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METALS

Metallic crystals are generally body-centered cubic,


face-centered cubic, or hexagonal close-packed.

STRUCTURE OF METALS
1. ELECTRON SEA MODEL
- envisions a regular array of metal cations in a “sea” of
valence electrons.

BONDING MODELS IN METALS


HIGH THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY

HIGH ELETRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
DUCTILTY VS. MALLEABILTY

Capability of being Capability of


drawn into wires being drawn into
thin sheets
DUCTILITY

MALLEABILITY
2. BAND MODEL or MOLECULAR ORBITAL (MO) MODEL
-In this model, the electrons are assumed to travel
around the metal crystal in molecular orbitals formed
from the valence atomic orbitals of the metal atoms

BONDING MODELS FOR METALS


1. High thermal conductivity
2. High Electrical Conductivity
3. Ductile
4. Malleable
5. Luster

PROPERTIES OF METALS
A. Ferrous Metals
B. Non Ferrous Metals
C.Metal Alloys

CLASSIFICATION OF METALS
FERROUS METALS

-main constituent is iron (Fe)

Pure iron is too soft and reactive to be of much real use,


so most of the "iron" we tend to use for everyday
purposes is actually in the form of iron alloys to make
stronger, more resilient forms of the metal
NON- FERROUS METALS
1. Nickel
2. Aluminum
3. Copper
4. Lead
5. Titanium
6. Zirconium
7. Tantalum
Nonferrous Properties Common Applications
Metal

Nickel can be machined easily and used for handling alkalis, particularly
joined by welding in concentrating, storing, and
not affected by neutral shipping high-purity caustic soda.
alkaline solutions, seawater,
and mild atmospheric
conditions
Aluminum Has high thermal and high cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window
electrical conductivity, frames, beer kegs and airplane parts
Resistant to oxidation and
corrosion, Has low melting
temperature and does not
perform well at elevated
temperatures, high resistance
to atmospheric conditions,
cannot be used with strong
caustic solutions
Nonferrous Metal Properties Common Applications

Titanium excellent corrosion aircraft, spacecraft and


resistance, high specific missiles
strength, and good high- golf clubs, laptops,
temperature properties, bicycles and crutches.
has excellent mechanical Also used in Power plant
properties condenser pipes, used in
general resistance to desalination plants and
seawater is excellent to protect the hulls of
resistant to nitric acid at all ships, submarines and
concentrations except other structures exposed
with red fuming nitric to seawater, surgical
resists ferric chloride, implants
cupric chloride, and other
hot chloride solutions.
Not easy to form, it has a
high springback and tends
to gall
Copper excellent resistance to reducing widely used in chemical
environment, HCl concentrations, processing, particularly when
Sulfuric Acid, and most heat and electrical conductivity
are important factors
Lead usefulness is limited primarily pipes, pewter ( dull alloy with
because of its poor lead formerly used for domestic
utensils), paint and lead glazes
structural qualities
for pottery, car batteries,
pigments, ammunition, cable
sheathing, weights for lifting,
weight belts for diving, lead
crystal glass, radiation
protection and in some solders,
used to store corrosive liquids. It
is also sometimes used in
architecture, for roofing and in
stained glass windows.
Zirconium excellent resistance to use in nuclear power
reducing environment stations because it
does not absorb
neutrons

Tantalum similar to those of mild Used in the


steel except that production of
tantalum has a higher electronic
melting point components, surgical
ductile and malleable implants, used in
equipment for
handling corrosive
materials
METAL ALLOYS
WHAT IS AN ALLOY?

Because of the nature of the structure and bonding of


metals, other elements can be introduced into a
metallic crystal relatively easily to produce substances
called alloys. An alloy is best defined as a substance
that contains a mixture of elements and has metallic
properties.
A. SUBSTITUTIONAL ALLOY
some of the host metal atoms are
replaced by other metal atoms of
similar size (ex: Brass)

B. INTERSTITIAL ALLOY
some of the interstices (holes) in the
closest packed metal structure are
occupied by small atoms (ex: steel)
1. Carbon Steels - contains up to 2% Carbon
- most common, least expensive and most versatile
metal used in industry
a. Mild Steel - <0.2% C
- ductile and malleable
- used for nails, cables, and chains
b. Medium Steels- 0.2% to 0.5% carbon
-harder than mild steels
- used in rails and structural steel beams
c. High Carbon Steels - 0.6- 2.0% carbon
- Tough and hard
- Used for springs, tools, and cutlery
2. Low- Alloy Steel- contain one or more alloying agents
to improve the mechanical and corrosion-resistant
properties over those of carbon steel
- when Ni, Cr, Mo, and other alloy elements content
consist of less than 10.5%

 Nickelincreases toughness and improves low-


temperature properties and corrosion resistance.
 Chromium and silicon improve hardness, abrasion
resistance, corrosion resistance, and resistance to
oxidation.
 Molybdenum provides strength at elevated
temperatures.
3. Stainless Steel - Generally, iron-based, with 12 to 30 % chromium, 0 to 22
% nickel, and minor amounts of carbon, niobium (columbium), copper,
molybdenum, selenium, tantalum, and titanium
 - heat- and corrosion-resistant, noncontaminating, seasily
fabricated into complex shapes
a. Martensitic SS - contain 12 to 20% chromium with controlled amounts of
carbon and other additives
b. Ferritic SS - contains 15 to 30% Cr, with low carbon content (0.1%)
c. Austenitic SS- contains 16 to 26 % chromium and 6 to 22 % nickel
d. Duplex SS- created by adjusting the composition so that approximately
equal amounts of the austenitic phase and the ferritic phase are present
in the alloy
NICKEL ALLOYS

1. Ni- Cu Alloy (ex: Monel 400, 67 % Ni and 30% Cu)


- ductile and tough and can be readily fabricated and
joined
- corrosion resistance is generally superior to that of its
components, being more resistant than nickel in
reducing environments and more resistant than
copper in oxidizing environments
2. Ni- Mo Alloy

 resistant to all hydrochloric acid solutions and other strongly reducing


acids

3. Ni- Mo- Cr Alloy


contain 16 to 22 % chromium and 13 to 16 % molybdenum
 very resistant to a wide variety of chemical environments.
 Very resistant to corrosion
 completely resistant to seawater
 more difficult to machine than stainless steel
ALUMINUM ALLOYS

1. Alclad alloys

consists of a pure aluminum layer metallurgically bonded


to a core alloy. The corrosion resistance of aluminum and
its alloys tends to be very sensitive to trace
contamination. Very small amounts of metallic mercury,
heavy-metal ions, or chloride ions can frequently cause
rapid failure under conditions which otherwise would be
fully acceptable.
COPPER ALLOYS

 havebetter resistance to fatigue, creep, and


wear than the lightweight aluminium
 have excellent ductility, corrosion resistance,
electrical and thermal conductivity, and most
can easily be joined or fabricated into useful
shapes
1. Brasses (Cu- Zn)
those with up to 15 % Zn are ductile but
difficult to machine. Machinability
improves with increasing zinc up to 36 %
Zn.
Those with less than 20 % Zn have
corrosion resistance equivalent to that of
copper but with better tensile strengths.
those with 20 to 40 % Zn have lower
corrosion resistance
2. Bronzes (Cu- Sn)
 somewhat similar to brasses in mechanical
properties and to high-zinc brasses in corrosion
resistance except that bronzes are not affected by
stress cracking

3. Cupronickels (Cu- Ni)


 Contains 10 to 30 % Ni
 have the highest corrosion resistance of all copper
alloys
 Resistance to seawater is particularly outstanding

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