1 = e1, a5 = e5 while all other a’s are zero.
πx πt 5πx 5πt
Hence, v = e1 sin cos + e5 sin cos
l l LC l l LC
which is the required solution.

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