Merged 4 Min 1 1 PDF

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES-GYAN
RAJASTHAN FULL GK DIGEST + LAST 6

MONTHS CURRENT AFFAIRS FULL PDF
COVERS
GEOGRAPHY , HISTORY , ECONOMY ,
POLITY ,ADMINISTRATION , CULTURE ,
HERITAGE , IMPORTANT FACTS OF
DYNASTIES + ARCHITECTURE + QUICK
GK FACTS
FULL CURRENT AFFAIRS + BUDGET +
CENSUS 2011

INDEX –
1. QUICK GK FACTS + CURRENT
AFFAIRS
2. GEOGRAPHY
3. HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN
4. ECONOMY
5. CULTURE
6. DYNASTY
7. POLITY AND ADMINISTRATION
8. ARCHITECTURE

Study for civil services – GYAN
RAS PATTERN
2016 ME KYA KYA AAYA ?
RAJASTHAN GK – APPROX 50 ; INDIA ( GS + CURRENT ) – APPROX 100
History, Art, Culture, Literature, Tradition & Heritage of Rajasthan -16
‘Freedom Movement and Political Awakening in Rajasthan
Geography of Rajasthan -15
Broad physical features and Major physiographic divisions of Rajasthan’ & ‘Population’ + CENSUS 2011
Political and Administrative System of Rajasthan -12
State Assembly
Economy of Rajasthan – 15
Programs and Schemes
INDIA
Indian History -10

Ancient Histroy
Geography of World and India -10
Environmental & Ecological Issues
Indian Constitution, Political System &Governance -11 ( BASICS – DEVELOPMENT )
Economic Concepts and Indian Economy – 9 BASIC
MISC
Science & Technology – 12 ( AROUND 4-5 CURRENT AFFAIRS )
Reasoning & Mental Ability -20
Current Affairs – 20 ( 7 – RAJASTHAN SPECIFIC ; FOCUS MORE ON SPORTS ; AWARDS )
RAJASTHAN GK + CURRENT
AFFAIRS + BUDGET + CENSUS +
QUICK FACTS for RAS 2018
 Rajasthan literally, "Land of Kings" is India's largest state by
area (342,239 square kilometres (132,139 sq mi) or 10.4% of India's
total area).
 It is located on the northwestern side of the India, where it
comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert (also
known as the "Rajasthan Desert" and "Great Indian Desert") and
 shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the
northwest and Sindh to the west, along the Sutlej-Indus river valley.
 Elsewhere it is bordered by five other Indian states: Punjab to
the north; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast; Madhya
Pradesh to the southeast; and Gujarat to the southwest.

 Major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilisation
at Kalibanga; the Dilwara Temples, a Jain pilgrimage site at
Rajasthan's only hill station, Mount Abu, in the ancient Aravalli
mountain range; and, in eastern Rajasthan, the Keoladeo National
Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life.
Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves, the
Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur, Sariska Tiger
Reserve in Alwar and Mukundra Hill Tiger Reserve in Kota.
 The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana – the

name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region
– was merged into the Dominion of India. Its capital and largest city
is Jaipur. Other important cities are Jodhpur, Kota, Bikaner, Ajmer
and Udaipur.



QUICK FACTS
Capital – Jaipur
 No of Districts – 33
 Largest city – Jaipur
 Governor – Kalyan Singh
 Chief Minister – Vasundhra Raje (BJP)
 Legislature – Unicameral (200 seats)
 Parliamentary constituency – 25
 Administrative Language – Hindi
 Major Industries – Handicrafts & Handlooms
 Official Animal – Camel
 Official Bird– Great Indian bustard
 State flower – Rohira

 State tree – Khejri
 Area – 342,239 sq. km
 Population (Census 2011) – 68548437
 Rajasthan Day: 30th March
 Mountain Range: Aravali Range
 International Border: Pakistan
 Nicknames of Rajasthan’s Cities
NICK NAMES OF RAJASTHAN CITIES

City Nicknames
 Ajmer Holy Ajmer
 Alwar The Land of Tigers
 Bharatpur Birds’ Paradise
 Bikaner The Desert City
 Chittorgarh Land of Valor
 Jaipur The Pink City
 Jaisalmer The City of Gold
 Jodhpur Sun City, Blue City
 Jodhpur Oasis in The Thar
 Mount Abu Rajasthan Summer Retreat

 Pushkar Land Of Brahma
 Ranthambore Untamed Beauty
 Udaipur The City of Lakes
 Bundi Little Kashi
 Bhilwara Textile City
Important Fairs & Festivals and Dance of Rajasthan

Fairs & Festivals Dance
 Rajasthan International Folk Festival, Jodhpur Bhavai
Dance
 Desert Festival, Jaisalmer Chakri Dance
 Urs Festival, Ajmer Chari Dance
 Pushkar Fair, Pushkar Drum Dance
 Teej Festival, Jaipur Fire Dance
 Gangaur Festival, Jaipur Gair Dance
 Jaipur Literature Festival, Jaipur Gawari Dance
 Kite Festival Ghoomar Dance – Folk Dance of
Rajasthan
 Nagaur Fair, Nagaur Kachhi Ghodi

 Summer and Winter Festivals, Mt. Abu Kalbelia
Dance – Folk Dance of Rajasthan
 World Sufi Spirit Festival, Gangaur, Jodhpur Khayal
Dance
 Camel Festival, Bikaner Terah Taali
 Mewar Festival, Udaipur Walar Dance
 Brij Holi, Bharatpur Kathputli Dance
 Kota Adventure Festival
 Elephant Festival, Jaipur
 Chandrabhaga Fair, Jhalawar
 Ranakpur Festival
 Baneshwar Fair
 Kolayat Fair
 Kumbhalgarh Festival
 Matsya Festival
Important Rivers and Dams in Rajasthan

River Dam
 Chambal Jawahar Sagar Dam

 Jawai · Kota Barrage
· Jawai Dam
 Mahi Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam
 Chambal Rana Pratap Sagar dam
 Jakham Jakham Dam
 Banas river Bisalpur Dam
Important Lakes in Rajasthan

Lake Remarks Located in/near
 Lake Pichola The jewel of Udaipur Udaipur
 Fateh Sagar Lake Surrounded by mesmerizing Aravali
views Udaipur
 Jaisamand Lake The second largest artificial lake in
India Udaipur
 Mansagar Lake Where Jal Mahal enjoys its isolation
Jaipur
 Sambhar Salt Lake The largest inland salt lake in India
Jaipur
 Ana Sagar Lake – Ajmer

 Gadsisar Lake, The only source of water in Jaisalmer
Jaisalmer
 Pushkar Lake Embraced by pious shrines Pushkar,
Ajmer
 Nakki Lake The lake of love Mount Abu
 Balsamand Lake Enjoy both nature and luxury
Jodhpur
 Siliserh Lake – Alwar
 Sardar Samand Lake – Jodhpur
 Ramgarh Lake – Jaipur
 Kaylana Lake – Jodhpur
 Lake Foy Sagar An artificial man-made lake Ajmer
 Gadsisar Lake – Jaisalmer
 Dailab Lake – Banswara
 Anand Sagar Lake – Banswara
 Ana Sagar Lake – Ajmer
Important National Parks in Rajasthan

National Park Famous species Place/near

 Ranthambore National Park One of the best tiger
reserve in India, Ranthambore
 Sariska Tiger Reserve TIGER Alwar
 Darrah National Park Many species of wildlife includes
Panther, Sloth Bear, Wolf, Leopard and Chinkara. Kota
 Keoladeo National Park One of the UNESCO World
Heritage Sites in India Bharatpur
 Mount Abu Wildlife known as “Salim National Park”
Srinagar
 Desert National Sanctuary, Witness Great Indian
Bustard, one of the rare birds found only in India
Jaisalmer
Important Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan

Wildlife Sanctuary Place/near
 Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary Kumbhalgarh
 Darrah Sanctuary Kota
 Mount Abu Sanctuary Mount Abu
 Sita Mata Sanctuary Pratapgarh
 Keladevi Wildlife Sanctuary Karauli

 National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Kota
 Machiya Safari Park Jodhpur
 Ramgarh Vishdhari Sanctuary Bundi
 Mukundara Tiger Reserve Kota
 Baretha Wildlife sanctuary Bharatpur
 Jaisamand Sanctuary Udaipur
 Tal Chhapar Sanctuary Shekhawati
 Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary Jaipur
 Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary Bikaner
 Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary Udaipur
 Todgarh Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary Ajmer
 Jorbeed Bikaner
 Nahargarh Biological Park Amer
 Shergarh Sanctuary Sawai Madhopur
 Sorsan Wildlife Sanctuary Kota
 Van Vihar Sanctuary Dholpur
Important Mountains in Rajasthan

Mountains Heights ( Mtr.) Place/near
 Guru Shikhar 1732 Mount Abu, Sirohi

 Ser Peak 1592 Sirohi
 Delwara 1442 Sirohi
 Jarga 1431 Udaipur
 Achalgarh 1380 Sirohi
 Kumbhalgarh 1224 Rajsamand
 Raghunathgarh 1055 Sikar
 Hrishikesh 1017
 Kamalnath 1001 Udaipur
 Khoh 920 Jaipur
 Taragarh 870 Ajmer
 Bhairach 792 Alwar
 Babai 780 Jhunjhunu
 Bairath 704 Jaipur
Important Temples/ Sites in Rajasthan

Temples Near/Place
 Abdullah Pir Dargah Banswara
 Achal Nath Shivalaya Temple Jodhpur

 Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra Ajmer
 Adishwar Temple Pali
 Akshardham Temple Jaipur
 Andeshwar Parshwanath Banswara
 Arthuna Banswara
 Avari Mata Temple Chittorgarh
 Baba Ramdeo Temple Jodhpur
 Bhand Devra Temple Baran
 Bisaldeo Temple Tonk
 Brahma Temple Pushkar
 Bullet Baba ( Om Banna) Pali
 Chamunda Mata Temple Jodhpur
 Charbhuja Temple Garhbor Kumbhalgarh
 Charbhuja, Nathdwara Nathdwara
 Chintamani Parasnath Jain Temple Barmer
 Dadhimati Mata Temple Nagaur
 Deo Somnath Temple Dungarpur
 Dev Dham Jodhpuriya Tonk
 Dilwara Jain Temple Mount Abu
 Dwarkadhish Temple of Kankroli Nathdwara

 Eklingji Temple Kailashpuri Udaipur
 Galtaji Temple Jaipur
 Ganga Maharani Temple Bharatpur
 Garh Ganesha Temple Jaipur
 Ghotiya Amba Banswara
 Govind Dev Ji Temple Jaipur
 Harsha Mata Temple Abhaneri
 Jagat Ambika Mata Temple Jaipur
 Kaila Devi Temple Karauli
 Karni Mata Temple – The Rat Temple of Rajasthan
Bikaner
 Khawaja Gharibnawaz Dargah Ajmer Ajmer
 Kiradu Temples Barmer
 MeeraBai Temple Chittorgarh
 Laxmi Narayan Temple or The Birla Mandir Jaipur
 Mansa Mata Mandir Sikar
 Mehandipur Balaji Temple – Exorcism Temple of
Rajasthan Dausa
 Nimbo Ka Nath Temple Pali
 Moti Dungri Ganesh Temple Jaipur

 Osian Temple Jodhpur
 Ranakpur Jain Temple – Most Spectacular of the Jain
Temples Ranakpur, pali
 Salasar Balaji Temple Churu
 Savitri Temple Pushkar
 Shrinathji Temple Nathdwara
Important Archaeological Monuments/Sites in Rajasthan

Archaeological Monuments/forts/Sites Near/Place
 Achalgarh Fort Mount Abu
 Amer Fort – Most Magnificent Fort of Jaipur Jaipur
 Badal Mahal Dungarpur
 Badal Mahal Kumbhalgarh
 Badi Mahal (Garden Palace) Udaipur
 Balsamand Lake Palace Jodhpur
 Bhangarh Fort – A Beautiful Enigma Alwar
 Brijraj Bhawan Palace Kota
 Castle Bijaipur Bijaipur
 Chandra Mahal Jaipur

 City Palace Jaipur : The Grandeur Palace of Jaipur
Jaipur
 Clock Tower Alwar
 Deeg Palace Bharatpur
 Ek Thambiya Mahal Dungarpur
 Fateh Prakash Palace Udaipur
 Fateh Prakash Palace Chittorgarh
 Gaitore Jaipur – Royal Cremation Ground of the
Kachhwaha Rajputs Jaipur
 Gajner Palace Bikaner : A Luxury Heritage Hotel
Bikaner
 Ganesh Pol at Amer Fort Jaipur
 Ghanerao Castle Pali
 Hadi Rani Mahal Nagaur
 Haldighati Rajsamand
 Hawa Mahal: The Palace of Winds Jaipur
 Ishwar Lat Jaipur
 Jai Mahal Palace Jaipur
 Jaigarh Fort: Artillery Production Fort of Rajputs
Jaipur

 Jaisalmer Fort – Golden Fort of Rajasthan Jaisalmer
 Jal Mahal Palace Jaipur
 Jalore Fort – A 10th Century Fort in Rajastha Jalore
 Jantar Mantar – A Historic Astronomical Instrument
Jaipur
 Juna Fort Barmer
 Junagarh Fort Bikaner
 Khejarla Fort Jodhpur
 Khimsar Fort Jodhpur
 Kumbhalgarh Fort- Hill Fort of Rajasthan Kumbhalgarh
 Lal Garh Palace Bikaner
 Lohagarh Fort Bharatpur
 Maharani ki Chhatri Jaipur
 Mehrangarh Fort – The Pride of Jodhpur Jodhpur
 Padmini Palace Chittorgarh
 Phool Mahal Palace Kishangarh
 Rai Ka Bag Palace Jodhpur
 Roopangarh Fort Kishangarh
 Samode Palace Jaipur
 Sheesh Mahal Amer Fort Jaipur

Important stadiums in Rajasthan
Stadiums Place/near
 Sawai Mansingh Stadium Jaipur
 Barkatullah Khan Stadium Jodhpur
 Indira Gandhi Stadium Alwar
 Chaugan Stadium Jaipur
Important Airports in Rajasthan

Airports Category Place/near
 Jaipur International Airport International Jaipur
 Jaisalmer Airport Domestic / Defence Jaisalmer
 Jodhpur AirportDomestic Jodhpur
 Nal Airport Domestic / Defence Bikaner
 Kota Airport Domestic Kota
 Maharana Pratap Airport Domestic Udaipur

Important Hydro-Electric Power Stations in Rajasthan
Hydro-Electric Power Stations Place/near River
 Chambal Hydroelectric Project Kota Chambal
 Mahi Hydroelectric Project Banswara Mahi
 Important Power Plant/Stations in Rajasthan
 Hydro-Electric Power Stations Place/near

 Barsingsar Lignit Power Plant Barsingsar
 Suratgarh State Thermal Power Station Suratgarh
 Kota State Thermal Power Station Kota
 Giral Lignite Thermal Power Station Barmer
 Chhabra State Thermal Power Plant Baran district
 VS Lignite Power Plant Bikaner
 JSW Energy (Ratnagiri) Ltd Ganganagar
 Sanjog Sugars & Eco Power Pvt. Ltd. Hanumangarh
 Adani Power Rajasthan Ltd Baran District
RAJASTHAN BUDGET 2018-19 HIGHLIGHTS –

Fiscal Indicators
 Estimated Revenue Deficit for 2018-19

 without effect of UDAY – deficit of Rs. 5454 crore 85
 with effect of UDAY – deficit of Rs. 17454 crore 85 lacs.
 Estimated Fiscal Deficit for 2018-19 Rs. 28011.21 crore which is 2.98% of GSDP.
 Estimated total revenue receipts for 2018-19 Rs. 151663.50 crore.
 Estimated own tax revenue for the year 2018-19 Rs. 58099 crore against Rs. 51816 crore in the 2017-18 RE, which is higher by 12.12% ,
 Estimated own tax revenue for 2018-19 as percentage of GSDP is 6.18%
 Estimated interest payment in 2018-19 is Rs. 21412.62 crore which is 14.12% of total revenue receipts.
Road & Transport
 Connecting remaining Gram Panchayat headquarter by constructing roads under Grammin Gaurav Path Yojana and Missing Link Yojana with
provision of Rs 766 Cr.
 Up gradation and renewal of 5 thousand Km of Rural Roads with provision of Rs 800 Cr.
 Construction of 882 Km roads in district Jodhpur, Nagour and Pali under ADB and World Bank sponsored schemes with provision of Rs 2,274
Cr.
 Up gradation and maintenance of 3464 Km of rural roads under PMGSY with provision of Rs 1622 Cr.
 Construction of fully automatic driving tracks in all remaining 19 district transport offices.
 Development of emergency landing airstrips on selected highways/mega highways.
 Establishment of State Level Road security training centers in Jaipur with provision of Rs 10 Cr.
 Free travel in RSRTC Buses for old age people beyond 80 yrs and 50% concession for one attendant.
 Toilet facilities creation at 30 RSRTC Bus Stands.
Water Resources & Command Area
 Announcement related to initiation of major irrigation and drinking water projects such as Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project, Bramini-Banas
Project, Anas Dam Project in Banswara, Upper High level cannel from Mahi Dam in Banswara, recharging Jawai Dam from Sabarmati Basin
project for utilization of 577 million Cubic meter water of Tajewala head, Mahi high level cannel from Jakham Dam and Drinking water project for
district Udaipur and Rajsamand from Jakham and Devas Dam with estimated cost of Rs 52,000 Cr.
 Announcement related to incitation of JICA sponsored Rajasthan Water Sector Livelihood Improvement Project in 16 districts. World Bank
sponsored Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project in 7 districts and New Development Bank sponsored Rajasthan Water Sector Re-
structuring Project for Desert Area in 3 districts with provision of 1658 Cr.
 Beginning of Parvan and Dhoulpur lift project with provision of Rs 1150 Cr.
Drinking Water:
 2 major drinking water projects under Regional Water Grid namely Mahi High Level canal to Jaisamand drinking water project and additional
water treatment capacity for Bisalpur Jaipur Drinking Water Project Phase 2 with provision of Rs 1,450 Cr. .
 Initiation of Parvan-Akavad drinking water project; Dungurpur-Aaspur-Dovra Major Drinking Water Project; Gararda & Jhaliji ka Barana Major
Drinking Water Project, Bundi, Kachawan Drinking Water Project in Chabra, Baran for addressing scarcity of drinking water in these areas.
 Sanctioning upto 100 hand pumps in each constituency for handling water crisis during peak summers.
 Establishment of 500 new RO plants to provide safe and qualitative drinking water.
Energy:
 7 Lac new domestic electric connections under DDUGJY and IPDS in rural and urban areas of Rajasthan.
 Creation of 24 new Divisions and 93 new sub divisions in the State to improve structural formation of DISCOMs and provide better services to
the consumers.
 Providing 2 Lac Agricultural connections to dispose of pendency upto January 2012 .
Agriculture, Farmer and Animal Husbandry
 Onetime Loan waiver upto Rs 50,000 for small and marginal farmers in the overdue and outstanding category of short-term crop loan provided
by Cooperative Banks and constitution of Rajasthan State Farmer Debt Relief Commission.
 Provision of Rs 544 Cr. for providing short term crop loan and interest subvention to the farmers by Co-operative Banks.
 Providing interest free Loan of Rs 500 Cr. to RAJFED for procurement of mustard and gram under Minimum Support Price Scheme to assist
farmers during distress.
 Creation of additional 5 Lakh MT storage capacity with provision of Rs 350 Cr, by Rajasthan State Ware Housing Corporation.
 Providing additional 10% top-up subsidy for construction of farm pond and Jal hauz with provision of Rs 20 Cr.
 Providing additional 25% top-up subsidy of construction of Diggis in canal areas with provision of 90 Cr.
 Providing subsidy up to 50% of construction cost or Rs 10 Lakh for establishment of green house and shade net with provision of Rs 32 Cr.
 Providing subsidy of 35% and 40% for respectively 3HP & 5HP solar energy pump system.
 Provision of Rs 40 Cr for advance storage of 2.25 Lakh Mt. Urea and DAP for crops.
 Providing subsidy for Nandi Goushala upto Rs 50 Lakh in each district of the State and increasing fodder subsidy from 90 days to 180 days.
 Providing infrastructure facilities for registered Goushala with the provision of 50 Cr.
 Subsidy of 50% of cost or maximum Rs 40 Lakh for establishment Bio-Gas plant in Goushala.
Women and Child Development

 Substantial increase in honorarium and bearing entire amount of premium on Insurance schemes of more than 1.84 Lakh Aanganwari
Workers under WCD
 Announcement related to Menstrual Hygiene Scheme for sensitization of stakeholders and providing sanitary pads for women under age
group of 15 to 45 years through government intervention
 Recruitment of 1000 Nursing Training Teachers to accommodate under Child development projects
 Extending cover of Mukhyamantri Hamari Betiyaan Scheme to meritorious one orphan girl in each district
 Providing 50% subsidy of the cost of 1,000 Bulk Milk Coolers to the registered women Milk Co-operatives
Medical and Medical Education
 Roof top solar plants for 27 district hospitals in the state

 New Medical College in Dhoulpur district
 28 new PHCs and up gradation of 16 PHCs to CHCs with provision of Rs 120 cr,
 Recruitment of 4,514 Nurse Grade-II and 5,558 Women Health Workers
 New Cath Labs in SMS Hospital, Bikaner and Ajmer Medical College
 Equipment Support to Ajmer, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Jhalawar, Kota Medical
Colleges
 Introducing various one year diploma courses in Government Ayurved College, Udaipur
Food & Civil Supply
 Announcement to start 1000 new Annapurna Bhandar at Fair Price Shops

 Increasing fair price dealers commission from Rs 70 to Rs 125 per quintal
 Seven new categories to be included in NFSA to facilitate weaker sections of society
Education
 Providing infrastructural support for construction of additional class rooms and toilets in Model Schools with provision of Rs 360
Cr. .
 Up gradation of 1,832 schools in various categories

 Introducing fresh milk, thrice a week, for all students covered under Mid Day Meal Scheme with provision of Rs. 250 Cr.
 Recruitment of about 77,100 teaching staff including 54,000 III Grade Teachers to address manpower issues in remote and rural areas.
 New Government colleges to be established at 17 Sub Divisions in the State
 New Agriculture College at Kota and Nougavan, Alwar
 Converting self financing scheme in government colleges in state financing with provision of Rs 11.41 Cr.
 Facilitating skill development courses in 50 government colleges to benefit over 12,000 students per annum and establishing 3 Fab Labs at
Jhalawar, Bikaner and Jodhpur districts.
 Free Wi-Fi in government colleges and free travel facility to interview aspirants for competitive exams conducted by UPSC, RPSC etc.
Skill, Employment & Youth
 Provision of Rs 15 Cr for Entrepreneurship Development under Skill Training Scheme.

 Transforming 27 District Employment Offices as Model Career Centers with provision of Rs 45 Cr.
 Women wing in 12 trades under 24 Government ITls for strengthening technical education in the state, particularly for women.
 Announcing 8 new ITIs in the state and extending smart class room facility to all District ITIs and Directorate, Jodhpur and Commissioner
Office, Jaipur.
 Announcing youth icon scheme by facilitating Shri Kamlesh Nagarkoti on his outstanding performance by an award of Rs 25 Lakh.
 Infrastructural facility creation at State Sports Academy, Jhunjhunu with provision of Rs 31 Crore in phased manner
 Provision of Rs 5 Cr for purchase of electronic targets for International Shooting range, Jagatpura Jaipur
 Infrastructure, furnishing and sports facility support to SMS Jaipur by sparing Rs 6.50 Cr.
SC, ST, OBC and EBC Welfare:
 Outstanding loan and interest upto 2 lacs to be waived of by RSCSTFCC- burden on ? 114 crore.
 New Ambedkar Bhawan in each Municipality area-provision of? 80 crore.
 Interest free loan of ? 2 lacs to people engaged in occupations like Plumber, Cobbler, Riclcshawala etc.
 Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Antyoday Swarojgar Yojna announced, loan upto ? 50 thousand to 50 thousand families at 4% interest without
collateral.
 Solar lamps to 170660 farmers of tribal sub-plan area.
 Facilities available to Sahariya and Kathodi of tribal sub plan area will be provided to ‘khairwas’ also.
 Free distribution of 8 lacs seed minikits to SC, Non SC BPL and Antyodaya farmers of tribal sub plan area of Pratapgarh, Udaipur, Dungarpur,
Sirohi and Kishanganj and Shahbad Tehsils of Baran- Expenditure of ? 14 crore Announcement of 1000 new Ma-Bari Kendra with gas connection
– 30000 children will be benefited, provision of? 36 crore per year.
 Construction of 10 new residential schools and 1 hostel under Dev Narain Scheme.
 Announcement for EBC Welfare:- Sundar Singh Bhandari EBC Swarojgar Yojna announced, loan upto ? 50 thousand to 50 thousand families
at 4% interest without collateral.
 Scooty to total 200 girls securing more than 85% in 10th Board and to 200-200 girls (total 600) securing more than 85% in each of Science,
Arts, Commerce subjects in 12th Board.
 Benefit of Anuprati Yojna for securing 85% in last examination.
 Benefit of pre-matric and post matric scholarship-Exp. of ? 273.50 crore.
Social Security :

 Providing Bhamashah Surksha Kawach with accidental insurance of upto ? 1 lac to the members of Bhamashah Card holder NFSA families-
4.50 crore beneficiaries.
 New Divyang Kosh for welfare of specially-abled – provision of? 1 crore Subsidy of ? 1 lac to Adult orphans leaving govt, orphanage and
joining mainstream society.
 Multi purpose hostel at Dungarpur, Pratapgarh and Banswara for girls preparing for competitive exams-provision of? 12 crore.
 Construction of 2 hostels in Gobind Guru Tribal University, Banswara – Budget of ? 8 crore.
 Construction of 12 Anicuts and 6 canals in tribal area-expenditure of? 20 crore 25 community lift irrigation projects in tribal areas.
Employee Welfare:
 Maximum two years childcare leave ■*’ Payment of arrears of 7th Pay Commission from 01.04.2018.
 Recruitment for total 1.8 lac posts.
 New advertisements for 75000 posts Dearness relief to re-employed family pensioner Making Secretariat a green building
 New sub-treasury at Pipar City Jodhpur and Sub-treasury Pension, Jaipur Provision of? 25 crore for VRS of Spinfed Employees
Industries:
 Provision of ? 146 crore for underground pipeline and CETP upgradation in Bhiwadi Ind. Area
 400 crore for land acquisition in DMIC project
Mines:
 Drilling of 150 wells in Jaisalmer Basin for additional gas -m Expenditure of ? 1000 crore in mining area by DMFT
RD&PR:
 Proposal of second phase of MPOWER of 781 crore will be submitted to Gol. Urban Development
 Providing 1000 crore for development of all municipal areas ? 340 crore for Annapurna Rasoi Yojana
 Providing Annapurna Rasoi facility in each Distt. Collector Office premises.
 40 new electric buses in Jaipur- 72 crore
 Provision of 5 crore for Johari Sagar Churu
 Developing smart corridor in Dravyawati River Project-Exp. ? 50 crore
 Flyover in Kota amount? 150 crore
 2500 EWS and L1G flats in Bikaner-? 110 crore Construction of 6000 residences by RHB
 New alternate tunnel between Ajmer and Pushkar-Cost – 55crore
 Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati Memorial at Ajmer- 25 crore
 4 new residential schemes in Jaisalmer District- 51 crore
Revenue and Soldier Welfare
 ETS/DGPS based machines in 50 model tehsils

 Recruitment of 2000 Patwaries
 3 New tehsils, upgradation of 2 sub-tehsils and 2 new sub tehsils
 Increase in cash amount to ? 25 lac to the dependants of martyrs.
 Construction of Shahid Smaraks at all remaining district headquarters.- ? 20 lac each.
Home:
 Increase in mess allowance New 210 vehicles to police force-exp. of? 7.10 lac ->i Recruitment of 1161 constables for new MBC battalion -h ?
164 crore for construction of residential and administrative buildings.
 Establishment of the Sardar Patel Global Centre for security, counter terrorism and anti-insurgency-? 91.66 crore
Law and Justice:
 New ADR centre building in Jaipur- 10.81 crore.

 35 new courts will be opened
Tourism, Art and Culture:
 Exp. of 33.25 crore on conservation of 19 monuments .

 20 crore for making Amber, Jaipur a Iconic Tourism destination
 Development of 100 island area of Mahi Dam region-10 crore
 International Standard Toilets on NHS for tourist – 3 crore
 10 crore for development of different temples.
 10 crore for six new panoramas.
 7 crores for museum at Mangarh Dham .
Forest and Environment:
 Project for development of water catchment through greening of Rajasthan- ^151 crore
 Recruitment of 500 forester and 2000 forest guards.
 Stage wise implementation of pollution control and management system.
 100 crore corpus fund for CETPs
 Establishment of Continues ambient air quality monitoring stations in 26 districts -? 60 crore

Journalist Welfare:
 Insurance scheme for personal equipments of photo journalists and news cameramen.
 Interest subsidy for house construction to journalists.
 Financial aid to the dependents of Journalists and sahityakar having incurable disease.
IT
 1000 additional Bhamashah ATMs in rural areas.

 250 e-mitra plus in urban areas.
 Implementation building plan proposals on 3D BIM base in 4 smart cities.
Trader Welfare
 ‘The Trader Welfare Board’ would be constituted for speedy disposal of problems related to dealers, their social security and insurance needs
and for making suggestions on Acts/Rules etc. ‘Trader Welfare Fund’ would also be created with initial corpus of Rs. 10 Crore.
Investment Promotion
 After the implementation of GST from 1st July, 2017, VAT and CST based subsidies would now be based on These subsidies would be directly
transferred to bank accounts of the entrepreneurs.
 Exemption from Entertainment Tax and Luxury Tax was available under RIPS during VAT regime. These sectors would be considered for
SGST based subsidies.
 To promote employment to bonafide resident of Rajasthan, employment subsidy is enhanced by Rs. 5000 for these persons in each category.
Subsidy in most backward area and backward areas would be enhanced from Rs. 40,000 and Rs. 35,000 to Rs. 45,000 and Rs. 40,000 category
wise.
 For establishment of IT, Entertainment and Tourism sector units 50% exemption would be available from Stamp Duty payable on
purchase/lease of a floor/space in multi-storeyed commercial buildings.
 Operative period of RIPS-2010 and RIPS-2014 would be extended to 31.03.2020 and 31.03.2021 respectively.
MSME Sector ‘ .
 SGST based investment subsidy under RIPS would be increased from 30% to 40%.
 Sick units under MSME sectors to get relief in payment of arrears of SGST in 24 installments.
 Sick units under MSME sector would be allowed 100% exemption from payment of Electricity Duty for one year from the date of rehabilitation
package.
 Reimbursement of guarantee fee upto Rs. 1 Lac under Credit Guarantee Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) for the MSME
sector.
 50% reimbursement of fees, upto Rs. 10 lacs for Technology acquisition from national level accredited institutions.
 50% reimbursement upto Rs. 5 lacs on purchase of equipments for obtaining at least Silver Category under Zero Defect and Zero Effect (ZED)
scheme of Government of India.
 75% reimbursement of expenses incurred for Energy Audit/Water Audit/Safety Audit subject to maximum of Rs. 1 lac for each such audit.
 25 % reimbursement upto Rs, 10,000 for credit rating under Performance & Credit Rating Scheme of Ministry ofMSME, Government of India.
Agriculture Sector
 To promote Agro based industries and services, the maximum limit of interest subsidy in a year is increased from Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 5 lacs per
year. Interest subsidy for women, disabled, SC/ST and entrepreneurs, who are bonafide residents of Rajasthan and are of age upto 40 years is
enhanced from 5% to 6%.
 To promote self entrepreneurship for bonafide residents of TSP area in Agro Processing Sc Agri Marketing sector, for the notified
manufacturing and processing activities under RIPS-2014, 5% interest subsidy will be provided on bank loans upto Rs. 20 lacs in addition to the
benefits already available.
 For improving the quality of agriculture produce activities such as cleaning, trimming, grading etc. would get incentives under RIPS-2014 at all
stages of supply chain.
 To increase warehousing capacity in the State for the needs of the farmers, the benefits of RIPS-2014 is proposed to be given for warehouses
with minimum capacity of 3000 MT with the investment of 1.5 Crores in place of existing requirement of 5000 MT and investment of Rs. 2.5
Crores,
 For supporting the ‘Operation Green’ of Government of India related to perishable produce like tomato, onion, potato etc., benefits to Reefer
Van (Cold chain) are proposed under RIPS-2014.
 Infrastructure support subsidy with the maximum limit of Rs. 5 Crores is proposed for first unit established in most backward area investing
more than Rs. 50 Crores under each sector of Agro Processing and Agri Marketing, Bio Technology and IT sector.
Revenue & Colonisation
 Ongoing Scheme for waiver of interest payable on the outstanding installment due towards all categories of land allotment in colonisation
areas is extended upto 31.12.2018.
 In order to provide big relief to farmers, ‘lagan’ on land (land revenue) would be exempted from (kharif samvat 2075) Financial Year 2018-19.
This would benefit almost 40 to 50 lacs farmers.
 Use of agriculture land for non-agriculture purposes in rural areas can be regularised on payment of penalty equal to 1.5 times of conversion
charges upto 31.12.2018, instead of four times of the conversion charges.
Registration and Stamps > Relief in Stamp duty and Registration fees
 In rural areas, valuation of the agriculture land up to 1000 sq. meter be done at the rate of agriculture land instead of the rate of residential
land to help farmers to sell or buy the land for agriculture purposes in rural areas.

District-wise data of forests of Rajasthan
Top 5 Districts with Forest Cover:
1. Udaipur
2. Alwar
3. Pratapgarh
4. Baran
5. Chittorgarh
Last 5 Districts with Forest Cover:
 Churu
 Hanumangarh
 Jodhpur
 Dausa
 Nagaur
RAJASTHAN CENSUS 2011 –

RAJASTHAN CURRENT AFFAIRS UPTO MAY 2018

1. 9th Jaipur International Film Festival begins in Jaipur

The 9th edition of the world’s fastest growing film festival, Jaipur International
Film Festival (JIFF) began on 7 January 2017 and will conclude on January 11,
2017 at the Golcha Cinema in Jaipur, Rajasthan. The two other venue were the
festival would take place are the Manipal University, Jaipur and the Rajasthan
PraudhShikshanSamiti (Rajasthan Adult Education Association).
The five-day event aims to promote emerging directors, as well as encourage the
exchange of knowledge, information, ideas and culture between India and the
participating nations.
2. BCCI appoints former Rajasthan DGP Ajit Singh as head of its Anti Corruption
Unit
On March 31, 2018, Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) has appointed
former Rajasthan DGP, Ajit Singh as the Head of its Anti-Corruption Unit.
Ajit Singh will replace former Delhi Police Commissioner Neeraj Kumar, who
has been assigned advisory role in the ACU till May 31, 2018.He has served in
Indian Police Service (IPS) for 36 years. He is experienced in anti-corruption
operations, investigative work and field policing.He has also been the head of
Rajasthan’s anti-corruption bureau.
3. Niranjan Thomas Alva passes away

On 7th April 2018, Niranjan Thomas Alva, the husband of former Rajasthan
governor Margaret Alva, passed away following a chest infection at Ramaiah
Hospital in
Bengaluru. Niranjan Thomas Alva was 78 years old. He was a Supreme Court
lawyer. He was the son of the first parliamentarian couple, Joachim Alva and
Violet Alva.

4. South Western Command celebrates 14th Raising Day – April 15
On 15th April 2018, South Western Command celebrated its 14th Raising Day.
i. Tributes were paid to martyrs of Indian Army at a ceremony at 'Prerna
Sthal' in Jaipur, Rajasthan, on the 14th raising day of South Western Army
Command.
ii. Lt Gen Vijay Singh, chief of staff, South Western Command and other
officers paid tributes. He said that, South Western Command is the seventh
and the youngest command of the Indian Army.
iii. It was formed on 15th April 14 years ago. It is named as the Sapta Shakti.
Its motto is Forever Victorious.
5. Cabinet approves declaration of Scheduled Areas in respect of Rajasthan under

Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India
Union Cabinet granted this approval by rescinding the Constitution Order
(C.O.) 114 dated February 12, 1981 and promulgation of a new Constitution
Order.
i Promulgation of a new Constitution Order will ensure that the Scheduled
Tribes residing in Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, and partial areas of
Udaipur, Rajsamand, Chittorgarh, Pali and Sirohi districts of Rajasthan will get
benefits of protective measures available under the Fifth Schedule to the
Constitution of India.
ii. Constitution Orders specifying the Scheduled Areas in Rajasthan were issued
in 1981. However, due to reorganization/creation of new districts and changes
in population of Scheduled Tribes as per 2011 Census, the Government of
Rajasthan had requested for extension of Scheduled Areas in the State of

Rajasthan.
6. Bihar has highest rate of crime against SC/ST

i. As per NCRB data, crime against SC/ST is lowest in West Bengal.
ii. Madhya Pradesh reported the highest rate of crime (43.4%) against SCs
specifically, while West Bengal had the lowest at 6%.
iii. Rajasthan reported the highest rate of crime (12.9%) against STs
specifically, while West Bengal had the lowest at 1.6%.
iv. The data also revealed that since 2014, crimes against SCs have increased
by one percent overall, with a steep rise of 5.5% occurring in 2016.
v. On the other hand, crimes against STs since 2014 have seen an overall
decrease of 3.8%, with a significant drop of 8 percent in 2015.
7. NABARD approves Rs 14,690 crore funding to Rajasthan

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has
announced that it has extended total credit support of Rs 14690 crore to
Rajasthan during 2017-18.
i. Rajasthan has been one of the biggest beneficiaries under the Rural
Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) of NABARD.
Funds sanctioned by NABARD were used for 10 irrigation projects, construction of
1614 roads and two rural drinking water supply projects in the state
8. Rajasthan passes bill for death penalty for rape of girls aged 12 & below
On 9th March 2018, a bill approving death penalty to those convicted of raping
or gang-raping a girl who is aged 12 years or below, was passed by Rajasthan
assembly.

i. Rajasthan has become the second state in India after Madhya Pradesh to
approve death sentence for those convicted of raping girls aged 12 years and
below.
ii. Gulab Chand Kataria, Rajasthan home minister, introduced the Criminal
Laws (Rajasthan Amendment) Bill, 2018 in the assembly. It was passed by a
voice vote.
iii. Sections 376-AA and 376-DD have been added in the Indian Penal Code,
1860, in regard with rape and gang-rape of young girls.
9. India successfully test-fires ATGM Nag in desert conditions

On 28th February 2018, India successfully test-fired Anti-Tank Guided Missiles
(ATGM) Nag in desert conditions, at Pokhran's field firing range in Jaisalmer,
Rajasthan.
i. The ATGM Nag was developed by Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO). It was tested against two tank targets at different ranges
and timings.
ii. Director General (Missiles and Strategic Systems) G Satheesh Reddy said
that, the technologies of ATGM responsible for engaging targets in different
conditions have been verified with the successful tests.
iii. The developmental trials of ATGM Nag are over and now it is ready for
induction. ATGM NAG possesses advanced technologies like the Imaging
infrared (IIR) Seeker with integrated avionics.
10. BrahMos supersonic cruise missile successfully test-fired from Pokhran in

Rajasthan
On 22nd March 2018, India successfully test fired the BrahMos supersonic

cruise missile with an indigenous 'seeker' at Rajasthan's Pokhran test range,
enhancing the country's capability to hit enemy targets at a range of up to 400
km.
It was for the first time that the missile, capable of travelling at speeds of up to
Mach 3.0, or three times the speed of sound, was tested with indigenously
developed 'seeker' technology. The seeker - developed by Research Centre
Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad, in collaboration with other DRDO labs, - determines
the accuracy of a missile by guiding it to the target
It was developed in a joint-venture between India and Russia.
This missile has been named after the rivers Brahmaputra of India and Moskva
of Russia.
11. India-US team test-fires M777 ultra-light howitzers in Pokhran

On March 5, 2018, officials from India and the United States were at the Pokhran
firing range (Rajasthan) to test-fire M777 ultra-light howitzers.
In May 2017, Indian Army took delivery of two M777 ultralight howitzers from BAE
Systems, US under a contract signed between Indian and US Government in 2016.
It has a modular design; due to which it can be easily towed through narrow and
treacherous mountain roads prevalent along India-China border and India-Pakistan
Border in Jammu & Kashmir
12. RSS founder member Bhanu Shashtri dies

On 24th February 2018, Bhanu Kumar Shashtri, founder member of Bharatiya
Jana Sangh and former MP, passed away after a long term illness in Udaipur,
Rajasthan.
i. Bhanu Kumar Shashtri was 93 years old. He was chairman of the Khadi

Board.
ii. He also became an MP from Udaipur. Bharatiya Jana Sangh was the
political arm of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).
13. Prime Minister launches National Nutrition Mission (NNM)

On 8th March 2018, on the occasion of International Women’s Day, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi, launched the National Nutrition Mission at an event
held at Jhunjhunu in Rajasthan.
i. The National Nutrition Mission (NNM) has been formulated with a 3 year
budget of Rs.9046.17 crore starting from 2017-18.
ii. NNM aims in improving nutrition level in India on an urgent basis. It
includes several schemes working on reducing malnutrition, incentivizing
States/UTs to reach goals, incentivizing Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) to use IT
based tools, etc.
iii. NNM aims to reduce stunting, under-nutrition, anemia and reduce low
birth weight by 2%, 2%, 3% and 2% per annum respectively. It will work to
achieve reduction in stunting from 38.4% to 25% by 2022.
14. Harsimrat Kaur Badal inaugurates Rajasthan’s first mega food park at
Ajmer
On 29th March 2018, Union Minister for Food Processing Industries Harsimrat
Kaur Badal inaugurated Rajasthan’s first mega food parkM/s Greentech Mega
Food Park Private Ltd, at Roopangarh Village in Ajmer, Rajasthan.
The Greentech Mega Food Park has been established at a cost of Rs 113.57 crore. It
will benefit nearly 25,000 farmers in that region.The park has been constructed in

an area of 85.44 acres. It has central processing centre and 4 Primary Processing
Centres (PPCs) at Jaipur, Nagaur, Tonk and Churu.
15. PM Modi flags off Palace Queen Hamsafar Express in Karnataka

On 19th February 2018, Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off the Palace
Queen Humsafar Express train at the Mysuru railway station, Karnataka.
i. Palace Queen Hamsafar Express train will run from Mysuru in Karnataka to
Udaipur in Rajasthan.
ii. This train will link the following western states: Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
iii. It covers 30 parliamentary constituencies on its way. It covers a total
distance of 2000 km.
iv. Narendra Modi also dedicated a fully electrified railway line of length 140
km from Mysuru to KSR Bengaluru to improve energy efficiency of Indian
Railways.
v. The electrification of Mysuru to KSR Bengaluru railway line will cover 4
Karnataka districts: Bengaluru, Ramanagaram, Mandya and Mysuru.
vi. This project costs Rs 220 crore. It will benefit nearly 25,000 passengers
daily.
16. High-level committee approves Rs 6000 crore for disaster-hit states

On February 26, 2018, a high level committee chaired by Union Home
Minister, Rajnath Singh approved a central assistance of around Rs 6000 crore
for nine states which suffered from natural calamities during 2017-18.
i. Central assistance from the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF)
amounting to Rs 1055.05 crore for Gujarat, Rs 420.69 crore for Uttar Pradesh,

Rs 420.57 crore for Rajasthan and Rs 838.85 crore for West Bengal has been
approved by the committee. All these states were affected by floods during
2017-18.
17. US Air Force chief David L Goldfein flies India's LCA 'Tejas'
On February 3, 2018, General David L Goldfein, chief of staff of the US Air Force,
flew a sortie in the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) 'Tejas' at the Indian Air
Force (IAF) station in Jodhpur, Rajasthan.
i. This is the first time that any Chief of Staff of the US Air Force flew LCA
‘Tejas’.
ii. For the sortie, General Goldfein was accompanied by Indian Air Force Air
Vice Marshal AP Singh as a co-pilot.
iii. On February 1, 2018, General Goldfein met Indian Air Force Air Chief Marshal BS
Dhanoa and held discussion with Indian Air Force Officials to further enhance
cooperation between the two air forces.
18. Uma Bharti launches 2nd project of Swajal Yojana in Rajasthan

On February 27, 2018, Union Minister of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Uma
Bharti, launched the Swajal pilot project at Village Bhikampura, in Rajasthan.
i. Swajal is a community owned drinking water programme for sustained
drinking water supply. 90% of the project cost will be provided by Central
Government while remaining 10% of the project cost will be contributed by
the local community.
ii. Budget of Rs. 54.17 lakh has been allocated for Swajal Project at
Bhikampura.
iii. Bhikhampura village faces scarcit y of drinking water and villagers have

to walk at least 3 km to collect it. Under the Swajal Project, four reservoirs will
be constructed in the village and common tap connection will be given to all
the households.
19. Rajasthan to get international educational institution for minorities

Union Minister of Minority Affairs, Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi has stated that an
international educational institution for minorities will be built in Rajasthan's
Alwar city.
i. The institute in Alwar, will be one of the five such institutes, which the
Central Government is planning to set up across India.
ii. The plan for building international educational institution for minorities
was initially prepared in 2016 and an 11-member committee was formed
under former bureaucrat Afzal Amanullah to oversee it.
iii. The institute in Alwar will be setup on 100 acres of land. Government is also
considering having 40 per cent reservation for girls at these institutes.
20. Bikaner camel festival 2018 in Rajasthan

On 13 and 14th January 2018, the Bikaner camel festival was held in Rajasthan.
i. The Bikaner camel festival is celebrated every year in Rajasthan to honour
camels. The Bikaner camel festival 2018 started with a procession of camels
adorned with decorations and folk artists.
ii. During the festival, camel dances, camel races, camel rides etc. were also
held. The camel festival was organised by the Department of Tourism, Art and
Culture.
21. HDFC Bank, Rajasthan govt in tie-up to help start-ups

HDFC Bank has entered into a partnership with Rajasthan State Government to
promote and nurture the start-ups in the state.
i. Under this agreement, HDFC Bank will provide end-to-end solutions like
current accounts, credit cards and other solutions to start-ups in Rajasthan
under its SmartUp programme.
ii. Besides, HDFC Bank will evaluate the offerings by such Startups and will
also give them an opportunity to showcase their solutions/technologies.
22. Actor Shrivallabh Vyas passes away

On 7th January 2018, actor Shrivallabh Vyas passed away in Jaipur, Rajasthan.
i. Shrivallabh Vyas had acted in more than 60 Hindi films. He has also
performed in television and theatre. He stopped acting after he collapsed in
his hotel room in Gujarat in 2008.
ii. His popular films are Lagaan, Sarfarosh, Abhay, Aan: Men at Work, Shool, Netaji
Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero and Sankat City
23. Govt proposes rolling out e-Sansad, e-Vidhan in Parliament & State
Legislatures
18th All India Whips’ Conference began in Udaipur, Rajasthan on January 8,
2018. The two- day conference was inaugurated by Union Minister of
Parliamentary Affairs and Chemicals & Fertilizers, Ananth kumar.
i. Among other things, rolling out of e-Sansad and e-Vidhan in Parliament
and State Legislatures will also be considered during the course of the
conference.
ii. e-Sansad and e-Vidhan are Government of India’s projects under Digital
India, aimed at making the functioning of Parliament and State Legislatures

paperless.
iii .Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs is the Nodal Ministry for implementation
of e-Sansad and e-Vidhan projects.
iv. These projects would not only make the functioning of Parliament and State
Legislatures participative, transparent, responsive, productive and more
accountable but will also promote Government of India’s ‘Go Green’ initiative.
6. Rajasthan to digitise all historical records

The Rajasthan government has started to digitise 10,000 pages every day, in
order to preserve administrative and historical records of Rajputana's princely
states.
i. This has been done in a move to protect old and fragile documents. This
includes a dedicated startup policy and various e-governance measures.
ii. The online records will benefit research scholars, administrative
departments of state government, judiciary and general public.
iii. Rajasthan State Archive consists of 30-40 crore administrative and
historical records of 22 princely states.
27. PM Modi inaugurates Project commencement of Barmer refinery

On January 16, 2018, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the
commencement of the work of an oil refinery in Rajasthan’s Barmer district.
i. Foundation stone for this refinery was laid by the then Congress President
Sonia Gandhi on September 22, 2013. It is the first such refinery in entire
Rajasthan.
ii. It is being set up by HPCL-Rajasthan Refinery Ltd (HRRL). HRRL is a Joint
Venture between Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd and Rajasthan State

Government.
iii. The entire project entails an investment worth over Rs 43000 crore.
24. 10th Jaipur Literature Festival (JLF) Begins in Jaipur

i. The 10th edition of the Jaipur Literature Festival (JLF) was inaugurated on
January 19, 2017 at the historic Diggi Palace, Jaipur, Rajasthan jointly by Chief
Minister VasundharaRaje, veteran lyricist Gulzar, American poet Anne Waldman
and spiritual writer SadhguruJaggiVasudev.
ii. The theme of the 10th edition of JLF is The Freedom to Dream: India at 70. JLF is
considered as the ‘Greatest Literary Show on Earth’
25. HZL gets green nod for Rs 1,200 crZawar Mines expansion project
i. Vedanta Resources subsidiary firm Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL) has received
environment clearance for its Rs. 1,200 crore Zawar Mines expansion project in
Rajasthan.
ii. The Jaipur based firm which is the world’s second largest zinc producer is
mulling to expand the production capacity of Lead-Zinc and ore beneficiation
at its Zawar Group of underground mines located in Sarada district.
26. Rajasthan Cricket Association adopts Lodha Committee reforms at EGM

i.Rajasthan Cricket Association in an Emergent General Meeting (EGM) accepted all
the
reforms recommended by the Lodha Committee as per Supreme Court directive.
i. The Lodha committee was constituted by Supreme Court in January 2016 and
had accepted its major recommendations in July 2016

ii. The Supreme court had given six months deadline to BCCI to implement the
recommendations.
27. Rajasthan Inaugurates Medical Project RAHAT for Prompt Treatment of Heart
Disease
i. Rajasthan Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje inaugurated a medical project
Rajasthan Heart Attack Treatment programme (RAHAT) on February 25, 2017 at the
Eternal Heart Care Center Hospital in Jaipur.
ii. Raje also flagged off an ambulance fitted with equipment and trained
paramedical staff required for treatment of heart disease.
iii. RAHAT programme aims to provide people in remote and rural areas with timely
treatment during heart attacks. It has been launched by the private hospitals in the
state.
iv. Under the programme, the patients facing heart attack would be provided with
emergency ambulance service and telemedicine service through Eternal Heart Care
Centre Hospital.
v. Patient would be given the basic treatment in the ambulance on the way to the
nearest Heart Hospital and the same would be shared with the Hospital’s Command
centre through GPS.
vi. Rajasthan has become the second state in India after Tamil Nadu to launch
proragmmes against Heart Diseases.
28. 2017 Desert Festival Begins in Jaisalmer

i .The three day long International Desert Festival 2017 started with great
enthusiasm on 8 February 2017 in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.
ii .The festival was inaugurated by Jaisalmer MLA Chhotu Singh Bhati and district
collector Matadin Sharma by flagging-off the shobha yatra. The procession traveled
from Gadisar Lake to Shaheed Poonam Singh Stadium.

iii. Famous folk artists coming from different parts of the country performed as the
procession moved further. A cavalcade of 48 camels of Border Security Force (BSF)
was the major attraction on first day of the festival.
29. Rajasthan Becomes 2nd Largest Crude Oil Producer in India

i. Rajasthan Governor Kalyan Singh announced on February 23, 2017 that Rajasthan
has become the second largest crude oil producer in India.
ii .The oilfields in the state were producing nearly 90 lakh tones oil annually which
accounted for 24 percent of the total domestic crude oil production.
iii. On the other hand, the Bombay High, an offshore oilfield of Mumbai is the largest
producer of crude oil in India which accounts for half of the domestic oil production.
Rajasthan, Telangana bag eGov awards
i. Rajasthan and Telangana are bagged the eGovernance awards for Excellence
under the state category at the CSI –Nihilente Governance Awards held in
Coimbatore on January 31, 2017.
ii. Odisha and Nagaland bagged the Award of Recognition for the year 2016
iii. eGovernance Awards are Instituted by the Computer Society of India’s (CSI)
Special Interest Group with sponsorship from Nihilent Technologie
30. Vasundhara Raje Presented Rs.1,66,000-crore Rajasthan Budget 2017-18

Rajasthan Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje who also holds the Finance portfolio,
presented Rs.1,66,000-crore state budget for 2017-18 in the Legislative Assembly on
March 8, 2017 with focus on aiding farmers and promoting tourism in the state.
♦ The Budget is based on the government’s vision document mission 2020. It aims at
a happy Rajasthan and a happy Rajasthani.
Salient Features of the State Budget 2017-18

i. Estimated Revenue Deficit for 2017-18 without effect of UDAY is Rs. 1528 crore.
And with effect of UDAY is Rs. 13528 crore.
ii. Estimated Fiscal Deficit for 2017-18 is Rs. 24753.53 crore which is 2.99% of GSDP.
iii. Estimated total revenue receipts for 2017-18 Rs. 130162 crore.
iv. Estimated own tax revenue for 2017-18 Rs. 59455 crore which is higher by
16.16%
v. Estimated own tax revenue for 2017-18 was 8.34% of GSDP.
Important Allocations
Public Works Department (PWD) for Infrastructure Development: Rs 6,657.32 crore
• Water Resources Department: Rs. 3313.08 crore which is 11.14% higher than the
RE of 2016-17.
• Tourism: Rs 88 crore
• Art, Culture And Archaeology Department: Rs 156.83 crore an increase of 49%.
• Agricultural Department: Rs. 3156.61 crore
• Social Justice And Empowerment Department: Rs. 5596.80 crore

• Medical and Health Department: Rs. 6,315.38 Crore which is 8.21 % higher than
2016- 17.
• Medical Education Department: Rs. 2,574.86 Crore which is 33.40% higher than
2016- 17
• Women and Child Development Department: 17.06% higher allocation in 2017-
18
• Sports Sector: 24.30% higher outlay in 2017-18
• Higher Education: 11.01% higher outlay in 2017-18
• Computerization of PDS: Rs. 18.51 Crore
• Skill Development Department: Rs 1,007 crore which is 31% more than 2016-17.
Labour And Employment Department: Rs. 1007.44 Crore which is 21.32% higher than
2016-17

• Allocation for providing food grain on concessional rates under National Food
Security Schemes: Rs. 397.91 Crore.
• Home Department: Rs. 5,600 crore
Schemes
• 15% increase in the value added tax (VAT) on tobacco products to make them
costlier
• VAT on ATF reduced to 1% under Regional Connectivity Scheme of Government
of India to promote tourism in the State.
• Provide Wi-Fi facilities in 190 cities in 2017-18 to deepen digital penetration in
the state.
• Double the subsidy and incentive amount for the marriage of a daughter under
Sahyog and Uphar Yojana.
• Pension under Mukhyamantri Specially-abled Samman Pension Scheme (Rs 750
per month) would be applicable to all eligible without age criteria.
• Mukhyamantri Ekal Nari Samman Pension Yojana- widow pensioners elder than
60 years will get Rs.1000 p.m. and widow pensioners of more than 75 years will get
Rs.1500 p.m
• Deemed Assessment Scheme has been introduced for VAT, Entry Tax, Luxury Tax
and Entertainment Tax in the state.
• Mukhaya Mantri Beej Swavlamban Yozna for Kota, Bhilwara and Udaipur
agricultural division.
• Aanganwadi workers will be given incentive of Rs. 250-500 p.m. based on work
performance.
• A composition scheme with the rate of composition fee at 2% for micro and
small enterprises having turnover up to Rs. 50 lakh.
31. NTPC commissions 45 MW of Bhadla solar plant

i. Indian Public Sector Undertaking company National Thermal Power Corporation
Limited (NTPC) has commissioned of 45 MW solar capacity at Bhadla in Rajasthan

ii. Now the the total installed capacity of the project is increased to 160 MW.
NTPC Installs 55 MW Bhadla Solar Power Project in Rajasthan
i. The state owned National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Limited
commissioned a 55 Mega Watt (MW) Bhadla Solar Power Project in Rajasthan on
March 27, 2017.
ii. The power generating giant has planned a capacity addition of about 1,000 MW
through renewable resources by 2017.
32. NTPC Commissions 260 MW Bhadla Solar Project In Rajasthan

i. State-run power generator NTPC Ltd commissioned another 260 MW Bhadla Solar
PV Project in Rajasthan on March 25, 2017.
ii .With this commissioning, the total installed capacity of NTPC has become 40,522
MW while that of NTPC has become 47,293 MW.
iii. Earlier, NTPC commissioned 55 MW Bhadla Solar PV Project in Rajasthan.
33. Inclusion Of Five Indian Cities In World Heritage Site

i. In recent news, UNESCO ( UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC and
CULTURAL ORGANISATION ) has added five Indian cities in its list of tentative world
heritage site.
ii. These cities include 1.Historic City of Ahmedabad, 2.Delhi – A Heritage City,
3.Jaipur City, Rajasthan,
4. Ekamra Kshetra- The Temple City, Bhubaneswar and 5.The Victorian & Art Deco
Ensemble of Mumbai.
36. Barmer Munawab and Pipad Road-Bilara rail routes – New Green Corridors in
India Indian railways has announced the 5 Green Corridors under which Barmer
Munawab and Pipad Road-Bilara rail routes in Rajasthan have been declared by North
Western Railways as Green Corridors. This initiative is taken under “Swachh Rail-
Swachh Bharat” mission.

i. The five green corridors are 1.Manamadurai– Rameswaram corridor, 2.Okha-
Kanalus corridor,
3.Porbandar-Wasjaliya corridor, 4.Barmer-Munawab corridor and 5.Pipad Road-Bilara
corridor.
i. Among these corridors Manamadurai – Rameswaram is India’s first green
corridor.
37. HPCL and Rajasthan Govt. sign revised Rs 43129 crore Mou for Barmer refinery
HPCL oil firm and Rajasthan government has signed a MoU for Rs 43,129 crore.
i. Memorandum of association is signed for oil refinery in Barmer district which will
produce BS-VI fuel.
ii. The state government will have 26 per cent stake in the refinery project while
HPCL will have the rest shareholding.
38. Insurance up for crop loan in Rajasthan

The Rajasthan government has raised the insurance cover by 1 lakh to 6 lakh for
farmers who avail crop loan from cooperative banks in the State.
i. It aims to bring around 25 lakh peasants under the scheme.
ii. The Rajasthan government has raised the insurance amount by 1 lakh in the
present fiscal year in the ‘Raj Sahakar Personal Accident Insurance Scheme’ targeted
to cover more than 25 lakh farmers.
39. DRDO successfully test fires anti-tank guided missile 'Nag' in desert ranges of
Rajasthan
The Defence Research and Development Organisation(DRDO) has successfully test
fired anti- tank missile 'Nag' in a desert in the western sector of Rajasthan.
i. According to the defence sources the missile successfully has destroyed the
target in today's mission.

ii. The tests, which were witnessed by scientists from the DRDO, Defence Lab,
Jodhpur, senior officials from armed forces among others has concluded on 14th of
June.
iii. The "fire and forget" third generation anti-tank guided missile 'Nag' is equipped
with the highly advanced Imaging Infrared Radar (IRR) seeker with integrated
avionics, technology which is possessed by very few nations
40. Environment Ministry approves Projects in 3 States under NAFCC

On July 19, 2017, National Steering Committee on Climate Change (NSCCC), under
the Chairmanship of Secretary Environment Ministry, Mr Ajay Narayan Jha, approved
the Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) submitted by Governments of Rajasthan, Gujarat
and Sikkim for funding under the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change
(NAFCC).
• Gujarat: The project seeks to enhance the adaptive capacity of natural resource
dependent communities to climate change in targeted villages of Kachchh district.
• Rajasthan: The project builds on work carried out under Phase I of the Mukhya
Mantri Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan to enhance the adaptive capacity of villages by
making them self-reliant in terms of water requirement.
• Sikkim: The project aims to address the issue of water security which are directly
identified as climate resilience building interventions under the State Action Plans on
Climate Change (SAPCC).
40. Rajasthan become the first State to fix Minimum qualifications for coop. societies’
polls Rajasthan is the first state of our country has set minimum educational
qualification to candidates for elections to village cooperative societies and various
other cooperative bodies.
Qualification needed to become a member of contesting election
i. The minimum educational qualification from class 5 to class 8 is must for
members of dairy societies, farming societies, consumer societies, weavers' societies,

urban banks, housing construction societies, primary land development banks, credit
societies and cooperative unions.
ii. The minimum educational qualification of primary committee members is of
class 8.
iii. The minimum qualification required is class 10 for district level members
iv. A member of State level committee must be a graduate.
41. Gadkari inaugurate Road Congress Meet in Udaipur

Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways NitinGadkari will inaugurate the
212th meeting of Indian Road Congress (IRC) in Udaipur, Rajasthan
i. The Indian Road Congress is the apex body of highway engineers in the country.
ii. During his one-day visit, he will also attend a discussion by Udaipur chamber of
commerce on economic growth of Rajasthan with development of roads and
infrastructure.
42. Narendra Modi’s visit in Rajasthan – August 2017

On 29th august,2017 Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Rajasthan to inaugurate
few highway projects and to dedicate some to our nation along with road transport
and highways minister Nithin Gadkari. He informed that his government is setting in a
culture of completion of projects unlike previous governments. The assembly polls in
Rajasthan is going to take place next year.
PM Modi will also visit Pratap Gaurav Kendra which exhibits the valour and
achievements of Maharana Pratap and pay his homage to the famous King of Mewar.
Highlights of his visit :
1. He laid foundation stone and inaugurated national highway projects worth Rs
15,000 crore.

2. He dedicated 11 national highways to the nation. These highways cover a total
length of 873 kms and inaugurated a suspension bridge built across the Chambal river
at Kota, making it
the first 6-lane cable suspended bridge in the Rajasthan. The bridge, 1.4 km in length,
is constructed at a cost of Rs 278 crore at Kota. PM added that he is happy that his
government is able to complete the dream project of AtalBihariVaipaiyee ,” Golden
Quadrilateral”.
3. The PM also performed bhoomipujan for 6 NH projects of approximately 556
kms.
4. The list of completed projects include laning of Gomati Chauraha-Udaipur section
of NH-8 at total capital cost of around Rs 1,120 crore and laning of Rajsamand-
Bhilwara section of NH-75 with total capital cost of over Rs 1,350 crore.
5. PM Modi will perform bhoomipujan of 6 laning of Chittorgarh to Udaipur section
of NH-76 at a total capital cost of around Rs 1,220 crore and 6 laning of the new
Udaipur bypass on NH-8.
6. The completed projects include 11 districts of Rajasthan: Kota, Rajsamand,
Udaipur, Bhilwara, Pali, Nagaur, Barmer, Sikar, Churu, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer
whereas, the awarded projects for which the PM will perform bhoomipujan are
expected to benefit people in Jodhpur, Pali, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Udaipur
and Dungarpur.
These highways will help farmers, boost tourism and open up economic opportunities
for the local people. They would not only help link Rajasthan more efficiently but also
be gateways to progress.
43. NABARD Approves Rs 1,350-cr Loan to Rajasthan Government

The National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has sanctioned a
loan assistance of Rs 1,349.55 crore to the Rajasthan government announced on 20th
Aug 2017. Key Points:
i. The loan has been approved for creation of rural infrastructure in the state under
the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF).

ii. The sanction includes assistance for construction of two rural drinking water
supply projects, strengthening and rehabilitation of 1,614 rural roads and
modernisation of three major irrigation projects.
iii. An amount of Rs 599.84 crore has been sanctioned for rehabilitation of 1,614
roads. iv.It will cover all 33 districts of Rajasthan, Rs 469.54 crore for providing
potable water to population of 419 villages of Jalore district and Rs 280.17 crore for
rehabilitation and modernisation of 3 major irrigation projects located in Udaipur,
Banswara and Dungarpur districts.
44. Rajasthan govt signed JV agreement for refinery project with HPCL
On August 17, 2017, Rajasthan State Government and public sector oil firm Hindustan
Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) inked an agreement to form a joint venture
company for Barmer petroleum refinery and petrochemical complex.
Background Information:
• On April 19, 2017, after prolonged negotiations that lasted over three years,
Rajasthan State Government signed a revised MoU with HPCL for a 9 million metric
tonne crude oil refinery at Barmer that would require investments of Rs 43,129 crore
and produce fuels meeting BS-VI specifications.
• As per the claims made by the present Rajasthan Government, revised deal will
save the state Rs 40,000 crore with annual viability gap funding of Rs 1,123 crore for
15 years instead of Rs 3,736 crore as per the previous MoU that former CM Ashok
Gehlot signed with HPCL.
• Principal Secretary Mines and Petroleum, Aparna Arora and Director (Finance) of
HPCL, J. Ramaswami signed the JV agreement respectively on behalf of the Rajasthan
State Government and the HPCL.
• As per the proposed plan, the refinery project would be established in 4,813
acres of land area
45. No Gandhi Jayanti holiday this year in Rajasthan varsities

All state-run universities in Rajasthan will not observe a holiday on October 2 on the
occasion of Gandhi Jayanti this year announced on 11th of August 2017.
Key Points:
i. Only 24 holidays have been listed for the academic year 2017-18, in the calendar
issued by the office of Rajasthan governor Kalyan Singh and by the Chancellor of all
state universities.
ii. The changes in the new holiday calendar for the academic year 2017-18 have
been issued in which the amendment has been made.
iii. The list has been circulated to all the 12 state-run universities two months ago.
iv. Some have already adopted it and the rest will follow the same after their
respective governing body’s next meeting.
45. Rajasthan govt accords OBC status to Jats of Bharatpur and Dholpur
Jats of Dholpur and Bharatpur districts have been given reservation under the Other
Backward Class (OBC) category in Rajasthan on August 24,2017.
Key Points:
i. The state social justice and empowerment department has issued a notification
after approval from the cabinet.
ii. Jat community people demanded for a long time to residing in both the districts
to include them in the OBC list.
iii. Jats residing in districts except for Dholpur and Bharatpur were getting benefit of
the OBC quota.
46. Rajasthan announces farm loan waiver of up to Rs 50,000

After a two-week-long protest by farmers the Rajasthan government has announced
a Rs 20,000 crore farm-loan waiver.
Key Points:

i. The government has agreed to waive loans for farmers up to Rs 50,000.
ii. The farmers were demanding waiver of all loans amounting to Rs49,500 crore
but the government was firm that as per records, the loans amounted to Rs19,700
crore.
47. VASTRA 2017: An International Textile and Apparel Fair 2017

On 21st – 24th September 2017, VASTRA 2017 – International Textile and Apparel
Fair was held at the Jaipur Exhibition & Convention Centre in Jaipur, Rajasthan.
VASTRA 2017:
i. This is the 6th edition of VASTRA.
ii. VASTRA was started in 2012.
iii. The fair was organised by Rajasthan State Industrial Development and
Investment Corporation Ltd. (RIICO) and co-organised by Federation of Indian
Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI).
47. BJP MP Mr.MahantChandnath dies of cancer at 61

On 17th September 2017, BJP MP, Mr.Mahant Chandnath, from Alwar, passed away
at a hospital in Delhi.
MP Mahant Chandnath’s demise:
i. Mr.Mahanth Chandnath won the Alwar seat in Rajasthan in 2014 parliamentary
elections by defeating Congress candidate and former Union Minister Mr.Jitendra
Singh.
ii. He was suffering from cancer.

Geography of Rajasthan
Physical Divisions of Rajasthan
• largest state - more physical variations
On the basis of the existing relief features, there
are following physical divisions of Rajasthan:
1. Western Sandy Plains
2. Aravalli Range And Hilly Region
3. Eastern Plains
4. South-eastern Rajasthan Pathar (Hadoti
Plateau)
• The western sandy plains are divided into two major
regions and 6 sub-regions as following
A. Sandy Arid Plain
1. Marusthali
2. Dune free Tract
B. Semi-Arid Basin or Rajasthan Bangar
1. Luni Basin
2. Shekhawati Region
3. Nagaur Upland
4. Ghaggar Plain
• Aravalli Range on basis of its general characteristics, form elements,
relief, slopes and drainage pattern
can be divided into following physiographic sub-units:
• 1. The North- Eastern Hill Tracts or Alwar Hills
• 2. The Central Aravalli Range
• 2.1. The Sambhar Basin or Shekhawati Low hills
• 2.2. The Merwara hills
• 3. The Mewar Rocky region and Bhorat Plateau
• 4. Abu Block region
• 3. The Eastern Plains
The eastern plains can be divided into 4 sub-regions:
A. Chambal basin
B. Banas Basin
C. Mahi or Chappan Basin
4. South-eastern Rajasthan Pathar (Hadoti Plateau)
It has following sub regions:
A. Deccan highlands
B. Vindhyan region
• Districts: Hanumangarh, Sriganganagar, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jalore,
Sirohi, Pali,
Jodhpur, Nagaur, Churu, Sikar & Jhunjhunu.
• The western sandy plains are divided into two major regions and 6 sub-
regions as following
1. Sandy Arid Plain
• Area- 61% of total area of W.S.P.
• Population- 40%
• Minimum Rainfall- 50 Cm
• There are vast expanses of sand & rock outcrops mainly limestone are
found in Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh &
Sriganganagar.
• Sandy Arid Plain further Sub-divided into two sub-regions.
• 1.2. Dune free Tract
• 1.1. Marusthali • Districts- Bikaner, Jaisalmer,
• District- Bikaner, Barmer, Phalodi & Pokhran
Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur, • Area – 65 Sq. Km.
Churu • Limestone & Sandstone rocks
• Area - 120500 Sq. Km (Thar exposes (to lay open) here belong
Desert)! to Jurassic & Eocene formations.
• Height of sand dunes – 6 m to • It is rocky but dune free tract.
60 m! • Small hills are found within a
circle of 64 Km of Jaisalmer town
• Length of sand dunes – 3 km to • Dry beds & banks could easily be
5 km tapped for ground water
• Towards west this sandy arid • Grid conglomerate, gneiss, schist
Marushthali is known as Thar & granite rocks are also exposed
Desert. at places.
• Shifting sand dunes is
locally terms as Dharians.
2. Semi-Arid Basin or Rajasthan Bangar
• 2. Semi-Arid Basin or Rajasthan Bangar
• District – Jaipur, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, Jalore, Barmer
• Area - 7500 Sq. Km • Rainfall – 20 cm
• In it lies in the eastern part & drained by the Luni in
its south-eastern portion.
• Gullying has given rise to conglomerate landscape. Its
eastern part is covered with superficial sand deposits.
• Towards north lies the Shekhawati tract which is semi
arid transitional plain characterized by inland drainage
& stream with salt lakes like Sambhar, Didwana etc.
• In the extreme north lies the Ghaggar Plain.
2.1. Luni Basin
• • District - Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagaur
• Area – 34866 .4 Sq. Km
• Basin is drained by the Luni River & its tributaries Bandi,
Sagi, etc. Covers the area from its source to Tiwara
(Barmer) where Sukari river meets it.
• It is a seasonal river
• Floods occur during the rains in Luni
• Topography is marked by hills with steep slopes &
extensive alluvial plains.
• This area is locally known as Naid (Rel) & is one of best
alluvial plains.
2.2. Shekhawati Region
• • District: Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu & Nagaur
• Live stock, Milk production & dairy are the occupation of
this region
• Aravalli hills runs through this region from south to north,
cutting into almost two halves.
• Topography of the Shekhawati tracts is characterized by
an undulating sandy terrain traversed by longitudinal sand
dunes. There is only one seasonal river kantli
• Here the sand dunes are of transverse type
• The calcareous substratum is exposed of the tract from
the sea level is 450m.
• 2.3. Nagaur Upland • 2.4. Ghaggar Plain
• District: Nagaur • Districts-
• Average Height of this region Hanumangarh &
from sea level – 300 m- 500 m
• Rainfall – 25 cm in west to Sriganganagar (75% of
50 cm in east district).
• This region is full of sand hills • No existing river or
& low depressions. stream except ancient
• The temperature being High, Ghaggar and region is
the evaporation of the saline
flood-water results in the known as Ghaggar plain.
deposits of the salt & soda in • It is a sandy plain
these depressions. interspersed with sand-
dunes (6-30m high) &
small sand-hills.
• Rajasthan is bisected by Aravalli (Aravali) range into two major
parts:
• Southeast Rajasthan and Northwest Rajasthan.
• The northwest consists of a series of sand dunes covers nearly two-
thirds of the area.
• Aravali range is approximately 692 Kms long, running across
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi.
• As a result Rajasthan has multiple peaks.
The Aravalli’s in Rajasthan are divided into 4 main sections:
1. North-Eastern Aravalli Range
2. Central Aravalli Range
3. The Mewar Rocky region and Bhorat Plateau
4. Abu Block REgion
A. The North- Eastern Hill Tracts or Alwar Hills
• Districts- Jaipur, Sikar, Khetri, Alwar, Sawai Madhopur. Stretches from
Delhi to isolated hills of Alwar & Jaipur.
• They are also called as Alwar hills.
• Average Height: 300 m to 670 m
• Valleys between the hills are wide & in some cases stretch for many
kilometers.
• Flattered hill tops- form small plateau.
• • Lake- Sambhar, Ramgarh, Pandupole
• Average elevation of 300-670 meters.
• To north & east it merges with Ganga-Yamuna Plains.
Hill Ranges
o Malkhet & Khetri Group of hills
o Torawati Hills
Peaks of North-Eastern Aravalli Region
• Raghunathgarh (Sikar) - 1055 meters
Khoh (Jaipur) - 920 meters
Bhairach (Alwar) - 792 meters
Barwara (Jaipur) - 786 meters
Babai (Junjhunu) - 780 meters
Bilali (Alwar) - 775 meters
Manoharpura (Jaipur) - 747 meters
Bairath (Jaipur) - 704 meters
Sariska (Alwar) - 677 meters
Siravas - 651 meters
2. The Central Aravali Range:
• Districts: Includes districts of Ajmer, south-western
Tonk, Jaipur
• Length of central Aravalli range is 100 Km with width
of 30 Km and valleys with depth of 550m.
• Height/Elevation- 700 m
• Highest Peak/elevation- 799 m in Rajgarh
• The central/Aravalli extends from Sambhar Lake to
the bhorat Plateau, South of Deogarh Peak.
• Surrounded on – [North by – Alwar Hills ]- [East by Karauli
table-land] [South by Banas plains] [West by Sambhar basin]
• Hill ranges: 1. Shekhawati lower hills 2. Marwar Hills
• Peaks of Central Aravalli Region
• [Goramji (Ajmer) - 934 meters] [Taragarh (Ajmer) - 870 meters]
[Naag Pahar (Ajmer) -795 meters]
• Central Aravalli Range is further sub-divided into 2 geomorphic
units.
1. The Sambhar Basin or Shekhawati Low hills [District- Churu, Sikar,
Jhunjhunu, Nagaure] [Average of Region- 400 m]
• This region is full of sand hills & with in land drainage.
B2. The Merwara hills [District- Jodhpur, Barmer, Jaisalmer, Nagaur,
Ajmer] [Area- 4400 Sq. Km] [Average level- 550 m]
S.F.:- The Taragarh (873 m) overlooks the city of Ajmer. Marwar Hills
appear in the parallel succession of hills in the vicinity of Ajmer city.
• 3. The Mewar Rocky region and Bhorat Plateau
• Includes district of Udaipur, South-eastern margin of Pali &
Dungarpur districts. • Area- 17007 Sq. Km
• Location- from South East to South East • Average Height- 1225 m
• S.F. – The highest portion of Aravalli range lies between the forts of
Kumbhalgarh & Gogunda in the form of plateau locally known as ’Bhorat‘
• Altitude of Bhorat- 1225 m
• Bhorat plateau is one of the highest table lands of Aravalli
• Hill ranges
o Mewar hills & Bhorat Plateau[ Girwa Hills][ Merwara Hills]
• Peaks of Southern Aravali Range [Kumbhalgarh (Rajsamand) -
1224 meters[ Dhoniya - 1183 meters [Hrishikesh - 1017 meters
[Kamalnath (Udaipur) - 1001 meters [Sajjangarh (Udaipur)- 938
meters [Lilagarh - 874 meters
D. Abu Block region
• District- Abu, Sirohi •Area 5180 Sq.Km •Length- 10 km • Breadth- 8Km
• Location- West to Abu in Sirohi Sea Level- 1200 m • S.F.: It contains
granite
• It has been separated from the main Aravalli range by the wide valley
of the West Banas.
• Hill ranges 1.Abu hills 2. Oria Plateau
• Peaks of Southern Aravali Range
• 1. Guru Shikhar (Sirohi) - 1722 m
• 2. Ser (Sirohi) – 1597m
• 3.Dilwara (Sirohi) - 1442 m
• 4. Jarga (Sirohi) – 1431m
• 5. Achalgarh (Sirohi) – 1380m
5. Eastern Plains
• Districts- Tonk, Bundi, Amjer, Jaisalmer,
Sawaimadohpur, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Kota,
Bhatratpur.
• Percentage- 23.3% of total area of Rajasthan
• Location- South West of Rajasthan
• Eastern plain subdivided into three regions:
1. Chambal basin
2. Banas Basin
2.1. Mewar Plain:
2.2. Malpura-Karauli Plain:
• B. Banas Basin
• A. Chambal basin • District- Udaipur,
• District- Kota, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara,
Tonk, Jaipur, Alwar,
Bundi, Baran, Tonk, Sawaimadhopur
Sawaimadhopur, • Average height- 280 –
500 m
Dholpur • Area- 187400 Sq. Km
• Area- 4500 Sq. Km • It is an elevated
• Average width- 10 peneplain plain drained by
Banas & its tributaries.
Km • It is divided into two sub-
regions
• 2.1. Mewar Plain: • 2.2. Malpura-Karauli
• It is a dissected plain of Plain:
Archean gneiss. • It is flat upland, which
• Mewar plain gradually
slopes towards the east & Heron recognized as a ―
north-east, with an average Tertiary Peneplane.
elevation of 280- 500 m. • It is composed of schist
• The Banas & its & guess with average
tributaries Berach, Menal, elevation of 250-350 m
Bandi, Mansi, Kothari, Khari
flow through this plain. • Alluvial deposits are
thick in larger parts of
Kishangarh and Malpura.
C. Mahi or Chappan Basin
• • District: Dungarpur • Area: 7056 Sq. Km!s.
• regions lies to east of the Mewar hills & south of the
Banas plain.!
• The weastern part of Mahi Basin is hilly but central &
eastern parts are fertile plains with extensive cultivation.
These plains are also known as Chhappan! plains.
• Average elevation of the region is bewteen 200-400 m!.
• This dissected plain along with hill tracts of Banswara are
Dungarpur are locally known as Bagar
4. South-eastern Rajasthan Pathar (Hadoti Plateau)
• • The region comprises of the eastern & southeastern part of the
state & is known as Hadoti.
• This region locally called Pathar and Uparmal.
• Districts- Bhilwara, Bundi, Kota, Baran & Jhalawar districts.
• It contains about 9.6% of the area of Rajasthan.
• The Great Boundary Fault of the Aravallis forms its northwest
boundary, which extends eastward across the Rajasthan border.
• River Chambal drains the large part of this area.
• This plateau is further sub-divided into two sub-regions
• A. Deccan highlands
B. Vindhyan region
A. Deccan highlands
• Districts- Bundi, Kota
• The western parts of the vindhyan plateau lie in the form of three
concentric escarpments.
• Formed by the exposed rocks of three main sandstones with
slate-stones in between.
• This physiography of south east of Rajasthan is also known as
Uparmal (high or stony plateau)
• Region is frained by Chambal and its tributaries Kali Singh,
Parwan and Parvati.
• Soil of the region is mostly black with visible deposits of Deccan
Trap lava
B. Vindhyan region
• • Districts- Karauli, Sawai madhopur, Bundi, Kota
• The region presents an undulating topography strewn
with boulders, blocks & depressions.
• The scarps are facing towards the southsoutheast
between the Banas and the Chambal and
extend towards the east over Bundelkhand.
• The scarp lands formed by massive sandstones.
• Average height of regions is between 350-550 m
Climate of Rajasthan
• Climatic Regions of Rajasthan
• The climate of Rajasthan state has varied contrasts.
• Different experts, each with their own focus parameters,
have divided Rajasthan into different climatic regions.
• 3 main approaches to climatic regions of Rajasthan are:
• Climatic Regions of Rajasthan based on Rainfall Intensity.
• Koeppen’s Classification of climatic regions of Rajasthan.
• Thornthwaite's classification of climatic regions of
Rajasthan.
Climatic Regions of Rajasthan based on Rainfall Intensity
• The distribution of climatic regions of Rajasthan on the
basis of rainfall and temperature variations includes
following divisions:
• Arid Region:
• Semi-arid Region:
• Sub-humid Region:
• Humid Region:
• Very Humid Region
• Arid Region:
• The Arid region includes Jaisalmer district, northern parts of Barmer,
western of the Phalodi
Tehsil of Jodhpur, western parts of Bikaner and southern parts of
Ganganagar district.
• Climate of the region is very severe and arid.
• Rainfall less than 10 cm in extreme west parts of regions and rest areas
record less than 20 cm
rainfall.
• The average temperature during summer is recorded more than 34o C
and during winters it
ranges in between 12 DegC to 16DegC
• Semi-arid Region:
• The average temperature during winter season ranges between 10 Deg C
and 17 Deg C and the
summer season temperature range 32 Deg C to 36 Deg C.
• As the region has erratic as well as torrential rainfall it brings floods too
each time.
• Rainfall ranges 20 to 40 cm.
• The winter season is very short and arid in the northern parts of this
region.
This region comprises the western parts of Ganganagar, Hanumangarh,
Jodhpur and Barmer
districts.
• Sub-humid Region:
• In the semi arid humid region, rainfall is meager and the amount of rainfall is
limited to a few
monsoon months only.
• The rainfall is between 40 to 60 cm and the average temperature during summer
season ranges
from 28 Deg to 34 Deg C whereas it is recorded 12 Deg C in northern parts and 18
Deg C in the
southern parts.
• Alwar, Jaipur, Dausa and Ajmer, eastern parts of Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Pali and Jalore
districts,
north-western parts of Tonk, Bhilwara and Sirohi districts are included in this
category.
• This region has steppe type of vegetation
• Humid Region: • Very Humid Region:
• This region receives winter • Very Humid Region includes
south-east Kota, Baran, Jhalawar,
rainfall associated with Banswara, south-west Udaipur
cyclones along with monsoon and adjacent areas of Mt. Abu.
season rainfall which varies • Here, the summers are very hot
from 60 to 80 cm. and winters are cold and dry.
• Deciduous trees dominate • Rainfall received is between 80
the region. cm to 150 cm, which is mostly
• Humid region is found at the during the rainy season.
districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, • Monsoon savanna type of
Sawai Madhopur, Bundi, Kota, vegetation is present in the
Barmer and Rajsamand and region.
the north-eastern parts of
Udaipur
Koeppen’s Classification of climatic regions of Rajasthan
• Koeppen’s classification for the World Climatic regions is totally
based on the vegetation, as the effects of temperature and rainfall
are directly evident and visible it. Here, the three categories are
associated with Tropical climates, Dry (arid and semiarid) climates
and Mild Temperate climates respectively.
• The classification of Rajasthan according to Koeppen is as follows:
Aw or Tropical Humid Region:
Bshw Climatic Region:
Bwhw Climatic Region:
Cwg Climatic Region:
• Aw or Tropical Humid Region: • Bshw Climatic Region:
• The southern parts of • This climatic region is semi-
Dungarpur district and Banswara arid, where winters are dry
come under the region. and even in summers there is
• Here, arid tropical grasslands no sufficient amount of
and Savanna like region are found rainfall.
along with deciduous trees of • Vegetation is of steppe type,
Monsoon type. characterized with thorny
• Winter season is arid and cool
whereas summers experience bushes and grasses.
scorching heat. • This region comprises the
• Rainfall also mainly occurs in districts of Barmer, Jalore,
summer season. Jodhpur, Nagaur, Churu, Sikar,
• The temperature is more than Jhunjhunu and Hanumangarh.
18 Deg. C in the coldest month
records
• Bwhw Climatic Region: • Cwg Climatic Region:
• The region has arid-hot
desert climate with very • The south-eastern
scanty rainfall. areas of Aravalli are
• On the contrary the process the part of the region.
of evaporation is very active.
• Thus, these areas are known • Rains are limited to
as desert region, limited to few monsoon months
western parts of Thar Desert. only.
• North-western Jodhpur,
Jaisalmer, western Bikaner and • Seasonal winds do
western parts of Ganganagar not bring rains to this
district are included in this
category. region during winters
Thornthwaite's classification of climatic regions of Rajasthan
• Thornthwaite took into account the amount of prepitation and

evaporation along with seasonal and monthly distribution of
temperature and rainfall which made it popular and widely
accepted.
• Rajasthan may broadly be divided into the following four regions:
CA’w Climatic Region
DA'w Climatic Region
DB’W Climatic Region
EA’d Tropical Desert Climatic Region
• CA’w Climatic Region • DA'w Climatic Region
• This region is • The region comprises south
characterized by wet and eastern areas of
summers and dry winters. Rajasthan, covering districts of
Sirohi, east Jalor, Pali, Ajmer,
• Savanna and Monsoon Chittorgarh, Bundi, Sawai
type of vegetation are Madhopur, Tonk, Bhilwara,
found here. Bharatpur, Jaipur,
• This region includes Dausa, Alwar, Sikar and
south-eastern parts of Jhunjhunu.
Udaipur and districts of • Rainfall is meager and Semi-
Banswara, Dungarpur, arid vegetation is found.
• Summers are marked by
Kota, and Jhalawar High temperatures.
• DB’W Climatic Region • EA’d Tropical Desert
• It includes the northern Climatic Region
areas of Rajasthan i.e. • This region is also known
Ganganagar, as Marusthali and includes
Hanumangarh, Churu and Barmer, Jaisalmer, western
Bikaner districts. Jodhpur, south-western
• The region has short and Bikaner district.
dry winters whereas • The climate is very hot
summers are long and and arid. Rains are
associated with good deficient in every season.
rains. • Only Xerophytic
• Thorny bushes and semi- vegetation grows.
arid vegetation are found
here
AVERAGE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN RAJASTHAN
• During the monsoon months, July to September the relative humidity is
generally high in the state of Rajasthan.
• The humidity is about 45%-47% in June, which rises to a little less than
70% during August in West Rajasthan and to about 76%-77% in East
Rajasthan.
• The Graph depicts the humidity regime in the state from 1980 to 2009.
• The average annual humidity percentage during these 30 yrwas 55.4 %.
The trend line in the figure shows a gradual decrease in humidity
percentage in the state from 1980 to 2009
• The diurnal variation in relative humidity is least during monsoon in the
East Rajasthan; on the contrary it is higher in West Rajasthan. In the
summer afternoons the relative humidity is least, i.e. about 20 to 30%
in most of the state which makes the summer very dry and hot. In the
winters (January and February) the diurnal variation is highest
AIR TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY CONDITIONS
• The pleasant winters in the state witness mean night temperatures
above 4.7oC to 10.6oC.
• During summers the western Rajasthan becomes the hottest place
in the country with mean maximum air temperatures varying from
38.6oC to 42.6oC in May.
• The recorded extreme temperatures in the state were -4.4oC to
50.0oC in the western Rajasthan and -2.8oC to 47.8oC in the
eastern Rajasthan (Indian Meteorological Department, 2010).
• The relative humidity in the arid region of Western Rajasthan is also
quite high because of the unfavorable circulations of the
atmosphere and low precipitation that occurs in the arid region as
compared to other semi-arid and sub-humid regions.
RAINFALL IN RAJASTHAN
• The principal rainy season when the Rajasthan state
receives 91% of its annual rainfall is during the South-West
monsoon.
• The total normal annual rainfall in the state varies from
1000 cm over the SouthEastern parts to 14 cm over the
extreme North-Western parts.
• The rest share of rainfall comes during the cold weather
season about 2%, the summer season about 3% and during
the post-monsoon season about 4% of the annual total
rainfall respectively
• The onset of the southwest monsoon over the eastern parts of the state is
witnessed almost by the last week of June which extends over the entire state
by the first week of July.
• Amounting individually to about 34% of the annual rainfall each, July and
August are generally the rainiest months.
• Around 1st September the withdrawal of the southwest monsoon begins from
the northern western parts of the state and by 15th September it withdraws
from the entire state.
• During cold weather season a small amount of rainfall i.e. 1cm and 0.7 cm in
East and West Rajasthan is received.
• This respectively is of great significance for agriculture and if occurs in
association with western disturbances which move from west to east across the
northern parts of the country.
• During the south-west monsoon period extending from June to September the
state receives about 90% of the total rainfall. The cold weather period (January
and February) receive the Remaining portion of rainfall which occurs in
association with the local convective activity
DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL IN RAJASTHAN:
• There is a wide variation in the mean annual rainfall over Rajasthan as the
extreme western parts of Jaisalmer district receive rainfall less than 100mm in
contrast to more than 900mm in the eastern parts of Jhalawar and Banswara.
• The districts of East Rajasthan receive more rainfall than those of West
Rajasthan. The mean annual rainfall in the East and West Rajasthan is about
64.9 cm and 32.7 cm respectively.
• The maximum rainfall in the state is received in the Southern or South- Eastern
districts of the state. On the west of Aravalli hills Pali and Jalore districts
receive maximum amount of rain of 50 cm and 43 cm in West Rajasthan.
• In the North or North-Western districts Jaisalmer district receives the lowest
rainfall. Bikaner, Ganganagar, Jaisalmer receive annual rainfall of 26cm, 24cm
and 17cm respectively. The adjoining areas of these districts constitute the
driest zone of the state. The lowest recorded annual rainfall in the past 100
years i.e. between 1900 and 2010 was 24 mm in the western Rajasthan and
whereas it was never below 120 mm in the eastern Rajasthan
TEMPERATURE VARIATION IN RAJASTHAN
• The Rajasthan state experiences more or less uniform day temperatures
over the plains except during the winter when temperatures increase
southwards and during monsoon season when temperatures increase
northwards.
• During the southwest monsoon the night minimum temperatures are
more or less uniform but generally they are lower in higher latitudes.
• As compared to the plains the day and night temperatures over the
plateau and at high level stations are lower.
• In the hottest month of May the mean maximum temperature is
approximately around 41°C - 42°C in the plains, but it is 2°C to 4°C lower in
the elevated and plateau regions of the state.
• The Graph depicts the average mean temperature of Rajasthan district-
wise from the year 1980 to 2009.
• The mean minimum temperature in the coldest month of January in
the state is 7.4°C, which varies from 4°C in the north to 12°C in the
south. With the arrival of western disturbances much lower winter
temperature may be experienced.
• Minimum temperature 2°C - 5°C below the freezing point can be
recorded at few stations of northern Rajasthan.
• In the past 50 years the lowest minimum temperature at a plain
station ever recorded was -5.9°C at Jaisalmer on 12 January 1967
(12.8°C below the respective normal for the coldest month), while
the hill station of Abu had recorded the lowest temperature of -
7.4°C on 12 December 1994 (13.1°C below the respective normal
for the coldest month)
• The maximum temperature rise rapidly from February onwards till May and
minimum temperature from February onwards till June. The increase in
maximum in the period from January to May ranges from 13°C to 20°C at
individual stations as we proceed from south to north of the state. From the
beginning of June to the end of July, the maximum temperature falls by about
3°C to 7°C whereas the minimum temperature falls only by about 3°C to 5°C
from June to September. A slight rise in the maximum temperature is
experienced in the month of September due to increased insolation.
• Post-September the night temperatures start falling rapidly while day
temperatures too start falling rapidly after October and by January both attain
their lowest values. There is about 8°C to 15°C fall in minimum temperature and
maximum temperature fall by 5°C to 7°C. In both cases, the fall increases from
southern parts of the state to the northern parts. Smallest diurnal range of
temperature is experienced during July and August of about 9°C in the state.
After the withdrawal of the monsoon the diurnal range of temperature
increases. The diurnal range is greatest in November month.
Solar Radiation and Sunshine Availability in Rajasthan
• Solar Radiation
Rajasthan region receives abundant quantities of solar radiation especially
the western parts of the state. The mean duration of bright sunshine in
this region is 8.0 to 8.8 hr/day
• The maximum sunshine period of 9.6 to 9.8 hr/day is in October for western part
of Rajasthan whereas it is 10.0 to 10.5 hr/day during April and May for eastern
part. In rainy month of August the sunshine is available only for about 4.4 to 7.1
hrs/day.
• Evapotranspiration
• The annual potential evapotranspiration values vary widely between
eastern and western Rajasthan
• In Dungarpur and Banswara districts the annual potential
evapotranspiration is less than 1300 mm whereas it is more than 2000
mm in Jaisalmer district
• Cloudiness • Fog:
• In a year, Rajasthan has 300- • Fog occurs occasionally due to
lack of sufficient moisture in the
330 days of clear sunshine. region.
• Even during rainy season of • The maximum frequency of
July and August, the skies occurrence of fog is during
remain clear for 8-9 December and January in both
days/month in west Western and Eastern Rajasthan.
Rajasthan and for 4-5 • During the monsoon season hill
days/month in east Rajasthan. fog occurs at few places, when air
• The cloud cover decreases is almost saturated and is
to a great extent over the easily cooled below the dew
entire state during October. point while rising over high
elevations.
Wind Regime and associated phenomenon
• Wind Regime and associated phenomenon
• The wind directions are mostly south-westerly during
large part of the year whereas during
winter they are northeast to north.
• During the winter season the Winds are light and variable
but in summers especially around
May to July strong winds prevail in the most parts of
Rajasthan.
• Summers witness severe dust storm period too when the
wind speed rises up to 60 kilometer
per hour causing erosion from the dry soils
Wind Velocity:
• There is a direct link between wind velocity and seasons.
• The wind speed reaches the highest in the month of June,
which starts rising from the month of April.
• The wind speed starts gradually decreasing and comes to
minimum in the month of November.
• In the Western Rajasthan, Jaisalmer has the highest mean
monthly wind velocity followed by Jodhpur.
• On the eastern side Jaipur has the highest mean monthly
wind velocity. For the most of the days during a year the
Wind speed remains 1-19 km per hour all over the State
(Indian Meteorological Department, 2010).
Dust storms
• For the occurrence of both thunderstorms and dust storms
convective activity is essential.
• When the moisture is insufficient in the atmosphere, dry
thunderstorms or dust storms occur.
• Dry and hot winds known as ‘Loo’, blow in the afternoon, and very
often, they continue to well into midnight.
• Dust storms in the evening are very common in May for south-
eastern areas and in June for north-western part of state.
Ganganagar has about 27 days of dust-storm followed by
Bikaner and Jodhpur.
• Dust storms are mainly confined to the summer months of March-
June.
Thunderstorms:
• • Thunderstorms are associated more with eastern part of the state
then the arid western areas.
• The maximum occurrences of thunderstorms are during July (with
approach of Monsoon) in the
state and minimal in the months from November to January.
• The average number of days of thunderstorms during the
monsoon season is about 11 in West
Rajasthan and 10 in East Rajasthan.
• The average annual number of thunderstorms in the West and
East Rajasthan are 17.0 and 15.0.
• Hail is sometimes accompanied with Pre-monsoon and monsoon
thunderstorms.
ATMOSPHERIC SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND WINDS:
• • There is a very systematic manner in which the
seasonal variations of atmospheric pressure take
place over the state, with a maximum in the winter
(January) and a minimum in the monsoon season
(July).
• Except during the late summer and monsoon
season the pressure gradient generally remains
weak over the state.
• During winters the higher pressure is to the north
and during summers the pressure decreases
from south to north in Rajasthan.
Weather Seasons of Rajasthan
• The geographical diversity of the state causes varied
weather conditions even during same season.
However, Rajasthan has four distinct weather seasons:
• The hot weather season (March to Mid June)
• The season of general rains (mid-June to September)
• The season of retreating monsoon (October -
November)
• The cold season (December to February )
The Hot Weather Season
• With the apparent northward movement of the sun towards the Tropic of
Cancer in March, temperatures start rising in north India. April, May and June
are the months of summer in north India.
• Dry and hot winds known as ‘Loo’, blow in the afternoon, and very often, they
continue to well into midnight. Dust storms in the evening are very common
in May for south-eastern areas and in June for north-western part of state.
Ganganagar has about 27 days of dust-storm followed by Bikaner and Jodhpur.
• Duration: Season is initiated in March and prevails from April to Mid-June.
• Average Mean Temperature: The maximum daily temperature in the
western parts of Marusthali mainly at Bikaner, Phalodi, Barmer, and Jaisalmer
goes upto 40-45 deg C.
• Rainfall: Sometimes, the dust storms bring a welcome respite from the
oppressing heat since they bring with them light rains and a pleasant cool
breeze.
The Season of General Rains
• As a result of rapid increase of temperature in May over the
northwestern plains, the low pressure conditions over there get
further intensified.
• By early June, they are powerful enough to attract the
trade winds of Southern Hemisphere coming from the Indian
Ocean.
• These southeast trade winds cross the equator and enter the Bay
of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, only to be caught up in the air
circulation over India.
• Passing over the equatorial warm currents, they bring with them
moisture in abundance.
• After crossing the equator, they follow a southwesterly direction.
That is why they are known as southwest monsoons
• As these winds approach the land, their southwesterly direction is modified by
the relief and thermal low pressure over the northwest India.
• The monsoon approaches the landmass in two branches:
• (i) The Arabian Sea branch • (ii) The Bay of Bengal branch.
• While both of these branches aim to reach the low pressure area of northern
plains, yet, Rajasthan has considerable less rainfall because of following
reasons:
• The Bay of Bengal branch already gives up its moisture during its passage
through Ganga plain. Further, as Aravali range stretches from south-west to
north-east direction, so western part of Rajasthan lies in leeward side of the
Bay of Bengal branch and receives little or no rain from this branch.
• The same Aravalli Range lies parallel to the direction of Arabian Sea branch
and fails to interrupt this branch of monsoon. However, in he southern
Aravallis, the mountains have slight east-west span thus Mount Abu in south
receives highest rainfall.
• The Season of Retreating Monsoon
The months of October and November are known for retreating
monsoons.
• The monsoon retreats from the western Rajasthan by the first week of
September.
• It withdraws from Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western Ganga plain and the
Central Highlands by the end of the month.
• The retreating southwest monsoon season is marked by clear skies and
rise in temperature.
• The land is still moist. Owing to the conditions of high temperature and
humidity, the weather becomes rather oppressive.
• This is commonly known as the ‘October heat’.
• Duration: October - November
• Average Mean Temperature: maximum ranging from 33-36 deg C and
minimum ranging from 17 - 21 deg C. November is slightly cooler.
• The Cold Weather Season
• Duration: January – February • Average Mean Temperature: Ranges
from 12 deg. C in North of State to 16 deg. C in the south in January. •
• Winds: During the cold weather season, the sun migrates to the
southern hemisphere and creates high-pressure condition over the
northern plain. As a result, winds start blowing from northwestern high
pressure zone to the low air pressure zone over the Indian Ocean in the
south
• Rainfall: The pleasant weather conditions, however, at intervals, get
disturbed by shallow cyclonic depressions originating over the east
Mediterranean Sea and travelling eastwards across West Asia, Iran,
Afghanistan and Pakistan before they reach the northwestern parts of
India. On their way, the moisture content gets augmented from the
Caspian Sea in the north and the Persian Gulf in the south. These cyclonic
depressions have little effect in weather conditions of the state.
TRADITIONAL INDIAN SEASONS
• In the Indian tradition, a year is divided into six two-monthly seasons.
• This cycle of seasons, which the common people in north and central
India follow is based on their practical experience and age-old perception
of weather phenomena.
• However, this system does not match with the seasons of south India
where there is little variation in the seasons.
1. Vasanta - Chaitra-Vaishakha - March-April
2. Grishma - Jyaistha-Asadha - May-June
3. Varsha - Sravana-Bhadra - July-August
4. Sharada - Asvina-Kartika - September-October
• 5. Hemanta - Margashirsa-Pausa - November-December
• 6. Shishira Magha-Phalguna January-February
Rivers of Rajasthan
• The rivers of Rajasthan can be divided into three main
types based on their drainage pattern,
• they are rivers that drain into 1.arabian sea, rivers that
drain into 2.bay of bengal and rivers with 3.inland drainage.
• The most characteristic feature of the drainage system of Rajasthan is that
nearly 60.2% of the area of the state has an inland drainage system.
• rivers that drain into arabian sea – MAHI, SABARMATI, LUNI
• rivers that drain into bay of bengal - BANAS, CHAMBAL, BANGANGA
• rivers with inland drainage – SOTASABI [SAHIBI], KANTI, KAKNI, RUPAREL
• The Aravalli range forms the main watershed for Rajasthan, dividing
the drainage into the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
• The Luni river system that rises from the western slopes of the
Aravalli Range (near Ajmer) flows through the semi-arid transitional
plains into the Rann of Kutch and Arabian Sea, while the Banas and
other streams, rising from the eastern slopes of the Aravallis, join
the Chambal.
• The Chambal, then flows into the Yamuna-Ganga river system which
drains into the Bay of Bengal.
• The main watercourses like the Sabarmati, Banas, etc. and the
tributaries of the Luni, are more or less parallel to the Aravalli
Range
Rajasthan River Basins
• A river basin is the portion of land drained by a river and its
tributaries.
• It is considered as the basic hydrological unit for planning and
development of water resources.
• Rajasthan is a water scarce state but there are six major river basins
in the State.
• Major Rajasthan River Basins include:
• Banas basin which is the largest, drains out 45,833 Sq km.
• Luni basin, which comes next, drains out 37,363 Sq km.
• Chambal basin drains out 31,360 Sq km.
• Mahi basin drains out 16,985 Sq km.
• Banganga basin drains out 8,878 Sq km.
• Sabarmati basin drains out 4,164 sq km
• There are more rivers like Sahibi, Ruparel and Ghaggar which have
smaller catchment areas besides several streams which feed the
bigger rivers.
• Five of these rivers can be further divided into sub-basins as given
below:
• Banas Basin – Banas, Berach, Dain, Gudia, Kalisil, Khari, Kothari,
Mashi, Morel, Sodra.
• Luni Basin –Luni, Sukri, Rediya, Mithri, Bandi, Khari, Jawai, Guhiya
and Sagi, and Jojari.
• Chambal Basin – Banas, Chakan, Chambal Downstream, Chambal
Upstream, Kalisindh, Kunu, Mej and Parwati.
• Mahi Basin- Anas, Bhadar, Jakham, Moran, Som and Mahi.
• Sabarmati Basin- Sabarmati, Sei, Vatrak and Wakal
INTER-LINKING OF RAJASTHAN RIVER BASINS
• The National Water Development Agency (NWDA) under
the Union Ministry of Water Resources, River Development
and Ganga Rejuvenation is studying the preliminary level of
the feasibility of the three river inter-linking projects in
Rajasthan. The proposed links are:
• Parwati - Kalisindh -Chambal Link,
• Yamuna-Rajasthan Link Project
• Rajasthan – Sabarmati Link Project
Additionally, there‘s also a plan to divert water of Chambal
to Bisalpur dam by linking its tributary, Brahmani river to
Banas river upstream of Bisalpur.
THE RAJASTHAN RIVER BASIN AND WATER RESOURCES PLANNING ACT, 2015
• In October 2015, the Rajasthan assembly passed the

Rajasthan River Basin and Water Resources Planning
Bill, 2015 by voice vote.
• The bill sought for the establishment of State Water
Resources Advisory Council and Rajasthan River Basin
and Water Resources Planning Authority for
management and development of river basins and sub-
basins on sustainable basis on integrated water
resources management (IWRM) concept
Yamuna-Rajasthan Link Canal
• The National Water Development Agency (NWDA) under the Union
Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
is studying the preliminary level of the feasibility of the three river inter-
linking projects in Rajasthan. One of the suggested project in Rajasthan is
the Yamuna Rajasthan Link Canal Project.
• Rajasthan set to begin work on its first river-linking project
• Rajasthan Government has kicked off preparations for its first river-
interlinking project – ensuring flow of excess rainwater in Chambal and
Brahmani rivers to Bisalpur dam.
• Once operational, the project will ensure smooth drinking water supply
to 19 towns and around 3000 villages in Jaipur, Ajmer, Tonk and Nagaur
districts.
• The Project
• Construction of a dam to store monsoon flows in Brahmani
river;
• A diversion system will be constructed to take water from the
Brahmani dam to Bisalpur dam; o A pump house to lift water
from Jawahar Sagar dam on the Chambal river;
• A transmission system will be made to bring water from
Jawahar Sagar dam to diversion system and Brahmani dam; and
from here, water will be sent to the Bisalpur dam through a
54km tunnel, which will have a 20km open channel.
• The Bisalpur dam, completed in 1999 on the Banas river, caters
to water needs of Ajmer and Jaipur.
ANCIENT RIVERS OF RAJASTHAN
• ancient rivers of India, three rivers emerge in Hindu ethos, viz., Ganga,
Yamuna and Sarasvati. In Vedic geography, there is a mention of Sapta
Sindhu, i.e., seven rivers in which Sarasvati attains an important
description.
• Most of these rivers exist even today except Sarasvati which has
disappeared completely. Information on Prehistoric India comes from two
distinct sources:
• The literary tradition represented in the main by the faithfully preserved
corpus of Vedic texts headed by the Rigveda.
• The archaeological tradition ranging from the Aceramic Neolithic of
Mehrgarh and the various phases of the Harappan civilization to the Iron
Age Painted Grey Ware and the Northern Black Polished Ware cultures.
SARASVATI AND DRISHADVATI: IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS
• Sarasvati River:
vedic civilization, Rigveda - Sapta Sindhu
• The seven rivers of NW India , traced from east to west as
Sarasvati, Satadru ( Sutlej ), Vipasa (Beas), Parosni (Ravi) ,
Asikni (Chenab) Vitasta (Jhelum) and Sindhu (Indus)
• Mahabharata, Skanda Purana, Manu Smriti
Drishadvati River:
Different literary sources that mention Drishadvati include:
Latyayana Srautasutra ,Manu Smriti , Brahmanas, Srimad
Bhagavatam
RIVERS OF INLAND DRAINAGE IN RAJASTHAN
• One of the most interesting feature about drainage system of
Rajasthan is that nearly 60.2 percent of of
the area of state has inland drainage system.
• Nearly all of this area lies wet of Aravalli divide and
includes a large number of separate basins like Sota-Sahibi basin,
Kantli basin, Barah Basin and streams
in Luni basin
Ghaggar-Hakra River
a season river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the
monsoon season. The river originates from kalka hills (Himachal
Pradesh) and is known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as
the Hakra downstream of the barrage
• Origin Kalka Hills of Shivalik Range in Himachal Pradesh
• Length 465 Kms Discharge Sand dunes in Bhawalpur
district of Pakistan
• States & Major CitiesHimachal Pradesh: Punjab:
Ambala, PatialaHaryana: Hissar Rajasthan: Tibbi,
Hanumangarh, Talwara, Anupgarh and Suratgarh
• Tributaries Chautang River, Kaushalya river, Sarsuti
Ghaggar Hakra River Course
• Ghaggar rises from Kalka hills of Shivalik Range in
Himachal Pradesh and flows through Ambala, Patiala
(Punjab) and Hissar (Haryana) districts.
• It enters Rajasthan and flows through Hanumangarh,
Talwara, Anupgarh and Suratgarh.
• Ghaggar flows across the international border through
Sri Ganganagar district and assumes the name, Hakra,
near Fort Abbas City in Pakistan.
• The river finally enters into Bhawalpur district of
Pakistan where it gets lost in sand dunes.
• Kantli River:
originates from hills of Khandela hills of Sikar district and taking a
northernly course runs into Jhunjhunu and ends in sand dunes near
Churu district.
• Site of ancient OCP culture - Ganeshwar lies on bank of Kantli river.
• Catchment area of Kantli river is known as Torawati.
Kakni or Masurdi River:
• Kakni is a small seasonal river of Jaisalmer, that originates 27
south from Kotri village and flows for few kms draining into Bhuj
lake
• Mantha River: orginates from jaipur and flows into Sambhar lake
RUPAREL RIVER OR RUPARAIL RIVER
• Originates from Udainath hills in Thangazi tehsil of Alwar district.
• It traverses these hills northwards, turning towards the east and
northeast before disappearing in Bharatpur District. It flows first through
hills and subsequently through plains nearly up to Kusalpur in Bharatpur
district.
• It has a total length of about 104 km.
• Also called as Varah or Lasvari river.
• Ruparail basin extends in a broadly W-E direction and is bounded by the
Sabi River Basins in the northwest side and the Banganga River Basin in
the southeast. The northern border is shared with Haryana State.
• The river has been in news, because of its disappearance and revival by
efforts of Shri Rajendra Singh
• Rupangarh River originates from Salemabad (Ajmer) and flows in
northerly direction to drain into Sambhar lake.
SOTA-SABI OR SAHIBI RIVER
• • There are two branches, the Sabi branch rises from Sewar hills
and the Sota branch rises from hills of Bairath.
• The two branches meet at Jalalpur.
• The river flows in northern direction through Kotputli tehsil,
Bansur, Behror Kishangarh, Mundawar (Haryana) Rewari and
empties into Najafgarh drain.
• Sabi basin is bounded in the northwest by Shekhawati River Basin
and Ruparail and Banganga River basins in the southeast. The
northern boundary is shared administratively with Haryana
State. The Basin extends over parts of Alwar, Jaipur and Sikar
districts. The total catchment areaof the sabi basin is 4607.9 km2.
• It flows in Rajasthan for a distance of about 157 km before
entering Haryana State
Chambal River & its Tributaries
• Chambal river is one of the cleanest perennial rivers of India. It
originates at Janapav, south of Mhow town, on the south slope of the
Vindhya Range in Madhya Pradesh.
• Chambal flows north-northeast through Madhya Pradesh, running for a
time through Rajasthan, then forming the boundary between Rajasthan
and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the Yamuna in
Uttar Pradesh.
• It ends a confluence of five rivers, including the Chambal, Kwari,
Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state, at
the border of Bhind and Etawah districts
• River Interlinking Projects in Chambal: Parwati- Kalisindh-Chambal link
• The proposed Parwati- Kalisindh-Chambal link is one of the big
projects being planned in the basin which will divert surplus waters of
Parwati and Kalsindh to the Rana Pratap Sagar or Gandhi Sagar dam
• Origin Janapav near Mhow (M.P) in the Vindhaya mountain rangeLength
965 Kms (370 Kms in Rajasthan)
• Discharge Yamuna, Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh
• States & Major CitiesMadhya Pradesh:
Rajasthan: Kota
Uttar Pradesh:
• Right Bank TributariesParbati, Kali Sindh, Shipra
• Left Bank Tributaries Banas, Mej
• Major Dams Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar, Kota Barrage
Chambal River Course:
• Chambal River originates from northern slopes of Singar Chouri
peak, at an altitude of 884.4 m, in the Vindyan Range. It flows in
northerly direction through Madhya Pradesh (M.P.) for about 346
kilometres and enters Rajasthan near Chaurasigarh (Chittorgarh).
• Here the river falls 505 m and then enters a gorge for 113 Kms and
leaves it near Kota. From Kota, it makes boundary between Kota
and Bundi district and then boundary between Rajasthan
and M.P passing through Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and Dholpur. It
eventually enters U.P. and flows for about 32 kilometres before
joining the Yamuna near Bhareh
Chambal River Basin:
• Rajasthan has the largest catchment area of the Chambal river at 79,401
square km, which is 57.86 per cent of the total catchment of the river.
• In Rajasthan, Chambal basin extends over parts of Chittorgarh, Bhilwara,
Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Jhalawar, Kota, Baran and Dholpur districts.
• On its south, east and west, the basin is bounded by the Vindhyan mountain
ranges and on the north-west by the Aravallis.
• The proposed Parwati- Kalisindh-Chambal link is one of the big projects being
planned in the basin which will divert surplus waters of Parwati and Kalsindh to
the Rana Pratap Sagar or Gandhi Sagar dam.
Chambal River Dams:
There are four main dams on chambal river located from south to north
1. Gandhi Sagar Dam 2. Rana Pratap Sagar Dam 3. Jawahar Sagar Dam
4. Kota Barrage
• Chambal River Tributaries:The tributaries of the Chambal
include Shipra, Choti Kalisindh, Sivanna, Retam, Ansar,
Kalisindh, Banas, Parbati, Seep, Kuwari, Kuno, Alnia, Mej,
Chakan, Parwati, Chamla, Gambhir,
Lakhunder, Khan, Bangeri, Kedel and Teelar.
Chambal River Dams:
There are four main dams on chambal river located from
south to north
1. Gandhi Sagar Dam 2. Rana Pratap Sagar Dam 3. Jawahar
Sagar Dam 4. Kota Barrage
Kali Sindh
• Origin Bagli (District Dewas) in Madhya Pradesh. Enters Rajasthan at
Binda Village.
• Length 278 Kms (145 Kms in Rajasthan)
• Discharge Chambal, Nonera village in Baran district in Rajasthan.
• States & Major CitiesMadhya Pradesh: Rajasthan: Jhalawar, Baran
• Tributaries Parwan, Niwaj and Ahu
• Parban River is a tributary of Kali Sindh. that originates in Sehore
district of Madhya Pradesh. Parban flows through Sehore, Shajapur
and Rajgarh districts in Madhya Pradesh . It covers Jhalawar, Kota,
Baran districts of Rajasthan and meets Kali Sindh in Baran district of
Rajasthan.
• Parbati River:
Origin Northern slopes of Vindhyan Range n Sehore district, M.PDischarge
Chambhal, Paliya Village near Sawai Madhopur, Kota BorderStates &
Major CitiesMadhya Pradesh: Rajasthan: Kota
• Mej River: left bank tributary of Chambal River. It originates near
Mandalgarh in Bhilwara and joins Chambal in Kota. The catchment area of
Mej river extends over Bhilwara, Bundi and Tonk of Rajasthan.
Origin Near Mandalgarh in Bhilwara, Rajasthan
• Discharge Chambal, in Lakheri, Kota States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Kota
Banas River & its Tributaries
• Origin Khamnor Hills, near Kumbhalgarh in Rajsamand.
• Length 512 Kms Discharge Chambal near Rameshwar in
Sawai Madhopur District
• States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Nathdwara, Jahazpur and
Tonk.
• Right Bank TributariesBerach, Menali
• Left Bank Tributaries Kothari, Khari, Dai, Dheel, Sohadara,
Morel and Kalisil
• Major Dams Bisalpur
• Banas River Basin:
Banas lies completely within Rajasthan and has the largest
catchment area (45,833 square km) in
Rajasthan.
• Banas drains the east slope of the central portion of the
Aravalli Range, and the basin includes all or part of Pali,
Rajsamand, Udaipur, Tonk, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Bundi,
Chittorgarh, Dausa, Jaipur and Sawai Madhopur districts.
Banas River Tributaries:
Major tributariesof Banas include the right bank tributaries
of Berach and Menali and the left bank tributaries of Kothari,
Khari, Dai, Dheel River, Sohadara, Morel and Kalisil
• Berach or Bedach - Origin Gogunda hills in Udaipur
• Length 157 Kms Discharge Banas, near Bigod village of
Bhilwara
• States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Udaipur and Chittorgarh
• Right Bank TributariesAhar, Wagli (Wagon), Gambhir and
Orai Major Dams Gosunda Dam
• Kothari River: Origin Aravalli hills near Devgarh in the
RajsamandLength 380 KmsDischarge Banas River, Nandrai
in Kotri tehsilStates & Major Cities Rajasthan: Bhilwara
Major Dams Meja Dam
• Khari River
• Origin- Hills of Bijral village, North of Rajsamand
district
• Length- 80 Km
• It meets near Banas river near Deoli (Tonk).
Dai River - River Dai originates in the southeastern
slopes of the Aravalli Range, near Nasirabad Tehsil
of Ajmer.
• It flows southeast and then east in Ajmer District
and for a short distance through Tonk District,
before joining Banas River near Bisalpur village in
Tonk District.
• Dheel River
• originates in the plains near Bauli village in Tonk District.
• It flows generally from north to south through Jaipur, Tonk and Sawai
Madhopur
• It joins the Banas near Philpura village in Sawai Madhopur district.
• River Gudia is its tributary.
Morel River
• One branch of River Morel originates in the hills near Dharla and
Chainpura villages in Bassi Tehsil of Jaipur District and the second
branch makes by receiving water from the catchment area of foothills
of Paplaj Mataji mountains, district Dausa.
• It flows southeast and then southwest to meet river Dhund, and then
again southeast through Jaipur, Dausa and Sawai Madhopur , eventually
joining Banas river near Hadoli of Sawai Madhopur District.
• KaliSil River
• The River Kalisil originates in the hills near Rajpura village
in Sawai Madhopur District.
• The river flows generally southwest, partly through hills
and partly in the plains of Sawai Madhopur District, finally
joining the Morel River.
Major Dams on Banas River
• Bisalpur Dam is a gravity dam on the Banas River near
Deoli in Tonk district, Rajasthan, India.
The dam was constructed in 1999 for the purpose of
irrigation and water supply.
• Banganga River & its Tributaries
• Origin Bairath hills in Jaipur, Rajasthan
• Length 380 Kms Discharge Yamuna near Agra
• States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Dausa and Bharatpur
Uttar Pradesh:
• Right Bank Tributaries Gumti Nala, and Suri rivers
• Left Bank Tributaries Palasan and Sanwan
• Major Dams Ramgarh Dam
Banganga Course
• Banganga Course - It flows towards the south, through Ramgarh, up to
the village of Ghat, then towards east through partly hilly and partly
plain terrain in Dausa and enters Vair tehsil in Bharatpur. Its waster
spreads out into several channels in Bharatpur.
• One of the main channel is diverted to Ajan Band (Bharatpur), which is
also source of supply of water for Keoladev National Park.
• The river eventually flows up to Fatehbad in Agra district (Uttar
Pradesh), where it flows into Yamuna
• Basin - total catchment area of 8,878.7 sq km.
• It is bounded by Ruparail and Sabi in its north; and the Shekhawati
Basin in its west and the Gambhir and Banas River Basins in its south-
southwest.
• The eastern border of the basin is marked by the Yamuna River Basin in
Uttar Pradesh. Administratively, Banganga River Basin extends over
parts of Alwar, Jaipur, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur and Bharatpur Districts.
• Banganga Tributaries: - The main tributaries are Gumti Nalla
and Suri River, joining the river on its right bank, and Sanwan
and Palasan Rivers meeting the river on its left bank.
Suri River:
• Suri River originates in hills near Kanst village in Dausa and
joins Banganga near Kailai Village.
Sanwan River:
• Sanwan river originates in hills near Angri village in Alwar
district and joins banganga near village juthiara.
Palasan River
• Palasan river orginates in the hills near Rajpura village in
Alwar district and joins banganga near village Indiana.
Banganga Dams:
• Jamwa Ramgarh dam has been constructed across the
banganga river in Jaipur.
• Luni River & its Tributaries
Origin Naga hills in Ajmer district of Rajasthan
• Length 511 Kms Discharge Rann of Kachchh
• States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Balotra Gujarat:
• Right Bank Tributaries Jojri
• Left Bank TributariesLilri, the Guhiya, the Bandi
(Hemawas), the Sukri, the Jawai, the Khari
Bandi, the Sukri Bandi, the Sagi
• Major Dams The Dantiwada dam, Sipu dam
• Luni Course
At Govindgarh it meets its tributary Sarsuti and travels in north-western
direction towards Nagaur.
• Luni takes a turn and starts flowing in southwest direction through the aravalli
hills in Pali and reaches plains of marwar region in Jodhpur.
• It continues in the same direction into Barmer and Jalore, eventually discharging
into Rann of Kachchh, Gujarat.
• At Rann of Kutch, Luni forms a delta where the water spreads out and does not
contribute any runoff.
Luni Basin:
• The Luni basin is bounded by Aravalli range and Gujarat plains on the east, by
Rajasthan desert on north, and by the Arabian Sea on the south and the west
• The total area of Luni basin is 32,879 Sq.km and includes several parts of the
Ajmer region from Nagaur to Pali and then moving towards Jodhpur and Barmer
before its entry into the Jalore district
Luni Tributaries: The main tributaries of Luni joining from left are the Lilri, the Guhiya, the
Sukri, the Jawai, the Bandi (Hemawas), the Khari Bandi, the Sukri Bandi and the Sagi.
Jojri is the only major tributary that joins the luni river from right.
• Jawai River • Bandi River
• originates from the Aravalli • The Rivers Khari and Mithai meet at
Ranges in the Udaipur district of pickup weir of Bombadra. This
Rajasthan. confluence gives rise to the
• Main tributaries of Jawai are Bandi River.
Sukri and Khari river. • After flowing for about 45 km, it
• Western Rajasthan's largest dam, joins the Luni near the Lakhar village.
the Jawai Dam, is located near • The Hemawas dam is located near
Sumerpur in Pali district, on Hemawas on this river.
Jawai river • The district headquarters Pali is
• Twin cities of Sumerpur and located on the bank of Bandi.
Sheoganj are situated on the banks
of this river
• Sukri River: originates from the western slopes of
Aravalli Range in Pali District and flows through Jalore
and Barmer before merging with the Majal in Luni river
• Bankli Dam is located on this river in Jalore District
• Guhiya River - a small river in Pali, which runs only
during the monsoon season.
• It rises in the foothills of the Aravalli Range near the
villages of Khariya Neev and joins the Bandi River near
the village of Phekaria.
Dams on Luni River:
• In 1892, Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur
constructed Jaswant Sagar in Pichiyak village, Jodhpur
district to use the waters of Luni rive
• Sabarmati River & its Tributaries
Sabarmati River is one of the major West flowing river of
India, along with Narmada and Tapti, which originates from
Aravali hill ranges in Rajasthan and after traveling 371 Km.
meets the Gulf of Cambay (Khambhat) in the Arabian Sea.
• 48 km of the river length is in Rajasthan, while the rest 323
km is in Gujarat. Sabarmati originates from Aravalli hills at an
elevation of 762 m near village Tepur, in Udaipur district
of Rajasthan
• It flows generally in South – West direction in Rajasthan and
enters the Gujarat State and passes through the plains and
continues to flow in the same direction.
• Sabarmati Basin:
extends over states of Rajasthan and Gujarat having an area of 21,674
Sq.km with maximum length and width of 300 km and 150 km.
• The basin is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and north-east, by
Rann of Kutch on the west and by Gulf of Khambhat on the south.
• The basin is roughly triangular in shape with the Sabarmati River as
the base and the source of the Vatrak River as the apex point.
Sabarmati River Course:
At the 51 km of its run, the river is joined by the Wakal on the left bank
near village Ghanpankari.
• After flowing generally in the South – West direction at 67th km of its
run, it receives the Sei on the right bank near Mhauri and then the
Harnav on the left bank at about 103 km.
From respective sources beyond this confluence, Sabarmati flows
through the Dharoi gorge
• Emerging from the gorge it passes through the
plains and is joined on its left bank at about 170
km from its source by the Hathmati, which is its
major tributary.
• Continuing to flow in South – West direction,
the river passes through Ahmedabad and about
65 km down stream, another major tributary,
Watrak joins its on the left bank, flowing for a
further distance of 68 km, the river outfalls in
the Gulf of Khambhat in Arabian Sea.
Sabarmati Tributaries:
• Sei - right bank tributary.It rises in the Aravalli hills in Rajasthan and
flows in South – West direction for a total distance of 95 km before
it joins on its right bank. It drains an area of 946 sq km.
Wakal - Left bank tributary. It rises in the Aravalli hills in Rajasthan
and flows in South – West direction for a total length of 88 km.
• It joins Sabarmati on its left bank. It drains an area of 1625 sq km.
The Menas is its main tributary
Harnav - Left bank tributary, It rises in the Northern portion of the
Kulalia hills of Rajasthan ranges and flows in South – West direction
for a total distance of 75 km. Harnav joins the left bank of
Sabarmati. It drains an area of 972 sq km.
• Hathmati - Left bank tributary, It rises in SouthWest foot hills of
Rajasthan range in Gujarat State and flows in South West direction for a
distance of 122 km to meet the Sabarmati on its left bank.This tributary
drains an area of 1526 sq km. The sub-tributary of Hathmati river is
Guhai river, on which Guhai dam is constructed.
Watrak - Left bank tributary, It rises in Panchara hills in Dungarpur
district of Rajasthan and flows in Southwest direction for a distance of
248 km and joins Sabarmati on the left bank.
• Meshwo, Mazam & Shedhi are sub-tributaries of Watrak river. Watrak
and its tributaries drain an area of 8638 sq km.
• A line diagram of river system giving information of Sabarmati Basin &
its tributaries and sub tributaries etc. indicating the location of major
structures is enclosed
• Major Dams on Sabarmati River
There are several dams and reservoirs constructed on
Sabarmati and its tributaries.
• The Dharoi dam is located on the main sabarmati river, while
Hathmati dam, Harnav dam, Guhai dam, Meshvo reservoir,
Meshvo pick-up weir, Mazam dam and Watrak dam are
located on tributaries.
• The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.
Dharoi Dam:
• Dharoi dam is located about 165 km upstream Ahmedabad
in village Dharoi of Mehsana district.
• It was constructed in 1978.
• It has catchment area of 5540 km2, out of which about 2,640
km2 lies in Gujarat state.
• Origin Village Tepur, in Udaipur, RajasthanLength
371 KmsDischarge Gulf of Cambay
(Khambhat)States & Major CitiesRajasthan:
Gujarat: AhmedabadRight Bank
TributariesSei, Siri and DhamniLeft Bank
Tributaries Wakal, Harnav, Hathmati, Khari,
WatrakMajor Dams Dharoi Dam
Mahi River & its Tributaries
• interstate west flowing rivers, along with Tapti River and the
Narmada River
• Initially the river flows Northwards through Dhar and Jhabua
districts of M.P. and then turns left and passes through the Ratlam
district of M.P., then turning to North - West, it enters the Banswara
district of Rajasthan and flows in South - West directions and
thereafter enters the Panchmahal district of Gujarat state.
• Then the river continuously flows in the same direction through
Kheda district of Gujarat and finally falls into the Gulf of Khambhat
in Arabian Sea.
Mahi River Basin:
• The Mahi basin extends over states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan
and Gujarat having total area of 34,842 Sq.km.
• It is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and the north-west, by
Malwa Plateau on the east, on the south by the Vindhyas and by
the Gulf of Khambhat on the west.
• The state wise distribution of the drainage area is
Rajasthan 16453
• Gujarat 11694
• Madhya Pradesh 6695
• Total 34842
Tributaries of Mahi:
• Som - right bank. river rises near Som on the Eastern slopes
of the Aravalli hills in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan at an
elevation of 600 m above m.s.l. and flows in the Eastern
direction to join the main river Mahi on the right bank 6.3
km upstream of Paderdibadi site in Dungarpur district of
Rajasthan.
• Its total length is about 155 km.
• The total drainage area of Som is 8707 sq.km.
• Gomti & Jakham are the major right bank sub tributaries of
Som.
• Anas - Left bank Anas River rises near Kalmora on the Northern
slopes of Vindhyas in Jhabua district in MP at an elevation of 450 m
above m.s.l. and flows in the North - West direction and joins the
main river Mahi on left bank in the Dungarpur district in Rajasthan.
• It has a total length of about 156 km and the total drainage area of
5604 sq.km.
Panam
This is a Left bank tributary of Mahi. Panam river rises near Bhadra
on Northern slopes of the Vindhyas near Jhabua district in Madhya
Pradesh at an elevation of about 300 m above m.s.l. and flows
in the North - West direction and joins the main river on the left
bank in the Panchmahal district of Gujarat. It has a total length of
about 127 km and drainage area of about 2470 sq.km.
Hydro-electric projects on Mahi River
• There are two major hydro-electric projects
constructed on Mahi River.
1. Kadana Hydroelectric Project - Gujarat - Fort
Sonagadh
• 2 Mahi Hydroelectric Project - Rajasthan Banswara
Dams on Mahi River:
1.Banswara Dam or Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam
2.Wanakbori dam 3.Kadana Dam
• Banswara Dam or Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam
• Named after Shri Jamnala Bajaj, Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam
is situated 16 kilometres from Banswara town in
Banswara district Rajasthan, India.
• It is the second largest dam in Rajasthan.
• The dam was constructed between 1972 and 1983 for
the purposes of hydroelectric power generation and
water supply.
• There are large number of islands within the
catchment area of the dam, so Banswara also called
popularly called as "City of Hundred Islands".
• Wanakbori dam
• The Wanakbori dam is established near
Wanakbori village.
• The Wanakbori thermal power station uses the
water of river mahi. There are 7 units for the
production electricity.
Kadana Dam
• Kadana Dam is an earthen and masonry dam on
the Mahi River in Mahisagar district of Gujarat,
India.
• The dam was constructed between 1979 and
1989.
West Banas River & its Tributaries
• Origin Near Pindwara village in Sirohi district,
Rajasthan
• Length 266 Kms - Discharge Rann of Kachchh
• States & Major CitiesRajasthan: Gujarat:
• Right Bank TributariesSipu
• Left Bank Tributaries Batria, Sukli, Sewaran, Suket,
Balaram and Khari
• Major Dams The Dantiwada dam, Sipu dam
West Banas Basin:
• drains an area of 8,674 sq km out of which nearly 38 % lies in
Rajasthan State and the
remaining 62 % falls in Gujarat state.
• It is bounded by Luni basin in the north, Sarasvati basin in the
south, Aravalli Hill ranges in the east and Arabian Sea in the west
The number of principal tributaries, which contribute significantly,
is seven. Sipu is the only major tributary on the right bank.
• The other six tributaries namely Batria, Sukli, Sewaran, Suket,
Balaram and Khari drain into the main channel from left bank.
Hence draining system on the left bank of the Banas river is more
extensive as compared to the right bank area.
• West Banas Tributaries:
Sipu: prinicipal tributary, rising from Sirohi and Mount Abu hills in Sirohi
district of Rajasthan state.
• About 30% of Mount Abu hills direct runoff drains into Sipu river while
about 70% of mount Abu hills direct runoff flows into Banas river.
• The confluence of Sipu river and West Banas river is 12 km
downstream of dantiwada dam.
Khari: river rises from Palanpur (B.K.distric) and drains into the Banasa
river through Mehsana district at 80 km downstream of dantiwada dam.
Sukli: triburtary rises from aravalli hills near Pindwara of Sirohi district
(Rajasthan) and drains into the Banas river downstream of Swaroopganj
dam and 9 km upstream of Abu road of Rajasthan state.
Batria: The river rises near Ambaji hills of Aravalli range and drains into
Banas, 3 km upstream of Abu road.
• Dams on West Banas River - The Dantiwada dam and Sipu dam are the
main irrigation structures existing on the main channel of West Banas
river.
Gambhir River & its Tributaries
• also referred to as Utangan River is a river that originates in the hills
near Hindaun in Karauli, Rajasthan and flows around Hindaun City.
• The river supplies water for Keoladev Ghana
Bird Century in Bharatpur, Rajasthan.
• Gambhir is a seasonal river but becomes perennial after its confluence
with the Parbati, outside Dhoulpur District
• It flows in south to north direction up to Kanjoli village (Toda Bhim), then
turns northeast up to village Mertha and enters into Uttar Pradesh.
• The river again enters Rajasthan near Catchapaura village in Dholpur and
subsequently forms the boundary between Uttar Pradesh and
Rajasthan. It then enters Mainpuri District in UP to finally joins Yamuna
river.
• Gambhir River Basin extends over parts of Bharatpur, Dausa, Dhaulpur,
Karauli and Sawai Madhopur Districts.
• It is a small river basin and its approximate total catchment area is
4,316 square km.
• Gambhir River Tributaries: Important tributaries of the river are Sesa,
Kher and Parbati (Different from Parbati, tributary of Kali Sindh).
Parbati River:
• Parbati River rises in hilly terrain near Chhawar village in the Sawai
Madhopur. It runs for 123 km and falls into the Gambhir River near
Kharagpur in Dholpur, Rajasthan.
• Panchana Dam:
• The Panchana Dam is situated at Gambhir river, near Karauli district (a
tributary of Yamuna). The dam is situated at 12 km north to Karauli in
the eastern part of Rajasthan. It is an important man-made wetland
system, formed by the confluence of five rivers, named Barkhera,
Bhadrawati, Attaki, Bhansawat and Manchi.
• Origin In the hills near Hindaun in Karauli,
Rajasthan
• Length 288 Kms in Rajasthan Discharge Yamuna
• States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Hindaun in
Karauli, Bayana city in Bharatpur
• Tributaries Sesa, Kher and Parbati.
• Major Dams Panchana Dam
• Dravyavati River - riginates from the western slope of
Amber hills at the foothills of the Nahargarh Fort in
Jaisalya village and flows through the west side from
Jaipur city, north to south over a length of 47.5
km to meet river Dhund.
• Most of the Jaipur's population stays in the 10 km of the
periphery of this river.
• The river collects storm water from all the adjoining areas
such as Ambabari, major portion of
Walled City, Sanganer town and Pratap Nagar, etc
Pollution in Dravyavati River also known as
Amaanishaah naala
• Rejuvenation:
Jaipur Development Authority ( JDA ) had proposed a project for
Rejuvenation of Dravyawati River. Further in August 2016, JDA has given
a contract to a consortium of Tata Projects and Shanghai Urban
Construction Group at a project cost of Rs1,676 crore to complete the
project by October 2018.
• Activities included in Project include:
• Amortization of 170 MLD polluted water.
• Check dams & fall structures will be constructed to brake the flow of
water during Monsoon, prevent soil erosion and improve the depleting
water-table of the city. 85 such check dams and 122 fall structures shall
be constructed.
• Nearby land of this project will be developed with Parks, Parking,
Theaters, Fountains etc.
• The consortium will be responsible for the maintenance of this project
for 10 years from the completion of the project.
Rajasthan Rivers by Districts
• Rivers of Rajasthan are mostly seasonal, however, these seasonal
rivers recharge the groundwater making well irrigation possible.
• All the rivers and their floodplains in Rajasthan also serve as vast
grazing grounds that support millions of livestock.
• Most of the Rivers originate from the Aravali hills
and flow either in east or west.
• Those Rivers flowing in east merge with Yamuna.
• Those flowing in west fall into Gulf of Khambhat or lost in desert.
Even after being a desert state, apart from Bikaner
almost each district has multiple rivers.
• Bikaner - Churu - no river
• Ajmer - Sagarmati, Saraswati, Khari, Dai, Banas, Rupangarh
• Alwar - Sabi (Sahibi), Ruparail, Kali, Gauri, Sota, Arvari,
Chuhar
• Banswara - Mahi, Annas, Chaini
• Barmer - Luni, Sukri, Mithri
• Baran - Parbati(Parvati), Parwan
• Bharatpur - Chambal, Barah, Banganga, Gambhiri, Parvati,
kukund
• Bhilwara - Banas, Kothari, Berach, Menali, Mansi, Khari
• Bikaner - no river
• Bundi - Kural (mangli), Mej, Brahmani, Ghoda Pachhad
• Chittorgarh - Banas, Berach, Brahmani, Bagan, Gambiri,
Gunjali
• • Churu - no river
• Dausa - Banganga, Morel
• Dholpur - Chambal, Parbati, Gambhir(Utgan)
• Dungarpur - Som, Mahi, Soni
• Hanumangarh - Ghaggar
• Jaipur - Banganga, Bandi(Mashi), Dhund,
Morrel, Sabi (Sahibi)-Sota, Sakha, Mantha
• Jaisalmer - Kaknei, Chingan, Lathi, Dhoa, Dhogri
• Jalore - Luni, Bandhi, Jawai, Sukri, Sagi
• Jhalawar - Kali Sindh, , Chhoti Kali Sindh, Ahu, Niwaj, Parwan
• Jhunjhunu - Kantli
• Jodhpur - Luni, Mathdi, Jojri, Gunaimata
• Karauli - Gambhir, Chambal, Banas
• Kota - Chambal, Kali Sindh, Parvati, Au Niwaj, Parwan
• Nagaur - Luni, Mantha, Harsor
• Pali - Lihri, Bandi, Sukri ,Jawai
• Pratapgarh - Jakham, Siwan, Mahi
• Rajsamand - Khari, Kothari, Banas, Chandrabhaga
• Sawai Madhopur - Chambal, Banas, Morel, Gambhiri
• Sikar - Kantli, Mantha, Pawta, Kavant
• Sirohi - West. Banas, Sukri, Posliya, Khati, Kishnavati, Jhula, Survata
• Sri Ganganagar - Ghaggar
• Tonk - Banas, Mashi, Bandi
• Udaipur - Banas, Ahar, Berach, Wakal, Gomti, Som, Jakham, Sabarmati,
Sei
List of Rivers in Rajasthan
• Ahu (Jhalawar, Kota)
• Andheri (Jhalawar, Kota)
• Anas (Banswara)
• Arvari (Alwar)
Aurai (Chittorgarh)
• Brahmani (Chittorgarh)
• Banas (Rajsamand, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Ajmer, Tonk, Sawai
Madhopur, Karauli )
• Bandi River: (Jaipur, Tonk) | (Sirohi, Jalore) | (Pali) - Three rivers
are named Bandi
• Banganga ( Jaipur, Dausa, Bharatpur,)
• Berach (Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara)
• • Chaini (Banswara)
• Chambal (Chittorgarh,Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli,
Dholpur)
• Chandrabhaga (Rajsamand, Bhilwara)
• Chuhar River (Alwar)
• Dai (Ajmer, Jaipur)
• Dhogri (Jaisalmer)
• Dhundh (Jaipur)
• Gambhiri (Karauli, Sawai Madhopur, Bharatpur, Dholpur)
• Gauri River (Alwar)
• Ghaggar ( Hanumangarh, Ganganagar)
• Ghoda Pachhar (Jhalawar, Bundi)
• Gomti (Udaipur)
• Gunaimata (Jodhpur)
• Harsor (Nagaur)
• Jakham (Pratapgarh, Udaipur, Dungarpur)
• Jawai (Pali, Sirohi, Jalor)
• Jojari (Jodhpur)
• Kakney (Jaisalmer)
• Kakund (Bharatpur)
• • Kali Sindh (Kota)
• Kali River (Alwar)
• Kalisindh (Jhalawar)
• Kantli (Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Churu)
• Kapalganga (Sirohi)
• Khari River (Rajsamand, Bhilwara)
• Kothari River (Rajsamand, Bhilwara)
• Krishnawati (Sirohi, Sikar)
• Kural River (Bundi)
• Kyasari (Jhalawar)
• Lathi River (Jaisalmer)
• Lilri (Pali)
• Luni River (Ajmer, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Pali, Barmer, Jalore)
• Mahi River (Banswara, Pratapgarh, Dungarpur)
• Mandha River (Sikar)
• Mangli (Bundi)
• Mansi (Bhilwara)
• Masi (Tonk, Jaipur)
• Mej (Bundi)
• Menali (Bhilwara)
• Morel (Jaipur, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur)
• Niwaj (Jhalawar, Kota)
• Parban (Jhalawar, Kota, Baran)
• Parbati (Baran, Kota)
• Parvati (Bharatpur, Dholpur)
• Piplaj River (Jhalawar)
• Ruparel (Alwar, Bharatpur)
• Sabarmati (Udaipur)
• Sabi (Sikar, Alwar, Jaipur)
• Sagarmati (Ajmer)
• Sagi (Jalor)
• Sanwan (Dausa)
• Saraswati (Ajmer)
• Sindh River (Alwar)
• • Sohadara (Tonk)
• Som (Udaipur, Dungarpur)
• Sota (Sikar, Alwar)
• Sukri (Pali, Sirohi, Barmer, Jalor)
• Wakal (Udaipur)
• West Banas (Sirohi)
Important Lakes in Rajasthan
• Most arid state - average yearly rainfall less that 100 cm -
large number lakes mostly artificial - The lakes in Rajasthan
can divided into types Saline and Fresh water lakes
Types of Lakes in Rajasthan:
• Saline (Salt) Water lakes
o This are considered as remains of Tethys Sea.
o Deedwana, Lunkaransar, Sambhar, Panchpadra etc.
• Fresh (Sweet) Water lakes
o They have either developed naturally or artificially and
get replenished by rainwater.
o Pichhola, Jaisamand, Rajsamand, Ana Sagar etc
A. Saline (Salt) Water lakes in Rajasthan
• Sambhar Lake
• Location: Phulera, Jaipur
• Built by: As per mythology, Scambhari Devi,
• Highlights:
o Ramsar Wetland
o Largest in-land salt-lake in India
o Touches border of Jaipur, Ajmer and Nagaur.
o Rivers mantha, rupangarh, khari, khandela drain their water into this
lake.
o The lake produces 8.7% of Salt produced in India.
o Lake is managed by Sambhar Salts Limited, a joint venture of Hindustan
Salts and the
Government of Rajasthan.
• Panchpadra Lake:
• Location: Barmer • Built by: Natural
• Highlights: Its sodium chloride level is marked at 98%.
Lunkaransar Lake:
• Location: Bikaner • Built by: Natural
• Highlights: It is a playa lake formed due to deflation.
Deedwana Lake:
• Location: Nagaur • Built by: Natural
• Highlights: Salt produced is non-edible grade because of high
fluoride.
Tal Chappar: • Location: Churu • Highlights: Has Talchhapar Wild Life
Sanctuary.
Other Salt lakes:
• Nagaur District: Degana, Kuchaman • Jodhpur: Falaudi
• Sikar: Rewasa • Jaisalmer: Kavod
Fresh Water lakes in Rajasthan
• Ana Sagar Lake, Ajmer:
built by Arnoraj Chauhan, son of Ajaypal Chauhan,
between 1135 and 1150 AD.
• Mughal Emperor Jahangir added his touch to the lake
by laying out the Daulat Bagh Gardens near the lake.
• Emperor Shah Jahan too, contributed to the expansion
by building five pavilions, known as the
Baradari, between the garden and the lake.
• Lake Foy Sagar, Ajmer: Lake Foy Sagar was built by an English
engineer, Mr. Foy in 1892 AD.
• Pushkar lake, Pushkar, Ajmer
• Siliserh Lake, Alwar
It lies 12 Kms. Southwest of Alwar. A royal hunting lodge
/palace was built by Maharaja Vinay Singh for his Queen Shila
in 1845.
Dailab Lake, Banswara
Jait Sagar Lake, Bundi Located close to the Taragarh Fort
Kanak Sagar Lake, Bundi
About 67 kilometres from the town of Bundi lies this
wonderful flat lake. There is also a town named
after the lake. One can spot several migratory birds here such
as bar headed goose and Demoille cranes all through the year.
• Nawal Sagar lake, Bundi - Nawal Sagar Lake is an artificial lake that
is a major tourist attraction and can even be seen from the Taragarh
Fort.
Gaib Sagar Lake, Dungarpur
Gadsisar Lake, Jaisalmer
Gadisar Lake was constructed in the 14th century by Maharawal
Gadsi Singh to meet the water needs of his arid lands.
Balsamand Lake, Jodhpur Built in 1159 AD
Kailana Lake, Jodhpur
Kishore Sagar lake, Kota
Rajsamand Lake, Rajsamand
Maharana Raj Singh an able administrator of the fifth generation of
aharana Pratap constructed rajsamand lake in 1662 AD
• Doodh Talai, Udaipur
Fateh SagarLake, Udaipur
• Udai Sagar Lake, Udaipur the construction
of this lake was started in 1559 by Maharana Udai
Singh
Pichola Lake, Udaipur
Jaisamand Lake, Udaipur
Jaisamand Lake is known for being the second
largest manmade sweet water lake in Asia.
Soils of Rajasthan
• soil is the top-most layer of earth crust.

Classification of Soils:
In India, two system of classification are
dominant. They are:
• Old System of soil classification
• New comprehensive system of soil
classification
• Old System of soil Classification
The old system of classification was developed by scientists
(Thorpe & Smith) of U.S department of
Agriculture in 1949. The classification is based upon
differences in climate and mineralogy. As per this
system, soils of Rajasthan can classified into 8 types:
1. Desert Soils
2. Dunes and Associated Soils
3. Brown Soils
4. Sierozems
5. Red Loams
6. Hill Soils (Lithosols)
7. Saline Sodic Soils (Solonchaks)
8. Alluvial Soils/and Black Soils
• Desert Soils
• Districts- Nagaur, Jodhpur, Jalore, Barmer, Hanumangarh, Sriganganagar,
Churu, Jhunjhunu and Sikar.
• Rainfall- Less than 400 mm
• Texture- Sandy to Sandy loam
• It contains a high percentage of soluble salt & has high Ph value.
• It has varying percentage of calcium carbonate & generally poor in
organic matter.
• These soils are pale brown, single grained, deep and well drained.
• Calcium carbonates sometime occur in form of Kankar nodules which
increases with depth.
• In most of the desert soils nitrogen is low. Range - 0.02% to 0.07%
• Dunes and Associated Soils
• Districts - Barmer, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Churu
• Texture - loamy fine sand to coarse sand and may or may not be
calcareous.
• These soils are yellowish brown in colour sandy to sany loam, deep
and well drained
• Calcium carbonate, sometime occur in the form of Kankar nodules
which increases with depth.
• Cultivation is practiced in rainy season on the slopes of low to medium
high dunes and usually rainfed Bajra or Kharif pulse are grown.
• These have been grouped separately from desert soils as they are only
deposited sand and little profile development has taken place.
• Dunes are of varying heights from low shifting dunes to high and very
high stabilized dunes.
• Brown Soils
• Districts - Tonk, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Bhilwara, Udaipur and
Chittorgarh
• Annual Rainfall - 50 cm to 75 cm is sufficient for Kharif crops.
• Texture - Sandy loam to clay loam.
• Colour: Ranges from grayish brown to yellow brown.
• Major area of these soils is in the catchment area of Banas River.
• They are rich in calcium salts but have poor organic matter
• Use of fertilizers becomes essential to get good harvest
• As the ground waters are saline, soils irrigate with these waters
have accumulated salts
• Tank irrigated soils have also developed problem of high water
table.
• Rabi crops are grown under irrigation
• Sierozems
• Districts - Pali, Nagaur, Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa (lies on both the side of Aravalli Hills)
• Annual Rainfall - 50 cm to 70 cm
• Texture - Sandy loam to Sandy clay
• Color: They are mostly yellowish brown
• The rainfall in the area in higher than the desert of the extreme west
• Natural vegetation is also seen at some places.
• The soils are suitable for cultivation but for low rainfall and high evaporation.
• Kharif crops are rainfed and Rabi crops are grown through well irrigation.
• In the Kharif crops Bajra, Jowar, pulses are grown and in Rabi crops wheat,
mustard &
vegetables are grown.
• Red Loams
• Districts - Dungarpur, Banswara & parts of Udaipur, Chittorgarh
• Rainfall - 70 cm to 100 cm
• Texture - Sandy loam to sandy
• These soils are reddish in colour with granular/crumb structure & well
drained.
• These soils have rich content of iron-oxide and devoid of calcium salts
because calcium salts soluble in water and are easily washed away.
• Soils are suitable for maize, chilies, wheat, barley and rapeseed
cultivation
• Parent material of these soils is the red sandstone or yellow sandstone
which is found in Vindyan rocks.
• Hill Soils (Lithosols)
• Districts - At the foot hills of Aravalli in Sirohi, Pali, Nagaur,
Udaipur, Rajsamand, Chittorgarh,
Bhilwara and Ajmer
• Colour - Reddish to yellowish red to yellowish brown
• Texture - Sandy loam to clay and well drained.
• Cultivation of crops in these soils is very much restricting due to
shallow nature of these soils
and presence of stones on the surface.
• Soil erosion due to water is another problem of these soils
• Saline Sodic Soils (Solonchaks)
• Saline Sodic soils are seen in the far flood plains of river Ghaggar and in
Luni Basin.
• Districts - In the natural depressions like the Pachpadra, Sambhar,
Deedwana, Ranns of Jalore
and Barmer
• Colour - Dark grey to pale brown
• Water table is sometime close to surface
• Cultivation is not possible due to the impeded drainage and high degree
of salinity
• The only vegetation consists of some salt tolerant grasses and shrubs
• Alluvial Soils/and Black Soils
• Districts - Sriganganagar (soil deposited by Ghaggar),
Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jaipur.
• The soil is deficient in lime, phosphoric acid and humus.
• It varies from clayey to sandy loam in texture.
• The top soil contains 'kankar’ which lie either on sands or
sandy clays.
• A wide variety of crops including wheat, rice, cotton and
tobacco are grown in this soil.
• New comprehensive system of soil classification
New soil taxonomy (properties) based comprehensive
system of soil classification was developed by
Soil Survey Staff in 1976.
• This new system has 10 soil orders, which are
subdivided into 47 suborders and then 230 great
groups, these great-groups are then subdivided into
family and series.
• Under the new system, most soils of Rajasthan belong
to only 5 orders - aridsols, alfisols, entisols, inceptisols
and vertisols.
• 1. Aridisols
• Aridisols are mineral soils mostly found in dry climatic.
• Districts: These occur extensively in the western half of Rajasthan
divided by the Aravalli axis
and some parts of Alwar, Jaipur and Ajmer districts which fall on the
eastern half.
• Aridisols are found in association with soils of order Entisols.
• Major portion of Aridisols in Rajasthan is covered by the suborder
Orthids .
• They commonly have horizons of accumulation of soluble salts
and carbonates
• 2. Alfisols
• Districts: Parts of Jaipur, Alwar, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk,
Bhilwara, Chittorgarh,
Banwara, Udaipur, Dungarpur, Bundi, Kota and Jhalawar.
• These are mature soils with medium to maximum profile
development.
• Color: Reddish to Brownish
• Annual rainfall: 500 to 900mm
• Most of the area covered Alfisols in Rajasthan comes under only
one suborder - ustalfs and one
great group -
• 3. Entisols
• Entisols lack well developed horizons and have
minimum profile development.
• Districts: Entisols are dominant soil of the
state. All districts in western half are covered in
some or major part by these soils
In Rajasthan, important suborders are:
Psamments, Orthents and Fluvent.
• 4. Inceptisols
• Districts: Along the foothills of the Aravalli in the districts of
Sirohi, Pali, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh and in some parts of
alluvial plains in Udaipur, Alwar, Sawai Madhopur and Jhalawar.
• Color: Reddish and brownish
• 5. Vertisols
• Districts: Jhalawar, Kota, Bundi and small part of Sawai Madhopur,
Bharatpur, Dungarpur, Chittorgarh and Banswara.
• They are clayey soils that develop deep wide cracks when dry and
become sticky & plastic when wet.
• They are compact and very slowly permeable in the lower layer.
• Soils of Rajasthan come under sub-order of Usterts and
associated with two great-groups.
o 5.a Chromusterts o 5.b Pellusterts
• Rajasthan is the state with highest area under
desertification ( land degradation) with respect to
country's total geographical area (TGA).
• The state has 62.90% of the TGA under desertification/
land degradation for the period of 2011-13.
• The desertification/ land degradation area in
Rajasthan has decreased about 0.29% since 2003-05.
Conservation of Soils of Rajasthan
• Soil Degradation
• Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use,
usually for agricultural, pastoral, industrial or urban purposes.
• Soil degradation is a serious global environmental problem and may be
exacerbated by climate change. It encompasses physical (soil erosion),
chemical (salinity and alkalinity, pollution) and biological deterioration
(pollution and deterioration of vegetal cover).
Soil Erosion
• Soil erosion is the removal of top soil by agents like wind and water.
• Top soil has most of the nutrients necessary for a plant’s growth. With
depth, the fertility of the soil decreases. Thus, erosion results in reduction
of fertility of the soil by washing away the fertile top layer.
• Desertification
• ‘land-degradation in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas
resulting from various factors including climatic variations
and human activities’.
• Loss of soil cover, mainly due to rainfall and surface
runoff, is one of the biggest reasons for desertification.
Problems of Soils in Rajasthan
The degree of degradation and its severity are influenced
by special variability and its niche with the surrounding.
The terrain factors like slope, aspect, topographic position
are found to be dominant factor while intensity and
distribution of rainfall are climatic factors, determining the
extent and severity of degradation.
• Wind Erosion & Shifting Sand Dunes:
• Wind Erosion is the most significant cause of
land degradation/desertification in Rajasthan.
• The wind erosion is playing a prominent role, in
the western flank of the state and is found
active with full force in the core of desert, causing
sand blasting, sand drifting, which results
active dunes and interduneal plains.
• Water Erosion
• Severity of water erosion is found at the peak in
central highland, including Aravalli landscape
and Bundelkhand upland.
• This causes loss of top soils through sheet and rill
erosion.
• It also causes terrain deformation through gully and
ravine land. Example: Ravine Lands along
the Chambal River & its tributaries.
• Water Logging:
• With the introduction of canal irrigation system water table of the
area is rising at an average rate of about 0.8 m per year.
• As a result of this large area has become water-logged and this area
is increasing every year, it is a serious problem particularly in deep
black soils.
Sodicity of Soil:
• Sodality of the soil and high residual sodium carbonate content of
irrigation water are the main problems.
Salinity & Alkalinity:
• The Salinity & Alkalinity is found maximum in the Aravalli and
Bundelkhand alluvial plains where the quality of ground water and
poor management practices about the secondary salinization.
• Salinity is due to high permanent water table.
Steps for Soil Conservation in Rajasthan
• Adequate Drainage:
• The solution for salinity & Alkalinity of soil is to
provide of soil is to provide adequate drainage.
Use of Gypsum:
• Use of gypsum which is abundantly and cheaply
available in Rajasthan, is economical and long
term solution to the problem of Alkalinity.
• Afforestation:
• Large scale planting of saplings which act as wind breaks & also
prevents soil erosion through water.
Shelter Belts:
• In dry regions rows of trees are planted to check wind movement
to protect soil cover.
Contour Barriers:
• Stone, gross, soils are used to build barrier along contours.
Trenches are made in front of the boomers to collect water.
Grass Development:
• Plantation of trees & grasses on marginal and sub marginal land
• Wind strip cropping:
• Grass and crop strip at right angle to wind direction.
Stubble Mulching:
• Crop stubbles are left in the field and next crop planted with minimum tillage.
Contour Bonding:
• Ravine land can be made cultivable by leveling followed by contour bonding
• The medium and deep gullies can also be converted into productive wood lands.
Proper Drainage System in canal Project Area:
• The problem of water logging can be checked and overcome by introducing
proper drainage system in the canal project area.
• DryFarming:
• Dry Farming is a method of conserving soil moisture preventing soil erosion.
RockDam:
• Rock Dam is built to slow down its flow of water.
Mulching:
• A layer of organic matter is made on soil. It helps to retain soil moisture
Intercropping:
• Different crops are grown in alternative rows to protect the soil form rain wash
Terrace Farming:
• Broad flat steps or terraces are made on the steep slopes so that flat surfaces are
available to
grow crops.
• They reduce surface run off & soil erosion.
Contour Plugging:
• Plugging parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a natural barrier for water
to flow down
the slope
Agro-climatic Zones of Rajasthan
• The entire country has been delineated into 126 agro-climatic zones by
the ICAR.
• Rajasthan has been divided into 10 agro-climatic zones.
• on the basis of agro-climatic parameters like rainfall, temperature
regime, topography, soil characteristics, cropping pattern and irrigation
availability.
• The Agro-climatic zones of Rajasthan are as follows:
1. Arid North Western Sandy Plain 2. Irrigated North Western Plain
3. Hyper Arid Partial Irrigated Zone 4. Transitional Plain of Inland
Drainage 5. Alluvial Plain of Luni Basin 6. Semi Arid Eastern Plain
7. Flood Prone Eastern Plain 8. Sub Humid Southern Plain and Aravallis
9. Humid Southern Plain 10. Humid South Eastern Plain
Arid North Western Sandy Plain
• Rainfall: 100 to 400mm.
Area: This physiographic zone is located in the
north western part of the state covering
Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Jodhpur districts.
• Groundwater is deep and saline but at few
places tube-well water is used for irrigation.
• Rain-fed agriculture is practiced in some
pockets and livelihood is primarily livestock based
Irrigated North Western Plain
• Area: This plain extends in the northern part of the state in
Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and north western part of Bikaner
district.
• As the zone is irrigated by network of Indira Gandhi Canal, Bhakra
and Gang canal, it is intensively cultivated.
• The plain is dominantly covered by the medium and fine textured
deep to very deep soils.
• The bed of River Ghagghar stretching from Suratgarh to Anupgarh
is fine textured and intensively cultivated.
• In addition, in the southern and eastern part the region there is vast
Aeolian plain covered with dunes with small area of deep buried
pediments.
Hyper Arid Partial Irrigated Zone
• Rainfall: normal rainfall in the zone is 185 to 390 mm.
• Area: This zone is spread in the arid region of Bikaner,
Jaisalmer and parts of Churu, where the farmers have
partial dependence on the sources of irrigation.
• The region has desert soil characterized by sand dunes
and aeolian soil.
• The soil is loamy coarse in texture and with calcareous
characteristics.
Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage
• Rainfall: The zone has average rainfall of 300-400mm.
• Area: This plain is spread in the central part of the state
covering western, eastern and northern part of Nagaur and
entire Sikar, Churu and Jhunjhunu districts.
• There is no drainage out of this area.
• The zone is covered with sandy plain, sand dunes and
occasional hills.
• The area distinguishes from western sandy plain in having
better Livelihood of villagers depends mainly on livestock
rearing along with some rain-fed farming.
Alluvial Plain of Luni Basin
• • Rainfall ranges between 400 and 500mm.
• Area:
• The physiographic zone is located in the central part of the
state where a number of ephemeral streams and River Luni
and its tributaries flow through this area covering Pali,
Jalore, part of Nagaur, Jodhpur and Barmer districts
• Water is saline in this zone.
• Cultivation of cash crops is Rainfed or done with the help of
tube-wells.
• Dominant soils are medium to fine textured
• Semi Arid Eastern Plain
• Rainfall: Average Rainfall in the zone about 500- 700mm.
• Area: This plain is drained by the river Banas and its
tributaries.
• The zone is spread in the eastern part of the state covering
Jaipur, Ajmer, Dausa and Tonk districts.
• The plain is sandy plain.
• Occasional sand dunes and buried pediments and
scattered hills with substantial area under alluvium are
features of this zone.
• Flood Prone Eastern Plain
• Rainfall: The rainfall in the zone is 600-700mm.
• Area: This zone extends in Alwar, Bharatpur and Dholpur
districts. Soils are yellowish-brown
to dark yellowish brown, sandy loam to clay loam and non-
calcareous.
• This zone developed on the alluvium deposited by the
river Yamuna and its tributaries and is
spread over the eastern part of the state and forms
western fringe of the Indo-Gangetic plain.
• A large area of this zone is under kharif and rabi crops.
• Sub Humid Southern Plain and Aravallis
• The zone receives 700-900mm rainfall.
• High hills are scattered through the zone and there is a
contiguous appearance of the Aravalli hills, running south to
north.
• The zone extends in the southern part of the state in
Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Sirohi, Udaipur and Chittorgarh districts.
• Hills and pediments are under hills for rest which support
natural vegetation cover including trees, shrubs and grasses.
• Cultivated land occurs in between the hills.
• Medium to fine textured deep soils are dominant in this
region.
• Humid Southern Plain
• This zone receives 900-1000mm rainfall.
• This plain characterized by hills and valley fills is
spread in the southern part of the state in
Dungarpur, Banswara and Pratapgarh districts.
• In Banswara and Pratapgarh districts the soils formed
from lava flow of basalt are also found.
• In between, scattered areas of deep buried
pediments are also encountered.
• The hills are covered with thick density of trees,
shrubs and grasses
• Humid South Eastern Plain
• Receives the highest rainfall in the state of around 700-1000mm.
• Area: South-eastern part of the state covering Sawai Madhopur,
Karauli, Jhalawar, Baran, Kota and Bundi districts.
• The landscape is characterized by hills pediments and vast alluvial
plain formed by the rivers Chambal, Parbati, Parwan, Kalisindh and
their tributaries.
• Because of these rivers deep gullies and ravines have been formed.
• Because of the presence of fine textured alluvium deposited bythe
rivers in this zone the land is very productive
Land Use pattern of Rajasthan
• Land use pattern of an area affects vegetation, land quality, local
weather and quality of life.
• It is very important to understand the land use pattern of any area and
the dynamics of its shift overtime.
• This determines the ensuing per unit load on agriculture land, forest
land, periphery areas to cities and factors responsible for land
degradation.
• The land use pattern of a region determines the ecological balance in
the region and helps to understand the environmental status as well.
• Located in north-west part, Rajasthan is the largest state of country,
having a geographical area of 3,42,239 hectares which constitutes
10.41% of area of the country. Land use pattern in Rajasthan is as
Land Use pattern of Rajasthan
• Net Sown Area - 1,75,510ha - 51.21%
Area under Forests - 27,500ha - 8.02%
Non Agricultural Uses - 42,750 -12.48
Permanent Pastures & other grazing land - 16,940ha 4.93%
Land under misc trees & grooves - 230 - 0.07%
Culturable Wasteland - 41,520ha - 12.12%
Fallow Lands (other than current fallow) - 20,240ha- 5.91%
Current Fallows - 18,690ha - 5.46%
Reporting Area for Land Utilization - 3,42,670ha- 100%
Total Geographical area of Rajasthan3,42,240ha
• Forest area is positive in all the regions of Rajasthan still forest area is only
7.8% of total geographical area, which is well below the minimum norms
of 33% of geographical area under forests as set under the National Forest
olicy (1952).
Natural Vegetation-Forests of Rajasthan
• The forests of Rajasthan cover approximately an area of 32,737 sq km
which is 9.57% of the total geographical area of the state.
• The state has teak forests, which is northern most limit of teak zone in
India.
• Apart from meeting the fuelwood and fodder demand, forest resources of
Rajasthan contribute Rs.7160 million to the state domestic product (SDP).
• The forests of Rajasthan are spread unequally in Northern, Southern,
Eastern and South Eastern parts, and the western region of Rajasthan is
devoid of any forest cover.
• Most of the forests are in hilly regions of Udaipur, Rajasamand, Kota,
Baran Sawai Madhopur, Chittorgarh, Sirohi, Bundi, Alwar, Jhalawar and
Banswara districts.
• The extent of Natural Forests in Rajasthan is not only one
of the lowest in the country but also in terms of
productivity of forest, it is the lowest.
• On the contrary The State is endowed with the largest
chunk of wasteland which is about 20% of the total
wastelands of the country.
• The forests of Rajasthan can be divided into four broad
forest types.
• Tropical Thorn Forests,
• Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests,
• Bamboo-Forests
• Central India Sub-tropical hill forests.
• Mixed Miscellaneous Forests
• Tropical Thorn Forests of Rajasthan
• Tropical thorn forests are found in arid and semi-arid
regions of western Rajasthan, namely Jodhpur, Pali,
Jalore, Barmer, Nagaur, Churu, Bikaner etc.
• These extend from western Indo -Park border and
gradually merge with the dry deciduous mixed forests
of the Aravalli hills and the south-eastern plateau.
• The main species found in this kind of forests are
Acacia nilotica , Acacia leucophloea, Prosopis
cineraria, Capparis aphylla, Zizyphus spp., Flacourtia
spp. etc.
• Tropical Dry Deciduous (Dhol) Forests
• These forests are mostly found in small patches in few
parts of the state.
• the northern and eastern slopes of aravalli ranges, mostly
in Alwar, Bharatpur and Dholpur districts, are covered with
this type of forests
• Sporadic growth of certain species of dry deciduous forests
is found along the dry river beds of Jalore, Nagaur,
Ganaganagar and Bikaner, districts.
• The main species found in this kind of forests are Babul
• Bamboo Forests Bamboo covers about 2.5% of the area
occurring mostly in Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Kota & Abu hills
• Central Indian Sub - tropical Hill Forests
• These forests which are most abundant in central India, as
in Madhya Pradesh, parts of Gujarat and Maharashtra, are
found in Sirohi district of Rajasthan also, mostly on the hills
girding Mt. Abu.
• These forests have semi-evergreen and some evergreen
species of trees.
• The vegetation of Mt. Abu consists of many plants which
are similar to the sub - tropical region of Himalayas.
• Around Mt. Abu, they are well represented between 700 to
800 m altitudes.
• Mixed Miscellaneous Forests
• These forests are mostly found in south-eastern and
eastern part of Rajasthan including Chittorgarh, Kota,
Udaipur, Sirohi, Banswara, Dungarpur, Baran and
Jhalawar distrists.
• Average rainfall in these forest is more than 60cm
and cover approximately 20% of the forest cover.
These Forests mainly have Anogeissus pendula,
Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia
arjuna, Terminalia chebula, Albizia lebbeck, Dalbergia
paniculata etc. and its
associates
Administrative Classification of Forest of Rajasthan
• As per Forest Survey of India, State of Forest report 2015,
Rajasthan has recorded forest area of about 32,737 square
kms.
• This forest area forms 9.57% of state's geographical area
and about 4.28% of India's forest area.
• On the basis of Legal status, the Government has classified
this forest area into three types:
• Reserved Forests - 12,475 Sq. Kms
• Protected Forests - 18,217 Sq. Kms
• Unclassified Forests - 2,045 Sq. Km
• Reserved Forest:
• These forests are under the direct supervision of the
government. No public entry is allowed for collection
of timber or grazing of cattle. Rajasthan has 12,475 sq
kms or 38% of forest as Reserved Forest.
Protected Forest:
• These forests are looked after by the government,
but the local people are allowed to collect fuel-
wood/timber and graze their cattle without causing
serious damage to the forests.
• Rajasthan has 18,217 sq kms or 55% of forest area
under Protected Forests.
• Unclassified Forest:
• The unclassified forests are those in which there is no
restriction on the cutting of trees and grazing of cattle.
• Rajasthan has 2045 sq kms or 7% of area has Unclassified
forests.
The Forest Survey of India (FSI), brings out bi-annual state
of forests report. In the report, the FSI classifies forest as:
• Very Dense Forests ( VDF) - 0.02%
• Moderately Dense Forests (MDF) - 1.29%
• Open Forests (OF) - 3.41%
• Scrubs - 1.26%
• Non-Forest Area- 94.02%
• Very Dense Forests (VDF):
• The Lands with forest cover having a canopy density
of 70% and more are called Very Dense Forests (VDF).
• In Rajasthan, there are only 27 Sq kms of very dense
forests. Percentage VDF: 0.02%
Moderately Dense Forests (MDF):
• The Land with forest cover having a canopy density of
40-70% is called the Moderately Dense Forest (MDF).
• In Rajasthan, there are only 2341 Sq kms of
moderately dense forests. Percentage MDF: 1.29%
• Open Forests (OF):
• The Lands with forest cover having canopy density of 10-
40% are called Open Forests.
• In Rajasthan, there are only 6505 Sq kms of open forests.
Percentage OF: 3.41%
Scrubs:
• The degraded forest lands which have a Canopy density of
less than 10% are called Scrubs.
• In Rajasthan, there are about 22286 Sq kms of scrubs.
Percentage Scrubs: 1.26%
• Non-Forest Area:
• Rest of the area, included all other lands except forest area.
• Percentage Non-Forest: 94.02%
• Forest Cover:
• Forest Cover All lands which are more than 1 hectare in
area and with a Canopy density of more than 10%
irrespective of the ownership and legal status is called
Forest Cover.
Recorded Forest Area:
• The area recorded as “forests” in the Government records
is called Forest Area or Recorded Forest Area.
Canopy and Canopy Density
• The cover of branches and Foliage formed by the crown
of trees is called Canopy. The percentage area of land
covered by the canopy of trees is called Canopy density.
• Top 5 Districts with • Last 5 Districts with
Forest Cover: Forest Cover:
1. Udaipur • Churu
2. Chittorgarh • Hanumangarh
3. Baran • Nagaur
4. Karauli • Jodhpur
5. Alwar • Dausa
Wildlife of Rajasthan
• State Animal of Rajasthan: Camel
• Why: To prevent slaughter, illegal trade and
transportation of Camels, as their numbers
are dwindling (decreasing) sharply.
• Camel Festival: Bikaner 9-10 January.
• Pushkar Mela: 5-day Camel & Livestock Trading fair.
• Tiger Conservation: 2015 MoEF report put the number
of tigers in Rajasthan at 52
• Rajasthan State Bird: Great Indian Bustard
• Locally called as Godawan
• Critically endangered (IUCN) and protected in India under Schedule I of
wildlife protection act, 1972.
• 2014 Wildlife Institute of India (WII) survey counted 44 great Indian bustards in
Rajasthan and according to 2015, Forest department report it is 13.
• Currently found only in Rajasthan, Gujarat & Maharashtra.
• Rajasthan Government has launched Project Great Indian Bustard for
Protection of GIB
• Rajasthan Government allocated 12 Crore and Bank of Japan allocated 3
crores. Under the GIB Project, closures will be made at many places in Khudi
Rasla, Pokhran and Shahgarh of Jaislmer district for safe habitat of bird.
o 2015, Dr. Pramod Patil won green Oscar for efforts in conservation of GIB
Wildlife Protected Areas of Rajasthan
• The Protected Areas are declared under Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972. Now, Wildlife Protection
Act provides for 4 types of Protected areas:
• National Park - 5 in Rajasthan
• Wildlife Sanctuary - 25 in Rajasthan
• Conservation Reserves - 10 in Rajasthan
• Community Reserves -
1. National Parks of Rajasthan
• Ranthambore NP-1980-282Sq.KM-Sawai
Madhopur
• Keoladeo GhanaNP-1981-28.73-Bharatpur
• Sariska NP-1992 - 273.8- Alwar
• DesertNP-1992-3162 Jaisalmer,Barmer
Mukundhara Hills(Darrah) NP -2003-200.54 Kota,
Chittorgarh
2. Wildlife Sanctuaries of Rajasthan
• 1 1985 Band Baretha WLS 199.50 Bharatpur
• 2 1988 Bassi WLS 199.50 Chittorgarh
• 3 1983 Bhensrodgarh WLS 229.14 Chittorgarh
• 4 - Darrah WLS 80.75 Kota, Jhalawar
• 5 1955 Jaisamand WLS 52 Udaipur
• 6 1982 Jamwa Ramgarh WLS 300 Jaipur
• 7 1975 Jawahar Sagar WLS 153.41 Kota, Bundi, Chittorgarh
• 8 1983 Kailadevi WLS 676.38 Karauli, Sawai Madhopur
• 9 1955 Kesarbagh WLS 14.76 Dholpur
• 10 1988 Kumbhalgarh WLS 608.58
Udaipur,Rajsamand, Pali
• 11 1960 Mount Abu WLS 112 Sirohi
• 12 1980 Nahargarh WLS 50 Jaipur
• 13 1979 National Chambhal WLS 274.54Kota, Bundi,
Sawaimadhopur, Karoli, Dholpur
• 14 1983 Phulwari ki Nal WLS 692.68 Udaipur, Pali
• 15 1982 Ramgarh Vishdhari WLS 252.79 Bundi16
1955 Ramsagar WLS 34.40 Dholpur
• 17 1987 Sajjangarh WLS 5.19 Udaipur
• 18 1955 Sariska WLS 219 Alwar
• 19 - Sawai Madhopur WLS 131.3 Sawai Madhopur
• 20 1984 Sawai Mansingh WLS 103.30 Sawai Madhopur
• 21 1983 Shergarh WLS 98.71 Baran
• 22 1979 Sitamata WLS 422.94 Pratapgarh
• 23 1971 Tal Chappar WLS 17.19 Churu
• 24 1983 Todgarh Raoli WLS 495.27 Ajmer, Rajsamand,
Pali
• 25 1955 Van Vihar WLS 25.6 Dholpur
4. Conservation Reserves of Rajasthan
• 1 Bisalpur Conservation Reserve 48.31 Tonk
• 2 Jodbeed Gadhwala Bikaner Conservation Reserve 56.4 Bikaner
• 3 Sundhamata Conservation Reserve 117.4 Jalore, Sirohi
• 4 Gudha Vishnoiyan Conservation Reserve 2.31 Jodhpur
• 5 Shakambari Conservation Reserve 131 Sikar, Jhunjunu
• 6 Gogelav Conservation Reserve 3.58 Nagaur
• 7 Beed Jhunjunu Conservation Reserve 10.4 Jhunjunu8 Rotu
Conservation Reserve 0.72 Nagaur
• 9 Jawai Bandh 19.78 Pali
• 10 Ummed Ganj Conservation Reserve 2.78 Kota
Livestock of Rajasthan
• 55% of total area of Rajasthan is desert and so livestock is
the main source of livelihood.
What is Livestock? - Livestock are animals that are
domesticated and raised in an agricultural setting to
produce commodities such as food, fiber, and labor.
• They include cattle, goats etc
• The breeding, maintenance, and slaughter of these
animals, known as animal husbandry
• What is Mixed Farming?- Mixed farming is a farming
system, which involves the growing of crops as well as the
raising of livestock
• advantages of Mixed Farming?
• Mixed Farming offers highest return on farm business, as the by-products of
both farm and livestock are properly utilized.
• It provides work throughout year.
• Provides efficient utilization of land, labor, equipment and other resources.
• Crop by-products such as bus, straw, fodder are used for feeding of livestock
and in return they provide milk.
• Manures available from livestock are useful in maintenance of soil fertility.
• It helps in supplying all the food needs (food security) of the family members
• Intensive cultivation is possible.
• Provides livelihood security in case of drought, floods.
• Milk cattle’s provide draft animals for crop production and rural transport.
• Mixed farming increases social status of the farmer.
• Importance of Livestock in Economy of Rajasthan:
• Livestock provide 35% of draft power in the state.
• Rajasthan has 40% of Sheep stock in India.
• More than 80% rural families keep livestock in their
households.
• Contribution of animal husbandry sector to the GDP of
the State has been estimated to be approximately 8 %.
(Source: Animal Husbandry, Dept.)
• Strengths of livestock of Rajasthan:
• Produces 10% and ranks 2nd in Milk production in India. - ranks 2nd in per
capita milk availability.-contributes 35% and ranks 1st in wool production in
India.
• 25% of Country’s sheep belong to Rajasthan-produces 10% of meat in India.
• Ranks 14th in egg production in India-Constraints in development of Livestock in
Rajasthan.-Livestock is an unorganized sector and holdings are very small,
further much of the livestock belongs to economically weaker section which
restricts it to being just source of livelihood.
• Markets for livestock are also unorganized and suffers from inadequate
investment by Public (State) & Private sector.
• Inadequate availability of quality breeds- Lack of health &nutrition support,
along with frequent occurrence of naturalcalamities that result in high
occurrence of diseases and mortality.
• Rajasthan is majorly an arid region and there is inadequate availability of fodder
& feed resources o Inadequate infrastructure in terms of cooperatives,
veterinary and knowledge support
• Types of livestock on basis of their utility:
• Dairy (Milch) breeds:
o Cows (Females): Gives high amount of milk
o Bull (Males): are not good for work at farm
o Examples: shahiwal, Red Sindhi, Gir and Deoni
• Draught breeds:
o Cows yield poor milk production
o Bulls are good at draught and are used for carrying out
agricultural work like tilling, irrigation and carting.
o Examples Kangayam, Umblacherry, Amritmahal, Hallikar.
• Dual Breeds:
o Cows are good at milk production
o Bulls are good at doing work
o Examples Ongole, Hariana, Tharparker, Kankrej, Krishna valley,
Rathi and Goalo Mewathi.
• Breeds of Cows in Rajasthan:
• Nagauri - Origin from Suhalak area Nagaur.
o This species gives less milk.
• Kankrej- Kankrej is found in Rajasthan’s southwestern districts of
Barmer, Sirohi & Jalore.
o Gives daily average of 5-10 litres of milk.
o The bull of this variety has good draught capacity.
• Tharparkar Breed-Origin of the breed: Malani (barmer)
o Cows excellent production of milk.
• Rathi Breed- Rathi belongs to northwestern rajasthan and is found in
Sr Ganganager, Bikaner,
Jaisalmer. o Essentially a Milch variety that is cows are good at milk
production but males lack draught power.
• Gir Breed o Gir breed comes from Gir forests of Saurashtra in Gujarat.
o In Rajasthan it is found in Southeastern Ajmer, Chittorgarh, Bundi,
Kota
• Breeds of Sheep in Rajasthan:
• Jaisalmeri o Found in Jaisalmer
• Naali o Found in Hanumangarh, Churu, Bikaner & Jhunjhunu.
o Yields large quantity of wool
• Maalpuri o Found in Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk, karauli & Sawai
madhopur
• Magra o Gives approximately 2 Kg of Wool per year
o Found in Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Churu, Nagaur
• Pugal o Originated from Pugal in Bikaner
• Chokla or Shekhawati o Also referred to as Marino of India
o It yields best quality wool and gives around 1-1.5 Kg per year.
• Sonari or Chanothar o Found in Banswara, Bhilwara,
Dungarpur and Udaipur
• Breeds of Camel in Rajasthan:
• Bikaneri o Found in Bikaner, Gangangar,
Hanumangarh & Churu
• Jodhpuri o Found mostly in Jodhpur & Nagaur
districts
• Nachna: o This breed is fast-runner variety of
camels o Origin from Nachna Village in Jaisalmer
• Jaisalmeri o Camels of Jaisalmeri breed are found
in Jaisalmer, barmer, and jodhpur
• Kutchi o Camels of this variety are mainly found in
Barmer & Jalore
• Jalori o Camels of this variety are mainly found in Jalore &
Sirohi
• Mewari o This breed is extensively used for carrying loads
o Camels of this variety are mainly found in Udaipur,
Chittorgarh, Partapgarh & Ajmer
• Gomat o This breed to camel is famous for distant-transport
and it is also a very fast runner
o Camels of this variety are mainly found in Jofhpur and
Nagaur
• Gurha o Found in Nagaur & Churu
• Kherupal o Found in Bikaner & Churu
• Alwari o Camels of this breed are mostly found in East-
Rajasthan.
• Livestock Census 2012
• It was 19th Livestock Census of Rajasthan
• There are 577.32lacs Livestock (includes Cattle,
buffalo, Sheep, Goat, Horse & Ponies, Mules,
Donkeys, Camel, Pig)
• Rajasthan has Poultry of 80.24lacs.
• Barmer has the highest number of livestock in
Rajasthan & Dholpur has minimum number of
Livestock
• Rajsamand and Dausa have highest livestock density
of 292 per square kilometer
Tribes of Rajasthan
• the tribes of Rajasthan constitute approximately 13.5% of
Rajasthan's population.
• Bhils & Minas constitute the majority of population of the
tribes of Rajasthan
Schedule Tribes of Rajasthan
1. Bhils 2. Minas 3. Damor 4. Dhanka 5. Garasia
6. Kathodi 7. Kokna 8. Koli 9. Nayaka 10. Patelia
11. Seharia or Sahariya - most backward tribe in Rajasthan
• Denotified Tribes of Rajasthan:
• British in 1871 passed Criminal Tribes Act and labeled over 200 of
such communities as notified tribes for criminal tendencies.
• Post Independence, Government repealed the Criminal Act but
introduced another law, the Habitual Offenders Act (1953) around
150 tribes have been labeled as de-notified tribes.
• These are tribes that have failed to integrate into Indian Society
and so do not have sustainable livelihood means.
• Hence, they frequently engage towards criminal activities.
• Baori • Kanjar - Hadoti Region
• Sansi • Bagri(Bawaria) • Mogia • Nut • Naik • Multanis • Bhat
• Nomadic Tribes of Rajasthan
• Baldias (Banjaras) –
• The Banjaras are nomadic caravan runners who travelled
with balaads or oxen-laden caravan and who continued
travelling wherever their caravans were in demand.
• Pardhis • Domabaris • Gadias Lohars - Gadiya Lohars are
wandering blacksmiths that are named after their attractive
bullock carts called gadis.
• Gadhiya lohars are found are Kathodi and Rabaris in Mewar
region.
• Iranis • Jogi Kalbelia • Jogi Kanphata
• khurpalts • Shikkeligar • Ghisadis
• Semi Nomedic Tribes of Rajasthan
• Sarangiwala Bhopas • Rebaris - The Rabaris are still nomadic, an equally
colourful sub-group that still travels over the desert in search of pastures for its
flocks of sheep and camels.
o Their tradition is that their ancestor was brought into existence by Lord
Mahadeva in order to tend the first camel, which had just been created by
Parvati for her amusement.
o Their two main divisions are Menu and Chalkais.
o The Menu deals only in camels and occupies a superior position to that of
the latter.
• They can marry the daughters of Chalkias without giving their own in return.
o The Chalkias keep larger herds of sheep and goats. Raika farms, called
Dhanies, lie scattered over the countryside.
• Raths • Mangalias • Bhayas • Kannis • Janglus • Jalukus • Jhangs • Sindlus
• Jogis (other then those included in Nomedic Tribes.) • Ramaswamies •
Bharaddi-Jadhavs
Government & Tribes of Rajasthan
• As Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as per provisions
contained in Clause 1 of Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution respectively.
• Schedule Tribes: Scheduled Tribes are those, which are notified as such by the
President of India under Article 342 of the Constitution
• The first notification was issued in 1950.
• The President considers characteristics like the tribes’ primitive traits, distinctive
culture, shyness with the public at large, geographical isolation and social and economic
backwardness before notifying them as a Scheduled Tribe.
Schedule tribes of Rajasthan:
1. Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil,
Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave 2. Bhil Mina 3. Damor, Damaria 4.
Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria, Valvi 5. Garasia (excluding Rajput Garasia) 6. Kathodi, Katkari,
Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari 7. Kokna, Kokni, Kukna 8. Koli
Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha 9. Mina 10. Naikda, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia
Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka11. Patelia 12. Seharia, Sehria, Sahariya.
• Primitive Tribal Groups: - 75 of the 698 Scheduled Tribes are identified as
Primitive Tribal Groups considering they are more backward than Scheduled
Tribes.- Seharia tribe of Rajasthan have been included in PTG
• Schedule V: - To ensure the protection of aboriginal customs, culture of the
tribes and prevent alienation of their lands and natural resources to non-tribals
article 244 of the Constitution has the provision for declaration of Schedule V &
Schedule VI areas.
• Schedule V areas can be declared in any state except Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura
and Mizoram.
• Consequently, 5th schedule areas have been declared in in 9 states of India
namely Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Orissa and Rajasthan.
• In Rajasthan: Banswara, Dungarpur (fully tribal districts), Udaipur, Chittorgarh,
Siroi (partly tribal areas) have been declared as part of Schedule V areas.
• Schedule VI has been used to declare schedule areas in Assam, Meghalaya,
Tripura and Mizoram
• Acts & Rules for protection of tribes:
• Forest Rights Act 2006
• Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
• Protection of Civil Right Rules, 1977
• SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules, 1995
• SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
• PESA 1996
• THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-NINTH
AMENDMENT) ACT 2003
• Indira Gandhi Canal Project:
• Aim: To rejuvenate to great desert.
• This project previously known as Rajasthan Canal
Project.
• It covers an area 600 Km long and 45 Km wide of the
Thar Desert in North West of Rajasthan.
• RCP was first conceived on 29 October, 1948.
• RCP was taken up by the Central Water and Power
Commission in 1951.
• It was came to reality in 1951-53
• The physiographic of the area is characterized by vast
stretches of undulating windblown sand dunes, which
sometime rise above 60 m.
• Parameters:
o Area to be irrigated annually- 29 Lakh acres.
o Length of main canal- 445 Kms.
o Length of branches- 832 Kms.
o Depth of water- 6.25 m.
o Bed width lined canal- 38 m.
o Discharge at head- 18500 cusses
o Length of distributaries and minors- 547 Kms
• Provide Irrigation- First stage has been providing irrigation
facilities to 5.63 lakh hectares.
• A culturable command area of 5.5 lakh hectare.
• End- Comes to an end near Masitawali in Hanumangarh. This is
called Rajasthan feeder
• Indira Gandhi Canal Stage I:
• This stage comprising construction of 204 Km
long feeder canal, 189 Km long main canal and
3454 Km long distributaries.
• Origin- from the Harike dam situated on the
confluence of rivers Sutlej & Beas.
• Feeders: Ferozpur Feeder and Makhu Canal at 3
km downstream of confluence of the rivers
Sutlej and Beas
• Indira Gandhi Canal Stage II:
• The IGNP stage-II starts from the tail of stage-I i.e. from Km 189 of IGNP main
canal.
• Indira Gandhi Nahar Project, Stage-ll comprises of 256 km long (Km189 to
Km445) main canal.
(Chhatargarh to Mohangarh). Completed • This stage of estimates to provide
flow into 7.0 lakh hectare to culturable command area up to Gardra Road in
Barmer district • It lift irrigation in block to 3.12 lakh hectare. Culturable
command area under 5 lifts schemes up to 60 m. Reservation of 1800 cuses of
water for drinking water supply and industrial usages. • Water released up to
Tail near Mohangarh in Jaisalmer district on 1st January, 1987 by assuming a
total length of 649 Kms.
• With the completion of Lathi Series water has started flowing and it is being
used for cultivation. • Form Mohangarh point a new branch is being taken out
which is 90 Kms. in length and has been named as Leehva branch. It has been
extended up to Gardra town in Barmer. The region is,undulating and therefore
Seven lift canals have been constructed to lift up the water up to 60 m.
• With the completion of Lathi Series water has started
flowing and it is being used for cultivation.
• Form Mohangarh point a new branch is being taken
out which is 90 Kms.
• in length and has been named as Leehva branch. It has
been extended up to Gardra town in Barmer.
• The region is,undulating and therefore Seven lift
canals have been constructed to lift up the water up to
60 m.
• The lift canals are o Bikaner-Lunkaransar o Gajner lift
canal o Nohar-Saheve lift canal o Kolayat lift canal o
Phalodi lift canal o Pokaran lift and Bangarsar lift canal
• On completion, irrigation potential of about 19.63 lakh hectares are
would be created every year.
• Irrigation facilities were created in 15.73 lakh hectares by the end of
March, 2009.
• Agriculture output of about Rs. 1750 crore is produced annually with
the help of this project.
• It also provides drinking water.
• Kunwar Sain lift canal is providing drinking water to Bikaner city and
99 villages situated out of the project area.
• Gandhelilsheva lift scheme is providing drinking water to 175 villages
of Churu district.
• Jodhpur lift scheme is providing drinking water to Jodhpur city and
enroute town and villages.
• After completion of project, 1.80 crore population of eight districts of
Western Rajasthan will avail drinking water facility
• Hydrocarbon Rajasthan Basin
• The Rajasthan Basin (Hydrocarbon) is a sedimentary basin located in
western Rajasthan with a geographical extent of about 126,000 square
kilometres.
• This basin is one of India’s major sources of petroleum and natural gas.
As per estimates 480 million tonnes Oil in-place reserves (3.5 Billion
Barrels) have been proved in 25 discovered fields of Barmer-Sanchore
Basin.
Rajasthan Basin Location:
Rajasthan Basin forms the eastern flank of Indus geosyncline and
comprises the sedimentary tract to the west and northwest of Aravallis
upto Indo-Pakistan border.
• This pericratonic basin also forms a part of the great Thar Desert.
• Rajasthan Basin: Sub-Basins:has been sub-divided into four potential
Petroliferous basins, separated from each
other by basement ridges/faults.
• These four Basins are spread over in 14 Districts of Western & Eastern
Rajasthan.
• The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural gas has upgraded the first three
petroliferous basins into category- I, i.e. equivalent to the Bombay High,
Cambay Basin and Assam, which are potential for hydrocarbons prospects
• 1 Jaisalmer Basin - District Jaisalmer and part of jodhpur
• 2 Barmer – Sanchore Basin Districts Barmer and Part of Jalore.
• 3 Bikaner – Nagaur Basin Districts Bikaner ,Nagaur, Ganganagar/ Hanumangarh
and Part of Churu.
• 4 Vindhyan Basin Districts Kota, Jhalawar, Baran, Bundi and Part of Bhilwara etc
• Jaisalmer Basin
• Age of Jaisalmer basin: Mesozoic & Cenozoic
• Districts: Jaisalmer and part of jodhpur
• Type of Basin: Pericratonic Basin
• Depressions: The Jaisalmer Basin has been
subdivided into 3 depressions:
o Shahgarh Depression
o Kishangarh Shelf
o Miajlar Depression
• Barmer – Sanchore Basin
• Age of Barmer-Sanchore Basin: Tertiary
• Districts: Barmer and Part of Jalore.
• Type of Basin: Intracratonic Basins
• Depressions: The Barmer-Sanchore Basin has been
subdivided into 2 depressions:
o Barmer Depression in the north and
o Sanchor Depression in the south
Oil Fields: 38 oil fields discovered in Barmer-Sanchore Basin
namely Mangla, Bhagyam, Shakti Ashwariya Guda,
Saraswati, Raageshwari, Kaameshwari, Vijaya, Vandana,
GRF, NI, Bhagyam South-1, NH-2, N-R-4, NE, GS-V-1 &
Tukaram.
• Bikaner – Nagaur Basin
• Age of Bikaner-Nagaur basin: Paleozoic
• Districts: Bikaner ,Nagaur, Ganganagar/
Hanumangarh and Part of Churu
• Type of Basin: Intracratonic Basins
• The major tectonic element in Bikaner- Nagaur Sub-
basin is an almost east-west trending basement ridge,
‘the Bikampur Arch'
Vindhyan Basin
• Districts: Kota, Jhalawar, Baran, Bundi and Part of
Bhilwara etc.
• Vindhyan basin covers three main regions: Son valley,
Bundelkhand and Rajasthan
• Mines & Minerals of Rajasthan
• Rajasthan has deposits of 79 different types of major and
minor minerals.
• Out of these, 57 minerals are being currently mined.
• Rajasthan is leading producer of:
o Zinc o Feldspar o Wollastonite o Silver o Rock Phospate o
Gypsum o Red Ochre
• RSMML: Public Sector Mining carried on by - RSMML -
Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Corporation. Engaged in
mining & marketing of Industrial Minerals.
• 70% of Boone-China tableware is produced in Rajasthan
• Rajasthan is leading producer of both Cement grade &
Steel Grade Limestone production in India
Now we shall start with discussion of each Mineral in detail.
• URANIUM MINERAL in Rajasthan:
• In Rajasthan Uranium mines have been
discovered at:
• Sikar - Rohil, Khandela, Ghateswar
• Kho-Dariba in Alwar
• Umra
• Ajmer, Dungarpur, Banswara
• LEAD - ZINC - SILVER MINERALS in Rajasthan
• Rajasthan Rank: 1
• Largest Deposit in India: Rampura- Agucha ( Bhilwara district)
• Deposits in Rajasthan: Rampura-Agucha (Bhilwara district)
o Rajpura-Dariba and Sindesar Khurd(High Silver Content) (Rajsamand
district) - Zawar (Udaipur), - Sawar and Kayar-Ghugra (Ajmer district)
o Basantgarh and Deri (Sirohi district)
• Production: Hindustan Zinc Limited ( Smelters in Chanderia, Dariba &
Debari )
• Uses:
o Lead - Lead-acid batteries, coloring agent in stained glasses, Fishing
Sinkers, Roofing
o Lead - In electronics its use as soldering agent Shielding from X-ray in
laboratories
o Remember Lead-pencil Doesnot have lead. (UPSC Prelims)
• COPPER MINERAL in Rajasthan:
• History Trivia:
o On the basis of excavations at Ganeshwar, located east of
Khetri in north Rajasthan, ascribe the earliest Indian copper
mining to Indus valley civilization (3000-1500 BC)
o Copper metallurgy has been mentioned in Arthashastra &
Ain-i-Akbari
o Copper Ore: Cuprite, Chalcopyrite
• Second: Rank of Rajasthan in Copper Production in India.
• Most important Copper reserves in India:
o Malanjkhand, Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh (makes MP, 1st
in Production)
• • Deposits of Copper in Rajasthan:
o Jhunjhunu - Madan Kudan-Kolihan- Banawas-
Chandmari-Dholamala, Akwali and
Muradpur-Pacheri
o Bhilwara - Devpura-Banera
o Sirohi - Basantgarh
o Alwar - Kho-Dariba
o Udaipur - Anjani, Bedawal, Chari-Manpura
• Production by - Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL)
under Ministry of mines
• • Uses of Copper:
o Ductility, high conductivity of heat and electricity - electrical
wires
o Copper+Tin = Bronze (Statute, Indus Valley, Mohenjaodaro
dancing girl)
o Copper+zinc = Brass (More hard)
o Stainless Steel: Iron + Nickel + Copper + Chromite +….
o Morel Metal: Copper + Nickel
o Duralumin: Copper + Aluminium
o 3rd most abundant mineral in human body (serves as a
cofactor for enzymes involved in hemoglobin and collagen
formation and is involved in incorporating iron into the structure
of hemoglobin. It strengthens blood vessels, bones and nerves. )
• MINERAL TUNGSTEN in Rajasthan:
• Ore: wolframite & scheelite.
• One: Rank of Rajasthan in Tungsten Production in
India
• Deposits of Tungsten in Rajasthan:
o Degana (Nagaur) - Best in Country
o Sirohi - Balda , Uduwaria
o Ajmer- Pali - Alniawas-Sewariya, Pipaliya, Motyia
• Uses of Tungsten: o Bulb Filament
o High-speed alloy o Hard-Steel alloys - machine tools,
high speed cutting tools, special steel for defense
purposes.
• MINERAL MANGANESE in Rajasthan:
• Ore: Pyrolusite
• Karnataka: Largest deposit in India
• Rajasthan very less
• Largest Production: Odisha - Bonai-Keonjhar Belt
• Deposits of Manganese in Rajasthan
o Banswara
• Uses of Manganese:
o Raw material for manufacturing steel alloys
o Manufacturing of bleaching powder, insecticides, paints, and
batteries.
• MINERAL IRON-ORE in Rajasthan:
• Ore: Found in Dharwad and Cuddapah rock systems of the peninsular
India.
• Ore Quality-wise ranking: Haematite,> Magnetite, >Limonite & > Siderite
• Largest Deposit in India: Barabil-Koira Valley in Odisha
• Deposits of Iron-Ore in Rajasthan
o Jaipur - Morija-banol - Neemla-Raisalo
o Bhilwara - Pur banera belt
o Udaipur - Natha ki Pal, Thur Hunder
o Sikar - Dabla
o Dausa –Lalsot
• MINERAL LIMESTONE in Rajasthan:
• Deposits in Rajasthan:
• Limestone occurs in almost all the districts of the State, but
important deposits are located in:
o Ajmer: Sheopura, lulwa & Kesarpura o Bundi: lakheri and Stur
o Chittaurgarh: Nimbhahera, Parsoli o Jodhpur: Bilara & Basa
o Nagaur: Mundwa & Gotan o Pali: Deoli Hulan
o Sirohi:Abu road o Jaisalmer: Khuiala and Bandha
• Uses:
o One of the most important industrial mineral
o Required in the manufacture of lime, cement.
o Chemicals soda-ash, caustic-soda, bleaching powder, calcium carbide
o Fertilizer - Ammonium Nitrate
o As flux in iron and steel, ferro-alloy and other metallurgical
industries.
• MINERAL-GOLD in Rajasthan:
Deposits in Rajasthan: Banswara - Bhukhia-Jagpura-
Delwarabelt
BERYLLIUM in Rajasthan:
• Ore: Beryl (Silicate of Beryllium and aluminum)
• Rajasthan : Principal state of Production
• Deposits of Beryllium in Rajasthan • Ajmer: Lohagarh,
Gujarwara
• Udaipur: Acheiwas
• Bhilwara: Titoli, Deora Guda
• Nagaur
• Use: As moderator in Nuclear Power Reactors.
• Green transparent variety of beryl is emerald which is a
precious stone
• BISMUTH in Rajasthan:
• Deposits of Bismuth in Rajasthan:
o Narda, Neem-ka-Thana tahsil, Sikar district
• Use:
o Medical Preparations
o Radar Equipments
o To make alloys required in production Atomic
Bomb
• MICA in Rajasthan:
o Beawer-Ajmer belt: Dhand
o Bhilwara belt: Bagor-Lesva
o Dungarpur-Banswara belt: Chota-Padri
o Tonk belt: Dholi & Bhojapura
o Kaunthal belt:falls in Udaipur district. Chief mines
Bhagwanpura and Ran
• Use: Mica is used extensively in electrical and
electronic industry due to its excellent dielectric
strength and insulating properties
• Asbestos in Rajasthan:
• Rajasthan accounts for about 96% of the country's total
production of asbestos, whereas Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka,
the other producing States contribute the remaining 4%.
• Mainly located in Southern parts of Rajasthan
o Ajmer: Kanwali in Kota Reserve forest area, Arjanpura, Nai-Khurd
o Alwar: palpur, Dhalawar
o Bhilwara: Barana
o Dungarpur: Dewal, Mundwara
o Sirohi: Bori-ki-Bhuj
o Udaipur: Kagdar-ki-Pal,Rakhabdeo,Jogi-ka-Gudha,Antalia,Bhauva
o Pali: Kanotia-Ramgarh
• Baryte in Rajasthan:
• World Baryte Reserves -India ranks 3rd.
• World Baryte Production: India ranks 2nd.
• World's largest single Baryte deposit: Mangampet in Andhara Pradesh
• Deposits in Rajasthan
o Alwar: Rajgarh belt,
o Bharatpur: Hathori, Karwan and Ghatri blocks.
o Bhilwara: Barliyas deposit,
o Bundi: Umar deposit
o Pali: Punagarh hill
o Sikar: Kharagbingur
o Jalore: Karara
o Udaipur: Delwara-Nathdwara belt
• Uses
• Vital to petroleum industry which consumes more than 80% of the
world's baryte production.
• China Clay in Rajasthan:
• Bauxite in Rajasthan: • Rajasthan contributes 50% of share
• Deposits in Rajasthan of Production of china clay in India.
• Very insignificant in o Bikaner: Mudh, Chandi, Kotri-Marh-
Rajasthan Gura area
o Barmer: Bolia, Gunga
o Kota: Baselio, Majola, o Nagaur: Khajwana
Sherol-khera o Sawai Madhopur: Raesena , Basu
o Sikar: Buchara
• Uses: o Chittor: Eral & Sawa
o Extraction for • Uses:
o China clay is used in Industries like
Aluminum ceramic, refractory, textile, paper,
o Refractory & Chemical rubber and
pesticides.
Industries
• Feldspar in Rajasthan:
• Dolomite in Rajasthan: • Deposits in Rajasthan
• Deposits in Rajasthan o Ajmer: Pink variety from
o Ajmer: Kajla Kabra Tatarpur & Khairthal
o Alwar: Jhiri, Dhani & Nizra o Alwar,
o Bhilwara: Kosithan o Jaipur: Dudwa near Neem-ka-
o Jaipur Thana
o Jaisalmer, o Pali: Kalalia, Khinwal
o Jhunjhunun, o Sikar: Dudawas and Haridas-ka-
o Nagaur- Jodhpur- Pali Bas
o Sawai Madhopur • Uses:
o Udaipur: o Chiefly used in the ceramic and
• Used as flux material in the glass industries and in insulator
iron and steel industry making
• Fluorite in Rajasthan:
• Deposit of Flourite Rajasthan 2nd
• Fuller's Earth in
and Gujarat 1st Rajasthan:
o Dungarpur: Mando-ki-Pal-Kahila
• Fuller's earth,is also
belt known as Multani Mitti,
o Jalore: Karara (Karda):
o Jhunjhunu: Chokri Chapoli:
in general hindi.
o Sikar: Salwarai • Deposits in Rajasthan
o Sirohi: Balda
• Uses:
o Barmer: Kapurdi &
o Finest-grade of fluorite is used for Alamsaria
enameling iron, manufacture of
opaque and opalescent glasses and
o Bikaner: Palana,
for the production of hydrofluoric Kesardasar and Marh
acid.
o Transparent fluorite is used in the
o Jaisalmer: Manda &
manufacture of lenses Mandai
• GYPSUM in Rajasthan:
• Graphite in Rajasthan: • Rajasthan: 90% of total
• Graphite is also called production in India
as Black lead • Deposits of Gypsum in
Rajasthan:
• Orissa is leading o Jaisalmer: Sri Mohan Garrh
producer with 77% & o Barmer: Utarlai & Kavas,
Rajasthan share is less Chittar-Ka-Par and Thob
o Ganganagar: Siramsar, Mahala,
than 1%. Pallu,
• Deposits in Rajasthan o Nagaur: Bhadwasi, Dhakoria,
o Ajmer, Alwar, Kharat, Mandava,
o Bikaner: Jamsar (largest deposit
Banswara and Jodhpur in State) o Churu o Pali
• Uses - Crucible • Used in making: o Portland
Industry - electric Cement o Plaster of Paris o Paints
o Fertilizer
furnaces
• Kyanite in Rajasthan:
• Ilmenite in Rajasthan: • Deposits in Rajasthan
• India main deposits of o Ajmer: Chainpura and
ilmenite located along coast Madaoria
of Kerala. o Bhilwara: Bari Harnoi & Pur
• Deposits in Rajasthan o Dungarpur: Chotti Padri &
Sagwada
o Ajmer, Nagaur, Pali, o Jaipur: Near Tunga
Jodhpur and Sikar o Pali
o Very less quantity o Udaipur: Kishangarh and
• Uses: Sansera
o It is used for extraction of • Uses
Titanium Metal o In electronics, electrical
o Manufacture of Pigments insulators and abrasives.
• Magnesite in Rajasthan:
o Sarupa-Chhaja in Ajmer district
o Bhimana in Pali district
o Lewa-ka-Gurha in Udaipur District
• Uses:
• Chief Source of Magnesium
o Can withstand high temprature and used in
manufacture of refractory bricks used in
steel-making furnaces, in the manufacture of some
special types of cement (sorel
cement) and in glass and rayon industry
• Nickel in Rajasthan:
• Nickel is recovered as a by-product.
o Found along with the copper ores in the Khetri Copper Belt in
Jhunjhunu
o The serpentinite rocks at Rakhabdev-Kherwara area south of
udaipur.
• Uses
o Production of Stainless-steel
o Catalyst in making alloys and coins and in the storage of batteries.
o Nickel-compounds are widely used in electroplating, chemical and
ceramic industry.
• Ochre in Rajasthan: • Potash in Rajasthan:
• Deposit in Rajasthan
o Bikaner, Chittaurgarh, • Deposits in Rajasthan:
Jaisalmer, Jhunjhunun, o Bikaner, Hanseran,
Jodhpur, Nagaur and
Udaipur Arjunsar, Gharsisar,
• Used: Directly as paint Jaitpur, Satipura,
material or to give colour,
body and opacity to paint, Bharusari and Lakhasar.
cement, linoleum, rubber, • Uses: One of the key
glasses,enamels, plastics
etc. elements in Fertilizers
• Pyrite-Pyrrhotite - • Rock Phosphate in Rajasthan:
• Rock phosphate, popularly
Sulphur in Rajasthan: known as phosphorite
• Deposits in Rajasthan • Deposits in Rajasthan
o Udaipur: Jhamar Kotra (largest
o Sikar - Saladipura in the country),Maton, Kanpur,
• Uses: Manufacture of Karbaria-ka-Gurha and
Dakan Kotra.
sulphuric acid which is o Banswara: Sallopat and Ram-ka-
used mainly in the Munna
o Chittorgarh: Jaoda deposit:
manufacture of o Jaisalmer: Birmania, fatehgarh,
Rupsi & Nibh Dungar
superphosphate fertilizer o Jaipur: Achraul
and also in several other • Uses: Essential ingredient in
the manufacture of
chemical industries. superphosphate, a fertilizer,
• teatite in Rajasthan:
• Silica Sand in Rajasthan: • Steatite, talc and soapstone are
• Deposit in Rajasthan the three terms used in trade for
o Jaipur-Dausa: Banskhch hill a hydrous silicate of
near Jhir magnesium.
o Bundi-Kota-Sawai Mahopur • A purer variety of compact and
Districts: Manjora, Mohanpur, massive talc is steatite.
Patori and Guneshri. • Deposits in Rajasthan
o Tonk: Bher & Siwad o Jaipur-Dausa Districts:
o Jaisalmer: Lathi Dogetha-Jharna & Geejgarh
o Bikaner: Marh o Bhilwara: Gheruia & Chainpura
o Jodhpur: Bhakarion-ki-Dhani o Sawai madhopur: Dhaota &
• Uses o Making glass Dwain
o Acidic remi-mass o Udaipur-Dungarpur:
Rishabhadev
• Tin in Rajasthan: • Vermiculite in Rajasthan:
• Ore: Cassiterite • Deposits in Rajasthan:
Ajmer - Gudas
• Deposits in Rajasthan • Uses: When Vermicultie is
• Bhilwara District: Paroli heated, its volume increases
& Johna Sili more than 12 times
• Uses: Tin oxide is used • The mineral is used where
as polishing material for some extreme lightness and
marble and granite low-heat conductivity are
required. o Insulators
o Alloy
o Chemical Industry
Wollastonite in Rajasthan:
• • Rajasthan is the only Wollastonite producing state in
India
• Pali-Sirohi: Khera-Uparla, Belka Pahar near Khila in
Sirohi district.
• Ajmer: GolaAlipura
• Uses: It is used in the ceramic, enamel, glass,
matches, paints, paper, plastics and plywood
industries; in the preparation of artware, ceiling tiles,
floor tiles, insulators, as an extender of short-fibred
asbestos or as a replacement for non-fibrous materials
Agriculture
• 75 per cent population - rural areas
• about 62 per cent depend on agriculture and allied
activities for their livelihood.
• Agriculture in Rajasthan is primarily rain-fed and the
period of monsoon is short.
• Production of foodgrain and oil-seeds in Rajasthan:
o Cereals: 180.78 Lakh tonnes
o Pulses: 32.34 Lakh tonnes
o Oil-Seeds 60.61 Lakh tonnes
Ancient History of
Rajasthan
RAS RPSC EXAM
• From there first appearance to beginning of 3000 BC
man used tools & implements only made up of
stone and so early phase of human existence has been
called as Stone-Age. Based on nature of stone
tools and nature of change in climate the stone-age is
divided into Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and
Neolithic age period to study history till 1000B.c
Palaeolithic-Old Stone Age in Rajasthan 5,00,00 BC – 10,000 BC
 The Palaeolithic age has been further divided into 3 sub-ages namely
 5,00,000 BC - 1,00,000 BC: Lower Palaeolithic or Early Old Stone Age
 1,00,000 BC - 40,000 BC: Middle Palaeolithic or Middle Old Stone Age
 40,000 BC - 10,000 BC: Upper Palaeolithic or Later Old Stone Age
Early Old Stone Age (5,00,000 BC - 1,00,000 BC)
• Acheulian-Handaxes
• stone tools – Handaxe and cleaver
• Raw materials - quartzite, quartz and basalt
• sites - Acheulian culture
• Hunter -gatherer culture.
• Sites - located in Nagaur and Didwana of
Rajasthan, Barkhera, Bhimbetka and Putlikarar in
Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh
Middle Old Stone Age (1,00,000 BC - 40,000 BC)
• old stone age was slowly transformed into the

middle Palaeolithic
• stone tools - Flakes
• smaller, thinner and lighter
• Raw materials - fine-grained siliceous rocks like chert
and jasper
• sites located at Luni valley, around Didwana, Budha
Pushkar.
Later Old Stone Age (40,000 BC - 10,000 BC)
• tools further refined
• stone tools– Flakes and blades.
• discovery - Ostrich egg shells at over 40 sites in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra, which shows that ostrich, a bird adapted to arid climate.
Settlement – permanent sources of
Society - Band Society - less than 100 people.
• nomadic to some extent moving fro one place to another.
• Art - form of rock paintings (Bhimbetka).
• Sites - Chittorgarh, Kota and basins of rivers Wagoon, kadamli,
Sabarmati & Mahi
Mesolithic-Middle Stone Age in Rajasthan
10,000 BC – 5,000 BC
• sites - the Pachpadra basin, Sojat Area & Tilwara of Rajasthan are
rich Mesolithic sites and lot of microliths have been discovered.
• However, Bagor is the largest mesolithic site in India
• Tools - smaller in size and better in finishing (more geometric) than
the Palaeolithic age and are called as Microliths.
• main tool types - backed blades, obliquely truncated blades, points,
crescents, triangles and trapezes
• microliths were used as components of spearheads, arrowheads,
knives, sickles, harpoons and daggers.
Changes in Society of Mesolithic Age
• The first animals to be domesticated were dog, cattle, sheep and
goat
• First crops to be cultivated were wheat and barley
• The earliest evidence of domestication of animals has been
provided by Adamagarh in Madhya Pradesh and Bagor in Rajasthan
• First human colonization of the Ganga plains took place during this
period
Mesolithic human burials have been found at Bagor in Rajasthan,
Langhnaj in Gujarat, Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh etc.
ROCK PAINTING
• the rock painting of Mesolithic period is found in
Adamgarh, Bhimbetka of Madhya Pradesh and
Pratapgarh, Mirzapur of Rajasthan
• The paintings are made mostly in red and white
pigments, made form the nodules found in rocks
and earth. (Red made by minerals of iron oxide
and white by limestone)
• subject - wild animals and hunting scenes, though
there are some related to human social and
religious life such as sex and child birth.
Neolithic Age in Rajasthan
5,000 BC – 1,000 BC
• last phase of stone age
• Settlements - establishment of villages.
• Man for first time domesticated cattle, sheep and goats
• Neolithic tool kit was composed of heavy ground
tools – pestles, mortars, grinders and pounders – as also axes
and sickles which have a characteristic sheen on them, the
result of harvesting wild or domesticated plants and grasses.
• transition from huntinggathering to food production is called the Neolithic
revolution
Mehrgarh
• oldest agricultural settlement in the Indian
subcontinent
• located on bank of the Bolan River, a tributary of the
Indus
• Domesticated - cattle, sheep, goat and water buffalo
main cultivated plants - wheat and barley
• The first evidence in human history for the drilling of
teeth in a living person was found in Mehrgarh.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION 3500 BC – 2500 BC
• between 3300-1600 BC
• three phases namely early, mature and late
phases.
• discovered in 1921 and belonged to Bronze Age
• Located on the banks of the river Indus
• Urban Centers
• Sites - Dholavira , Rangpur, Rojdi, Lothal , Sarkotada , Kuntasi, Padri
(Gujarat) Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Bhagwanpura, Banawali
(Haryana), Diamabad (Maharashtra), Alamgirpur (U.P.), and
Mauda (Jammu)
Mohenjodaro Site : Architecture
• Settlement - divided into 2 sections
• one smaller but higher other larger but lower
• Upper - Citadel and Lower Town.
• Citadel - used for special public purposes like
Warehouse & Great Bath.
• Granaries - store grains - organized collection and
distribution system.
• ‘Great Bath’ - public bathing place
Lower town
• walled, - security – fortifications with gateways
enclosing the walled cities,
• Rectangular grid pattern of layout with
roads that cut each other at right angles.
Domestic Architecture
• drains connected through wall to the street drains
• Indus Valley Sites in Rajasthan
• Kalibangan,Baror, Karanpura
Kalibangan
• Kalibangan located in present Hanumangarh district.
• discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist and linguist.
• After Independence in 1952, Amlānand Ghosh identified the site as
part of Harappan Civilization and marked it for excavation.
• Later, during 1961-69, excavation were carried out by B. B.
Lal & Balkrishna Thapar.
• Kalibangan has settlements belonging to:
• Pre-Harappan Period from the 3500 BC – 2500 BC.
• Harrapan Period from the 2500 BC – 1500 BC
FEATURES OF HARRAPAN PERIOD
• Town Planning:
• structural pattern of the settlement was changed.
the citadel on the west and the lower city on the east
• situated on a higher level and looked like fortified parallelogram fortification was built
throughout of mudbricks
• Grid of streets running north-south and east-west, dividing the area into blocks.
• The houses were built of mud-bricks, baked bricks being confined to drains, wells,
sills, etc.
• Burial
3 types of burials are found:
• Extended inhumation in rectangular or oval grave-pits
• Pot-burials in a circular pit
• Rectangular or oval grave-pits containing only pottery and other funerary objects.
• Terracota:
The best terracota figure from Kalibangan is that
a charging bull which is considered to signify the
"realistic and powerful folk art of Harappan Age"
Seals:
• Most noteworthy is a cylindrical seal, depicting
a female figure between two male figures,
fighting or threatening with spears.
AHAR-BANAS CULTURE OF RAJASTHAN
• A number of Chalcolithic cultures have been discovered in
northern, central and western India. These included:
• The Ochre-Coloured Pottery (OCP) culture in the Punjab,
Haryana, north-east Rajasthan and upper Ganga-Yamuna doab.
• The Narhan culture and its variants in the northern
Vindhyas and the middle and lower Ganga valley.
• The Ahar culture in the Mewar region of Rajasthan.
• The Kayatha and Malwa cultures in the Malwa region of
western Madhya Pradesh.
• The Jorwe culture in western Maharashtra.
AHAR-BANAS CULTURE
• The Ahar culture, also known as the Banas culture, is a Chalcolithic
Culture of southeastern Rajasthan, lasting from 3000 to 1500 BCE,
contemporary and adjacent to the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The main distribution of this culture seems to be concentrated in the river
valleys of Banas and its tributaries namely Berach and Ahar.
• More than 90 sites of the culture have been identified till date, out of
which, Gilund, Ahar, Ojiyana and Balathal are prominent sites. These
sites of Ahar culture provide important information about the
transformation of life from hunting-gathering to agriculture in the
Mewar region.
• Important Sites of Ahar-Banas Culture:
• Gilund, Ahar , Ojiyana, Balathal
• Pachamta (Because, Excavation done in 2015)
Features of Ahar-Banas Culture
• Houses: single, double & multi-roomed rectangular, square or circular houses
• Made of stones, mud bricks, the walls being plastered with mud.
Pottery - Typical Ahar pottery is a Black-and-Red ware with linear and dotted designs painted on it
in white pigment and has limited range of shapes, which include bowls, bowls-on-stands, elongated
vases and globular vases.
Economy & Subsistence:
• based on cultivation, animal rearing and hunting. They sustained on a number of
crops, including wheat and barley.
• trade links with the Harappans
Technology:
• based on copper. copper ores of the Aravalli Range to make axes and other
artefacts.
• the Neolithic trend of using polished stone tools continued in this period also and
microlithic tools of silicious material were also very common
IMPORTANT SITES OF AHAR-BANAS CULTURE
• Gilund (Rajsamand)
• archaeological site in Rajsamand district
3 major rivers in the area which include the Kothari,
Banas, and Berach.
• Excavation carried out at the site during 1959-60 by
B.B.Lal revealed two mounds labelled as ‘eastern’ and
‘western’ mounds.
• The site is part of Ahar-Banas chalcolithic culture
FEATURES OF AHAR-BANAS CULTURE AT GILUND
• 3000-1700 BCE - divided into two Period
Early Ahar-Banas 3000-2000 BCE. Late Ahar-Banas 2000-1700 BCE
Period I microliths along with copper
• Houses are made of mud brick, the walls being plastered with mud.
Pottery - is Black-and-Red Ware
• Teracotta figurines particularly noteworthy are the bull figurines
with a prominent hump and long horn
• Period II middle of the 1st millennium B.C - presence of bowls and
dishes of grey ware.
• Sunga and Kushana bowls in red ware, sprinklers in the Red
Polished Ware,bowls in kaolin ware and knife-edged bowls in red
ware, indicating that this occupation continued up to the end of the
1st millennium A.D.
Balathal
• Balathal - Archaeological site of Ahar-Banas Culture
• located in Vallabhnagar tehsil of Udaipur district of Rajasthan. banks of Katar river.
• The site was discovered by V. N. Misra during a survey in 1962-63. site was occupied during
two cultural periods: the Chalcolithic and the Early Historic. 1. Chalcolithic period stretching
from 3000 to 1500 BC 2.Early Historic period dated to 5-3 century BC
Chalcolithic Phase (3000 -1500 BC
• well-planned structures. The houses - made of mud brick and stones.
• Stone objects - saddle querns, mullers, rubber stone, hammer stone
• copper objects - choppers, knives, razors, chisels and tanged arrowhead have been found
• agro-pastoralism, which is a mixture of both farming and herding animals.
Early Historic Phase (5 - 3 BC):
• evidence of large-scale use of iron implements,

suggesting its important role in the economy of
that period
• Iron working in the form of furnaces with iron
slags and abundant objects like nails, arrow
head, lamps, needle, hoe, spatula, knife etc. are
found on site
Pachamta
• a village 100 km from Udaipur in Rajasthan
• Recently in 2015, excavation were carried out
• Under a project called the Mewar Plains Archaeological Assessment
• under a project called the Mewar Plains Archaeological Assessment
• Pachamta belongs to the Ahar-Banas culture in the Mewar region,
which was contemporaneous with the early and mature Harappan
culture.
• The Ahar culture, datable to 3,000-1,700 BCE, was chalcolithic, and
its people had trade links with the Harappans.
• Artefacts such as perforated jars, shell bangles, terracotta beads,
shells and the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli, different types of
pottery and two hearths have been found during excavation.
OCP Culture of Rajasthan
• The Ochre Colored Pottery or OCP culture is defined by the type of similar
Ochre Pottery found at different sites.
• In 1951, B.B. Lal carried out small digs at Bisauli and Rajpur Parsu villages
in Bijnor district of Uttar Pradesh at spots where copper hoards had
reportedly been discovered earlier.
• Since then as many as 950 sites of OCP culture have been discovered from
the different parts of western Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan.
• Further, because of their discovery in groups, they have also been labelled
as Copper Hoard Culture.
• The highest number of the OCP sites in Rajasthan are found in the district
of Sikar followed by Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, Alwar and Bharatpur
• In Rajasthan, OCP sites have been discovered at:
• Ganeshwar (Sikar) • Jodhpura (Jaipur)
Ganeshwar (Sikar)
• Ganeshwar is a village in Neem Ka Thana Tehsil in the Sikar District.
• Excavations have revealed ancient sites, with remains of a 4000
years old civilization.
• The site is located at source of river Kantali, which used to join river
Drishadvati, near Soni-Bhadra on the north.
• Historian Ratan Lal Mishra wrote that, Red pottery with black
portraiture was found which is estimated to be belonging to 2500–
2000 BC was found when Ganeshwar was excavated in 1977.
• Ganeshwar is located near the copper mines of the Sikar-Jhunjhunu
area of the Khetri copper belt in Rajasthan
Rajasthan During Vedic Period
• The cities of the Harappan Culture had declined by 1500 B.C.
Around this period, the speakers of IndoAryan language, Sanskrit,
entered the north-west India from the Indo-Iranian region.
• Initially they would have come in small numbers through the passes
in the northwestern mountains.
• Their initial settlements were in the valleys of the north-west and
the plains of the Punjab
• This period between 1500 B.C and 600 B.C may be divided into: The
Early Vedic Period or Rig Vedic Period (1500 B.C -1000 B.C) The
Later Vedic Period (1000B.C – 600B.C)
• The Vedic literature consists of the four Vedas – Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva
• The Rig Veda is the earliest of the 4 Vedas and it consists of 1028
hymns.
• The Yajur Veda consists of various details of rules to be observed at
the time of sacrifice.
• The Sama Veda is set to tune for the purpose of chanting during
sacrifice.
• It is called the book of chants and the origins of Indian music are
traced in it
• The Atharva Veda contains details of rituals.
Rig Vedic Age or Early Vedic Period (1500 - 1000 B.C.)
• Location During the Rig Vedic period, the Aryans were mostly confined to the Indus region.
The Rig Veda refers to Saptasindhu or the land

of seven rivers.
• This includes the five rivers of Punjab, namely
Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej along
with the Indus and Saraswathi
Political System:
• Family was called as kula.
• Several families joined together on the basis of their kinship to form a
village or grama.
• The leader of grama was known as gramani.
• A group of villages constituted a larger unit called visu. It was headed by
vishayapati.
• The highest political unit was called jana or tribe.
• The head of the kingdom was called as rajan or king
• The king was assisted by purohita or priest and senani or commander of
the army in his administration.
• 2 popular bodies called the Sabha and Samiti. The Sabha seems to have
been a council of elders and the latter, a general assembly of the entire
people.
SOCIAL LIFE:
• society was patriarchal. The basic unit of society was family or graham.
• The head - grahapathi. Monogamy was generally practiced while
polygamy was prevalent among the royal and noble families.
• Women were given equal opportunities as men for their spiritual
and intellectual development. women poets like Apala,
Viswavara, Ghosa and Lopamudra during the Rig Vedic period.
There was no child marriage and the practice of sati was absent.
• Both men and women wore upper and lower garments made of
cotton and wool. Chariot racing, horse racing, dicing, music and
dance were the favourite pastimes.
• The social divisions were not rigid during the Rig Vedic period as
it was in the later Vedic period
ECONOMIC CONDITION:
• Pastoral people and their main occupation was cattle
rearing
• When they permanently settled in North India they
began to practice agriculture.
• Carpenters produced chariots and ploughs
• Goldsmiths were active in making ornaments
• Potters made various kinds of vessels for domestic use
• Trade was conducted on barter system.
• In the later times, gold coins called nishka were used as
media of exchange in large transactions.
Religion:
• Worshiped - the natural forces like earth, fire, wind, rain and
thunder.
• The important Rig Vedic gods were Prithvi (Earth), Agni (Fire),
Vayu (Wind), Varuna (Rain) and Indra (Thunder)
• There were also female gods like Aditi and Ushas.
• no temples and no idol worship during the early Vedic period.
• Prayers were offered to the gods in the expectation of
rewards. Ghee, milk and grain were given as offerings.
• Elaborate rituals were followed during the worship.
Later Vedic Period or Iron Age (1000 – 600 B.C.)
• Location:
• Aryans further moved towards east in the Later Vedic
Period
• The Satapatha Brahmana refers to the expansion of Aryans
to the eastern Gangetic plains.
Kuru and Panchala kingdoms flourished in the beginning.
After the fall of Kurus and Panchalas, other kingdoms like
Kosala, Kasi and Videha came into prominence.
• The later Vedic texts also refer to the three divisions of
India – Aryavarta (northern India), Madhyadesa (central
India) and Dakshinapatha (southern India).
Political System:
• Larger kingdoms, Many jana or tribes were amalgamated to form
janapadas or rashtras in the later Vedic period
• The king performed various rituals and sacrifices to strengthen his
position.
• They include Rajasuya (consecration ceremony), Asvamedha (horse
sacrifice) and Vajpeya (chariot race)
• The kings also assumed titles like Rajavisvajanan,
Ahilabhuvanapathi, (lord of all earth), Ekrat and Samrat (sole ruler)
• new officials were involved in the administration in addition to the
existing purohita, senani and gramani. They include the treasury
officer, tax collector and royal messenger
• At the lower levels, the village assemblies carried on the
administration.
Social System
• Child marriages had become common
Position of women declined, they were still
considered inferior and subordinate to men.
• Women also lost their political rights of attending
assemblies.
• The four divisions of society
• (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras)
• the Varna system was thoroughly established
during the Later Vedic period
Economic Condition
• Agriculture became the chief occupation
• Barley, rice and wheat were grown
• Iorn was used extensively
• Metal work, leather work, carpentry and pottery made great
progress. In addition to internal trade, foreign trade became
extensive. The Later Vedic people were familiar with the sea and
they traded with countries like Babylon.
• Vaisyas also carried on trade and commerce. They organized
themselves into guilds known as ganas.
• Besides nishka of the Rig Vedic period, gold and silver coins like
satamana and krishnala were used as media of exchange.
Religion:
• Gods of the Early Vedic period like Indra and Agni lost their
importance.
• Prajapathi (the creator), Vishnu (the protector) and Rudra
(the destroyer) became prominent during the Later Vedic
period.
• Sacrifices were still important and the rituals connected with
them became more elaborate. The importance of prayers
declined and that of sacrifices increased.
• Priesthood became a profession and a hereditary one.
Religion:
• The formulae for sacrifices were invented and
elaborated by the priestly class.
• Therefore, towards the end of this period there was a
strong reaction against priestly domination and against
sacrifices and rituals.
• The rise of Buddhism and Jainism was the direct result
of these elaborate sacrifices.
• the authors of the Upanishads, which is the essence of
Hindu philosophy, turned away from the useless rituals
and insisted on true knowledge (jnana) for peace and
salvation
Vedic Age or Iron Age in Rajasthan:
• From 1000 BC, Iron was used in Gandhara in Pakistan. Around same time,
use of iron appeared in eastern Punjab, Wester UP and Rajasthan.
• The Vedic literature mentions the Matsyas and the Salvas as
located near the river Saraswati and there is evidence to believe that by
the close of the Vedic age Rajasthan had become fully colonized by the
Vedic tribes.
• The relics of Painted Grey ware culture have been reported from the
dried- up beds of Saraswati and Drshadvati rivers.
• There is also evidence of Painted Grey Ware (PGW) from Noh (Bharatpur),
Jodhpur (Jaipur), Viratnagar (Jaipur) and Sanari (Jhunjhunu).
• These sites represent the growth of Iron Age in Rajasthan
Rajasthan During Mahajanpada Period
• the 6th century BCE, the political units consolidated into
large kingdoms called Mahajanapadas
• The term "Janapada" literally means the foothold of a tribe,
in Pāṇini's "Ashtadhyayi", Janapada stands for
country
• Ancient Buddhist texts like the Anguttara Nikaya make
reference to sixteen Mahajanpadas and republics which
had evolved and flourished in Indian Sub-Continent.
• The modern state of Rajasthan was also part of several
Mahajanpadas
• Matsya - the modern districts of Jaipur, Alwar &
Bharatpur formed part of Mahajanpada of Machcha or
Matsya.
• Capital - Viratanagari (present-day Bairat),
• The kingdom came under the control of the
neighboring Chedi Kingdom in the 5th century.
• Saurasena Mahajanpada
• – capital - located near modern day Mathura.
• It covers region of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur & Karauli.
Kuru Mahajanpada
• The capital – Indrapath.
• It covered parts of northern Alwar region
• Saurasena Mahajanpada
• The capital of Saurasena janpada is located near
modern day Mathura.
• It covers region of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur &
Karauli.
Kuru Mahajanpada
• The capital of Kuru Janpada was Indrapath.• It
covered parts of northern Alwar region
Alexander Invasion (326 BC)
• Rajasthan after Alexander Invasion (326 BC)

Because of Alexander’s invasion in 326 BCE tribes
of South Punjab especially Malav, Shivi and
Arjunayan migrated to Rajasthan
• According to coins recovered, the most important
politically were the Audambaras, Arjunayanas,
Malavas, Kunindas, Trigartas, Abhiras, Yaudheyas
and Shibis (Shivi).
• Arjunayana Arjunayanas had their base in the present-
day Bharatpur-Alwar region.
• They emerged as a political power during the Shunga
period (c. 185 – c. 73 BCE)
• Rajnaya Different scholars have ascribed different
regions to Rajnaya janpada, based on coins
Cunningham suggested their region as near Mathura,
Smith suggested former Dholpur state as
orginal home of Rajnaya and Rapson ascribed them in
same region as of Arjunayanas & Kings
of Mathura.
• Shivi or Shivi - covered present districts of Udaipur & Chittorgarh.
• The Shibis (Shivi) migrated from the Punjab to Rajasthan and
settled at Madhyamika (later Nagri), located near Chittaurgarh
• Nagri was excavated in 1904 A.D by D. R. Bhandarkar
Malavas
• The Malavas are actually mentioned in the Mahabhashya of
Patanjali.
• According to D. R. Bhandarkar, they initially lived in the Punjab;
later, they migrated to eastern Rajasthan (Jaipur & Tonk), and finally
to region in Madhya Pradesh, which is known as Malwa after them
• capital in Rajasthan was Nagar, located in Tonk
• Shalvya - It was situated in Alwar district
• Yodheya or Yaudheyas
• Yaudheya or Yaudheya Gana was an ancient confederation
who lived in the area between the Indus river and the
Ganges river.
• Present Ganganagar & Hanumangarh districts formed part
of their gana
• They find mention in Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi and Ganapatha.
• Later, the Junagadh rock inscription (c. 150 CE) of
Rudradaman I acknowledged the military might of the
Yaudheyas.
Maurya Rule in Rajasthan (321-184 BCE)
• Part of modern day Rajasthan was under occupation of
Maurya Rule.
• The ruins of the Bijak-ki-pahadi, a Buddhist Chaitya from
the 3rd century BCE located in Bairat, are the oldest free-
standing Buddhist structures in India.
• Maan Mori, of the Maurya dynasty ruled the kingdom till
734 AD when he was killed by Bappa Rawal of the Guhilot
clan.
• Born as Kalbhoj, Bappa Rawal was the founder of a dynasty,
which later comes to rule Mewar.
Sakas (1st AD)
• The indo-scythians are branch of the sakas who
migrated from southern Siberia into Bactria, Sogdia,
Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Gujarat,
Maharashtra and Rajasthan, from the middle of the
2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE.
• The first Saka king in India was Maues or Moga
• who established Saka power in Gandhara and gradually
extended supremacy over north-western India.
Western Satraps
• The Western Satraps (35-405 CE) were Saka rulers
of modern Gujarat, southern Sindh, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states.
• They were successors to the Indo-Scythians and
were contemporaneous with the Kushan Empire,
which ruled the northern part of the Indian
subcontinent.
Rajasthan In Gupta Period
• Before the rise of Gupta’s, Rudrasimha II, of the
Western Satraps, ruled Rajasthan.
• Samudra Gupta defeated Rudrasimha II in 351 A.D to
capture the southern part of Rajasthan.
• Various Sculptures of Gupta Period are found in Ajmera
(Dungarpur), Abhaneri (jaipur), Mandore, Osiyan
(Jodhpur), Neelkanth, Sacheli (Alwar) & Kalyanpur,
Jagat (Udaipur).
• Huna Emipre in Rajasthan In 503 C.E, Huna King
Toranmal defeated Gupta’s and occupied Rajasthan.
Vardhana Emipre
• After the downfall of the Gupta Empire in the

middle of the 6th century, North India was split
into several independent kingdoms.
• Prabhakara Vardhana, who belonged to the
Pushyabhuti family, extended his control over
neighbouring states.
• Around 606 CE, Harsha Vardhana asceded the
throne and ruled till 647 C.E.
Gurjara Kingdom
• From 550 to 1018 AD, the Gurjars played a
great part in history of Northern India nearly
for 500 years.
• The Gurjara-Pratihara King Nagabhatt I won
Kannuaj and established rule over most of
Rajasthan. The capital of their Kingdom was
shreemal, which is old name of Bhinmal in
Jalore.
The Origin of Rajputs
• The term Rajput starts coming in use from the 6th Century
AD. The origin of the Rajputs is the subject of debate.
• There are four main streams of thought on origin of
Rajputs:
• Foreign origin theory of Rajputs
• Mixed Origin Theory
• Kashtriya theory of origin
• Agnikula Theory
Pratihars of Mandore
• ancient town, and was the seat of the Pratiharas of
Mandavyapura, who ruled the region in the 6th century CE.
• The origin of the dynasty is described in two inscriptions:
the 837 CE Jodhpur inscription of Bauka and the 861 CE
Ghantiyala (or Ghatiyala) inscription of Kakkuka.
• Raja Harishchandra Pratihara is described as the founder
of the clan.
• He had four sons: Bhogabhatta, Kakka, Rajjila and Dadda.
Nagabhata, fourth in line from Harichandra, moved his
capital from Mandavyapura to Medantaka (modern
Merta).
• After the disintegration of the Gurjara-Pratihara
empire, one branch of Pratiharas continued to rule at
Mandore.
• In 1395 CE, a princess of this branch married Rao
Chunda of Rathore clan.
• As a result, Rao Chunda received the Junagarh fort in
Mandore in dowry, and moved his capital to the site.
• The town remained the Rathore capital until 1459 CE,
when Rao Jodha shifted his capital to the newly
founded city of Jodhpur
Pratihars of Bhinmal (Jalore)
• the strongest of the Gurjara-Prathira branch was the
one at Bhinmal, under king Vyaghramukh.
• TheGurjar clan, which ruled at Bhinmal was known as
Chapas (this name is a short version of Chapotkrisht,
sanskit word which means excelled in archery or strong
bowmen).
• As per the records of Heun Tsang, the famous
astronomer and mathematician Bramhagupta was in
the court of Vyaghramukha
Kings of Bhinmal branch of Gurjara- Pratihara
• Raja Nagabhata I Pratihara - He was the founder of
Bhinmal branch of Pratihara.
• He formed a triple alliance with Jaysimha & Bappa
Rawal to defeat Arabs in Battle of Rajasthan
• Raja Watsraj Pratihar - He was the first Pratihara ruler
who occupied the Kanauj.He defeated Dharmapala of
Gauda country. But he was defeated in the hands of
Dhruva of Rashtrakuta dynasty.
• Raja Nagabhata II Pratihara - He got victory over
Kannauj. He was defeated in the hands of Govinda of
Rashtrakuta dynasty. He defeated Dharmapala and
Chakrayudha in the battle of Mudgagiri.
• Raja Mihir Bhoj Pratihara - During the period of Mihira
Bhoja Kanauj was restored to its former glory. Mihira
Bhoja defeated Devapala of Bengal. Suleiman, Arab
traveller visited the court of Mihira Bhoja in 851 A.D.
• Raja YashPal Pratihara - He was the last ruler of the
dynasty. He ruled from 1027 to 1036. Prathihara
dynasty came to end with the invasion of Muhammad
of Ghazni.
• After the downfall of Prathiharas, their capital Kannauj, was
occupied by Gahadwalas (Rathores).
• Chandradeva, who belonged to Rathore clan of Rajput
warriors, defeated Gopala and established the Gahadavala
dynasty.
• After defeating Prthviraj Chauhan in the second Battle of
Tarain, Muhammad of Ghur attacked Jaychand.
• In 1194, Battle of Chandwar took place in which
Muhammad Ghori defeated Jaychand. Soon the kingdom of
Gahadwalas was destroyed.
•
• Rao Siyaji, grand son of Jai Chandra, of Kannauj, came to
marwar during his pilgrimage to dwarka.
• His Son, Rao Asthan conquered Pali, and Khed (in western
Marwar), but ultimately got killed in battle
by Sultan Jalauddin Khilji of Delhi.
• Rao Chanda/Chundarji, 10th in succession from Siyaji,
finally wrested control of Marwar from the Gurjara
Pratiharas – and established rule of Rathores in Marwar.
• Jodhpur was the primary state ofRathores but different
states (Bikaner, Kishangarh etc) were also founded by
different Rathore rulers.
The Chauhan Dynasty
• Major Chauhan dynasties include:
• Chauhans of Shakambhari
• Chauhans of Ranthambore
• Chauhans of Jalore
Chauhans of Shakambhari
• Vasu-deva (c. 6th century CE)
• founder of Shakambhari branch of Chauhans around 551 CE
• Govinda-raja I (c. 809-836 CE), alias Guvaka I
Constructed Harshnath Temple in Sikar
• Ajaya-raja II (c. 1110-1135 CE)
• - Moved the capital to Ajayameru (Ajmer)
• Repulsed a Ghaznavid attack, and also defeated the Paramara king
Naravarman.
• Vigraha-raja IV (c. 1150-1164 CE) - Expanded the Chauhan territories, and
captured Delhi from the Tomaras.
• Prithvi-raja III (c. 1178-1192 CE) - Better known as Prithviraj Chauhan
• Defeated Mohd. Ghori in first Battle of Tarain in 1191
Battles of Tarain: 1191 & 1192
• The Battles of Tarain, also known as the Battles of Taraori,
• were series of two battles fought in 1191 and 1192 A.D
between Prithviraj Chauhan III of Ajmer and Mohd. Ghori.
• The battles were fought near the town of Tarain (Taraori),
near Thanesar in present-day Haryana
• Causes for the failure
• lack unity
• the military methods of Indian Kingdoms were also out of
date
Mohd. Ghori
• Mohd. Ghazni established the Ghaznavi empire with capital at Ghazni.
After his death, Ghazni was Oghuz Turks. Ghori, defeated the turks and
laid foundation of Ghurid empire.
• After having made his position strong and secure at Ghazni,
Muhammad Ghori turned his attention to India In 1175, Muhammad
Ghori captured Multan and occupied whole of Sind in his subsequent
expeditions. He turned south across the desert towards Anhilwara
(modern day Patan, in Gujarat).
• In 1178, suffered defeat in the Battle of Kayadara (Gujarat), from ruler
of Gujarat, Bhimdev Solanki II (ruled 1178–1241). As a result, Ghori
retreated back to Multan. In 1186 he attacked Punjab, and defeated
Khusru Malik and added Malik's empire to his dominions.
• Ghori returned back to Ghanzi to help his brother, only to return in
1191
Consequences of Second Battle of Tarain on India
• The second battle of Tarain was a decisive battle. It was a major
disaster for the Rajputs and theirpolitical prestige suffered a serious
setback.
• In 1193, Ghori's general Qutub-Din Aibak, took overAjmer and soon
established Ghurid control in northern and central India.
• Son of Prithviraj was movedto Ranthambore ( laid foundation of
chauhan kingdom there).
• Further, In 1194, Battle of Chandwar took place, in which Aibak
defeated Gahadavala ruler Jayachandra.
• In conlusion, the Battles of Tarain and Chandawar laid the
foundation for establishment of Turkish rule in India
Chauhans of Ranthambore
• The Chauhan lost Ranthambore as a result of defeat of
Prithviraja III in battle of Tarain 1192. by Mohd.
Ghori. But, Prithviraja’s son Govindaraja IV accepted
the Ghurid suzerainty, and ruled Ranthambore as
his vassal.
• Govinda-raja - Son of Prthvi Raja Chauhan III
Govinda-raja IV (c. 1192 CE)
• Banished by Hari-raja for accepting Muslim suzerainty;
• Established the Chauhan branch of Ranthambore
• Hammira-deva or Hammir Dev
• In 1299, he defeated Allauddin Khilji’s army
led by Ulugh Khan & Nusrat Khan
• In 1301, Allauddin Khilji again invaded his
kingdom, which resulted in his defeat and
death.
Chauhans of Jalore
• Prathihar king VatsaRaja was the ruler of Jalore during 8th
century.
• Towards the end of 12th Century, Parmars ruled here.
Historians believe that the Jalore fort was built by Parmar
rulers.
• It is known from a stone inscription of 1238 A.D. of fort
that Parmar King Biral’s-queen Maludevi powered Gold win
on Sindhu King.
• Kanhada-deva (c. 1292-1311 CE) - Wrote Kanha-
Prabhandha: Epic elaborating war between Kanha Dev &
Alaudin Khilji.
The Kingdom of Mewar
• The kingdom of Mewar includes present day districts of
Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara.
• The region was originally called Medhpaat and Lord Shiva
(Ekling Nath) is called Medhpateshwar (Lord of Medhpaat).
Over time, the name Medhpath became Mewar.
• The creators of Mewar's ruling dynasty in Rajputana came
originally from the Guhilot clan.
• Foundation stories claim this clan originated in Kashmir and
migrated to Gujarat in the sixth century.
• In the seventh century they migrated again, to the plains of
Mewar, in the area around Magda, which was named after one
of the earliest clan leaders
Guhils of Chittorgarh
• Guhil - founder of Guhil dynasty.
• Originally he was born in Anandnagar, Gujarat but in
565 C.E, he established independent
city at Nagda (Udaipur
Bappa Rawal - Born as Kalbhoj
• Is said to have defeated Maan Mori and laid
foundation of Guhilot Dynasty rule in Mewar.
• Formed triple alliance with Nagabhatta & Jaysimha to
defeat Arabs in Battle of Rajasthan
Battle of Rajasthan : 738 AD
• series of battles - taken place in 738 A.D.
• on borders on modern Sind-Rajasthan.
• In this battle, the Gurjar-Hindu alliance defeated the Arab invaders and
removed the Arab invaders and pillagers from the area east of the Indus
River and protected whole India
• Main king
• Gurjara-Pratihara King Nagabhata I
• Jaysimha Varman of the Rashtrakuta Empire
• Bappa Rawal of Hindu Kingdom of Mewar
• Result: The battle was fought between 5,000-6,000 Rajput-Gurjar Infantry
and cavalry facing more than 30,000 Arabs. The Rajputs under Bappa
Rawal managed to kill the Arab leader Emir Junaid during the war.
Thank you
SUBSCRIBE
Modern History of Rajasthan
RAS RPSC EXAM

• Jat Rulers of Bharatpur
• At the end of the 17th century, Jat Baija with his son Rajaram, Zamindar of the
village of Sinsini, took advantage of the weakness of the Mughal Empire to
enlarge his territory.
• Lord Ram’s brother Laxman is the family deity of the erstwhile royal family of
Bharatpur.
• The name ‘Laxman’ was engraved on the arms, seals and other emblems of the
state.
Rulers of Bharatpur
• Raja Ram, 1670–1688
• Churaman, 1695–1721
o The Jat power in Bharatpur strengthened in the 18th century under the
leadership of Badan Singh and Churaman.
o Around 1707, Churaman built the fort of Thoon and established his
kongdom.
o Farukhsiyar titled Churaman as Rao Bahadur.
o However, the Mughals got Jat Churaman killed in 1721.
• Badan Singh, 1722–1756
o Churaman’s brother Badan Singh beacme a very powerful Jat leader
following the death of Churaman.
• In 1725, he constructed Jal Mahal of Deeg, Kumher fort & Vair fort.
• Maharaja Suraj Mal, 1756–1767
• Maharaja Suraj Mal captured the fort of Bharatpur by vanquishing
Khemkaran, the rival chieftain and laid the foundation for Bharatpur.
• He is alsoccalled as Plato of Jat, Jat Ulysses.
• In 1748, Suraj Mal helped Ishwari Singh of Jaipur to defeat the
combined armies of Mewar, Kota, Jodhpur, Bundi & Maratha in Battle
of Bagru.
• Bundi court poet Shurya Mall, has written about the bravery of Suraj
Mal in Hindi poetry-
• • Maharaja Jawahar Singh, 1767–1768
• Constructed the Lohagarh fort.
• He attacked Delhi and brought 8 metal doors from Red Fort of Delhi and
placed at Bharatpur Fort.
• Maharaja Ratan Singh, 1768–1769 • Maharaja Kehri Singh, 1769–1771
• Maharaja Nawal Singh, 1771–1776 • Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1776–1805
o Signed treaty with British in 1803 A.D.
o But in 1805, during time of lord Welselly, Lord Lake attacked Bharatpur
as Ranjit Singh had given asylum to Jaswant Rao Holker of Indore.
o Lord Lake could not capture the fort even after four month of siege and
has been labelled as Lohgarh. Soon Ranjit Singh was compelled to make
peace and a new treaty was made on 4 May 1805.
• • Maharaja Randhir Singh, 1805–1823
o Randhir Singh signed treaty with British in 1818 A.D.
• Maharaja Baldeo Singh, 1823–1825 • Maharaja Balwant
Singh, 1825–1853
• Maharaja Jashwant Singh, 1853–1893 • Maharaja Ram
Singh, 1893–1900 (exiled)
• Maharani Girraj Kaur, regent 1900–1918 • Maharaja
Kishan Singh, 1900–1929
• Maharaja Brijendra Singh, 1929–1947
o Matsya Union was the first State to be formed in
Rajasthan with the integration of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur
and Karauli which joined the Indian Union.
• Kachwaha Rulers of Modern Alwar State Early medieval times, Alwar
was ruled by Jadaun clan of Chandravanhi rajputs.
• In ealy 13th century Nahar Khan of the same Chandravanshi clan
converted to Islam in thirteenth century during Firuz Shah Tughlak's
regime.
• Alawar Khan who was the descendent Nahar Khan, established the
kingdom of Alawar in 1412 A.D.
During Mughal period, Khanzada Hasan Khan Mewati fought against
invader Babar and later on Hasan Khan's nephew Jamal Khan gave his
two daughters to Humanyun and Bairam khan in marriage.
• In the 1550s, Khanzada Rajput king of Ulwar was overthrown by Akbar's
military campaign to encircle Mewar Kingdom.
• Later on 25th November 1775, Rao Pratap Singh raised his standard over
the Alwar Fort and founded the modern kingdom of Alwar.
• Kachwaha Rulers of Modern Alwar State
• Pratap Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1775–1791) Rao Raja of Alwar
o Founded the princely state of Ulwar.
• Bakhtawar Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1791–1815) Rao Raja of
Alwar
o He also devoted himself to the work of extension and
consolidation of the territory of the State.
o Maharao Raja Bakhtawar Singh rendered valuable services to Lord
Lake, during the latter's campaign against Marathas, in the battle of
Laswari, in the Alwar territory when the State troops assisted him in
finally breaking the Marathas and Jat powers.
o As a result, in 1803, the First Treaty of Offensive and Defensive
Alliance was forged between Alwar State and the East India
Company. Thus, Alwar was the first princely State in India to enter
into Treaty Relations with the East India Company.
• Bane Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1815–1857) Maharao Raja of Alwar
• Sheodan Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1857–1874) Maharao Raja of Alwar
• Mangal Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1874–1892) Maharaja of Alwar
• Jai Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1892–1937) Maharaja of Alwar
o It was in the times of Jai Singh that name of state was changed from
Ulwar to Alwar.
• Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1937–1971) Maharaja of Alwar
o Following the independence of India in 1947, Alwar acceded unto the
dominion of India.
On 18 March 1948, the state merged with three neighboring princely
states (Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karauli) to form the Matsya Union. This
union in turn merged unto the Union of India.
• On 15 May 1949, it was united with certain other princely states and
the territory of Ajmer to form the present-day Indian state of
Rajasthan.
• Kachwaha Rulers of Jaipur
• Mirza Raja Sawai Jai Singh II (1699 – 1743)
o In 1699, given title of Sawai by Aurangzeb.
o Formed marriage alliance with marwar & mewar to expel Mughal out of
rajputana.
o However, patch up again, and appointed as governor of Malwa & Agra.
o A 1721, t Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah bestowed upon him the
title of Saramad-iRajaha-i-Hind
o In 1723, added the titles of Raj Rajeshvar, Shri Rajadhiraj and Maharaja
Sawai
o Performed Ashwmedha Yajya & Vajapeya (after centuries)
o Built five astronomical observatories (jantar Mantar) at Delhi, Mathura,
Benares, Ujjain
& Jaipur.
o In 1727: Laid foundation of Jaipur – designed by Vidhydhar
Bhattacharya
o Translated works by people like John Napier
• • Mirza Raja Sawai Ishwari Singh (1743 – 1750)
• Mirza Raja Sawai Madho Singh I (1750 – 1768)
o Was rewarded the fort of Ranthambhore by the
Mughal Emperor
o Founder of City Sawai Madhopur
o Got Shaikh Sadi’s Gulistan translated to Sanskrit.
o Freed the Kachhawaha Kingdom from the Maratha
• Mirza Raja Sawai Prithvi Singh II (1768 – 1778)
• Mirza Raja Sawai Pratap Singh (1778 -1803)
• • Mirza Raja Sawai Jagat Singh II (1803 – 1818)
• Mohan Singh (regent) (1818 –1819)
o Installed on throne by nobles, but was soon
deposed.
• Mirza Raja Sawai Jai Singh III (1819 -1835) •
Mirza Raja Sawai Ram Singh II (1835 -1880)
• Mirza Raja Sawai Madho Singh II (1880 – 1922)
• Mirza Raja Sawai Man Singh II (1922 –1947)
o Adopted Son
o Married Maharani Gayatri Devi
o Rajpramukh of Rajasthan between 1949-1956.
• Shekhawats of Sikar
• Raja Bahadur Singh Shekhawat, the Raja of Khandela gifted the
village (Beer Bhan Ka Bass) to Rao Daulat Singh, son of Rao Jaswant
Singh of Kasli Thikana.
• Rao Daulat Singh changed the name of Veer Bhan Ka Bass village to
Sikar in memory of Rao Shekha and constructed a fort here in 1687.
• In 1721 Daulat Singh’s son Shiv Singh became ruler of Sikar.
Shekhawats of Sikar
• Rao Daulat Singh (1687/1721)- Founded thikana of Sikar
• Rao Shiv Singh (1721/17480 - Completed the fort and palaces of
Sikar in 1724 and conquered Fatehpur in 1731.
o Erected the famous Temple of Gopinath Ji.
• Rao Samrath Singh (1748/1754)
• Rao Nahar Singh
• Rao Chand Singh
• Rao Devi Singh
o Built forts of Raghunathgarh and Deogarh
o Golden rule in history of Sikar
• Rao Raja Laxman Singh
o Constructed Laxmangarh Fort
• Rao Raja Ram Pratap Singh
• Rao Raja Bhairon Singh
• Rao Raja Sir Madhav Singh Bahadur (1866/1922)
o Credit of making huge Victoria Diamonds Jublee Hall & Madhav Niwas
Kothi
o During the terrible famine in 1899, started many famine relief works,
example: ‘Madhav Sagar Pond’ which was built in 1899.
• Rao Raja Kalyan Singh (1922/1967)
o Constructed the clock tower as well as the Kalyan Hospital and College
for the welfare of public.
• Rulers of Jhalawar
• Jhala Zalim Singh , the dewan of Kota, developed Jhalawar (then
Chaoni Umedpura ) as cantonment & township, to isolate Kota
from Maratha invaders.
• In 1838, British rulers separated Jhalawar state from Kota state and
gave it to Jhala Madan Singh, grandson of Jhala Zalim Singh.
Rulers of Jhalawar:
• Madan Singh (1838–1845)
o 1st independent ruler of Jhalawar.
• Pirthi Singh (1845–1875)
• Bakht or Zalim Singh (1875–1897)
• HH Sh. Bhawani Singh (1897–1929)
• HH Sh. Rajendra Singh (1929–1943)
• HH Sh. Harish Chandra (1943-till merger of Jhalawar State in
Rajasthan.)
• Maratha in Rajasthan
• The Rajput were first exposed to Maratha's during the time when Aurangzeb
sent Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur & Jai Singh of Amer were sent to Deccan to
subdue Shivaji.
• They failed in the process but admired Shivaji's spirit for independence, his
concern for preserving Hindu culture and his fight
against all odds with Aurangzeb.
• However, much of these interactions were limited to Deccan territories till
Marathas under great Peshwa Baji Rao I, started on an aggressive expansion
campaign.
The Cordial Relations Phase
When the Marathas were trying to gain foothold in Malwa, Sawai Jai Singh of
Jaipur, extended clandestine support.
• Sawai Jai Singh’s pro-Maratha policy was motivated by his desire to drive away
the Mughals from Malwa with the help of the Marathas and then extend his
own territories upto Malwa.
• Maratha get close to Rajasthan
By the end of 17th century the decline of Mughal power
carved out sufficient space for new empire.
• A new strategy of systematic expansion towards north
began with Bajirao taking over as Peshwa in 1720 A.D.
Pehwa Baji Rao decided to overrun and bring under control
the rich and flourishing provinces of Malwa and Gujarat.
• The province of Malwa was a part of the Mughal Empire
and Sawai jai Singh of Jaipur was regularly appointed as
Subedar of Malwa.
• Sawai Jai Singh inflicted some initial defeats to Marathas
but it failed to control the Maratha expansion and Malwa
began to slip under Maratha domination
• Maratha raid in Rajasthan
Maratha penetration in Rajasthan started with sporadic
raids in states of Kota, Bundi, Mewar & Marwar.
• In 1726 Baji Bhim raided Mewar arid realized Chauth
from a Mewar district, in 1728, Bajirao forced the
rulers of Dungarpur and Banswara to Pay to him.
• They followed the route from the Mukandara Pass and
across the Chambal from Malwa via Harauti, and from
Gujarat via Idar and Jalore.
Battle of Mandsaur
• In 1732, Jai Singh was appointed the governor of Malwa for third
time.
• At the beginning of 1733, Malhar Rao Holkar and Ranoji Shinde
managed to encircle Jai Singh at Mandsor in Malwa.
• Maratha forces forces cut off 'grain and water supply' to Jai Singh's
camp, forcing him to negotiate peace and agree to Maratha
demands.
• He was compelled to pay 6 lacs in cash and promised to cede 38
paraganas in lieu of Chauth.
• Once Malwa came under Maratha domination, Jai Singh failed to
control Peshwa's territorial ambitions further North.
• Maratha Penetration in Rajasthan
• Role of Maratha in Bundi
• Marathas established Malwa as their base. It served as a convenient
starting point for raids into Rajputana.
• However, Maratha's penetration into Rajputana is attributed to the
internal affairs & policy of Rajputs.
• Sawai Jai Singh was keen to enhance his position in Rajasthan and
expelled Budh Singh to put his own son in law, Dulel Singh on the throne.
• Budh Singh turned to seek the support of an external power stronger
than Jai Singh.
• According to Vamsh Bhaskar, Pratap Singh Hada, the elder brother of
Dalal Singh, was sent to Poona to meet the Peshwa and the other
prominent Maratha sardars to enlist military support for Budh Singh.
• Holkar restored the authority of Budh Singh. However, soon after the
Maratha forces departed, Jai Singh again expelled Budh Singh and
reinstalled Dulel Singh on throne.
• Rao Ummed (Omeda, as per Col.Tod) Singh, was 13 years old at time of his
father Budh Singh's death.
• Ishwari Singh succeeded Jai Singh at jaipur.
• Ummed Singh revolted against Dulel Singh and was aided by Rao Durjan Sal of
Kota.
• Ummed Singh captured tarragarh and seated on throne of his father.
• Dulel Singh fled to his suzerain at Jaipur and Isharwari Singh disposed forces to
re-expel the Hada Ruler.
• Ummed Singh was soon compelled to abandon the throne.
• The widow of Budh Singh and mother of Ummed singh, paid a visit to Malhar
Rao Holker.
• Consequently, Holker send forces and delivered Bundi to Ummed Singh.
• He continued marching towards Jaipur to reach castle of Bagroo.
• After a siege of 10 days, Ishwari Singh was forced to sign a deed for surrender of
Bundi and Ummed sign was seated on throne for second time.
• Malhar Rao demanded and obtained the district of Patan for his services.
• Hurda Conference
• The rajput leaders soon realized that Mughal power was
incapable of resisting the Maratha expansion and decided
to hold a conference at Hurda to discuss terms of a united
Rajputana front against the Marathas.
• Hurda conference saw in attendence Sawai Jai Singh of
Jaipur, Maharana Jagat Singh of Mewar, Abhay Singh of
Jodhpur, Dulel Singh of Bundi, Durjansal of Kota, Zorawar
Singh of Bikaner, Gopal Singh of Karauli, Raj Singh of
Kishangarh and Bakhat Singh of Nagaur.
• After prolonged deliberations, an agreement was signed
on 17th July 1734.
• Maratha role in Jaipur
• Sawai jai Singh died on 21st September 1743 A.D. His death resulted in
struggle for succession between his sons Madho Singh and Ishwari
Singh.
• Madho Singh was the younger son of Sawai Jai Singh from the princess
of Mewar who was given in marriage to him in 1708 on the condition
that the son born to her would succeed Jai Singh even if he was
younger in age.
• Ishwari Singh was eldest son, and according to the Rajput custom he
was the heir apparent.
• After the death of Jai Singh, Ishwari Singh who was at Jaipur succeeded
him. He was given due recognition not only by the Mughal emperor but
also by his neighboring Rajput rulers.
• Additionally, Peshwa also sent succession presents to Ishwari Singh.
• Maharana Jagat Singh of Mewar felt insulted and started preparations to
dethrone Ishwari Singh.
• Durjansal of Kota also joined in the cause of Maharana. Ishwari Singh marched
with a large force to encounter the combined forces of Kota and Udaipur,
encamped at Jamoli.
• The fight continued for 40 days, after which, Ishwari Singh reached an
agreement with the Maharana, giving the pargana of Tonk to Madho Singh.
• Madho Singh was not satisfied with this agreement and desired the throne of
Jaipur.
• In 1744, when Ishwari Singh was at Delhi, the Maharana accompanied by
Madho Singh, marched against Jaipur.
• Ishwari Singh returned to Jaipur and sought help of Marathas.
• The Maharana was takenback to see such situation and he had to even promise
some money to the Marathas to save his troops from annihilation.
• Ishwari Singh repudiated even Jamoti agreement.
• Not disappointed with the above failure, Maharana now sought
Maratha support and concluded agreement with Malhar Rao
Holker of payment of two lakh rupees.
• Maharana dispatched his forces of Kota and Shahpura.
• Holkar also sent his son Khande Rao with twelve thousand horses
to join the new allies.
• A bloody battle was fought at Rajmahal and won by Ishwari Singh
on March, 1747. But Malhar Rao Holkar did not withdraw and
pressed for Madho Singh’s claim and advised the Peshwa to take
up his cause.
• Another battle was fought on 14th August 1748 between the allies and
Ishwari Singh, in which Ishwari Singh was rooted out.
• He had to promise heavy bribe to Maratha Sardar Gangn Dhar to save
the destruction.
• continuous war had adversely affected the economic condition of Jaipur
state and money promised to the Marathas was not paid.
• The Peshwa sent Holkar to realize it. Being helpless, Ishwari Singh
committed suicide.
• Having captured the city of Jaipur without any resistance, Holkar
installed Madho Singh on the throne.
• However, the adverse condition of Jaipur state did not change even
after this struggle for succession ended as Maratha demand kept on
increasing.
• Maratha Intervention in Marwar
• Even before the culmination of Jaipur struggle, Marathas were
engaged into Jodhpur dispute.
• It commenced with the accession of Ram Singh on 13 July 1749
on the throne of Marwar.
• His right was disputed by his uncle, Bakhat Singh.
• With the help of Rajput sardars he rovolted against Ram Singh
and defeated him in a battle at Luniawas, 27 November 1750.
• Ram Singh was expelled from Jodhpur and sought refuge in
Jaipur.
• Bhakt Singh ruled until his death on 21 September 1752, after which his
son Vijay Singh succeeded.
• The death Bhakt Singh, afforded Ram Singh, the chance of redeeming
his birthright.
• Sawai Madho Singh of Jaipur also backed the exiled Ram Singh for the
throne of Jodhpur.
• The Marathas were keenly observing the situation and took full
advantage of their rivalry, concluding a treaty with Ram Singh.
• Together they attacked on Bijay Singh in May, 1761.
• They also received the co-operation of the Champawats, Kumpawats
and Shekhawats.
• In 1753, he deposed Vijay Singh and reascended the throne for the
second time.
• The triumphiant Maratha spread across the territory Marwar.
• This created hatred against the Marathas and culminated in the
murder of Jayappa Sindhia on 24 July, 1755.
• The death of Jayappa changed theterms between Ram Singh &
Marathas and in addition to territory of Ajmer, they now
demanded revenue from entire territory of Marwar.
• The Marathas switched sides and abandoned Ram Singh.
• A battle ensued, Vijay Singh took help of Malhar Rao Holker and
ended the contest once and for all for all in his favour.
• Ram Singh passed his remaining life at Jaipur, where he died in
1772.
• Maratha intervention in Jat Affairs
• The rivalry between Jawahar Singh and Nahar Singh also paved the way
for Maratha intervention in the Jat affairs.
• Maharaja Suraj Mal died in 1763.
• At the time of Raja Suraj Mal's death, Jawahar Singh was in Farrukhnagar.
Maharaja Suraj Mal's nobles placed Nahar Singh on the throne.
• On hearing this news Jawahar Singh set to return to Bharatpur, take
revenge with Nahar Singh and lay his claim to throne.
• Bal Ram, brother-in-law of Maharaja Suraj Mal and the commander of
Bharatpur forces prepared for war against Jawahar Singh.
• However, ultimately, he accepted Jawahar Singh's claim to the throne
and Jawahar Singh ascended the throne of Bharatpur.
• Soon, Jawahar Singh wrested Narnol district of Jaipur and this alarmed
Sawai Madho Singh.
• He approached both Holkar and Sindhia for help, who responded
favourably to Sawai Madho Singh’s appeal and sent their forces to Jaipur.
• The Maratha intervention in favour of Jaipur spoiled Jawahar
Singh’s and he was forced to make peace with Madho Singh.
• Nahar Singh held Dholpur as his appanage.
• Jawahar Singh helped the Raja of Dholpur to be independent of the
Marathas.
• He inflicted a severe defeat to Marathas.
• After having lost his own estate, Nahar Singh took refuge in Jaipur and
died on 6th December, 1766.
• Consequently, Vijay Singh of Marwar and Jawahar Singh joined hands to
fight against the Marathas.
• Conclusion:
The Marathas gained prominence under the leadership of
Shivaji.
• He organized them into a force that successfully challenged the
mighty Mughal Empire. With Aurangzeb’s death, the Mughal
Empire witnessed a quick succession of weak Emperors.
• Mughal weakness gave most opportune time when the
Peshwa’s policy of Northward expansion.
• Under the able supervision of the Peshwas, the Marathas
established their control over Malwa and Gujarat.
• Rajasthan, shared borders with both Malwa & Gujarat, hence,
geographical proximity enabled Marathas to foray easily into
Rajputana dominions.
• Initially, the Marathas made sporadic raids but in wake of declining
Mughal Authority they were formally invited by the Rajput Rajas to
intervene in their succession disputes.
• The Rajput State of Bundi was the first to invite Maratha assistance in
domestic feud
• This was later followed by the States of
Jaipur, Jodhpur and even Mewar.
• In return for this support, Marathas were promised huge sums of money.
• At times when Rajput Rajas could not pay the due installments, certain
territories were transferred to Marathas.
• Thus, the Marathas entered Rajasthan to settle the domestic feuds, for
which they were hired, later they became the masters who levied tribute
and ravaged the land whenever they desired
• The Maratha intervention in Rajasthan ended with
rise of new authority in form of East India
Company.
• The rajput realized that they could be delivered from
their problems only by the rising British power and
beginning from 1803 till 1823, all the Rajput States
including Alwar, Karauli, Kota, Jodhpur, Mewar,
Bundi, Bikaner, Kishangarh, Jaipur, Banswara,
Pratapgarh, Dungarpur, Jaisalmer and Sirohi
concluded subsidiary treaties with the British
Government.
• British Treaty with Rajputana States
• In the later half of 19th century, the Rajputana States were
being crushed by continuous subjugation of Maratha
Power and attacks of Pindaris.
• Whenever the states of Rajasthan tried to get free from
the clutches of the Marathas they were defeated
repeatedly and their territories were devastated.
• Almost all of Rajasthan had been virtually brought under
by the Marathas, who exacted tribute, annexed
territory, and extorted subsidies.
• Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) took interest in the
Rajput- Maratha affairs to safeguard British
interests in India.
• He wanted to curb the Maratha power in
northern India and planned mutual friendship
with the Rajputs against the Marathas.
• He succeeded in his plan but after his departure
from India the British policy towards Rajputana
changed
• Lord Hastings (1813-1823) sought to impose British
paramountcy in India for which suppression of the
Marathas and the Pindaris was essential.
• He looked upon the Rajputana States as his natural
allies against the Marathas and the Pindaris.
• Charles Metcalf, the British Resident at Delhi, was
entrusted with the duty of negotiating alliances with
the states of Rajasthan.
• Through these treaties the States of Rajasthan came under the
complete subordination of the British.
• In principle the external affairs of these states passed into the
British hands and a nominal independence was given to the
rulers in internal affairs.
• The British were empowered to interfere in internal affairs
too.
• In fact the Rajasthani rulers lost their freedom and power but
in the colonial interests their existence was safeguarded by the
British.
• Now the rulers became responsible to the British instead of
being responsible to their people.
• The treaty of Bharatpur with British
• After the death of Mahraja Surajmal, Mughal ruler Alamgir
II & Marathas decided to capture the Jat territories.
• In 1784, Scindhia attacked Bharatpur and captured a large
part of Jat territory.
• However, Maharani Kishori appealed to Scindhia and he
withdrew, after Bharatpur agreed to pay an yearly Chauth
of 2 lac rupees.
• In 1803, the British sent a proposal to Bharatpur to offer
protection against the Marathas.
• Consequently, a treaty was signed between Maharaja
Ranjeet Singh & Lord Lake in 1803
• However, the treaty did not survive long.
• Yashwant Rao Holker started a series of battle against the
British, on 8 July 1804, Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the
army of Colonel Manson and Leukan at
Mukundara and Kota.
• On 16 November 1804, Maharaja Holkar reached Deeg by
defeating the army of Major Frazer.
• The Jat ruler Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur welcomed him and
decided to be with Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar against
the British.
• Lord Lake attacked Deeg on 13 December 1804, then
the army of Holkar and Jat successfully resisted
and reached Bharatpur.
• Lord Lake again attacked on 3 January 1805, along
with General Manson and others.
• A siege of Bharatpur followed and lasted for three
months. Subsequently, Ranjit Singh was forced to
sign a new treaty with the British on 17 April 1805.
• Revolt of 1857 in Rajasthan
• Revolt of 1857 is often been described as India's first war for
Independence.
• On 29th March 1857, Mangal Pandey, a soldier of 34th regiment
revolted at Barrackpur cantonment.
• The revolt soon spread over the entire area from the neighbourhood of
Patna to the borders of Rajasthan.
• There were six main centres of revolt in these regions namely Kanpur,
Lucknow, Bareilly, Jhansi, Gwalior and Arrah in Bihar.
• Rajasthan was one of the states which actively took part in the rebellion
of 1857.
• Unfortunately, most rulers of Rajasthan did not extend any help to the
national forces during revolt of 1857 in Rajasthan instead they helped
the British forces in crushing the revolt.
• Revolt of 1857 in Rajasthan
• In 1832 A.G.G (Agent to Governor General) Headquarter was established
in Ajmer.
• Mr. Locket was the first A.G.G of Rajasthan. In 1845 the headquarter was
transferred to Abu.
• During the revolt of 1857, George Patrik Lawrence was the A.G.G. and
Rajasthan was divided into 6 British Cantonments:
• Naseerabad - Ajmer
• Devali (Deoli) - Tonk
• Erinpura (Arinpura) - Pali
• Kota - Kota
• Kherwara - Udaipur
• Beawar (Byawar) - Ajmer
Last two cantonments did not participate in the revolt.
• Revolt at Naseerabad
• Naseerabad was the first place in Rajasthan where the
Revolt of 1857 began on 28 May.
• The news of revolt of Merrut reached A.G.G. George
Lawerence and he sent 15th Bengal Native Infantry located
in Ajmer to Nasirabad due to which the dissatisfaction
among the soldiers was born.
• Soon news of soldiers revolt also reached the soldiers in
Nasirabad, and on 28 May 1857, the soldiers of the Native
Infantry revolted in Nasirabad.
• Soldiers of 30th Native Infantry also joined in and after
burning & capturing the cantonment soldiers left for Delhi.
• Revolt at Neemach
• When the news of Naseerabad revolt reached Military officer of
Neemuch Colonel Abbot, he forced soldiers to take the oath of loyalty in
parade ground on June 2, 1857.
• During the oath taking event itself, a cavalry soldier Ali Baig blurted out
in anger that the Britishers themselves did not stand by their oath of
Awadh and hence Indians too are not obliged to abide by their oath.
• As a result on June 3, 1857, soldiers of Neemuch also revolted After
buring the cantonment they started for Delhi via Chittor, Hammingarh.,
Baneda and Shahpura and joined the revolutionaries there and fiercely
attacked the British army.
• Captain Shawers reached Neemach with the forces of Mewar and A.G.G.
Lawrence sent the forces of Kota and Bundi to Neemach Britishers again
took the control of Neemach on 8th June, 1857.
• Revolt at Erinpura
• In Erinpura cantonment, Jodhpur the Indian units of British
forces revolted on 21 August, 1857.
• They marched towards Delhi shouting Chalo Delhi Maro
Firangi'.
• On the way Thakur Kushal Singh Champavat of Auwa
agreed to lead the soldiers and stood against the British
Empire.
• Kushal Singh Champavat became the leader of hostile
feudal lords of Maharana Takht Singh.
• By interference in the inheritance of Bithoda, he alienated
Takht Singh
• On August 21, 1857, the Jodhpur legion revolted by the
military coupe.
• Since Kushal Singh was opposed to the British, he
added these rebels with him.
• The combined forces defeated Jodhpur State forces
near Auwa and lieutenant Heathcoat had to retreat.
• After the incident, A.G.G. Lawerence reached Auwa
and fierce battle followed.
• General Lawerence forces were defeated and rebel
forces killed political agent monkmesson.
• To avenge the defeat of Auwa, force was sent to Auwa under
AGG George Lawerence Disa and Brigadier Holmes.
• Another firece battle followed but this time Kushal Singh was
forced to flee.
• He fled towards Salumbar and the British looted Auwa and
took the idol of Sugali Mata to Ajmer.
• Thakur Kushal Singh surrendered before British on 8th August,
1860.
• Later, Major Tailor investigation commission exonerated him
and he died in 1864 in Udaipur.
• The battle of Auwa has been termed as "Battle of Black
&Whites" in the folk songs of Rajasthan
• Revolt at Kota - The rebellion forces of Kota revolted under the leadership of
two any officers: Mehrab Khan and Jadaya Kayashion 15th 1857. They killed
resident Major Burton, his two sons and a doctor on 15 October, 1857. On 3
March 1858 the British forces under General Roberts crushed the rebellion at
Kota. Mehrab Khan & Jaidayal Kayasth were hanged after this revolt.
• Bharatpur Revolt - Bharatpur remained distrurbed during the entire rebellion
period and people of Goû and Mewati took part in the rebellion openly. On 31
May 1857, Bharatpur forces rebelled and Major Morrison fled towards Agra
• Dholpur Revolt - In October 1857, the rebel soldiers of Gwalior and Indore
came to Dhaulpur. They grouped with the
local rebels and put pressure on Dholpur ruler for providing artillery. About 1000
rebels under Rao Ramchandra and Hiralal then fled to Agra with the guns of
Maharana Dholpur.
• In the end, the rule was re-established with help from forces of ruler of Patiala.
• Consequences of Revolt of 1857 in Rajasthan
• As a result of mutiny of 1857, Amarchand Kathian of
Bikaner was hanged.
• Since many leaders of the revolt were feudal lords, the
British decided to destroy the power of the feudal system
through various methods after the dissolution of the war.
• During the rebellion, the British were helped by the native
rulers, so after the suppression of the rebellion, the British
gave them titles and awards.
• Maharaja Ram Singh I of Jaipur helped the British with his
resources and he was rewarded with title of "Sitar-e-Hind"
and pargana of Kothputli.
• During the rebellion period, the British had to face severe inconvenience
in sending their army from one place to another.
• Thus, after the dissolution in 1865 AD, the road leading to Jaipur and
Ajmer and the road going to Nimach by Naseerabad through Chittorgarh
was constructed.
• After the coup, there was a change in the traditional social structure of
Rajasthan as well.
• After the suppression of revolt, modern education was disseminated and
the English rules were executed in all the states.
• Because of this, the importance of Brahmins was reduced.
• This revolt created a new consciousness and awakening in the public.
• According to Shri Nathuram Kharagawat, "The general public also
participated directly or indirectly in this enmity."
• Reasons for failure of the revolt of 1857 in
Rajasthan
• The main reasons for the failure of the revolt of
1857 in Rajasthan were:
• Indigenous rulers were short-sighted, they were
devotees of the British, so they did not support
rebels.
• There was no definite leader of the rebels; in
addition they lacked unity and organization.
• The rebels were not as skilled as the British in
the battlefield
• Important facts to remember
• Maharaja Sardar Singh (Bikaner) was the only ruler who
went outside Rajasthan to Badlu of Punjab to
suppress the revolt with his forces
• The Famous Fighters of 1857 Rebellion from Rajasthan:
• Lala Jaydayaal & Mehraab Singh (Advocate in Kota
Darbaar)
• Thakur Khushaal Singh (Jodhpur)
• Suryamaal Missonn (Poet of Bundi Darbaar)
• Rawat Keshri Singh & Rawat Jodhsingh (Mewaar)
• Tarachan Patel (Tonk)
• Tantya Tope in Rajasthan
• Tantya Tope entered Rajasthan, with the rebels of Gwalior.
• The forces of Nawab of Tonk under Vazir Khan also
supported Tantya Tope against Britishers.
• Tantya Tope advanced towards Jaipur Via Banswara and
Mewar where prince Feroze met him.
• On March 1, 1858 the rebels broke the cordon of
Britishers and reached Sikar via Alvar but were defeated
by the forces of Colonel Holmes.
• Tantya Tope then advanced towards Mewar via Bundi but
General Abraham Roberts defeated him near Bhilwara.
• Tanya Tope again entered Banswara on 11th December, 1858.
• Maharaval Lakshan Singh escaped to jungles but Man Singh
Rukka, a companion of Tope helped the Britishers and
captured him in the jungles of Narwar.
• He was hanged on 18th April, 1859 in Sipri (Shivpuri, Madhya
Pradesh).
• City- Political Agent - Ruler of State during Revolt of 1857 in
Rajasthan
• Bharatpur - Morrison - Maharaja Jaswant Singh I
• Jaipur - William Eden - Maharaja Ram Singh II
• Jodhpur - Mac Mason - Maharaja Thakat Singh
• Kota- Major Burton - MahaRao Ram Singh
• Udaipur - Captian Shawers- Maharana Swaroop Singh
• Press and Journalism during British Rule
• During the rule of the British East India Company, the Anglo-Indians and
Europeans began to publish newspapers and journals.
• James Augustus Hickey is considered the father of Indian press.
• He started the Bengal Gazette in the year 1780.
• Later, powerful newspapers emerged under distinguished and fearless
nationalists.
• The influence of the press extended far beyond its literate subscribers.
• In Rajasthan, Ajmer was the main centre.
• Christian Missionaries established first Litho Press in 1864 in Beawar.
• It was used to print religious literature, books for missionary schools etc.
• Some of the important facts about Newspaper during British Rule in
Rajasthan:
• 1879: Sajjan Kirti Sudharak
• Published from Udaipur by Maharana Sajjan Singh on the
inspiration of Dayanand Saraswati.
• This Hindi weekly publication was official gazette of Mewar.
1885: Rajputana Gazette
• Published from Ajmer, edited by Maulvi Murad Ali
• Aim to eliminate sense of fear and expose oppression of
people of princely states.
1885: Rajputana Herald
• Published from Ajmer by Hanuman Singh.
• Newspaper was published in English and fearlessly exposed
the scam of Bandobast
• 1885: Rajasthan Times
• Published from Ajmer by Bakshi Lakshamandas.
• Exposed the weakness of administration.
1919: Rajasthan Kesari
• It was published from Wardha, Maharashtra under
editorship of Vijay Singh Pathik.
• Played an important role in peasant movement in Bijoliya.
1920: Tarun Rajasthan
• Published from Ajmer under the editorship of
Ramnarayan Chaudhary and Shobhalal Gupt.
• Vijay Singh Pathik also expressed his views through the
paper.
• 1922: Naveen Rajasthan
• Published initially by Rajasthan Sewa Sangh and
later by Vijay Singh Pathik.
1923: Rajasthan Weekly
• Published by Rishidatt from Beawar
• Highlighted problems of people of Udaipur,
Jaipur, Hadoti, Jaipur.
1932: Prabhat
• Edited by Sidhraj Dhadha & Satyadev
Vidyalankar, published by Lalit Narayan.
• Major Associations of Political Awareness
• The second half of the 19th century witnessed the growth of national political
consciousness and organised national movement.
• During this period the Indian intelligentsia created political associations to
spread political education and to initiate political work in the country.
• In 1885, the efforts consolidated in form of Indian National Congress, which
later became the spearhead of Independence movement of India.
• In princely states, the people in face of strong repression adopted novel
methods of organising public opinion by establishing reading rooms, libraries,
self-help centres and welfare societies (Hitkarni Sabhas).
• These were political forums and raised the demand of democratization in their
respective states.
• Later on a centralised organisation by the name, India Peoples‟ State
Conference was formed to
make a coordinated effort to demand responsive governments in the princely
states.
• Peasant Movements in Rajasthan
• In the beginning of 19th century, princely states of Rajasthan started signing
treaties with the British (1818).
• These treaties relieved princely states from external attacks of Marathas,
Pindaris as well as other princely states. All these security came at cost of
additional taxes, which the rulers passed on to peasantry classes as they
continued to live a life of luxury and comfort.
• the peasantry in the princely states of Rajasthan started suffering under the
weight of double exploitation of British imperialism and native feudalism.
Over the period of time, this caused significant dissatisfaction among the
public which results in numerous peasant movement
across Rajasthan.
• The peasantry in Rajasthan had to pay a large number of lag-bags (cesses),
custom duties and also perform begar (forced labour) in addition to paying
heavy land-revenue which was half of the gross produce.
• After 1878, new land revenue settlements were
made on the British lines to institutionalise the loot
by the states.
• These settlements were not aimed at improving the
agriculture and working conditions of the peasantry
but their sole object was to collect more money.
• These resulted in the decline of agriculture on the
one hand, and increase in poverty and
indebtedness of the peasantry on the other
• General Features of Peasant Movements in Rajasthan
• In the initial stages most of the peasant movements were spontaneous
and were the outcome of social reform movements.
• In fact, the peasant movements in Rajasthan initially arose under the
banner of social reforms and culminated into an economic struggle.
• The caste panchayats played an important role in the early stage of
these movements.
• The caste organisations developed into class organisations during the
peasant struggles.
• Between 1938-1949 the peasant movements and the Praja Mandal
movement for responsible governments remained in close co-operation
with each other irrespective of their class characters.
• Bijolia Peasant Movement, 1897 – 1941
• Bijolia was ‘‘A” class Jagir of the Udaipur State with a population of about 1200 in 1891.
The majority of peasants in Bijolia belonged to Dakan Gotra of the Jats.
• First Phase: 1897 – 1913
• Peasants in region were suffering from heavy burden of land revenue cesses and forced
labour
• Nanji Patel of Berisal and Thakari Patel of Gopal Niwa were sent on deputation to meet
Maharana of Udaipur.
• However both of them were expelled from jagir and movement suffered setback.
• Rao Krishan Singh died in 1906 without any heir and his near relation Prithvi Singh
became the Jagirdar.
• He not only withdrew the concessions given by Kishen Singh but also imposed some new
taxes on the pretext of Talwar-bandhai lag (Succession cess) which he paid to the
Maharana.
• In March 1913 nearly 1000 peasants under the leadership of Sadhu Sitaram Das
presented their grievances to the Jagirdar and when he refused to see the peasants.
• The peasants decided not to cultivate the lands in Bijolia and the lands were left fallow in
the year 1913-14.
• Second Phase: 1915 – 1923
• During 1915, the second phase of Bijolia Peasant Movement started when
Sadhu Sitaram invited Vijay Singh Pathik to assume the leadership of the
movement.
• He established Vidya Pracharni Sabha at Bijolia and under this Sabha he
started a library, a school, and a Akhara.
• Pathik also published posts on Bijoliya Movement in the paper “Pratap”.
• Manikya Lal Verma who was a Jagir employee was highly impressed by the
activities of Pathik and he resigned from the service to work among the
peasants.
• In August 1918, the no-rent campaign was started with non co-operation
movement. However, Maharana was adamant to crush the movement and all
the main activities including Manik Lai Verma and Sadhu Sita Ram Das were
arrested.
• Vijay Singh Pathik went underground and guided the movement.
• Rajasthan Sewa Sangh and the Rajputana Madhya Bharat Sabha also
extended their support to the movement, which brought the movement
to the national scene.
• On the advice of Mahatma Gandhi, Madan Mohan Malviya tried to
persuade the Maharana.
• However, all the efforts failed and movement intensified by June 1920.
• The Kisan Panchayat began to run a parallel government through its
leaders and volunteers. The peasants refused to obey the orders of the
thikana. They also refused to pay the land revenue, cesses and begar
and decided to boycott the court and police of the thikana.
• In 1922, the Government of India appointed a high power committee
that also included the Agent to Governor-General in Rajputana, Robert
Holland. After a long discussion an agreement was reached, which
introduced much needed judicial, police and Jail reforms.
• Third Phase: 1923 – 1941
• By the end of 1923, the peasant uprisings in other parts were
put to an end and authorities started to deal with the peasants
cruelly.
• Vijay Singh Pathik was forbidden to enter into Mewar. As a
result movement went to decline.
• In 1930 the leadership passed into the hands of Jamnalal Bajaj
and Haribhau Upadhyay.
• The peasant got their surrendered lands in 1939 when they
became aloof from all the political activities and assured the
thikana that they would never go on agitation in future.
• The Prime Minister of Mewar, Sir G. Raghavacharya held a
dialogue with Prajamandal and handed over the acquired land.
• Jat Farmers Movement, 1880
• This farmer movement was organized at Matrakundiya pargana in
Chittor in Udaipur State.
• Mahrana Fateh Singh was the ruler.
• The Jat farmers of the region organized this revolt against the exess
land-revenue.
• Peasant Movements in Alwar – Bharatpur State
Alwar Famers Movement 1921
• Wild-pigs were reared in Alwar State. Whenever the pigs were released
they caused damage to standing crops of farmers.
• But due to restriction these could not be killed.
• During 1921, farmers organized movement against the practice.
• As a result, the government allowed killing of wild-pigs and movement
was withdrawn.
• Neemchuna Farmers Movement, 1925
• Maharaja Jai Singh of Alwar increased the Lagaan rates in
1924.
• Rajput peasants of Khalsa lands in Alwar started the movement
& took to arm rebellion.
• Government setup an enquiry commission but meanwhile
maharaj decided to crush revolt by force.
• On 14th May 1925 forces opened fire on around 800 farmers
gathered at Neemchuna.
• Mahatma Gandhi considered this masaccare as even extreme
of Jallianwallah Bagh and termed it “Dyrism Double Distilled”
in Young India.
• Mev Farmers Movement, 1932-35
• In 1932 farmers of Kishangarh, Ramgarh, Lakshmangarh &
Tijara (Mev Region) started movement under leadership of
Mohd. Ali.
• In 1933, in Alwar demands of farmers were agreed.
• However, in Bharatpur Farmers stopped paying land revenue
for Kharif crops but government did not let the movement to
succeed.
• Gradually the movement turned communal and leader
Anjuman Khaidm-ul-Islam raised demands for separate schools
for muslims, significant place for Urdu language and jobs to
muslims in Govt.
• Marwar Peasant Movement, 1923
• In 1923, Jai Narayan Vyas organized Marwar Hitkarni Sabha to organize peasants against
taxes and serfdom.
• Through his newspaper Tarun Rajasthan he tried revealing conditions of farmers
• In 1923 Government declared Hitkarni Sabha as illegal.
• In 1939, Marwar Lok Parishad was formed and it encouraged farmers to start
movement against jagirdars.
• In April 1943, under chairmanship of Choturam Choudhary an appeal was made for
settlement of Jagirs.
• On which, Maharaja of Jodhpur ordered for land settlement.
• Dabda Massacre
• On 13 March 1947, a meeting was called in Dabda Village in Didwana pargana
between members of Marwar Lok Parishad and Kisan Sabha under leadership of
Mathuradas Mathur.
• The members were staying at Motilal Choudhary, when Jagirdar of Dabda attacked
the house.
• 12-13 farmers were killed on the spot.
• Bundi Peasant Movement, 1922 – 1943
• This movement is also called as Barad Kisan Andolan.
• Its causes were excess lagan, lag-bhag & Begar
• Dabi Kaand – On April 2, 1923, Nanak ji Bheel was hoisting
flag in a gathering at Dabi when
Police under S.P Ikram Hussain opened fire. Died on Spot.
• In 1926, Pandit Nathuram Sharma took over the
leadership.
• In later stages, Mankiya lal Verma took over the leadership
• The movement ended in 1943
• Begun Peasant Movement
• Under the direct influence of the Bijolia movement, the peasants of the
thikanas of Parsoli, Basi, Mandesra, Bhainsrodgarh and Begun arose against the
policies of their respective thikanas.
• While, the authorities managed to crush the peasants movement of almost all
other feudatories, the jagir of Begun stood as exception.
• Begun was a neighbouring Jagir of BijoIia and the majority of peasants were
also from Dhakar caste.
• In 1921, a meeting was held at Bherukund near Menal, where it was decided to
protest against the atrocities of Jagir. In 1922, a no-rent campaign was also
launched in Begun but it was suppressed by the Jagirdar Anoop Singh.
• The peasants of Begun approached the leaders of Rajasthan Seva Sangh for
help and support.
• Ram Narain Choudhary, Secretary of the Sangh, was sent to guide and help the
peasants of Begun.
• The Jagirdar entered into an agreement with the peasants at Ajmer through
Vijay Singh Pathik, but the agreement was not acceptable to the British
Resident of Mewar as he called it a Bolshevik settlement.
• In June 1923, Udaipur State constituted an enquiry commission under G. C.
Trench, the Settlement Commissioner of the State, for settlement with the
peasants of Begun.
• The center of Begun Movement was Raita Village while commission was
stationed at Begun.
• The commission insisted on peasant to appear before them at Begun, the
peasants refused and instead insisted commission to camp at Raita. Hence, the
peasants boycotted the Commission and the Commission arbitrarily prepared a
decision. The decision was sent to the panchayat on 10th July, 1923
• On 12th July, 1913, a large meeting of peasants was held at a village,
Govindpura to discuss the decision. Mr. G. C. Trench reached Govindpura at
about 5 A.M. on 13th July, 1923 with State troops.
• He again warned the leaders to accept the decision of the Commission. The
leaders refused the decision strongly.
• The troops encircled the village and resorted to firing. Two activists Roopa, of
village Jainagar and Kripa ji, of Amarpura, were shot dead.
• On the Government records one man lost his life, about 25 men were wounded
and 485 men were arrested. According to the newspaper Tarun Rajasthan,
eleven men lost their lives, about hundred were wounded, and 540 were
arrested along with women and children.
• After the incident, Vijay Singh Pathik took over the leadership of the
movement. This intensified the movement and finally resulted in a new
settlement that started in Begun in December, 1923. Taxes rates were made
fixed and many taxes were taken back by the government. Begar Pratha
(bonded labour system) was abolished.
• Farmers Revolt in Shekhawati Region
• Farmer revolt in Sikar, 1922 - In 1922, Thakur Kalyan Singh
increased lagan from 25% to 50%. As a result, farmers
organised movement to protest against this action.
• Katrathal Women Gathering, 1934 - On 25 April 1934 at
Katrathal around 1000 women gathered under leadership
of Kishori devi to protest against the ill-treatment of
women-folk by Thakur of Siyot.
• Jaisinghpura Massacre, 1934 - On 21 June 1934, Ishwar
Singh brother of Thakur of Dundhlot fired at Jat farmers
cultivating the filed at Jaisinghpura. Ishwar Singh was tried
and Jailed.
• Kundan Village Massacre, 1934
• The Jaipur government also realized the rising atrocities in Sikar Thikana
and deputed English officer W. T Web. As a result of efforts of Web, an
agreement was made between farmers & Thikana on 23-August-1934.
• The agreement also provided recognition to Sikarwati Jat Panchayat.
• But as the agreement was not honored, the farmers again resorted to
movement.
• In one such meeting at Kundan village, officer Web opened fire on the
gathering killing a number of people.
• This massacre was even discussed in British House of Commons.
Shekhawati Farmers movement continued till 1946, when finally it got
closed with efforts of Hiralal Shastri.
• Bikaner Peasant Movement, 1946
• Also referred to as Dudhwa Khara Farmers
Movement
• Farmers of Dudhwa Khara (now in Churu district)
& Kangda Village of Bikaner State started
the movement against the atrocities of Jagirdars.
• Leader Kumbharam Arya, Vaidhya Mugharam,
Raghuvar dayal goyal, Hanuman Singh Budania
• Tribal Movements in Rajasthan - Bheel (Bhil) Movements - Early Bheel
Movements
• The Bheels (Bhils) were the first to raise a movement against princely
feudalism and British imperialism in Rajasthan.
• Majority of Bheels inhabited the princely states of Mewar (Udaipur),
Banswara, Dungarpur, and Sirohi of Rajputana. Before the British rule,
Bheels were enjoying undisturbed forest rights.
• In 1818, the States of Mewar, Dungarpur, Banswara concluded treaties
with the British power and new order was established. The Bheels
revolted in 1818 against this new order.
• Immediately after the treaty, the internal administration of the Mewar
State was taken over by the British Resident Col. James Tod and he tried
to bring Bheels under his control.
• The Bheels revolted against this new policy and the British troops were
sent against the Bheels to compel them to surrender.
• To sustain long-term peaceful rule, the British made some new arrangements. In
1841 under his command Mewar Bheel Corps (MBC) was raised. These Corps
were used by British & rajas to maintain the law & order situation in the areas.
• After the revolt of 1857, the British Government took over the Empire from
the East India Company and a number of administrative changes were
introduced in the Indian States. These new changes further took away rights
enjoyed by Bheels.
• The British efforts to introduce social reforms among the Bhils also agitated
them. The British authorities pressed the State to stop the Dakan (Withcraft)
practice. The Bhils considered it an attack on their beliefs. The census
operations that started in 1881 in the Mewar State also agitated the Bhils. All
these social & economic factors created a fertile ground for a second revolt.
• In the first week of March 1881, the gameti (Bheel Chief) of Padona
village on the UdaipurKherwara Road was summoned by the thanedar of
Barapal village to appear as witness in some land dispute.
• The thanedar of Barapal sent Sawar (Police Constable) to summon the
gameti, who refused to go.
• When the sawar tried to use force, he was killed by the Bheels The
thanedar reached the village with force and arrested the gameti.
• The gameti was tortured by police cruelly and put to death.
• Consequently, The Bhils of Padona and Barapal attacked the police
station and the thanedar was killed.
• The Bhils became violent and burnt down bania shops and police stations
in the nearby areas.
• The Bhils of Tidi and Kotra also joined the revolting Bhils. In no time the
revolt spread over other hilly areas of Mewar State.
• Consequence of Bheel Revolt
• The state and British forces were sent to crush the revolt.
• The forces could not succeed in defeating the Bhils due to
operational difficulties in the dense forest.
• The Maharaja’s personal Secretary Shyamaldas, who was
accompanying the troops, entered into negotiations with
the Bhil leaders but eventually failed.
• Finally, British representative Col Walter made settlement
of peace with the gametis of Bhils at Rishabhdev.
• The Bhils were sanctioned concessions in respect of their
forest rights and taxes.
• Bhagat Movement or Bheel Movements under Govind Giri
• The early movements of the Bheels were spontaneous and
were caused as a reaction to the new system.
• The British Government took various measures to check the
Bhil activities in future.
• On the one hand they announced some concessions to the
Bhils and on the other they established an efficient network of
military and civil control of the Bhil areas.
• These efforts succeeded in keeping the Bhils peaceful for along
time in Mewar State.
• Govind Giri
• Govindgiri was born in Bansia village in Dungarpur state.
Govindgiri was a social & religious reformer and engaged
himself in "improving the moral character, habits, and religious
practices" of the adivasis (tribals).
• In 1883, he started Samp Sabha - an organization to unite the
Bheels.
• Govindgiri launched a Social reform movement among the
Bhils, where, he tried to uplift the moral and material life of the
Bheels through social and religious preaching.
• The teachings of Govindgiri awakened the Bhils and the social
religious movement culminated into politico-economic revolt of
the Bhils, which is also known as Bhagat Movement.
• Mangarh Massacre
• Govindgir preached crusade against the authorities to overthrow the
oppressive rule and reestablish the Bhil power in Bhil tracts.
• In April 1913 Govindgiri was arrested by the Dungarpur Police and
released with advice of leaving Dungarpur State territories.
• Govindgiri replied to his persecution by uniting his followers and
planned to establish a Bheel State.
• Consequently, Govindgiri with his followers moved to the hill of
Mangarh on the border of Banswara and Sunth States.
• These developments alarmed the states of Sunth, Banswara,
Dungarpur and Idar.
• All the states approached their concerned British officers to suppress
the Bhils.
• On 10th November 1913, two companies of the Mewar
Bhil corps, one company of 104th Wellesley s Rifles, one
company of 7th Rajput regiment encircled the Mangarh hill.
• On 17th November 1913, the British forces attacked the
Mangarh hill.
• Initially, the Bheels fought with valor against the superior
British forces but later surrendered.
• Govindgiri along with the followers was arrested and sent
to Ahmedabad jail, where he was awarded death sentence.
• Later in appeal in higher court, the sentence was reduced
to life-term. But he was eventually released after 7 years.
• Eki Movement or Bhomath Bheel Movement under
Motilal Tejawat
• The tribal movement under the leadership of Govindgir was
confined to the States of Dungarpur, Banswara, Sunth
Rampur and Idar only.
• A large number of Bhils in the States of Udaipur, Sirohi and
Bundi remained aloof from this movement.
• The movement of the Bhils under Govindgiri was
suppressed by the British forces, but it influenced the Bhils
of Gujarat, Central India and Rajasthan.
• Motilal Tejawat - Masheeha of Tribals / Baavji of Bhils
• Moti Lai Tejawat was Oswal bania by caste and born in
village Kolhari in Jhadol tihikana of Udaipur State.
• Due to some differences with the Jagirdar of Jharole he
left the service of Jhalore thikana as Kamdar and adopted
the profession of a spice merchant.
• Further, his business brought him in close contact with all
the Bhils of Udaipur State. He was aggrieved by the plight
of the Bhils and started work among them for their
upliftment.
• The social reform activities of Moti Lai Tejawat spread his
popularity among the Bhils.
• Along with these he also started Eki (Unity) movement.
• The Eki movement aimed at a united opposition to al types of
exploitation of Bhils by the States and jagirdars.
• Moti Lal Tejawat met Vijay Singh Pathik and other leaders to
chalk out a programme for redressal of the grievances of the
Bhils.
• By this time, the Bijolia peasant movement bad also reached to
its climax which inspired Tejawat and in 1921, he gave a call for
the non-cooperation movement to the Bhils along with the call
of no-rent campaign at Matrakundia, Chittorgarh.
• The Bhils with their demand assembled at Lake Pichola near the Palace.
• Under pressure Maharana of Mewar called Motilal for discussions and
he presented Maharana with list of 21 demands (labelled as Mewar ki
Pukar).
• Maharana agreed to 18 of 21 demands but did not agree to Forest
Rights, Begar and killing of Wild pigs.
• The officers did not implement the 18 agreed conditions and as a result
Motilal Tejawat intesified the revolt.
• Additionally, he started door to door campaign where he preached
against the social evils prevalent in Bhil society.
• Due to this he became famous as Maseeha of Bhils.
• Bhomat Bhil Movement
Bhomat was the area densely populated by the Bhils. It comprised of parts of
various Jagirs and the Khalsa land of Udaipur State.
• To keep the Bhils under control the British formed Bhomat an administrative
unit under the rule of a military officer of the rank of a Major with
headquarters at Kotra and Kherwara.
• Tejawat extended his activities to Bhomat area and enlightened the tribals.
• The Bhils followed him and refused to pay land revenue, cesses, other taxes
and to perform begar.
• The administration became paralysed and lost control over a large tract of
Udaipur State.
• Under growing pressure, in 1922 the Udaipur State, British authorities
announced various concessions and agreements were reached.
• the agreements could not succeed in bringing the movement to an end because
various disputes arose in the implementation of agreement.
• The Bhil movement of Udaipur State finally ended after 1929 when Tejawat
was arrested.
• Conclusion:
• The tribal movement under the leadership of Moti Lai Tejawat
began under the influence of the Non-Go-operation Movement
but comparatively it was more radical.
• The tribal movement was not owned by the Indian National
Congress and could not be integrated in the National
movement, but it strengthened the national cause.
• The movement awakened the ignorant tribe men to break
their age- old bondage.
• These movements proved severe attacks on the feudal system
of Rajasthan and paved the wayfor social development.
• These also prepared the ground for freedom movement in
Rajasthan and when the Prajamandal in various states came
into being the awakened tribal men joined these organisation.
• Meena Movement
• Governement of India implemented the Criminal Tribes Act in 1924
and subsequently Jaipur State implemented the Jaipur State
Criminal Prefession Law -1930.
• These Laws made it compulsory for Meena tribe members to
register their names at nearest polie station.
• To protest against this law Meena Khetriya Mahasabha was
established in 1933.
• In 1944, a general conference was held under the Presidentship of
Jain Muni Magan Sagar where Jaipur State Meena reform
committee was also established.
• On 28th October 1946, at a conference held in Bagawas 26,000
Meenas resigned from post of Chokidaar.
• Finally after independence in 1952, all restrictions imposed on
Meena’s were withdrawn
Freedom Fighters of Rajasthan
• Motilal Tejavat
• Born- 16 May, 1887 Koliyar Village, Udaipur.
• In 1920 started Eki movement at Matrikundia, Chittor against Mewar
• Bhomat Movement
• Maseeha of tribals, Baavji
Swami Kumaranand
• Assisted Batukeshwar Dutt & Subash Chandra Bose.
• 1921 organised farmers from Beawar
Balwant Singh Mehta
• Birth – 8 Feb - 1915 – Pratap Sabha - 1938 – First President of
Prajamandal - 1942 – Associated with Quit India Movement
• Role in establishment of Bhartiya Lok Kala Mandal
• Harvilas Sharda
• Historian & legal expert - Efforts resulted in passing of Child
Marriage Prevention Act (Sharda Act) by Central Vidhan Sabha
in 1929.
• Bhajanlal Bissa• President Goraksha Abhiyaan Samiti,
Jaisalmer - Founder President Jaisalmer Jan Sangh.
• Arjun Lal Sethi –
• Birth – 9 Sept. 1880, Jaipur - Refused post of District
Magistrate in Indian Civil Service, became secretary of Devi
Singh of Chomu.
• Entrusted responsibility of armed revoltion in Rajasthan by
Raas Bihar Bose.
• Actively participated in Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Nanak Bheel
• Dabi Kaand – During Bundi Peasant Movement, was hoisting flag in a
gathering at Dabi when Police under S.P Ikram Hussain opened fire. Died
on Spot.
• Ladu Ram Joshi• Gandhian Freedom fighter, participated in Salt
Satyagraha & Quit India Movement 1942.
• Member Rajasthan Sea Sangh & Ajmer Congress
• Directed Satyagrah Movement in Bisau Nagar region
• Worked for political awakening in Bundi, Bijolia, Bengu & Sirohi region.
• Jamnalal Bajaj - Birth 4 Nov 1889, Jaipur
• Financial assistance to Navjeevan, Rajasthan Kesari, Karmaveer,
Tyagbhumi & Pratap newspapers.
• Returned honor of ‘Rai Bahadur ‘ given by British.
• Assisted in organization of Jaipur Prajamandal.
• Worked closely with Gandhiji – Known as fifth son of Gandhiji.
• Devi Shankar Tiwari• Birth 28 October 1903, Lucknow
• President Jaipur State Prajamandal
• Establishment of Rajasthan University, Sawai Man Singh
Hospital
• Chairman RPSC from 1951 to 1958
• Jugal Kishore Chaturvedi
• Satyagraha in Bharatpur for recognition of Prajamandal.
• Praticipated in Quit India Movement 1942
• Movement for opposition of forced serfdom in Bharatpur in 1947.
• 12 Balmukund Bissa
• Sale of Swadeshi Khadi Cloth
• 1934, took agency of Rajasthan Charkha Sangh & est. Khadi Bhandar
• Jailed in 1942 under Indian Security Act – died in hunger strike
• Ganesh lal Vyas Ustad
• • Established Marwar Youth League
• Worked for farmers & labours
• Vijay Singh Pathik
• Real name: Bhoop Singh
• Leader Bijolia Peasant Movement
• Went Jail for Salt Satyagraha & Begun Peasant Movement
• Editor: Rajasthan Kesari, Tarun & Naveen Rajasthan. Published –
Pratap.
• Sagarmal Gopa
• Stir people against Maharawal Jawahar Singh, Jaisalmer
• Expelled from Jaisalmer & Hyderabad
• Author – Azadi Ke Dewaane, Jaisalmer mein Gundaraj, Raghunath
Singh ka mukadma.
• Jainarayan Vyas
• Published Rajasthani Magazine – Agnibaan
• 1927, editor of Tarun Rajasthan
• 1936, Published Akhand Bharat from Mumbai
• 14 years – General Secretary of All India Native Rajya Parisha
• Immense contribution in Marwar Prajamandal17 Gokul Bhai Bhatt•
Established Rajya Prajamandal in Sirohi
• Worked for political awakening in Sirohi area.
• Ram Narayan
Choudhary• Secretary – Rajasthan Sewa Sangh – Important role in Begun
Peasant Movement.
• 1932, Charge of Rajasthan branches of Harijan Sewa Sangh
• Editor – Tarun Rajasthan.
• Published – Naya Rajasthan & Danik Navjyoti in Rajasthan
• Manikya Lal Verma
• Participated in all National Movements • Chaired first session of Mewar Prajamandal
• Published books – Mewar ka Vartman Shashan
• Represented Rajasthan in All India Native Rajya Lok Parishad
• Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath
• Advisor to Maharana Sajjan Singh and after his death to Mahrana Fateh Singh.
• In 1903 wrote "Chetavani ra Chugatiya" - 13 couplets, to stop Fateh Singh to participate
in the meeting called by Viceroy Curzon. • In 1910 – Established Veer Bharat Sabha •
Sent to jail for 20 years in Hazaribagh, Bihar
• Pratap Singh Barhat Also famous as Kanwar ji
• Member of party by Rash Bihari Bose for armed revolution of 1911.
• Assisted Zorawar Singh in Lord Hardinge assassination attempt.
• Sentenced to 5 years rigorous imprisonment in Benaras Conspiracy Case
• Zorawar Singh Barhat
• Younger brother of Thakur Kesari Singh Barhat & Uncle of Pratap Singh Barhat
• On 23 Dec 1913, threw bomb on Lord Hardinge at Chandni Chowk, Delhi.
• 23 Bhogi Lal Pandya
• Worked among tribals of Dungarpur – spread
education & political awareness.
• Established Dungarpur Prajamandal in 1944.
• Haribhau Upadhyaya
• Led Salt Satyagraha in Ajmer, went to Jail for 2 years.
• Edited ‘Saraswati Patrika’ & ‘Odumber’
• Established Sasta Sahitya Mandal, Gandhi Ashram in
1917 & Mahila Shiksha Sadan in 1945.
• Praja Mandal Movement in Rajasthan
• In 1927, the All India States People’s Conference was held in
Bombay after which the congress allowed people from different
Princely States to join the party and the Indian freedom
Struggle .
• In 1927 itself, the Akhil Bhartiya Desi Rajya Lok Parishad or All
India Native States Public Council was established in Bombay
and Vijay Singh Pathik became its chairperson.
• In Rajasthan, Rajputana Desi Lok Parishad or Rajputana Native
States Public Council was established.
• These councils laid the foundation for Praja Mandal movement
in Rajasthan.
• Activities of Praja Mandal Movements:
• The people of the Praja Mandal Movements implemented the constructive
programmes of the Indian National Movement in their princely states.
• They established schools, used khadi, encouraged cottage industries and
started agitation against the Untouchability.
Contribution of Praja Mandal:
• The Praja Mandal movement not only created a political awakening among the
people in the Indian States but also fought for their rights, their share in the
government and their dynamic participation in the future political set up of the
country.
• Other contributions included:
• Improvement in Education
• Rise of social equality
• The most important contribution of these organisation was to break the
insularity of the peasant movements by linking them with one another in
different princely states, as well as with peasant movements in British India .
Praja Mandals of Rajasthan
• 1 1931 & 38 Jaipur PrajaMandal•
• In 1931 founded by Arjunlal Sethi & Kapur Chand Patni.
• Founded again by Jamnalal Bajaj & Hiralal Shastri in 1938.
• General Secretary - Chiranjilal Mishra
• Chairman - Hiralal Shastri
• President - Jamnalal Bajaj
• 2 1931 Bundi PrajaMandal
• Founded by kantilal
• Nityanand was the most active member.
• 3 1934 Marwar Praja Mandal • Founded by Jaynarayan Vyas
• President - Bhanwarlal Sarraf
• 4 1934 Hadoti PrajaMandal • Founded by Nayanuram Sharma
• 5. 1934 Dholpur PrajaMandal • Founded by Krishnadutt Paliwal, Mr.
Mulchand, Mr. Jwala Prasad Jigasu
• 6. 1936 Bikaner PrajaMandal • Founded by Mangharam Vaidya &
Raghuvar Dayal Goyal
• 7. 1938 Mewar PrajaMandal• Founded by Manikyalal Verma
• President - Balwant Singh Mehta • Vice President - Bhure Lal Baya
• 8. 1938 Bharatpur Prajamandal• Founded by Jugal Kishore Chaturvedi
at Rewari in march, 1938.• Chairman was Gopilal Yadav
• 9. 1938 Shahpura PrajaMandal• Founded by GokulLal Asawa,Madan lal
Purohit. • First state to establish responsible governance
• 10. 1938 Alwar PrajaMandal• Founded Pt. Harinarayan Sharma and
Kunjibihari Modi. • After its registration in 1939, Sardar Nathimala
became its president.
• 11. 1938 Kota PrajaMandal • Founded by Abhinna Hari Nay
• 12. 1939 Kishangarh PrajaMandal • Founded by Kantilal
Chauthani & Jamal Shah.
• 13. 1939 Karauli PrajaMandal • Founded by Trilok Chand
Mathur
• 14. 1939 Sirohi PrajaMandal • Founded by Gopal Bhatt on
Jan 22, 1949
• 15.1942 Kushalgarh PrajaMandal • Bhanwarlal Nigam
(President) &
kanhyalal Sethia
• 16. 1943 Banswara PrajaMandal • Founded by Bhupendranath
Trivedi, Dhulaji Bhai.
• 17. 1944 Dungarpur PrajaMandal• Founded by Bhogilal Pandya
(Gandhi
of Vagar) • Hari dev joshi & Nana bhai also associated
• 18. 1944 Bundi State People Council (Lok Parsihad)• Founded
under leadership of Harimohan • Minister - Brij Sundar Sharma
• 19. 1945 Jaisalmer PrajaMandal • Founded by Mithalal Vyas
• 20. 1946 Pratapgarh PrajaMandal • Founded by Thakkar Bapa,
Amritlal Payak & Chunni Lal.
• 21. 1947 Jhalawar PrajaMandal • Founded by Mangilal Bhavya
& Kanhiya lal Mitta
• Administration of Rajasthan under British Rule
• During the British rule, from administration point of
view India was divided into two parts - first, British
India and second, Princely states of India.
• British India included provinces (regions) that were
directly administered by the British, with Acts
established and passed in British Parliament and the
Princely States were ruled by local rulers.
• At this time, Rajputana or Rajasthan included:
• One province of Ajmer-Mewara governed directly
by British. • 19 Princely States ruled by native rulers.
• Administration in Ajmer-Merwara
• Ajmer-Merwara, also known as Ajmir Province was ceded to the British
by Daulat Rao Sindhia by a treaty on 25 June 1818.
• The province consisted of the districts of Ajmer and Merwar, surrounded
by Princely states of Rajputana.
• Initially when the territory was ceded both Ajmer and Mewara districts
were under a single commissioner of East India Company.
• After the Indian Mutiny of 1857, in 1858 the powers of the
Company were transferred to the British Crown and the Governor-
General of India.
• The administration of Ajmer-Merwara was then controlled by an ex
officio Chief Commissioner who was the British Political Agent in
Rajputana.
• Hiranand Rupchand Shivdasani was the last chief commissioner before
Independence.
• Administration of Princely States
• Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) and after him Lord Hastings (1813-1823) sought to
impose British paramountcy in India for which suppression of the Marathas
and the Pindaris was essential.
• He looked upon the Rajputana States as his natural allies against the Marathas
and the Pindaris.
• Charles Metcalf,
• The British Resident at Delhi, negotiated alliances with the princely states of
Rajasthan.
• Through these treaties the States of Rajasthan came under the complete
subordination of the British
• The princely states of Rajputana were governed through Rajputana Agency.
• The Rajputana Agency was under the political charge of an Agent reporting
directly to the Governor-General of India and residing at Mount Abu in the
Aravalli Range.
• The Rajputana Agency was sub-divided into 3 residencies and 6 agencies
• These residencies and agencies in turn included the princely states.
• Alwar Agency o Included Alwar State
• Bikaner Agency o Included Bikaner State
• Eastern Rajputana States Agency o Included states of Bharatpur, Karauli &
Dholpur
• Haraoti-Tonk Agency, o Included states of Bundi, Tonk and Shahpura
• Jaipur Residency o State of Jaipur, Kishangarh & chiefship of Lava
• Kotah-Jhalawar Agency o Included states of Kota and Jhalawar
• Mewar Residency o Included states of Mewar and Banswara, Dungarpur,
Pratapgarh and Kushalgarh chiefship.
• Western Rajputana States Residency o Included States of Jodhpur, Jaisalmer
and Sirohi
• In principle, the princely states had internal autonomy, while by treaty the
British Crown had suzerainty (Princely States recognised the paramountcy of the
British Crown) and was responsible for the state's external affairs.
• If necessary the British were entitled to interfere in the interior matters of these
states.
• General Administration:
• No changes were made in Gram Panchayats by British
government, but the unit Pargana which was higher to
Gram Panchayat was converted into districts and it was
ruled by a Collector.
• Now, the Collector was the whole and sole in-charge of the
district. Nazim, Tehsildar, Nyayik Tehsildar, Girdavar,
Patwari, all worked under him.
• They had to collect levy and to solve land related issues.
• Land Revenue System in Rajasthan during British
• After 1878 new land revenue system was installed on the British lines to
instutionalize the loot by the states.
• These new settlements were not aimed at improving the agriculture and
working conditions of the peasantry but their sole object was to enable
increment of revenue.
• This resulted in the decline of agriculture on the one hand, and increase
in poverty and indebtedness of the peasantry on the other.
• Land Revenue System in Rajasthan during British Period
The land was divided into two main groups, viz. Khalsa and Jagir.
• Khalsa Land: The land under the direct management of the State
(Darbar) was known as Khalsa.
• Jagir Land: The land held by grantees, whether individuals or religious,
institutions, was known as non- Khalsa or Jagir
• While in total, about 60% land was under Jagir and 40% was under Khalsa.
• The proportion of territory under both the groups varied widely in different
states.
• According to the Imperial Gazetter, the proportion of the Khalsa and Jagir
land was:
• Jodhpur: 1/7 (Khalsa) & 6/7 (Jagir). • Udaipur: 1/4 (Khalsa) & 3/4 (Jagir)
• Jaipur: 2/5 (Khalsa) & 3/5 (Jagir) • Kota: 3/4 (Khalsa) & 1/4 (Jagir)
• Alwar: 7/8 (Khalsa) & 1/8 (Jagir) • Bharatpur: 7/8 (Khalsa) & 1/8 (Jagir)
Land Tenure system in Khalsa Lands:
• In the Khalsa territory, the Darbar was the landlord and the final superior
authority.
• The Darbar was empowered to eject the cultivators as the land finally
belonged to it.
• The system of land tenure in the Khalsa area could be explained as follows:
• Biswadars or Bapidars
• These were permanent tenures in the Khalsa areas.
• The holders of these were given occupancy rights which
were hereditary.
• They enjoyed undisturbed possession of their holdings so
long as they continued to pay the fixed rent.
• The peasant under these tenures enjoyed certain other
rights.
• The land revenue was charged on concessional, rates and
the land revenue once fixed could not be enhanced.
• All the trees and other natural products could be used by
them without restriction or additional payment.
• They could sell or mortgagee their holdings.
• The peasants under the Biswadars or Bapidars
tenure were very few but certainly they privileged
in comparison to others.
• The demand for such type of tenure was
prominent during the course of peasant
movements in all parts of Rajasthan.
• The status of Biswadars or Bapidars was higher and
in some cases they were petty landlords who used
to lend their holdings to the peasants on the terms
and conditions fixed by themselves.
Ijara System
• This was a prominent system of land tenure in the eastern
and south eastern states while it was in vogue more or less
all over the province.
• It was also known as Theka (contract) or Ankbandi.
• Under this system the right of collecting land revenue of
certain pargana or area was sold out by public auction to
the highest bidder who was held responsible for the
payment of amount so fixed in one lumpsum to the state.
• Jagirdars were supreme authority to let out the land to
peasants on the terms and conditions fixed by them.
• Those villages or areas which were leased to the general body
of cultivators were called Kham Izara.
• The amount payable by them was usually distributed over the
holdings either by the cultivator themselves or by the revenue
officials.
• In principle the cultivators were jointly responsible for their
payment but in practice they held the land jointly and were
severally responsible for their payment.
• Where the Tehsildar or Revenue officials managed the village
directly because of its unsuitability for the Ijara, the land was
given to the individuals on patta or lease for a certain period.
• Ijara system was continued more or less till 1919 but after
1920, the process of replacement of Ijara with Ryotwari started
• Ryotwari System
• The rest of the land (other than ijaradari) was taken up by peasants
who did not possess any tenancy right.
• At the beginning of each Fasal (crop season) every peasant selected
agricultural land in the presence of the headman of the village and
revenue officials.
• The amount payable by the peasant was fixed annually.
• The term of such peasants terminated with the crop season.
• Pahi Kashats
The cultivators who had no cultivable land in their own villages
were allowed to take up land in other villages.
• They were know as Pahi Kashats.
• The villagers were always opposed to such tenants as they
preferred to have the advantage of grazing their cattle on the
land which otherwise might remain fallow.
Land Tenures in Jagir
• The land held by the State grantees was known as Jagir .
• Before the British paramountcy the word Jagir was applied
only to estates held by Rajputs on condition of military service.
• The Jagir were also known as thikanas and the Jagirdars as
Thakurs. The various tenures of Jagir were as follows :
• Jagir
• The holders of grants under Jagirs were the oldest and most numerous.
• The Jagirdar was the Thakur or lord who held Jagir by grant (Patta) of
his chief and performed service with specified quota (Tan) of military.
• The land under their possession was managed by them and the State
had no right to intervene.
• During the British period their military importance was finished as the
external affairs were transferred into the British hands.
• Though they continued to perform military services, the process of cash
commutation was introduced after 1858.
• By the first decade of the twentieth century their military services were
commuted in cash.
• Muamla
• The word Muamla means primarily an arrangement or
settlement.
• This category of Jagir tenures claimed that these were
conquered by the ancestors of the owners.
• These were not granted by the states.
• The Jagirdars under this category accepted the overlordship of
the State concerned on the condition of tribute or military
service. During the British period these were tributaries.
• Subegujars or Istamarardars
These were tributary grants for service performed but in these
lands rent was once fixed was not variable
• Bhumias
• Those holding on the bhum tenure were called Bhumias, and
were mostly Rajputs.
• They pcrformed certain services, such as watch and ward,
escort of treasuries, etc.
• Inam & Tankha
• Inam was a revenue free grant to a person in recognition of his
services, whereas Tankha was the grant to a person in lieu of
service rendered by him.
• The grantees were not cultivators themselves.
• They were landlords and rent receivers.
• These were managed by the landlords according to their will.
• Assessment and Collection of Land Revenue
Batai System:
• In both the areas viz. Khalsa and Jagir, the main system of
assessment of land revenue was the 'Batai system'.
• The rent was paid various methods of Batai.
• Seedha Batai was a division of the grain after threshing by an
earthen pot called Mutka.
• Another method of Batai was lata and Kvnta under which the
produce was estimated by the officials of the standing crop.
• The share of jagirdars and the State varied from one half to one
sixth of the gross produce.
• Bleij or Jama System:
• The Batai system continued in the Jagir areas upio 1949, but in the
Khalsa area it was replaced by cash rents fixed on the quality of land.
• The cash system was known as Bliej or Jama system.
Lag-Bags (Cess):
• In addition of the land revenue a large number of Lag-Bags (cess) were
also imposed upon the peasants.
• Some of these cess were regular while other were occasional.
• The number of these was not fixed.
• In some states it was upto three hundred. The cess such as Sirana,
Mtilka, Kunsari Gaon-Kharcli Karda, Batta, Kasar, Tulai, Parkhai.
Nazarana, Dastitr, Lata, Kwua, Sahanagi, Haq Patel Patwari, Kanungo,
Choudhary and Kamdar, Paona, Bhum were charged regularly with the
land revenue.
• Production Cess:
• The cesses related to agricultural production were
charged on commercial crops such as cotton, opium, jute,
sugarcane and oilseeds.
Irrigation Cess:
• Nalrai and Naharbas cess were charged on irrigated land.
Cattle Breeding Cess:
• Pzer, Kadbi. Jura, Gore-ka-ghas, Rajka etc. were charged
for the cattle owned by Jagirdars and the State cavalary.
• The cess known as Cbheli Ginti, Unt- Ginti, Khuntabandi,
Pan-Charai, Hansil Mavesi Johar, Hansil Charai, Guada etc.
were charged on cattle breeding.
• Goods transportation Cess:
• Cesses were also charged on the export and import of grain, fodder,
live stock, seeds, fertilisers, agricultural implements, etc. which were
known as Lag Mapa, Virsa, Dagli Binsiid, Arat, Cbhapa, Zakat etc.
Cess on nature goods:
• Cesses were also charged on the naturally grown grass, firewood, gond
etc
Social Cess(s):
• Apart from the above mentioned agrarian cess, there were also some
other cess which may be grouped as social cess.
• These cess known as Bagdam, Nata- Dharicha, DIioI Danka, Kansa-
parosa, etc. were charged from peasants on the occasion of marriage
and death feast.
• The Jagirdars also charged Baiji-ka-hathkharch, Bhent-Mataji,
Kimwarji-ka-Kalewa, Bhent-HoliDiwali and Dashahara etc
• Conclusion
• Under the prevailing land revenue system during British times, the
peasants had no land rights.
• The amount of these Cesses sometimes reached a figure almost double
of the land revenue.
• The economic burden upon the peasantry was unbearable.
• The result was, peasants were compelled to borrow money from the
usurer money-lender.
• The conditions of peasants were worse in the areas under Jagir system
in comparison to the Khalsa system.
• There was no rule of law and the peasants were on the mercy of the
Jagirdars.
• As a result, most of the peasant movements arose in the Jagir area
• Rajasthan State Formation: Post Independence
Before Independence, Rajasthan was Rajputana
consisting of twenty-two small and big Princely States.
• On 5th July 1947 the State Secretariat was established
with V. K Menon as its Secretary.
• In August 1947, at the time of Independence, Rajasthan
included 19 princely state & 3 thikanas (Chiefships) of
Neemrana, Lava & Kushalgarh.
• Though these Princely States were declared to have been
annexed to the Union of India on 15 August,1947, the
process of merger and their unification became
completed in Novemeber,1956, in 7 stages/phases.
• First Stage of formation of Rajasthan: Matsya Union
• In the first stage of merger four Princely States of Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dholpur and Karauli formed the Matsya Union and it was inaugurated on
17th March, 1948.
• The Cabinet of this Union was formedunder the Leadership of Shri
Shobha Ram, from Alwar.
Second Stage of formation of Rajasthan: Rajasthan Union 2nd Stage:
• Separate from Matsya Union, the Rajasthan Union, consisting of
Banswara, Bundi, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Kishangarh, Pratapgarh,
Shahapura, Tonk and Kota, was inaugurated on 25 March, 1948.
• The Kota State got the honour of being the capital of this Union.
• The Kota Naresh was appointed as the Rajpramukh and Shri Gokul Lal
Asawa was appointed as the Chief Minister.
• Third Stage of formation of Rajasthan: United States of Rajasthan 3rd Stage:
• But only three days after inauguration of Rajasthan Union, the Maharana of
Udaipur decided to join this Union which was accepted by the Government of
India.
• The Maharana of Udaipur was appointed as Rajpramukh and the Kota Naresh
was appointed as Up- Rajpramukh of this Union and the Cabinet was formed
Under the leadership of Shri Manikya Lal Verma.
• This United States of Rajasthan was inaugurated by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on 18
April, 1948.
• Fourth Stage of formation of Rajasthan: Greater Rajasthan 4th Stage:
• The formation of the United States of Rajasthan paved the way for the merger of
big states like Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jaipur and Jodhpur with the Union and
formation of Greater Rajasthan.
• It was formally inaugurated on 30 March, 1949 by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.
• The Maharana Bhupal Singh of Udaipur was appointed as the Maha-
Rajpramukh and the Kota Naresh was appointed as the UpRajpramukh and the
Cabinet was formed under the leadership of Shri Hira Lala Shastri.
• Fifth Stage of formation of Rajasthan: United States of Greater
Rajasthan 5th Stage:
• Finally, Matsya Union was merged with Greater Rajasthan on 15
May, 1949.
• The post of Prime minister was discontinued and a Chief minister
office was constituted.
• 'Hiralal Shastri' became the first Chief Minister of Rajasthan.
Sixth Stage of formation of Rajasthan: United Rajasthan 6th Stage:
• In 6th Stage, 18 states of United Rajasthan & princely state of Sirohi
got merged with exception of Abu & Delwara.
• It was completed by 26 Jan 1950.
• Seventh Stage of formation of Rajasthan: Rajasthan We
Know 7th Stage:
• This stage completed the integration, formation and
reorganization of state of Rajasthan and took place because of
State Re-organization Act of 1956.
• Under this, the erstwhile part ‘C’ State of Ajmer, Abu Road
Taluka, former part of princely State Sirohi which was merged
in former Bombay, State and Sunel Tappa region of the former
Madhya Bharat merged with Rajasthan and Sironj subdistrict
of Jhalawar district was transferred to Madhya Pradesh.
• The process got completed on 1 November 1956 and
Mohanlal Sukhadia became Chief Minsiter and Gurumukh
Nihal Singh became Governor.
• New districts Formation: After State Reorganization Act of
1956
• After State reorganization of 1956, came to place on
November 1 , 1956, there were 26 districts in Rajasthan.
• However, the formation of new districts did not stop there
and there was formation of new districts from time to time:
• • 27th District: Dholpur o Formed by division of Bharatpur
on 15-April-1982
• 28th District: Bara o Formed by division of Kota on 10-
April-1991
• 29th District: Dausa o Formed by division of Jaipur on 10-
April-1991
• 30th District: Rajsamand o Formed by division of
Udaipur on 10-April-1991
• 31st District: Hanumangarh o Formed by division
of Sri Ganganagar on 12-July-1994
• 32nd District: Karoli o Formed by division of
Sawai Madhopur on 19-July-1997
• 33rd District: Pratapgarh o Formed by
reorganizing Udaipur, Chittorgarh and Banswara
districts on 26-Jan-2008
Economy
RAS RPSC EXAM
An Overview
• Rajasthan, with a geographical area of 3.42 lakh sq.kms, is the largest State in
the country.
• Administratively, the State has been divided into 7 divisions and 33 districts,
comprising 295 Panchayat Samities, 9,891 Village Panchayats, and 43,264
inhabited villages.
• CHIEF MINISTER ADVISORY COUNCIL (CMAC) CMAC has been constituted on 29
May, 2014 under the chairpersonship of the Chief Minister, with a view to
suggest measures for sustainable, balanced and overall development of the
state.
• Twenty-two eminent personalities of different sectors have been nominated in
the council.
• CMAC suggests measures especially for the sectors such as: Industries, Roads,
Power, Water Resources, Education, Health, Livelihood and Employment,
Women Empowerment, Tourism etc
• Main emphasis of the council is on:
• Sustainable, balanced and rapid economic growth & development of different
sectors of the economy.
• Creation of social and economic infrastructure including urban infrastructure.
• Means of increasing Public-Private Partnership specially in delivery of social
services, and
• Systems of review and effective implementation of schemes and programs to
judge actual outcomes more substantially than just statistics.
One executive committee and Nine Sub-groups on different sectors have been
constituted under the council.
• Till date 4 CMAC meetings, 1 Executive Committee
meeting and 42 different Sub-group meetings have
been held.
• Out of 176 recommendations given by the Council
members, 94 recommendations have been
implemented that has gross impact on the overall
Socio-Economic status of the State.
• Sectors like Finance, Tourism, School and College
education, Medical & Health have been benefited
most by the inputs provided by experts of the Sub-
groups.
• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
• The new global goals for sustainable development,
popularly referred as the Sustainable Development Goals
came into effect from January 2016 and the time period
for achieving these goals is upto 2030 with some goals
that are to be achieved by 2020.
• The SDGs are universal and apply to all countries.
• State Government has approved setting-up a Committee
under the chairpersonship of Chief Secretary to review
SDG implementation and a Centre for SDG
Implementation has also been established within the
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Rajasthan.
• 2. Public Finance
Highlights:
• Fiscal Deficit to GSDP in
2015-16 was 3.37 per cent
and it reduced to 3.15 per
cent in the year 2016-
17 (without UDAY).
Twelfth Five Year Plan
(2012-17)
An outlay of 1, 96,992
crore has been proposed
for Twelfth Five Year Plan.
• BUDGET OUTLAY (2017-18)
• The Schematic Budget outlay for the year 2017-18 is
81,157.97 crore.
• In line with the budgeting reforms introduced by
Union Government, the State Government, in its
budget 2017-18, has done away with Plan and Non-
Plan classification of expenditure.
• With the abolition of Plan and Non-Plan
classification of expenditure, the Budget is now of
Revenue and Capital expenditure.
• 3.Macro-Economic Aggregates State Domestic Product
(SDP) Estimates of State Domestic Product represents the
value of all goods and services produced within the State.
• It is one of the important indicators used to measure the
growth of the State's Economy.
• Types of SDP
• The estimates of State Domestic Product (SDP) of the
Rajasthan are prepared at both current and constant
prices.
• The estimates of SDP are prepared for all the sectors of
economy both in terms of Gross and Net basis.
• Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)
• GSDP is defined as a measure in monetary terms, of
volume of all the goods and services produced
within the boundaries of the State during the given
period of time, accounted without duplication.
• Net State Domestic Product (NSDP)
Net State Domestic Product is when deduction is
made for Consumption of Fixed Capital (CFC), which
take place in the process of production, from Gross
State Domestic Product. Hence, NSDP = GSDP - CFC
• Who Estimates SDP?
• The Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Rajasthan brings out
estimates of State Domestic Product on regular basis, and
making them up to date from time to time as per the guidelines
and methodology provided by the National Accounts Division,
Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics & Programme
Implementation, Government of India.
Important Facts:
• GSDP of the Rajasthan reached at `8,40,263 crore in 2017-18
(as per Advance Estimates).
• The average growth in the GSDP is 7.15 per cent yearly in the
last five years.
• At current prices the share of GSDP of Rajasthan to All India, is
expected to reach at 5.05 per cent in the year 2017-18
• Gross State Value Added (GSVA)
• Gross State Value Added (GSVA) is a productivity metric that
measures the contribution to an economy by different sectors.
• Rajasthan, measures GSVA by three broad sectors namely
Agriculture, Industries and services.
• Agriculture sector includes Crops, livestock, forestry, and
fishing sector.
• Industries sector incudes mining, manufacturing, electricity,
gas, water supply & remedial services and construction sector
• Service sector includes railways, other transport, storage,
communication, trade, hotels & restaurant, real estate,
ownership of dwellings, public administration, financial and
other services sectors.
• Important Trends:
• The analysis of sectoral
composition of Gross State
Value Added (GSVA) at current
prices reveals that the
progressive decline in the
contribution of Agricultural
Sector in the economy of
Rajasthan
• Sectoral Contribution of GVA
at Current Prices by
o (a) Agriculture: 24.76%
o (b) Industry: 27.83%
o (c) Services: 47.41%
• Per Capita Income (PCI)
• The Per Capita Income is derived by dividing the
Net State Domestic product by the mid year's
total population of the State.
• Per capita Income is a pointer for standard of
living and the well-being of people.
Per Capita Income at
• (a) Constant (2011-12) Prices: 76,146 INR
• (b) Current Prices: 100,551 INR
• Bhamashah Yojana - scheme of Financial Inclusion and Women Empowerment
was first launched in the year 2008 and re-launched in 2014.
• The Scheme is family–based programme of financial inclusion, where each
family is issued a 'Bhamashah Card'.
• Multiple cash benefits are accessed through the Bhamashah Card and
transferred to the bank accounts of the beneficiaries. Non-cash benefits are
also given directly to the entitled beneficiaries.
• Withdrawal and digital payment facilities are available at more than 26,000 e-
Mitra kiosks Business Correspondents, Pay Points & ATMs along with bank
branches.
• Additionally, Mobile Wallets such as Paytm, m-pesa and Oxigen Wallet etc.
• have been integrated with Bhamashah Platform to provide
mobile payment facility to beneficiaries.
• Bhamashah platform leverages the JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar and Mobile)
trinity for electronic service delivery which eventually allows for digital the
payments.
• New Initiatives:
Initiatives undertaken to promote digital
payments include:
• Extension of banking services
• Appointment ofAdditional BCs
• Development of Merchantile PoS
• IEC campaign
• Integration of Digital Payment mode in e-
Mitra
• in case of Non-cash benefits, such as ration distribution, the Fair
Price Shops (FPS) have been I.T. enabled with deployment of
approximately 25,000 points of service (PoS) terminals that
allow for biometric verification of beneficiary.
• To provide statutory institutional framework to the Bhamashah
Yojna, “The Rajasthan Bhamashah (Direct Transfer of Public
Welfare Benefits and Delivery of Services) Act, 2017" has been
passed by the Rajasthan State Assembly in April, 2017.
• The Administrative Reports of the benefits transferred through
the Bhamashah Yajana platform are presented for social audit in
the month of May and November, 2017 in the Gram Sabha at
each Gram Panchayat.
• 4. Prices and Public Distribution System
• Price level is one of the key indicators in the process of economic
planning.
• Changes in prices have a direct bearing on all sections of the society,
irrespective of their standard of living.
• One of the foremost concerns of any Government is to exercise regular
and periodic control over the movement of prices of essential
commodities.
• Price index is a statistical tool to measure relative changes in the price
levels of commodities or services in a given region, during a given
interval of time.
• To measure inflation at wholesale and retail levels, the commonly used
indicators are Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index
(CPI).
• Price Inflation Indices Rajasthan:
• The Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES) has
been collecting the wholesale and retail prices of the
essential commodities regularly, since 1957 from
selected centres across the State
on weekly basis.
• The Consumer Price Indices for industrial workers are
prepared and released by the Labour Bureau, Shimla
for Jaipur, Ajmer and Bhilwara centres of the State.
• The DES also prepares Building Construction Cost Index
for Jaipur Centre.
• Wholesale Price Index (WPI) Rajasthan
• Base Year 1999-2000=100
• The primary use of the state level WPI is in computation of GSDP as an
indicator.
• WPI serves as an important determinant in formulation of trade, fiscal and
other economic
policies by the government.
• It is also widely used by the banks, industries and business circles. It is released
on monthly
• It covers 154 commodities, of which
o 75 are from 'Primary Articles' group (includes agricultural articles & minerals),
o 69 are from ‘Manufactured Products' group
o 10 are from ‘Fuel, Power, Light and Lubricants’ group
• The Wholesale Price Index for all commodities moved from 282.61 in the year
2016 to 290.55 in the year 2017 (upto Nov., 2017) registering an increase of
2.81 percent.
• Consumer Price Index (CPI)
• At present there are four different types of Consumer Price
Indices are being constructed every month.
• They are Consumer Price Index for - Industrial Workers (CPI-IW)
• Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL)
• Rural Labourers (CPI-RL) and Rural, Urban (CPI-R&U).
• The first three indices are constructed and released by the
Labour Bureau, Shimla and the fourth one by the Central
Statistical Office (CSO), New Delhi.
• The General index of consumer price for the year 2017
recorded an increase (upto Nov., 2017) of 4.28%, 1.17% and
1.86% at Jaipur, Ajmer and Bhilwara Centre respectively over
the previous year.
• Public Distribution System (PDS) and Protection of Consumer
Rights The primary objective of the Department of Food,
Civil Supply & Consumer Affairs is to ensure food security for
the state through timely and efficient procurement and
distribution of food grains.
• The responsibilities of creating the network of fair price
shops, allocation and distribution of food- grains, issue of
ration cards, supervision and monitoring the functioning of
fair price shops, etc. lies with the State Government.
• Essential commodities like-Wheat, Rice, Sugar and Kerosene
are distributed regularly on monthly basis through a network
of fair price shops.
• New Initiatives in Public Distribution System:
• Annapurna Bhandar Yojana
• Annapurna Bhandhars were conceptualized to provide the High
Quality Multi brand items at reasonable and competitive rates to
the consumers under PDS through publically and PPP mode.
• At present, total 6,124 Annapurna Bhandhars are working in the
state.
• At Annapurna Bhandhars, more than 150 products of 40-50
categories are being supplied
• Other Initiatives:
• Iodine and Iron mixed Double Fortified Salt (DFS) are being
provided by the State Government, through Fair Price
Shops at 15 per kg.
• Digitized Ration Cards are being distributed under
computerization and strengthening process of Public
Distribution System.
• Under End-to-End Computerization of Public Distribution
System, 25,405 PoS machines have been provided at Fair
Prices shops.
• Hence, now distribution of PDS commodities is done only
after bio-metric verification
• Directorate of Consumer Affairs
• The separate department of Consumer Affairs was established on 26
September, 2013.
• Under the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, the State
Commission & District Consumer Disputes Redressal fora have been
formed in all districts.
• Consumer Helpline (1800-180-6030) is being operated in the State.
• "Jagrat Upbhokta-Sashakt Upbhokta" booklet has also been published
Consumer Rights:
• Right to Safety • Right to be informed
• Right to choose • Right to be heard
• Right to Seek redressal • Right to Consumer Education
• Rajasthan State Food & Civil Supplies Corporation
(RSFCSC)
• Rajasthan State Food & Civil Supplies Corporation was
established in 2010 under the Companies Act. 1956.
• Corporation is currently taking care of distribution of PDS
items like- wheat, sugar, and kerosene and Non-PDS items
like Tea and Agarbattis through a network of Fair Price
Shops (FPS) established across the state.
• The Corporation is providing the above mentioned items
with its own brand name 'RAJ'.
• 5. Agriculture & Allied Sector
• Agriculture and allied sector activities primarily refers to cultivation of
Crops, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries and Forestry.
• Operational Land Holdings: The agricultural census collects Primary and
Secondary data on structure of operational holdings by different size
classes and social groups in the state.
• Operational Holding refers to all land which is used wholly or partly for
agricultural production and is operated as one technical unit by one
person alone or with others without regard to the title, legal form, size
or location.
• Based on Size, there are five kinds of Land Holdings in India:
• Marginal holdings: Size 1 hectare or less
• Small holdings: Size 1 to 2 hectares
• Semi-medium holdings: Size 2 to 4 hectares
• Medium holdings: Size 4 to 10 hectares
• Large holdings: Size above 10 hectare
• Land Holding Pattern in Rajasthan: Data
• As per provisional data for Agriculture Census 2015-16, total number of
operational land holdings in the State was 76.55 lakh.
• Out of these: o Marginal - 40.12 % o Small - 21.90 %
o Semi medium - 18.50 % o Medium - 14.79 %
o Large holdings - 4.69 %
• There is an increase in the number of marginal, small, semi medium and
medium land holdings and decrease is in number of large land holding in
the year 2015-16 in comparison to the year 2010-11.
• This indicates that there is an increase in number of divisions of land
due to splitting of joint families.
• Monsoon
• Agriculture in Rajasthan is primarily rain-fed and the period of
monsoon is short.
• As per information of Indian Meteorology Department, the
rainfall patterns indicate that during current monsoon season,
the Onset of monsoon had 7 days delay than its normal date of
15 June. It covered the entire State by 30 June 2017.
• During the period 1 June to 30 September, 2017 State
witnessed 455.00 mm rainfall, which is 8.5 per
cent excess than the normal rainfall of 419.00mm.
• Rajasthan had received excess rainfall in the monsoon season
in 9 districts Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Pali, Sirohi, Jodhpur,
Udaipur, Dungarpur and Rajsamand.
• Agricultural Production
• As per preliminary forecast for the year 2017-18, the total food-grain production
in the State is expected to be 225.82 lakh tonnes, which is showing a decrease of
2.26 per cent as compared to the production of 231.04 lakh tonnes during the
previous year.
• The kharif foodgrain production in the year 2017-18 is expected to be 89.47
lakh tonnes and the Rabi rabi foodgrain production is expected to be 136.35
lakh tonnes.
• Production of kharif cereals during the year 2017-18 is expected to be 70.53
lakh tonnes and Production of rabi cereals is expected to be 119.99 lakh tonnes
• Production of kharif pulses is estimated to be 18.94 lakh tonnes during the year
2017-18.
• Oilseeds including Groundnut, Sesamum, Soyabean and Castor seed are
grown in kharif season and Rape & Mustard, Taramira and Linseed in rabi
season. The production of oilseeds during the year 2017-18 is estimated
at 57.44 lakh tonnes
• Production of Sugarcane is likely to be 4.04 lakh tonnes during the year
2017-18
• The production of Cotton is likely to be 17.28 lakh bales during the year
2017-18
• Major Schemes
• National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
• National Food Security Mission on Wheat and Pulses was launched in
Rajasthan in the year 2007-08 as a centrally sponsored scheme by the
Central Government. During the year 2015-16, GoI has changed
the funding pattern and now GoI : GoR ratio is 60:40.
• NFSM-Wheat is implemented in 14 districts of the State viz
Banswara, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur,
Karauli, Nagaur, Pali, Pratapgarh, Sawai-Madhopur, Sikar, Tonk
and Udaipur.
• NFSM-Pulses was initially started in 16 districts but now has
been extended to cover all districts.
• NFSM- Coarse Cereal is being implemented in 12 Districts
(Ajmer, Alwar, Barmer, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Churu, Jaipur, Jalore,
Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Sikar) of the State.
• NFSM- Commercial Crops is being implemented in 16 Districts
(Ajmer, Alwar, Bikaner, Banswara, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Jalore,
Jodhpur, Hanumangarh, Kota, Pratapgarh, Nagaur, Rajsamand,
Sirohi, Sikar and Sriganganagar) of the State.
• National Mission on Oil Seed and Oil Palm (NMOOP)
• NMOOP aims to increase production vegetable oil sourced from
Oilseeds, Oil Palm and TBOs, and self sufficiency in food-grains and food
security.
• During 2015-16, GoI has reduced the funding pattern and current funding
pattern between GoI and GoR is 60:40.
• National Mission On Agriculture Extension and Technology (NMAET)
During the year 2015-16, GoI has reduced the funding pattern between
GoI and GoR to 60:40.
• NMAET consist on 5 sub-missions:
• Sub Mission on Agriculture Extension (SMAE)
• Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material!(SMSP)
• Sub Mission on Agriculture Mechanization (SMAM)
• Sub Mission on Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine (SMPP)
• National e-governance plan in agriculture
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
• NMSA is one of the restructured schemes subsuming National
Mission on Micro Irrigation, National Project on Organic
Farming, National Project on Management of Soil health &
Fertility and Rainfed Area Development Programme to focus on
Climatechange adaptation, being implemented since the
year 2014-15.
• Share of Center: State in funding is 60: 40 percent.
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) consists of
3 sub missions:
• RainfedArea Development (RAD)
• Climate Change and SustainableAgriculture
• Soil Health Management and soil health card
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY/ National Agriculture
Development Programme)
Government of India started RKVY during 11th five year to
achieve the 4 per cent growth rate in Agriculture and allied
sector. During the year 2015-16, GoI has reduced the funding
pattern to 60:40 (GoI: GoR).
Paramparagat Krishi VikasYojana (PKVY)
• Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana is an elaborated component of
Soil Health Management (SHM) of major project National
Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA).
• Under PKVY, Organic farming is promoted through adoption of
organic village by cluster approach and PGS certification. PKVY
funding pattern between GoI and GoR is 60:40
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)
• PMKSY has been conceived as an amalgamation of ongoing
schemes viz.
• Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP), Integrated
Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) and the On Farm
Water Management (OFWM).
• PMKSY is being implemented in the state, since 2015-16.
• PMKSY funding pattern between GoI: GoR is 60:40.
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
• PMFBY was restructured by the Weather Based Crop Insurance
Scheme (WBCIS) and modified National Agriculture Insurance
Scheme (NAIS) during the year 2016-17.
• This scheme has been implemented since kharif crops 2016.
• Horticulture
• Directorate of Horticulture was established in 1989-
90, with the objective of growth in area, production
& productivity of fruits, vegetables, spices, flowers
and medicinal plant crops in a planned way.
• Recent initiatives include:
• Vegetable cluster in urban areas,
• Establishment of center of excellences at Jhalawar,
Dholpur, Tonk, Bundi, Chittorgarh andSawai
Madhopur
• Centre of excellence of pomegranate, Bassi
(Jaipur) and and Citrus Nanta (Kota)
• National Horticulture Mission (NHM)
• To increase the area, production and productivity of different
horticulture crops like fruits, spices and flowersin selected
24districts namelyJaipur,Ajmer, Alwar, Chittorgarh, Kota, Baran,
Jhalawar, Jodhpur, Pali, Jalore, Barmer, Nagaur, Banswara, Tonk,
Karauli, Sawai Madhopur, Udaipur, Dungarpur, Bhilwara, Bundi,
Jhunjhunu, Sirohi, Jaisalmer and Sri-Ganganagar .
National Agro-Forestry and Bamboo Mission (NABM)
• Under this scheme, the districts of Karauli, Sawai-Madhopur,
Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Banswara, Dungarpur, Sirohi, Baran,
Jhalawar, Bhilwara, Rajasmand and Pratapgarh were taken up
for promoting bamboo cultivation
• National Ayush Mission (NAM)
• National Ayush Mission aims at promoting cultivation of
medicinal plants, raw materials to pharmacy sector could easily
be made available in sufficient quantity.
• Ayush Department of Rajasthan is the nodal agency for
implementing the scheme.
• Agricultural Marketing - The Directorate of Agriculture
Marketing is functioning in the State to implement 'Mandi
Regulation and Management' effectively
Kisan Kaleva Yojana
• Kisan Kaleva Yojana has been introduced for farmers to provide
them quality food on subsidized rates in 'Super', 'A' and 'B' class
krishi upaj mandi samities of the State.
• Mahatma Jyotiba Phoole Mandi Sharmik Kalyan Yojana 2015
• Mahatma Jyotiba Phoole Mandi Sharmik Kalyan Yojana 2015 has been
launched in the State.
• Important features of the scheme are:
• Pregnancy assistance of rupees equivalent to 45 days non-skilled labour
rate is being provided to license holder lady labourer for two pregnancy
period.
• Licensed lady labourer will be entitled for a sum of `20,000 for marriage
of her girl.
• This assistance is limited for marriage of upto 2 girls only.
• The son/daughter of licensed labourer obtaining 60 per cent or above
marks is entitled for scholarship under this scheme.
• Financial assistance of `20,000 will be given to licensed labourer in case
of serious disease.
• Water Resources:
• Irrigation potential of the sate has been raised to 38.496 lakh hectare by
2016-17, while before independence it was only 4 lakh hectare surface
irrigation.
• Important irrigation works in development in state incude:
• Indira Gandhi Nahar Project (IGNP)
• European Union State Partnership Programme
• Purpose is to associate Panchayati Raj Institutions in the field of water
management and to help the State in taking up the measures related to
optimum utilization of state water resources
• Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP)
• Transfer the surplus water of Kool, Kunu, Parvati, Kalisindh, Mej and
Chakan river into the Banas, Morel, Banganga, Gambhir and Parbati river
in basin of Chambal river during monsoon period.
• Parwan Irrigation Project
• Dam proposed in gram Akawad Kalan, Khanpur, district
Jhalawar near parwan river.
• Will help in irrigation & drinking water supply in Jhalawar,
Baran and Kota districts
• Narmada Canal Project - Sprinkler irrigation system has
been made compulsory
• Gang Canal Modernization
• Watershed Development - The IWMP has been renamed
to “Pradhanmantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (Watershed
Component). o Government of India provides 60 per cent
funds and 40 per cent is state’s share
• Animal Husbandry
• In Rajasthan, Animal Husbandry is not merely a subsidiary to
agriculture but it is a major economic activity, especially in arid and
semi-arid areas.
• The State is endowed with finest drought hardy milch breeds (Rathi,
Gir, Sahiwal and Tharparkar), dual purpose breeds (Kankrej and
Haryana) and the famous drafts breeds of Nagori and Malvi.
• The State has about 11.27 per cent of the livestock of the country.
• The State accounts for about 6.98 per cent of cattle, 11.94 per cent
of buffaloes, 16.03 per cent of goats, 13.95 per cent of sheep and
81.50 per cent of camels of the country.
• The State contributed 12.73 per cent of milk and 32.89 per cent of
wool to the nation's production in the year 2016-17
• Major Schemes:
• Camel Breeding Scheme
• Camel breeding incentive scheme has been launched on 2nd October,
2016 in order to curb the constantly falling number of camels and to
encourage camel breeding in the State.
Bhamashah Pashu Bima Yojana
• Bhamashah Livestock Insurance policy has been launched in the State to
protect farmers and livestock
• owners from the loss caused by the untimely death of livestock.
According to the scheme, livestock
• owners under SC/ST and BPL category will be granted 70 per cent rebate
of the premium and rest will be granted 50 per cent of the premium.
• Avika kavach Bima Yojna' is being implemented in the State for the
welfare o sheep breeders.
• Under this insurance scheme, provision is 80 per cent subsidy on
premium of sheep insurance for SC/ST/BPL sheep breeders and 70 per
cent subsidy on premium of sheep insurance for other sheep breeders.
Dairy Development
• The Dairy Development Programme in Rajasthan is being implemented
through Cooperative Societies.
• Under this Programme, 14,466 Dairy Cooperative Societies have been
affiliated with 21 District Milk Producers Cooperative Unions spread over
the State and a State level Apex Body, 'Rajasthan
• Cooperative Dairy Federation (RCDF) Limited, Jaipur is functional.
Under 14th phase of 'Saras Surksha Kavach' (Janshree), insurance cove
has been provided to 1,69,798 milk producers and under 'Raj Saras
Surksha Kavach Bima Yojana' (Accidental), insurance cover has been
provided to 2,44,650 milk producers upto December, 2017.
• Fisheries:
• In water resources Rajasthan state stands on 11 position in the country.
• The fish production potential of Rajasthan is more than 80,000 metric
tonnes annually while production achieved in the year 2016-17 is
only 50,199 metric tonnes in the State.
• Hence, there is good scope for further development of fisheries
sector in the State.
• The Department has started implementation of ambitious scheme on
'livelihood model', which is a 'zero revenue' model, for the upliftment of
tribal fishermen in three reservoirs namely, Jaisamand Udaipur), Mahi
Bajaj Sagar (Banswara) and Kadana Backwater (Dungarpur).
• As per the new model the lift contract has been given to the highest
bidder.
• Co-operative
• At present, there are 29 Central Cooperative Banks, 21 Milk Unions, 37
Upbhokta Wholesale Bhandars, 36 Primary Land Development Banks,
6,557 Primary Agriculture Credit Co-operative Societies and 270
Marketing Fruit & Vegetable Societies in the State.
• Co-operative Kisan Credit Card Scheme (KCC): Short-term agricultural
loans are distributed in the State through Kisan Credit Cards.
• Gyan Sagar Credit Scheme: This scheme has been started to provide
entrance to rural and urban students in professional and technical
courses and to provide financial assistance to students and their
parents.
• The maximum loan limit for acquiring education in India and abroad is
`6.00 lakh and 10.00 lakh, respectively. There is a provision of 0.50 per
cent relief to students on interest rate.
• Cooperative Marketing Structure There are Kraya Vikraya Samities at
every mandi yard in the State and at apex level, RAJFED is functional.
• Industries
• To revive industrial growth in Rajasthan, the state Government
has created an institutional mechanism for attracting
investment, various departments/ corporations /agencies are
functional in the state to promote industrial development and
for facilitating establishment and expansion of small, medium
and large scale industries and meeting their various
requirements, either directly or by discharging the
responsibility as the strong facilitators.
• Udhyog Aadhar Memorandum Acknowledgement Act, 2015 has
been implemented in Rajasthan State and online Registration
has been started, since 18 September, 2015
• Industries Department:
• Commissionerate of Industries is the nodal department with prime
motive to promote the development of industries and handicrafts in the
State and providing necessary guidance, assistance and facilities for
industrial activities.
• Presently, 36 District Industries Centres and 8 sub-centres are
working in the State for providing inputs and other facilities to the
entrepreneurs.
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Rajasthan
• As per Section 135 of the companies Act, 2013 every company having:
• Net worth of ₹500 crore or more or
• Turnover of ₹1,000 crore or more or
• A net profit of ₹5.00 crore or more
• during any financial year shall ensure that the company spends,
in every financial year, at least 2 per
cent of the average net profits of the company made during the
three immediately preceding financial
years, in pursuance of its Corporate Social Responsibility.
• For identification and evaluation of companies, Rajasthan
Government has created CSR web portal with the URL -
csrrajasthangov.in.
• 166 CSR projects, with estimated amount of ₹776.60 crore have
been registered in different sectors by 118 Corporates, 18 Govt.
Departments, 51 Implementing Agencies, 05 Service Provider
Agencies on the CSR Portal upto December 2017.
• Rural Non-Farm Development Agency (RUDA)
• Established in November 1995 by the Government
of Rajasthan as an independent agency to promote
the Rural Non-Farm Sector (RNFS) in the state.
• RUDA carries out its activities in 3 major sub sectors:
• Leather
• Wool & Textile
• Minor Mineral (SCP)
• In addition to the above, sector market support and
coordination is another major activity of RUDA.
• Geographical Indication (GI) Registration
• RUDA has obtained GI Registration for crafts, like Blue Pottery,
Kota Doria and Sanganer & Bagru Handblock print under its
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) initiatives.
• The process of obtaining GI Registration for Pokaran Pottery has
been initiated and is in progress with the help of Government of
India.
• Bureau of Investment Promotion (BIP):
• BIP is a nodal agency of the Government of Rajasthan that
facilitates investments in various sectors in the state.
• It provides one stop service, mainly for large projects, by acting
as an interface between entrepreneurs and the Government.
• Recent Initiatives:
• Single Window Clearance System: New Single Window
System has been developed by DoIT and launched on 1st
June, 2016 on the basis of the guidelines for Ease Of Doing
Business (EODB) by DIPP, Government of India.
• Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment
Corporation (RIICO) RIICO is an apex organization engaged
in fostering the growth of industrialization in the State.
• RIICO develops industrial infrastructure and provides
financial assistance to attract investment in the State.
• Recent Initiatives: Assistance to States for Development of Export
Infrastructure and Allied Activities (ASIDE) Scheme.
• Out of 31 schemes approved, work on 26 schemes has been completed.
• To provide integrated infrastructure in rural and undeveloped areas for small
scale industries, mini growth centres have been established.
• RIICO has developed 4 Agro Food Parks at Boranada (Jodhpur), Kota, Alwar and
Sriganganagar. RIICO has signed an MoU with Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO)
for Japanese Companies to set up their industrial units at Neemrana Industrial Area,
District Alwar, (Rajasthan). Another Japanese Zone has also been established at Ghiloth
Industrial Area. RIICO has established two Special Economic Zones (SEZ), that is,
Gems & Jewellery I & II, at Sitapura Industrial Area, Jaipur.
• Electronic Manufacturing Cluster has been developed to attract investments in
Electronic System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) in Industrial Area of
Salarpur, District Alwar
• Rajasthan Small Industries Corporation Limited (RAJSICO)
• The Rajasthan Small Industries Corporation Limited was
established in June 1961, mainly to provide assistance to
small-scale industries and artisans, to facilitate marketing of
their products.
• The corporation is providing export infrastructure services
to the Rajasthan exporters/importers through dry ports
(Inland Container Depots) situated at Jaipur, Jodhpur.
• The Corporation purchases handicraft items directly from
the craft persons through its central stores and markets
them through its outlets RAJASTHALI situated at Jaipur,
Udaipur, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai.
• Rajasthan Financial Corporation (RFC)
• Established in the year 1955 under the State Financial
Corporations Act,1951 with the basic object o fostering
financial needs for setting up of new industries,
expansion and renovation of existing ones, upto `20
crore.
• To accelerate Industrialization in the State and to
motivate Young entrepreneurs in the Udyamita
Protsahan Yojana (YUPY) scheme, the loan limit for
interest subvention @ 6 percent has been increased
from `90 lakh to `150 lakh
• Index of Industrial Production
• The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) compares the growth in the
general level of industrial activities in the economy with reference to a
comparable base year.
• The IIP is the leading Indicator for industrial performance in the State,
compiled on a monthly basis.
• The IIP series (Base 2011-12) is based on 154 items / product groups
aggregated into three broad groups of:
o Manufacturing, o Mining and o Electricity.
• A web portal has been developed for IIP and online data entry is being
done, through District Statistical Offices.
• The General Index of Industrial Production of the State increased by 5.02
per cent during 2016-17 (122.11) to 2017-18 (128.24).
• Prime Minister Employment Generated Programme
[PMEGP]
• Prime Minister Employment Generated Programme
[PMEGP] is being implemented by the Khadi and Village
Industries Board, through the Khadi and Village Industries
Commission, Government of India.
• Rajasthan Khadi & Village Industries Board is providing
trainings to rural & urban youth at its training centres
Pushkar [Ajmer], Sanganer [Jaipur] and Mount Abu [Sirohi]
• Oil and Gas
• The Directorate of Petroleum was setup to expedite the exploration and
development programme of Oil and Natural Gas in the State.
• 1,60,000 – 1,65,000 barrels of oil per day is being produced from
Mangla, Bhagyam, Aishwarya, Saraswati, Raageshwari, Kameshwari etc.
fields.
• A total of about 4.2 billion barrels of crude oil in-place reserves have
been assessed in 38 discovered fields of Barmer-Sanchore Basin.
• A total of about 30 billion cubic meter of lean & rich gas reserves in-
place have been proved by OIL, ONGC, Cairn India & focus Energy in
Jaisalmer Basin & Barmer-Sanchore Basin.
• Oil India has entered into an agreement with Venezuelan Company
PDVSA for the exploitation of proved in-place Heavy Oil Reserves and
Bitumen Reserves in Baghewala area.
• HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Limited, Pachpadra, Barmer
• Prime Minister on 16.01.2018 has commenced work for 9
MMTPA Rajasthan Refinery at Pachpadra, Barmer.
• Highlights of the Project are as follows:
• First of its kind in India i.e. integrated with Petrochemical
complex.
• Project cost –`43,129 crore
• This Project is a Joint Venture in which HPCL's share is 74
percent and Government of Rajasthan's share is 26 percent.
• Employment:
• During the period between January, 2017 to December,
2017, the number of unemployed persons registered in
various employment exchanges was 1,59,644.
• A newspaper, "Rajasthan Rozgar Sandesh," is being
published fortnightly by the Directorate of Employment, in
which information regarding vacancies, competitive
examinations training facilities, scholarships and
information regarding different technical education is being
disseminated for employment seekers.
• Infrastructure Development
• A sound infrastructural foundation is the key to the overall socio-economic
development of a state.
• It acts as a magnetic power for attracting fresh investment into a state and thus
provides a competitive edge to it over other states.
• Power
• The installed capacity of power in the State as on December, 2017 was
19,536.77 MW.
• Future Plan – Three projects of 2,800 MW are under progress.
o Chhabra Thermal Power Project o Suratgarh Thermal Power Project
o Ramgarh Gas Thermal Project
• Renewable Energy Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Ltd. (RRECL) is
the State Nodal Agency of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) for
generation of energy from non-conventional energy sources in the state and is
also the State Designated Agency for promoting energy efficiency and energy
conservation
• Solar Energy
• Rajasthan is blessed with Maximum Solar Radiation Intensity of about 6-7kWh/ Sq.m/day
and more than 325 sunny days in a year with a very low average rainfall.
• Rajasthan has a potential of 142 GW of electricity from solar energy.
• Solar Power plants of 2,258.50 MW have been commissioned in the State upto
December, 2017.
• MNRE has approved following 6 solar parks for development in Rajasthan with total
5,430 MW capacity under “Scheme for development of Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar
Power Projects”:
• Bhadla Solar Park Phase-II (680 MW) by Rajasthan Solarpark Development Company
Limited (Asubsidiary of RRECL).
• Bhadla Phase-III (1000 MW) by JVC M/s Saurya Urja Company of Rajasthan Limited.
• Bhadla Phase-IV (500 MW) by JVC M/s Adani Renewable Energy Park Rajasthan Limited.
• Phalodi-Pokaran (750 MW) by JVC M/s Essel Saurya Urja Company of Rajasthan Limited.
• Fatehgarh Phase-IB (1500 MW) by JVC M/s Adani Renewable Energy Park Rajasthan
Limited.
• Nokh Solar Park (1000 MW) by RSDCL
• Solar Roof Top Power Generation Scheme
• The Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE), GoI has
also conveyed sanction in January, 2016 for 25 MW
Capacity allocations of Solar Roof Top Projects for
Rajasthan in residential, social and institutional sectors
with 30 per cent CFA. 11 MW capacities have been
commissioned.
• Solar Energy electrification in Rural Areas
• RREC has also taken up the programme to electrify un
electrified villages and Dhanies of Rajasthan through off-
grid solar photovoltaic (SPV) Home lighting systems (HLS)
as per mandate given by Government of India and
Rajasthan.
• SPV Water Pumping Programme
• SPV Water Pump Program is being implemented in
Rajasthan by Rajasthan Horticulture Development Society
(RHDS) with technical support of RREC.
• In this programme MNRE, GoI has sanctioned 7,500 SPV
Pumps installation for the year 2017-18 for which work is in
process.
Wind Power Programme (Wind Energy)
• The wind energy potential in the state is estimated to be
about 18,770 MW at 100 M hub height.
• A total of 4,292.5 MW wind power capacity has been
established upto December, 2017 in the state
• Biomass Energy
• Among different renewable energy sources, Biomass is a
versatile energy source, which is clean, reduces greenhouse gas
emissions.
• The main source for biomass energy in the State of Rajasthan is
Mustard husk and Julie Flora.
• Total 13 Biomass Power Generation Plants of 120.45 MW
capacity have been established till December, 2017 in the State.
• Atomic Power Plant
• The Department of Atomic Energy has accorded in principle,
the approval for setting up of 4x700 MW
Nuclear Power Plant at Mahi, Banswara in Rajasthan.
• Distribution System - Consumers:
• The Number of consumers in Rajasthan increased to 142.72 Lakh (Dec17).
• Rural Electrification:
• No. of villages electrified: 43,264 (100 per cent)
• No. of Dhanis electrified: 86,187 (75.60 per cent)
• No. of rural HHs electrified: 74.80 Lakh (82.00per cent)
New Schemes: - Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gramin Joyti Yojana (DDUGJY) - The
DDUGJY is implemented in the State to strengthen rural electricity distribution
network and to electrify RHHs of Abadi areas.
• Saubhagya Yojna - Prime Minister has launched Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har
GharYojana – “Saubhagya” on 25 September, 2017 to provide electricity to all
willing households in the country in rural as well as urban areas. Government of
Rajasthan is also participating in the Saubhagya to provide electricity to expect
left outs after implementation of DDUGJY scheme.
• Integrated Power Distribution System (IPDS) –
• Under IPDS 185 towns has been covered in Rajasthan
for system strengthening and reduction in Aggregate
Technical & Commercial (AT&C) loss in urban areas.
• Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana (UDAY) –
• Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana for financially
turnaround of Power Distribution Companies has
been launched by the Government of India
with an objective to improve the operational and
financial efficiency of the State Discoms.
• • Mukhya Mantri Vidhyut Sudhar Abhiyan (MMVSA) –
• The programme had been launched in September, 2016 with
the aim to provide reliable, uninterrupted & quality power
supply to rural and Agriculture consumers, safe and to improve
consumer services, to reduce AT&C losses to 15 per cent.
• Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) –
• In an effort to spread the message of utilizing energy efficient
equipments, Government of Rajasthan with the help of Energy
Efficiency Service Limited, (Government of India undertaking)
promoted the use of energy efficient appliances – LED bulbs,
Tube Lights and Fans.
• Under the scheme 54,933 Energy Efficient Fans, 146 Lakh LEDs
and 1.93 Lakh Tube lights (20 Watt) have been distributed
• Road & Transport
• Road length has increased to 2,26,853.86 km upto March, 2017.
• The road density in the state is 66.29 km per 100 sq. km at the end of
March, 2017.
• Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (RSRTC)
Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (RSRTC) was established on
1 October, 1964 under the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950.
• New Innovations: Mobile ticket booking application – Application
Programming Interface (API) channel Partners (Red bus, Paytm, book on
spot)
• e.Mitra Use of Rajasthan Sampark portal & CM helpline for online
disposal of complaints by passengers.
• Rajasthan Rural Transport Service
• In this scheme, 1,434 Gram Panchayats of 18 districts have
already been inter-connected by 370 vehicles on 262
routes under PPP mode upto 31st March 2017
Railways:
• The total length of railway routes in the State was 5,898 km
in March, 2015, which has remained 5,893
km at the end of March, 2016.
• The Railway length in state is 8.84 per cent of all India
route length.
• Social Sector Development
• Social Sector Development is one of the most rewarding
investments available to promote national development.
• Elementary Education
• In elementary education, the state has achieved remarkable
progress during last decade.
• There are:
• • 35,664 Government Primary Schools (PS),
• 20,744 Government Upper Primary Schools (UPS) and
• 13,983 Government Secondary/Sr. Secondary schools with
elementary classes Wherein the total enrolment in Government
schools is 62.89 lakh as per DISE report 2016-17
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan
• Under the National Education Policy, priority has been given to
universalisation of elementary education. Centrally sponsored scheme
‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan' is being implemented in the State to provide
education to children in the age group of 6-14 years.
• Activities for Children with Special Need (CWSN): Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan,
Rajasthan has provided 56 Laptops along with a screen reading software-
NVDA (Non Visual Desktop Access) in Indian voices, a headphone and a
data card for accessing studing, Communicating & Net Surfing etc. to
Children with Blindness.
• Right to Education, 2009
• Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 is being implemented
in the State since 1stApril, 2010. Under this, 25 per cent seats are
reserved in private school for boys/girls of weaker sections and
disadvantaged group
• • Mewat Balika Awasiya Vidhalaya’ for girls are running.
• These residential schools for girls are in Mewat region which is
largely educationally backward.
• ‘Meena Manches’ have been constituted in Nodal Schools and
KGBVs by involving girls studying in the classes VI to VIII to create
awareness in the community on the social issues ! viz child
marriage, dowry system etc. and motivate parents of irregular,
dropout and never enrolled girls to send their daughters to school.
• Adhyapika Manch:
• Adhyapika Manch has been established to enhance the academic
level of girls and to provide friendly environment to girl child in
schools. 301 Adhyapika Manch have been formed at block level.
• Adhyapika Manch is the group of maximum 100 teachers.
• Academic Kishori Mela:
• The major objective of academic mela is to build an academic environment and
to develop creative learning approach among children with special focus on
science and mathematics.
• Innovation for girls education (Under SSA): “Saksham” (self-defensive training
to girls), “Jagriti” (Awareness among community for girls education in Selected
17 districts).
• Utkrist Vidhyalaya Yojana:
• Under the Rajasthan's Adarsh Vidyalaya scheme, one selected Government
Senior Secondary/ Secondary School is being developed as "Adarsh Vidyalaya" in
every gram panchayat.
• Adarsh School (Class I to XII/ X) will work as a “Mentor School” and “Resource
Centre” for this Utkrist Vidhyalaya
• One selected Upper Primary/Primary School in each Gram Panchayat is to be
transformed into as “Utkrisht Vidhyalaya”. In this regard, Utkrist Vidhyalaya will
be developed as a “center of excellence” for elementary education.
• Literacy & Continuing Education
• Literacy Mission has been constituted in the year 1988.
• The main function of Directorate of Literacy & Continuing Education is to
impart functional literacy for the age group 15 and above illiterate
persons.
• Saakshar Bharat Programme:
• Saakshar Bharat Programme, a centrally sponsored scheme of
Department of School Education and Literacy (DSEL), Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD), to further promote and strengthen
adult education, specially among women by extending educational
opportunities to those adults, who have lost the opportunity to have
access to formal education and have crossed the standard age for
receiving such education is also being implemented in the state.
• Mahatma Gandhi Library :
• Government of Rajasthan has announced that every Lok Shiksha
Kendra will maintain Mahatma Gandhi Library.
• Mahila Shikshan Vihar : Mahila Shikshan Vihar is the residential
schools up to X standard for the women in the age group of 15-
30 years who are divorced, tribal, widow and deprived group of
female are get educational opportunities.
• Along with develop their living status these women are also
imparted vocational training for their being self-reliant and self-
dependent.
• Presently, this Shikshan Vihar Programme is being run in district
Jhalawar.
• Secondary Education
• In order to prepare students for employment and entrepreneurship,
presently there are 13,551 senior secondary/secondary schools and 134
Swami Vivekananda Government Model Schools in Government sector.
• There are 14,388 private schools in Rajasthan with classes IX-XII. 41.31
lakh student are enrolled in classes IX to XII in these schools which
includes 17.79 lakh girls
• .(Provisonal ) Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyaan (RMSA) RSMA is a
centrally sponsored scheme.
• The RMSA aims at achieving universal secondary education in
mission mode to develop knowledge based society which is a basic
requirement for individual progress as well as national development.
• The primary object of this programme is to ensure universal
access of secondary education by 2017 and universal retention by 2020.
• Raj e-Gyan portal has been established to provide digital
material to students of class I to XII.
• Mukhya Mantri Hamari Betiyan Scheme started in 2015-16.
• As a part of this scheme , two meritorious girl students securing
Ist and 2nd position and one girl under the BPL Category
securing Ist position inthis category in RBSE exam from each
district (Minimum75 percent marks) in class 10th are eligible for
scholarship.
• `15,000 Per year for Textbooks, Stationary and Uniform in class
11th and 12th and `25,000 Per year for Graduation and Higher
degrees.
• Reimbursement of actual expenditure for Coaching fee, Hostel
fee and other fee (max. limit up to 1 lakh for class XI and XII and
2 lakh for graduation and higher degrees).
• The 'Inclusive Education of the Disabled at the
Secondary Stage' (IEDSS)
• scheme is being implemented which covers students
with disability of 14+ age group from Standard IX to
XII.
• “Mukhya Mantri Jan Sahbhagita Vidyalya
VikasYojana” has been launched in 2016-17 for
infrastructure strengthening and development in
secondary schools.
• Higher Education
At the time of independence, there were only 7 colleges of General
Education in the state, but during
last six decades, the number of colleges have increased to 1850 in the
State. Following are the major
activities of the year 2017-18:
• 17 New Government Colleges are opened
• 9 Government Degree College have been upgraded in PG College
• 53 New Subjects at P.G. leval have been initiated in 18 Govt. Colleges.
• 8 New Faculties at Degree leval have been initiated in 07 Government
colleges.
• Sanskrit Education
• Sanskrit is known as the DevVaani. Today, there are 15 Sanskrit
Universities working in India.
• Rajasthan is the leading State where a separate Directorate for Sanskrit
language has been functioning since its establishment in 1958.
• The Directorate has been working for promoting Sanskrit through its
institutions right from school level to Post Graduate level. A total
number of 1.71 lakh students are studying in these institutions.
Medical Education:
• There are 16 Medical Colleges in Rajasthan, out of which 8 Colleges are
in the Government sector including one under Government Society and
remaining eight are in the private sector.
• There are 16 Dental colleges in the state, one in Government sector
and 15 in Private sector.
• Recent Developments:
• Establishment of State Cancer Institute under Sawai Man Singh (SMS)
Medical College, Jaipur
• Two Tertiary Cancer Care Centers, one in Bikaner and other at Jhalawar
are under process.
• Metro Manas Arogya Sadan at Mansarovar Jaipur is running on PPP
mode
• Development of 7 new medical colleges in Churu, Dungarpur, Bhilwara,
Bharatpur, Barmer, Sikar & Pali Districts.
• State Spinal Injury Centre established in Rehabilitation Research Centre,
Department of Sawai Man Singh Medical College
• Stem cell lab established in Collaboration with Rajasthan University of
Halth Science Medical College & Sawai Man Singh Medical College.
• Medical and Health
• Mukhya Mantri Nishulk DavaYojana
• “Mukhya Mantri Nishulk Dava Yojna” was launched on 2 October, 2011.
The scheme aims to benefit all the patients coming to government
hospitals.
• Under this scheme, all outdoor and indoor patients visiting medical
college attached hospitals, district hospitals, community health centers,
primary health centers and sub centers, are provided commonly used
essential medicines, free of cost.
• Rajasthan Medical Services Corporation (RMSC) has been constituted as
a central procurement agency for purchase of medicines, surgical &
sutures for medical department and Medical Education department.
• Nishulk Sanitary Napkins Distribution Scheme
• Government of Rajasthan started a scheme for free
distribution of sanitary napkins to all school going
girls of class 6 to 12 of rural areas and non-school
going girls of 10 to 19 years age.
• In this scheme Ist phase of the free sanitary
napkins distribution scheme for adolescent school
girls of rural area and nonschool going girls of BPL
families has been completed
• Mukhya Mantri Nishulk Janch Yojana
• This scheme has been started for strengthening of existing
laboratories and other diagnostic facilities in all the public health
institutions and also to provide the essential diagnostic services
free of cost to all patients visiting government hospitals.
• To meet the gaps and to provide quality diagnostic services,
adequately equipped diagnostic facilities are available at various
levels of health care.
• Under this scheme, 17.90 crore Investigations and 9.41 crore
Beneficiaries have been benefited upto December, 2017.
• Doda Post
• To stop renewal of Doda Post permits and deraddict all the Doda
Post users in the state a programme Naya Savera (Swastha Jeevan Ki
Aur) is being implemented.
• Adarsh Primary Health Center:
• Adarsh PHC Yojna has been launched to provide high quality health care services
in rural areas of the state.
• In the Phase-I of this Yojna, 295 Adarsh PHCs have been launched on 15 th
August, 2016 with one Adarsh PHC in each bloc of the state.
• In the Phase-II of this Yojna, 600 PHCs (stage2Ar286, stage 2Br314) have been
identified to ma e the Adarsh PHC.
• In Stage 2A in the selected 286 PHCs, have been started as Adarsh PHC on 11 th
July, 2017.
Public Private Partnership:
• Haemodialysis service is running on PPP mode at 8 District Hospital (Jhunjhunu,
Churu, Beawar (Ajmer), Alwar, Bundi, SiKar, Bharatpur and Kota) in Rajasthan.
• Contract has been signed with two selected bidder for providing Haemodialysis
service running on PPP at 19district hospital.
• IVF centers are running on PPP mode at District
Hospital Pali, Rampura (Kota), Bi aner, Sawai
madhopur and Beawar (Ajmer).
• Presently 53 PHC running under PPP mode.
• CT scan are running on PPP mode at 29 district
hospitals.
• MRI machines are working on PPP mode at 4
district hospitals (Kanwatiya- Jaipur,
Alwar,Bhilwara, Sikar).
• Bhamashah Swasthiya Bima Yojana
• Bhamasha Swasthaya Bima Yojana was launched in the State on 13th
December, 2015.
• The main objective of this scheme is to provide cashless healthcare
services to the poor families (under selected families of NFSA-2013 and
RSBY) of Rajasthan thus providing social and financial security against
illness to these families and reducing out of pocket expenditure
• Following are the recent developments in the scheme:
• Around 97 lakh families (covered under the National Food Security Act
(2013) and Rashtriya Swasthaya Bima Yojna –RSBY) of Rajasthan are
eligible under this scheme.
• Health Insurance cover of `30,000 (for general illnesses) and of `3.00 lakh
(for critical illnesses) per family per year is provided on floater basis.
• Bhamashah Swasthiya Bima Yojana
• Bhamasha Swasthaya Bima Yojana was launched in the State on
13th December, 2015.
• The main objective of this scheme is to provide cashless healthcare
services to the poor families (under selected families of NFSA-2013
and RSBY) of Rajasthan thus providing social and financial security
against illness to these families and reducing out of pocket
expenditure
Following are the recent developments in the scheme:
• Around 97 lakh families (covered under the National Food Security
Act (2013) and Rashtriya Swasthaya Bima Yojna –RSBY) of Rajasthan
are eligible under this scheme.
• Health Insurance cover of `30,000 (for general illnesses) and of
`3.00 lakh (for critical illnesses) per family per year is provided on
floater basis.
• Total 1,715 disease packages are offered under the scheme, for which
reserved list include 1,148 secondary packages, 500 tertiary packages
and 67 Government Medical Institution packages.
• Cashless IPD treatment facility is provided at empanelled hospitals.
• Includes 7 days pre- hospitalization and 15 days post- hospitalization
expenses.
• No Third Party Administration (TPA).
• 501 Government and 778 private empanelled hospitals are providing
services under the scheme.
• The new phase of BSBY (2017-19) has started from 13-12-2017 in which
changes are made in the provisions regarding beneficiaries, number of
packages, package cost and guidelines etc
• NATIONAL AYUSH MISSION
• Under the Guideline of National AYuSH Mission- Ministry of AYuSH, Government of India
for Plenary development of Ayurveda, Homoeo, Unani, Yoga & Naturopathy, Rajasthan
State AYuSH Society was constituted on 12.03.2015, collaterally Office of the National
AYuSH Mission established.
• Two kinds of salient activities are being done under National AYuSH Mission Project:
• Essential Activities: Corloc-tion of AYuSH facilities at PHCs, CHCs and District Hospitals,
up-gradation of existing Government AYuSH Hospitals, up-gradation of existing
Government/Panchayat/ Government aided AYuSH Dispensaries,
• Setting up of upto 50 bedded integrated AYuSH Hospitals,
• Supporting facilities such as Programme Management units at Central and State level,
• Supply of essential drugs to AYuSH Hospitals and Dispensaries,
• Public Health Outreach activity, Mobility support at State and District level,
• Behavior Change Communication (BCC)/Information Education and Communication
(IEC), School Helth Programme etc.
• Activities under flexible Pool: AYuSH Wellness Centers including Yoga &
Naturopathy, Tele-medicine, Sports Medicine through AYuSH,
• Innovations on Mainstreaming of AYuSH including PPP etc.
• Under the National AYuSH Mission Schemes Construction/Renovation
of AYuSH Dispensaries/ Hospitals providing Furniture/Equipment s to
Hospitals & Dispensaries,
• Public Health Outreach Activity, to provide Contingency fund for AYuSH
Dispensaries/Hospitals,
• Drug Quality Control, supply of Essential Drugs to AYuSH Dispensaries/
Hospitals, AYuSH Education Institutes, AYuSH Gram, Wellness Centers,
Medicinal Plants, Asha and ANM Trainings are undergoing.
• Strengthening of AYuSH Services, AYuSH Educational Institute, AYuSH
Pharmacies, and Conservation/Nursary/ Strengthening of AYuSH
Medicinal Plants are also being done under above Schemes
• EMPLOYEES STATE INSURANCE SCHEME (ESI)
• Employees State Insurance Scheme is a social security scheme,
which is operational in the State, since 1956 with the objective
of providing free medical and health care facilities to employees
and their dependent family members under the E.S.I. Act 1948,
section 58, where the insured persons having salaries upto
21,000/rs per month, working in industrial, commercial,
educational, medical and other establishments covered under
the Act.
• About 12.58 lakh insured persons and their 36.24 lakh
dependent family members are being benefited in the State.
• Under E.S.I. Scheme, four E.S.I. hospitals (Bhilwara, Jodhpur,
Kota, Pali) and 74 dispensaries are functioning in the State.
• FAMILY WELFARE
• Population stabilization and family welfare programmes are
being implemented in the State with the objectives of
population stabilization and reduction in maternal and child
deaths.
• At present, the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) of the
State is 208 per lakh live births (AHS 2012r13) and the
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is 41 per thousand live births
(SRS 2016) in the State.
• In order to reduce infant mortality rate and to provide
safeguards to infants and pregnant women against
seriousdiseases, an intensive immunization program is
being implemented throughout the state.
• Rajasthan Janani Shishu Suraksha Yojna (RJSSY)
• To reduce the IMR and high mortality rate of women during
childbirth, the State Government is implementing the Rajasthan
Janani Shishu Suraksha Yojna in the State with the assistance of
Government of India to provide free medical and other facilities
to pregnant women and new born children.
• Under this scheme, free-medicines, consumables, lab-tests,
food, blood facilities, referral transport facilities etc. are being
provided.
Mother and Child Health and Nutrition (MCHN) Days:
• To enhance immunization coverage, Mother & Child Health and
Nutrition (MCHN) days are being organized regularly as an
essential component of routine immunization.
• NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION (NHM)
• The National Health Mission (NHM) is a national
intervention for ensuring provision of effective
healthcare through a range of interventions at
individual, household, community, and critically at the
health system levels.
• The mission has focus on rural as well as urban health.
• Hence, National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and
National urban Health Mission (NuHM) are working as
Sub-missions of National Health Mission (NHM)
• ASHA Sahyogini
• Since the inception of National Rural Health Mission (2005),
Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) component has
played an important and critical role in the implementation
of NRHM activities.
• The ASHA programme was introduced as a key component
of the community process intervention and over the 12
years period, this programme has emerged as the largest
community health worker programme in the world and is
considered as a critical contribution to enabling people s
participation in health.
• ASHA is a community level worker, whose role is to
generate awareness on health issues and is also an
interface between the community and the health services.
• ASHA Sahyogini
• Since the inception of National Rural Health Mission (2005),
Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) component has played
an important and critical role in the implementation of NRHM
activities.
• The ASHA programme was introduced as a key component of
the community process intervention and over the 12 years
period, this programme has emerged as the largest community
health worker programme in the world and is considered as a
critical contribution to enabling people s participation in health.
• ASHA is a community level worker, whose role is to generate
awareness on health issues and is also an interface between
the community and the health services.
• In Rajasthan, ASHA is known as ASHA Sahyogini, because she is a joint worker
between Department of Medical Health and Department of Women and Child
Development.
• ASHA is selected by Gram Panchayats and works with the help of Anganwadi
Centers.
• Before she starts functioning, she has to undergo intensive induction training.
At present, 48,846 ASHAs are working in the State by the end of the December,
2017.
• The roles and responsibilities of an ASHA include:
• Functions of a healthcare facilitator, a service provider and a health activist.
• She coordinates as a bridge between health department and WCD in delivering
key services and message for Child and Maternal health.
• ASHA Sahyogini also renders important services under National Disease Control
Programme, such as Malaria, TB, institutional deliveries and many more health
provisions.
• ASHA is paid monetary incentive for rendering various services in the
community.
• RBSK (Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram)
• Under this scheme all the children of Aanganwadi Centers,
school going children and children of Madarsas upto 18 years
are being screened for four Ds - Defects at birth, Diseases,
Deficiencies, Developmental delays & disabilities (38 identified
illnesses) through a dedicated Mobile Health Team.
• If the child is screened with any of the identified 38 diseases, he
is given free referral and followrup, and surgical treatment if
required.
• Janani Express
• For strengthening of referral transport services, 586 Janani
Express vehicles are operational
• 108 Toll Free Ambulance Yojana:
• The free emergency response services to the people of the state started in
September, 2008.
• Presently, 730 ambulances are working in 249 blocks of 33 districts in the entire
state
• National Medical Mobile Units and Medical Mobile Vans:
• There are many areas in the State, especially the tribal, the desert and
inaccessible areas of the districts where basic health care infrastructure is not
within the reach of poor especially the women and children.
• To overcome this problem, Mobile Medical unit (MMU) are launched in state.
There are two vehicles in each Mobile Medical unit - 1 staff vehicle and 1
Diagnostic van which contains modern instruments and equipment like ECG
machine etc.
• Medical Mobile van is a single vehicle having basic diagnostic facilities vis.
Haemoglobinometer, Glucometer, BP Instrument, Weighing Machine etc.
• This single vehicle carries both staff and equipments. A van has Medical Officer,
Nurse, Lab-technician, Pharmacist, Helper and driver.
• Village Health and Sanitation Committees:
• Constitution of village Health & Sanitation Committees is the
first step towards commoditization of health care services and
for making health as a people s movement.
• Village Health & Sanitation Committees have been constituted
in 43,440 villages under the chairpersonship of Jan-pratinidhi
elected member of Panchayat.
• The other members of the committee are ASHA Sahyogini,
Anganwadi Worker, ANMs and representatives from SHGs,
NGOs and Mahila SwasthyaS angh (MSS) etc.
• ASHA Sahyogini is the convener of VHSC. Their meetings are
held on the MCHN days when ANM of sub center is already
visiting the village.
• Mainstreaming of Ayurved, Yoga, Unani, Siddha Homeopathic
(AYUSH):
Revitalization of local health traditions and mainstreaming of AYuSH
is one of the objectives of
National Health Mission NHM. under NHM, 998 AYuSH doctors and
400 AYuSH nursing staff are
presently wor ing. To increase the Institutional deliveries and to
reduce the maternal & infant mortality
rate, SBA (S ill Birth Attendant) training is also provided to AYuSH
personnel.
• Mukhya Mantri BPL Jeevan Raksha Kosh:
• The Mukhya Mantri BPL Jeevan Rk sha Kosh Yojana was launched from
1st January, 2009.
• Under this scheme free treatment facility (both indoor and outdoor) is
provided to beneficiaries in all government facilities (attached Medical
College Hospitals, District Sub Division Satellite Hospitals, Community
Health Centers and Primary Health Centers).
• In case medical facility is not available in attached Medical College
Hospitals, then the patients can be referred to All India Institute of
Medical Science, New Delhi and Post Graduate Medical Education and
Research Institute, Chandigarh for treatment.
• Time to time, other categories families/patients are also included under
the scheme. Presently, free treatment facility is being provided to 16
selected categories including BPL families.
• BPL 5 litre Deshi Ghee Scheme
• This is a scheme implemented by State Government
in all districts since 01 st March, 2009.
• under the scheme, there is a provision of giving 5
litre saras deshi ghee as a to en of gift to BPL women
on their first delivery at Government Institutions.
• A deshi ghee coupon is provided to the Beneficiary at
the time of discharge from the hospital and ghee is
delivered at the concerned booth within 15 days of
issue of coupon.
• WATER SUPPLY
• The state is facing, both, the quality and the quantity problems of ground
water sources.
• The ground water condition has become quite alarming also due to over
exploitation in the last two decades.
• The State Government is implementing a number of schemes for providing
potable water, both in rural and urban areas, as the problem of clean and
safe water in the State is very complex, due to geographical diversities and
limited availability of both ground and surface water.
• Rural Water Supply
• Due to vigorous efforts of the State Government, the water problem is
being solved gradually.
• Out of 1,21,648 habitations, 54,034 habitations are fully covered 46,971
partially covered with quality drin ing water and 20,643 habitations are
covered with Quality affected water facility.
• Urban Water Supply
• There are 222 towns including 33 district headquarters in the State.
• All the 222 urban towns of the State of Rajasthan are covered by Piped drinking
water supply system (having household water connections).
• Out of these towns, about 28 per cent are based on surface sources and 50 per
cent towns depend on groundwater sources.
• Remaining 22 per cent towns have mixed source of both surface and
groundwater. All seven major towns in State, i.e. Jaipur, Ajmer, Jodhpur, Bikaner,
Bharatpur, Kota and Udaipur are getting water from various sustainable surface
water sources.
Major Water Supply Projects
• From some sustainable surface sources in the state, viz Indira Gandhi Nahar
Project (5,485 villages-39 towns), Chambal River (4,924 villages - 29 towns),
Narmada River (902 villages - 3 towns), Bisalpur Dam (3,067 villages-21 towns),
Jawai Dam (561 villages-10 towns) etc, major water supply projects have been
taken up in hand.
• There are total 118 major drinking water projects, sanctioned so far.
• URBAN DEVELOPMENT
• To fulfill the basic needs of urban population in a
systematic and integrated way, the government has
constituted development authorities, trusts, Rajasthan
Housing Board, Town Planning Office, Jaipur Metro Rail
Corporation.
• Three development authorities namely (Jaipur, Ajmer and
Jodhpur), 15 urban improvement trusts namely (Alwar,
Abu, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bi aner, Bhiwari,
Chittorgarh, Jaisalmer, Pali, Kota, udaipur, SriGanganagar, Si
ar and Sawai Madhopur) and Rajasthan HousingBoard,
Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Limited, are engaged in
development of civic amenities for the public.
• JAIPUR METRO RAIL PROJECT
• Phase 1A (Mansarovar to Chandpole):The work of
Jaipur Metro Rail Project Phase IrA (Mansarovar
to Chandpole) has completed and its revenue
operation has commenced from 03.06.2015.
• Phase 1B (Chandpole to Badi Chaupar) Jaipur
Metro Rail Project is funded by Asian
Development Ban (ADB).
• Rajasthan Housing Board
• Rajasthan Housing Board was established on 24 th February 1970 as an
autonomous body to provide for measures to be ta en to deal with and
satisfy the need of housing accommodation in the State.
• RHB primarily focuses on affordable housing activities for society at large
with special emphasis on economically weaker sections.
• Starting with housing activities in just 7 cities, it has now spread to 65
cities over period of 47 Years.
• By December, 2017 RHB has ta en up construction of 2,50,309 dwelling
units, out of which 2,47,727 dwelling units have been completed,
2,44,909 dwelling units have been allotted and 2,25,610 dwelling
units have been handed over to applicants
• Chief Minister Shahri Jan Kalyan Yojna 2017:
• Under Chief Minister Shahri Jan Kalyan Yojna 2017, RHB
organized camps at various circle/division &
subrdivision offices from 17r07r2017 to 08r09r2017.
• During these camps various wor s i.e. Issuance of
no dues certificate, one time lease certificates, allotment
letters, possessions, refund cases, no objection
certificates etc. were done.
• During these camps total 11,458 applications were
received, out of which 9,814 cases have been resolved.
• Town Planning Department
• The objective of the department is to guide physical development of
towns through preparation of master plans, sector plans, schemes along
with providing technical advice to various Government departments,
local bodies and other Government agencies.
• It also assists national Capital Region Planning Board in preparation of
its regional plan and implementation of its policies.
• Main functions of town planning department are as follows:
• Preparation of Master Plans/Sector Plans/Schemes, projects etc. and
their reviews/revision, as per requirement.
• Preparation of Sub Regional Plan of Rajasthan Sub Region of national
Capital Region (nCR)
• Technical Guidance to urban Local Bodies for approval of Layout
Plans/Building Plans.
• Master Plans:
• Master Plan of any city provides a vision on a legal framework for its
development for a period of around 20 years.
• Out of 191 municipal towns, master plans for 184 municipal towns have
been prepared and got approved by the Government, which include
master plans of 3 municipal towns prepared by JDA for JDA Region.
• Seven new municipal towns have been declared recently by the State
Government for which Masterplans are to be prepared.
• Since horizone year of Eight Towns namely Dungarpur, Sujangarh,
Gangapur City, Hanumangarh, Sardar Shahar, Mandal garh, Hindon and
Sawai Madhopur is June, 2018, hence Master Plans of these Towns are
also to be prepared.
• Out of which urban area notification of six Towns has been issued and
preparation of master plans is under progress
• National Capital Region (NCR)
Rajasthan Sub-Region of NCR comprises Alwar & Bharatpur districts. The Rajasthan SubrRegional
Plan for district Alwar has been approved and the Rajasthan Sub-Regional Plan for district
Bharatpur is
under progress.
Bharatpur Sub Regional Plan of NCR: The base map and existing land use map of district Bharatpur
have been prepared through national Remote Sensing Center (nRSC), Hyderabad.
Approval of Projects in Rajasthan Sub Region of NCR from National Capital Region Planning Board
(NCRPB)
The NCR Cell of Rajasthan Sub Region does regular monitoring of the projects assisted by NCRPB, li
e
water supply, upgradation scheme projects in five towns (Alwar, Bhiwadi, Behror, Rajgarh and
Tijara),
integrated municipal solid waste management project in Bhiwadi, etc.
The NCR Cell also provides assistance to implementing agencies in preparation of projects and
forwarding them to the N.C.R.P.B. new Delhi for financing
• LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT
• The Department of Local Self Government is implementing following
programmes/ schemes: Deendayal Antyodaya Yojna
• National Urban Livelihood Mission Swaran Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana
(SJSRY) has been rerstructured as Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- national
urban Livelihood Mission (DAYrnuLM).
• The mission is being implemented in all 191 urban Local Bodies of
Rajasthan.
• Components of the NULM are as under:
• Capacity Building and Training (CB&T)
• Social Mobilization and Institution Development (SM & ID)
• Employment through Skill Training and Placement (EST&P)
• Self-Employment Programme (SEP)
• Support to urban Street vendors (SuSv)
• Scheme of Shelter for urban Homeless (SuH)
• Innovative and Special Projects
• Shahari Jan Sahbhagi Yojana (SJSY)
• The scheme was started by the State Government in
December, 2004 to ensure public partnership in urban
development.
• The two main components of the scheme are general
public awareness and development wors.
• General public awareness is generated through organizing
camps, seminars and wor shops (regarding sanitation,
public heath, water storage, roads, construction of
school/hospital and office buildings) to see public
participation
• Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
• Jawaharlal Nehru national urban Renewal Mission was launched by
Government of India on rd3 December, 2005, in order to cope with
massive problems that have emerged as a result of rapid urban
growth of identified cities with focus on projects of urban infrastructure
and to implement projects on mission mode.
• Out of the total 63 identified cities selected by Government of India to
take up the work under the urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG)
and Basic Services to urban Poor (BSuP), two cities namely Jaipur and
Ajmer-Pushkar have been selected in Rajasthan.
• GoI has also taken-up works under UIG, BSuP and Procurement of buses.
• Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and
Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)
• The Central Government has launched this scheme with the
objective to provide basic infrastructure services to the urban
poor in the small and medium size towns.
• This scheme is applicable to all cities/towns except
cities/towns selected under JNNURM.
• MouD has changed the funding pattern as 80:10:10
(GoI:State:uLB) as per AMRuT funding pattern for
11 project in progress.
• The Rajasthan urban Drinking Water Sewerage and
Infrastructure Corporation Ltd. (RuDSICO) has been nominated
as the nodal agency for implementing this scheme in the State.
• Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme
(IHSDP)
• The basic objective of this scheme is to provide adequate
shelter and basic infrastructure facilities to the
slum dwellers of the identified urban areas.
• The target group under the scheme is slum dwellers from
all sections of the community through a cluster approach.
So far, 66 projects amounting to 1,012.78 crore in urban local
bodies have been sanctioned under this programme.
• Besides, construction of houses under this scheme,
infrastructure development in most of the projects include
roads, drains, community centres, community toilets, sewerage
system/septic tank, street light and water supply lines etc.
• Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
• Slum Free City Plan of Action (SFCPoA) of Ajmer city under
RAY Scheme has been approved by Government of India.
• Draft SFCPoA of Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Bharatpur, Bi aner,
Alwar, Pratapgarh and Chittorgarh have also been prepared
and SFCPoA of udaipur city is under preparation.
• Total 19 projects amounting to 903.15 crore in 16 cities
were sanctioned by Government of India for the state, in
which total of 16,132 dwelling units (Dus) and required
infrastructure will be developed.
• All RAYprojects have been subsumed under “Housing for
All” by GoI.
• Rajasthan Urban Development Fund (RUDF)
• Government of Rajasthan has established Rajasthan urban
Development Fund (RuDF) on 26.03.2010.
• The Rajasthan urban Development fund (RuDF) is a fund created by
the Government of Rajasthan to ensure comprehensive
development of the urban areas across the State.
• Rajasthan urban Drinking Water Sewerage and Infrastructure
Corporation Ltd (RuDSICO) is working as nodel agency for RuDF.
Seven Sewerage Projects
• The Government of Rajasthan has sanctioned a sum of 472.44 crore
for Sewer Lines and treatment plants in 7 towns
• (Banswara, Fatehpur She hawati, Ganganagar, nathdwara, Balotra,
Deedwana, Marana).
• Smart Cities Mission:
• Smart City Mission was launched by GoI in June, 2015 to
promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a
decent quality of life to their citizens, a clean and sustainable
environment and application of Smart Solutions.
• The mission will cover 100 cities & its duration will be five
years.
• 100 crore per city for 5 years are to be given as grant by
government of India and an equal amount will be contributed
by State/ ULB.
• A total of 4 cities were shortlisted in Rajasthan to be developed
as Smart Cities, namely Jaipur, udaipur, Kota & Ajmer.
• AMRUT Mission:
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and urban Transformation
(AMRuT) was launched by Hon ble Prime Minister of India
in June, 2015.
• 29 cities in Rajasthan are selected under AMRuT i.e. Alwar,
Beawar, Siar, nagaur, Bhiwadi, Pali, SawaiMadhopur, Tonk ,
Hanumangarh, Bundi, Sujangarh, Dholpur, Gangapur City,
Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Sri Ganganagar, Churu, Jhunjhunu,
Baran, Kishangarh, Hindaun City, Jaipur, Jodhpur,
Ajmer,Kota, Bikaner, Udaipur, Bharatpur and Jhalawar.
• The sectors identified under this mission are Water Supply,
Sewerage & Septage, Drainage, urban Transport and Green
Spaces
• LED Light Project
• Energy saving Project has been initiated in the State to save energy in
Street Light Sector.
• The aim of the project is to increase the illumination level on roads and
to reduce the electricity consumption.
• MOU has been signed on 23 January, 2015 with Energy Efficiency
Services Limited, (EESL) new Delhi a pulic sector enterprise of
Government of India.
• To fully enforce this project in Rajasthan, work of execution of MOU
between EESL in all 191 local bodies has been completed.
• WorK of setting up LED lights is almost complete in 162 local bodies and
in
17 local bodies work is under process.
• Rajasthan is at first position in India in setting up of LED street lights
• Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)
• It is aimed to achieve better level of cleanliness all over
India through public participation and active public support
upto 2nd October 2019.
• Under Swachh Bharat Mission activities, such as
construction of personal deomestic toilets, community/
public toilets, and activities of urban solid waste
management in concerned urban areas are to be
implemented.
• Gaurav Path: Gaurav Path work is proposed in 191 ULBs
with total length of 292.62 Km, out of which 111 works are
under progress.
• Mukhyamantri Jal Swavlamban Abhiyaan (Urban)
Phase II:
• In the financial year 2017-18, Mukhyamantri Jal
Swavlamban Abhiyaan (urban) has been started in all
191 towns in the state on 20.01.2018.
• Smart Raj Project:
• Smart Raj Plan has been launched in the state with the
objective of ma ing available services to the
general public of the state.
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban):
• In order to provide affordable houses to economically wea er group
section (EWS) and lower income group (LIG) on the guidelines of
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (urban), Chief Minister s Jan Awas
Yojanar2015 has been implemented in the month of September, 2015.
• The scheme has target of 6,34,496 units upto year 2022.
• Hriday Yojana: Under this Heritage development scheme Ajmer and
Pushkar are included and work is in progress.
• Rajasthan Transport Infrastructure Development Fund:
Rajasthan Transport Infrastructure Development Fund (RTIDF) was
established in the year 2011-12 for the management of a well-organized,
safe, pollution free and easy transport in the state.
• The total amount available in the said funds is being used to provide
funds and loan amount to the departments / urban local bodies /
company and corporations related to transport management.
• SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EMPOWERMENT
• For all round development and upliftment of weaker and deprived sections of
the society, following schemes are being implemented in the state:
• Anuprati Yojana :
• There is a provision of incentive of 1.00 la h per SC/ST/SBC/BPL of OBC & GEN
candidate selected in the All India Civil Services examination, 50,000 to a
candidate passing the State Civil Services examination and also the incentive
of 40,000 to 50,000 to a candidate getting admission in IITs, IIMs
and national Level Medical Colleges.
• Besides this, a provision of 10,000 per SC/ST candidate has been ear marked
for the students securing 60 per cent mar s in their senior secondary
examination and getting admission in Government engineering /medical
colleges.
• Hostel facilities:
• Hostel facilities are provided by the Department to SC, ST,
OBC, SBC and DTNT students.
• In these hostels, facilities li e lodging, meals, coaching,
dress, stationary etc. are provided free of cost
Post-Matric Scholarships:
• Post-matric scholarships are being provided to the SC, ST
and OBC students, whose annual parental
income is upto `2.50 lakh for SC/ST students and `1.00 lakh
for OBC students.
• Post-Matric Scholarships for SBC:
Post-Matric scholarships are also being provided to the SBC
students whose, annual parental income is upto `2.50 lakh.
• Vidhwa Punarvivah Protsahan Yojana : Under this scheme, on re-marriage of a
widow (who is eligible for widow pension), `30,000 are given to her as gift.
• Sahyog & Uphar Yojana:
Under this scheme, maximum two girls of above the age of 18 years, who
belong to BPL/the weakest section of the society or a widow woman, will be
present a sum of `20,000 on marriage from the State Government. If the girl is
10th passed then an extra sum of `10,000 & if girl is graduate then `20,000
extra also rewarded as appreciation to her.
Residential Schools:
Under this scheme 22 residential schools run by “Rajasthan Residential
Educational Institutions Society”(RREIS) in the administrative control of Social
Justice & Empowerment department for poor boys/girls of SC,ST, OBC/SBC and
Other economic backward class whose parental income is upto
`2.50 lakh per annum. In these schools, facilities like lodging, meals, coaching,
dress, stationary, medical are provided free of cost.
• Mukhya Mantry Old Age Samman Pension Yojana:
• Under old age pension to Women having age of 55 years
and above, Men having age of 58 years and above are
eligible for getting 500 per month and after age of 75 years
750 per month.
• Mukhya Mantry Ekal Nari Samman Pension Yojana:
• Under this scheme, Widow, Divorced, Parityaktya Women
age 18 to 60 years are getting pension of `500 per month.
• From 1.07.2017 the woman from the age of 60 to 75 years
the sum is `1,000 per month and the woman aged 75 years
above the sum is `1,500 per month is being given by the
StateGovernment.
• Mukhya Mantry Vishesh Yogyajan Samman Pension Yojana:
• In this scheme State Government is providing a pension of `750 per month to the
Specially abled person of all age from 1.07.2017.
• Palanhar Yojana: This scheme was started in 2004-05 for care and up keep of these
children whose both parents have either died or have been sentenced to death or have
been awarded life imprisonment by a court of law.
• Initially the scheme was applicable for scheduled Caste children only but later on
extended to cover the children belonging to all castes and children suffering from
HIV/leprosy or whose mothers have legally married or abandoned children and children
whose mothers are getting widow pension.
• A person taking responsibility of caring and bringing up such a child is called 'Palanhar”.
In this scheme `500 per month given to the children of 0-6 years who goes to anganwari
and `1,000 per month given to school going children of age 06-18 years.
• Besides this, schemes namely Hostels for children of SC/ST/ nomad families. Old Age
Home, Day Care Center, Indira Gandhi National Old Age /Widow/ Specially Abled Persons
Pension Yojana, Dev Narayan Yojana, Swayam Sidhha Yojana, Deaddiction Programme
etc. are also being implemented for the welfare of weaker sections.
• SPECIALLY ABLED PERSONS
• According to census 2011, population of specially abled person in state is
more than15 lakh, where 4 lakh specially abled persons are receiving
benefits of pension under social assistance scheme.
• According to new act "The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016"
which is enacted by GoI, now on wards there will be 21 categories of
disabilities.
Anuprati Scheme: In this scheme, there is a provision of incentive of
`5,000 to `65,000 to Rajasthan Domicile Specially abled persons passing
the All India Civil Services examination and State Civil Services
examination.
• There is also a provision of incentive of `40,000 to `50,000 to Rajasthan
Domicile Specially abled persons getting admission in National Level
Engineering, Medical and Top Academic Institutions.
• Similarly in State Level Engineering, Medical and Top Academic Institutions
grant to `10,000.
• Mukhyamantri Vishesh Yogyajan Swarojgar Yojana:
• Under this scheme loan of upto 5.00 la h are provided to such
specially abled persons for selfemployment whose
parents/guardians and self-income from all sources does not
exceed 2.00 la h per annum.
• Government also provides maximum subsidy of 50,000 or 50
per cent amount of loan,whichever is less.
Specially Abled Persons Marriage and Parichay Sammelan:
Under this scheme, financial assistance of `50,000 is provided
to specially abled persons (men/women) after marriage for a
happy married life and also a grant of `20,000 is provided to
the organizer (registered society)
• Prosthetic aid for fitting artificial limbs/
equipments:
• Under this scheme, financial assistance of
`10,000 is provided to eligible specially abled
persons (non income tax payee) for self-
employment and artificial limb/equipment.
• Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Vishesh Yogyajan Shivir 2017
• This campaign has to conduct in state for identifying specially abled
persons to that empowerment and welfare of these persons can ta e
place by providing benefits of various government schemes.
• The objectives of this scheme are as follows
• Identification and Registration of Specially Abled Persons (SAPs)
• To issue disability certificate to SAPs To distribute Aids & Appliances to
SAPs
• To issue unique Disability ID card under Government of India scheme
• To benefit SAPs through pension, Bus pass, loan and palanhaar
schemes
• To create awareness regarding schemes of different departments to
benefit SAPs
• To create Database and online record of SAPs
• Besides this, following schemes are also being implemented for the welfare of
specially abled persons of the State:
• Polio Correction Operation Camps Subsidy Scheme: In this scheme, financial
aid of 5,000 per polio correction operation is provided to NGO.
• State Level awards scheme: On the International Disabled Day of 3rd
December, every year State level awards are being given in 14 different
categories, who do excellent works for specially abled persons. In this scheme,
financial aid of 10,000 per person/ Institutions.
• Sport Competitions for specially Abled Persons: Sport Competitions are also
organized at district and state level for specially abled persons.
• One time Financial Assistance for Pension Holder Specially Abled Persons for
self employment:
• In this scheme One time Financial Assistance of 15,000 is provided to pension
holder specially abled person who want to start his/her own business. To avail
this facility he/she will have to discontinue his/her pension.
• MINORITY AFFAIRS
• As per census 2011 the population of State of Rajasthan is 6.85
crores.
• Out of this the population of Minority Community is 78.18 la h
(11.41%). Muslims, Sikhs, Jains, Christians, Buddhists and Parsis are
included in the Minority Community.
• The State Government has established a separate department for
minorities to ensure quality education, more employment
opportunities and improvement in their economic & health
condition.
• Post Matric Scholarship (PMS) Scheme:
Main object of this scheme is to provide financial assistance to poor
and brilliant students of minority communities for their higher
education, whose parental income is less than 2.00 lakh per annum
and has obtained at least 50 per cent marks in the previous exam.
• Merit Cum Means (MCM) Scholarship Scheme:
• Main object of this scheme is, to provide financial assistance to poor and
brilliant students of minority communities for technical & professional
courses at UG and PG level, whose parental income is less than 2.50 lakh
per annum by Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India.
• Anuprati scheme: Youth/Students of Minority Categories of Rajasthan s
Domicile (Muslim, Sikh, Christian, Buddhist, Parsis & Jain) are given
encouragement amount on passing in the different stages of Indian Civil
Services (ICS) and State Civil Services and Subordinate Exams conducted
by PPSC, RPSC, IIT s, IIM s, AIIMS, NITs, Common Law Admission Test
(CLAT); on admission in Indian Institute of Science & Applied Research
(Kol ata & Bangalore), GoI/MCI certified medical colleges and to
students scoring 60% mar s under the scheme 10 2 & got admission in
State Government s engineering & medical colleges.
• Running of Hostels:
• To meet the challenges, the Minority Department adopted a strategy
with scheme of free Hostel facility for Education Empowerment of
Minority students in the State.
• In this way, the hostel facility, which isdirect individuals benefit scheme,
is being provided to the minority girls and boys at District
Headquarter and in Minority populated Blocks.
• Presently, under the scheme there is a provision of 2,000 per
student/per month & maximum for nine and half month against mess
charges including lodging & boarding etc.
• In fulfillment of mandate, the Department of Minority Affairs is
providing Hostel facility in two ways i.e. through Departmental
Hostels and authorized NGOs.
• Multi Sectoral Development Scheme:
Under the scheme construction works relating to the health and
educational infrastructure are being undertaken in the 10 blocks, 3
towns of 8 minority populated districts.
• Loans for self-employment and education:
Rajasthan Minority Finance & Development Cooperative Corporation
(RMFDCC) is acting as a State Channelizing Agency for NMDFC.
• It provides educational and business loan at concessional interest
rates to the minority unemployed youth and women for self
employment.
• Madarsa Board :
3,214 Madarsas are registered in the State in which 2.38 lakh students
are getting education by 5,973 urdu para teachers and 345 computer
para teachers.
• Teaching Learning Material (TLM) is being provided to madarsa in quality
education.
• INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ICDS)
• At present 304 ICDS projects are operational in the state, out of which 40
projects have been operational in urban areas, 36 in tribal area and rest 228 in
rural areas.
• Efforts are being made to reduce Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Maternal Mortality
Ratio (MMR) and Malnutrition among children in the State by building an
environment in the society for holistic development and better care of children
& women, specially the pregnant and nursing mothers through this programme.
• Services of supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check-up, nutrition,
health education and pre-school education are being provided to the children of
age group 0-6 years, pregnant and lactating mothers as well as to adolescent
girls through anganwadi centers to achieve these objectives.
• Through these anganwaries, 27.19 lakh children, 8.69 lakh pregnant and
lactating mothers and 0.98 lakh adolescent girls on average are being benefitted
with the supplementary nutrition.
• Prer-chool education has been provided to 9.60 lakh children of 3-6 years
age group. Maternal child health and nutrition (MCHN) day has been
organized on 76 per cent anganwaris every month and services of
immunization, health check-up and nutrition and health education has
been provided.
• Identified severely malnourished children are referred to Malnutrition
Treatment Centres/Corners (MTCs) established at every district level
hospital for health checkup and rehabilitation.
• Follow-up of growth monitoring of children is being done regularly after
medical consultation.
• In nutrition programme nutritive food with 500 K.cal. to children, 800
K.cal. to severly malnourished children is supplied and 600 K.cal. to
pregnant and lactating mothers is providing daily.
• Nand Ghar Yojna scheme has been started to involve public participation
in ICDS. 4,318 MOUs have been made with Corporate, Social Sector NGOs
to facilitate AWC with Building Construction, Repair and other facilities.
• CHILD RIGHT
• Directorate is established in 2013 with the motto to protect the rights
of the children and create a protective environment for the same. The
Directorate is implementing the following schemes:
• Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS):
• The Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) is a comprehensive
scheme of the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government
of India, which aims to create a protective environment for
children in the country.
• The ICPS aims to achieve these objectives through:
• Improved access to quality child protection services;
• Raised public awareness on child rights situation and protection in
India;
• Enforced accountability for child protection;
• Institutionalization of essential services and strengthening
of existing structures;
• Establishment of functional structures at all government
levels for delivery of statutory and support services to
children in difficult circumstances;
• Evidence-based monitoring and evaluation,
• Enhancement of capacities at all levels; creation of
database and knowledge base for child protection services;
• Strengthening child protection at family and community
levels.
• Mukhya Mantri Hunar Vikas Yojana:
• This scheme is for higher education/skill development
programme to beneficiaries of Palanhar Yojana and children
staying in Government and non-government Institutional
Homes.
• Under the scheme, skill development programmes are being
organised for the children aged 17 years to 21 years.
• The objective of this scheme is to enable such young adults to
adapt themselves to society and to encourage them to move
away from institution based life.
• Additionally, vocational and skill development programme
through Rajasthan Mission on Livelihood also provided and
financial assistance for higher education is made available to
applicable young child.
• WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
• The foremost issue in women development is to make women aware
about their rights and to empower them to take maximum advantage
from the programmes being implemented by the Government and to
become socio-economically self-reliant.
• Sathin is the prime animator working at grassroots not only to create
linkage between women and various programmes of the Government,
but also to inform women about their rights.
• Sathins also need to create environment against social evil practices and
to make women aware about situation wherein women often find
themselves harassed, victimized or exploited.
• At present, 8,069 Sathins are working in the State to create awareness
among women, enable them to realize their potential and also to help
women access advantage from the Government programmes/ scheme.
• Grant in aid for Community Marriages (Samoohik
Vivah Yojana):
• Community marriages are meant to discourage dowry,
child marriage and to reduce the expenditure
on individual marriages.
• The grant in aid at the rate 18,000 per couple is
sanctioned under this scheme, of which 15,000 are
deposited in the ban /post office in the name of the
bride and 3,000 are given to the organization for
arrangements etc
• CM s 7 Point Programme for Empowerment of Women:
Empowerment of women is possible only if it is based on a life cycle
approach. CM s Seven Point Programme was launched during the year
2009r10. This programme is focussed on:
• Safe Motherhood
• Reduction in IMR
• Population Stabilization
• Prevention of child marriages
• Retention of girls at least upto class X
• Providing security and safe environment to women
• Economic empowerment by providing self-employment opportunities
through the Self Help Group Programme.
• This programme aims at all round development of women and it is being
implemented with joint efforts of Health Department, Women & Child
Development (WCD), Education Department and Home Department etc.
• Prevention of Child Marriages:
• Early marriage results in early pregnancy thereby affecting girl s health
and other important development parameters.
• The focus of this programme is to prevent child marriages and provide
appropriate environment for girl s education and their development.
• A special campaign, Sanjha Abhiyaan-Bal vivaah Mukt Rajasthan has
been launched for joint efforts against child marriages and to generate
public awareness on the issue of child marriage.
• A state strategy and Action plan has been prepared and is being
implemented with the support of various departments, civil society
organisations, NGO s, UNICEF, UNFPA and various stake-holders for
making Rajasthan child marriage free.
• Various sensitization workshop have been organised including Child
Marriage Prohibition Officers (CMPO) training.
• Gender Cell:
• The Gender Cell has also been constituted in the
State to promote mainstreaming the concept of
gender in the budgetary system of the Government
and also to function as a secretariat to review the
budgets of various departments with gender
perspective.
• An MOU has also been signed between Government
of Rajasthan and UN-Women for strengthening and
expediting the efforts towards Gender Responsive
Budgeting.
• Women Protection:
A special Women Protection Cell has also been setup to
monitor implementation of the following
• programmes relating to protection of women:
• Mahila Surksha Evam Salah Kendra
• 24 Hours Women Helpline
• Implementation of Protection of Women from Domestic
violence Act, 2005
• Protection of Women from Sexual Harassment at Work
place
• Rajasthan Prevention of Witch Hunting Act, 2015 and
Rules, 2016
• Sakhi/Aparajita One Stop Centre for Women
• Amrita Haat:
• Amrita Haat which is being organized by Directorate of
Women Empowerment, Department of Women Child
Development since 2004-05, is a strong and established
medium of economic and social empowerment of women
through providing opportunity for display and marketing of
products manufactured/value added by Self-Help Groups.
Priyadarshini Adarsh SHG scheme:
• Under this scheme, 10 SHGs in each district are developed
as Priyadarshini Adarsh SHG.
• These Ideal SHGs fulfill all the procedures and standards
fixed for an ideal SHG .
• Swavalamban Yojana:
• Main objective of this scheme is to improve the
living standard of poor women, widows, separated
women and rural women.
• Women are being provided skill training through
RSLDC in traditional and non-traditional trades.
Free basic computer training to women through
RKCL:
• To make women of all categories computer literate,
free of cost basic computer training is provided to
women in coordination with RKCL.
• Income Generating Activity Training:
• Under this scheme, women of SHGs are being provided
opportunities for employment/selfemployment by
providing them trainings through RSLDC and various
training institutes as national Institute of Fashion
Technology (NIFT), Footwear Design and Development
Institute (FDDI), Centre for Entrepreneurship and Small
Business Management (CESBM).
Allotment of Fair price shops to WSHGs:
• The scheme of allotting fair price shops to SHGs was
launched to provide self-employment to the
women SHGs.
• Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Scheme:
• Prime Minister launched Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao nd Scheme in Panipat
(Haryana) on 22 January 2015 in 100 districts where the sex ratio has
declined sharply in the last decade.
• In II phase 61 districts have been added.
• The primary objective of the scheme is to empower the girl child and
ensure her education; essentially addressing the pre and post birth
discrimination against the girl child.
• In Rajasthan the scheme was initially launched in ten districts (Alwar,
Bharatpur, Dausa, Dholpur, Jhunjhunu, Jaipur, Sikar, Karauli, Sawai
Madhopur and Sri Ganganagar) with low Child Sex Ratio (CSR).
• In the II phase of the scheme, four new districts (Jaisalmer, Jodhpur,
Hanumangarh and Tonk ) were added
• Rajshree Yojana:
Mukhyamantri Rajshree Yojana was announced by the
Chief Minister in 2016-17 budget to develop a
positive attitude towards the girl child in the society and
improve her health and education status in
the State. This is a flagship scheme, which expects to bring
Women Empowerment and gender equality
in the State. Girl children belonging to the state of
Rajasthan, who are born on or after the 1 of June
2016, are eligible for financial assistance under the
scheme. Under this scheme, a total grant of 50,000 is
provided in 6 installments to the parents/guardians of the
eligible girl
• Garima Balika Sanrakshan Evem Samman Yojna:
• Garima Balika and Sanrakkshan Scheme has been launched
in order to reward and give recognition to various
individuals and organisations for their commendable work
in the field of protection of girl child.
• The objective of the scheme is to recognize, reward and
inspire the individuals, and the organizations to prevent
violence and exploitation of girl child at various levels.
• This Scheme has been implemented in the entire State as
Garima Balika Sanrakshan and Samman Yojna 2016.
• Under this scheme the rewards are given at two levels-first
Individual and second Institutional.
• The schemes being implemented in the State for
the women empowerment are:
• Status of SHG Programme in Rajasthan
• Interest Subvention Scheme on Bank Loan to SHGs
• Mission Gramya Shakti
• Dhan Laxmi Mahila Samridhi Kendra
• Rajasthan State Women Resource Centre (RSRCW)
• Mission Poorna Shakti, Pali
• Mission Poorna Shakti, Bundi
• Sabla Yojana Kishori Shakati Yojana
• Chirali Yojana
• Rural Development & Panchayati Raj
• Rajasthan Grameen Aajeevika Vikas Parishad –RAJEEVIKA (RGAVP)
• RGAVP is an autonomous society established in October, 2010 by the
Government of Rajasthan under the administrative control of Department of
Rural Development. The society is registered under Society Registration Act,
1958 and is mandated to implement all rural livelihood programmes associated
with Self Help Group (SHG) based institutional architecture.
• The objective of the RGAVP is to implement Self Help Groups (SHGs) based
livelihood program , financial Inclusion through project fund and bank linkage in
the State.
At present, following livelihood projects are being implemented by RAJEEVIKA:-
• World Bank funded, Rajasthan Rural Livelihood Project (RRLP) is being
implemented in 60 blocks since June, 2011.
• World Bank funded National Rural Livelihood Project (NRLP) is being
implemented in 9 blocks since April, 2013.
• Government of India funded National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) is
being implemented in rest of the blocks in phased manner since April,
2013.
• Rajasthan Rural Livelihood Project (RRLP)
• The objective of the Rajasthan Rural Livelihoods Project is to enhance
economic opportunities and empowerment of the rural poor, with a
focus on women and marginalized groups, in the 17 targeted districts of
Rajasthan.
• The objective of this component will be to help the poor mobilize
themselves into Self Help Groups (SGHs), and gradually develop their
own capacity to initiate and expand sustainable livelihoods activities.
• National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)
• Aajeevika - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM)
was launched by the Ministry of Rural Development
(MoRD), Government of India in June 2011.
• Aided in part through investment support by the World
Bank, the Mission aims at creating efficient and
effective institutional platforms of the rural poor,
enabling them to increase household income through
sustainable livelihood enhancements and improved
access to financial services
• Regional Development Schemes in Rajasthan
• Mitigating Poverty in Western Rajasthan Project
• This project is being implemented in year 2016-17 in one block each in
the districts of Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Sirohi, Pali and Jalore and two
blocks in Sirohi District(Pindwara) and Jodhpur District (Balesar).
• Under this , SHGs working in area have been given livelihood seed
capital support.
Mewat Area Development Programme
• The area inhabited by Mev’s is known as Mewat area.
• The Mev community is concentrated in 12 blocks of Alwar and
Bharatpur Districts.
• The Mev are still socially and economically backward and
hence, Rajasthan Government is running a special development program
since 1987-88 for overall development of Mewat area.
• Border Area Development Programme (BADP)
• The Border Area Development Programme (BADP) was introduced during the
7th Five Year Plan as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS).
• The BADP is a Central Government intervention strategy to bring about a
balanced development of border areas.
• The programme is being implemented in 16 Blocks of 4 Border Districts, namely
Barmer, Bikaner, Ganganagar and Jaisalmer.
• Under BADP, majority of the funds are invested for security related activities.
• However, since the border districts have poor social and economic
infrastructure development activities are also provided due importance.
• Dang Area Development Programme
• Dang Area Development Programme has been re-launched in 2004-05 by
Government of Rajasthan.
• The Programme covers 394 Gram Panchayats of 26 Panchayat Samities of 8
Districts (Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Dholpur, Baran, Jhalawar, Bharatpur, Kota
and Bundi).
• Magra Area Development Programme
• The central Southern part of Rajasthan surrounded by hills specially Ajmer,
Bhilwara, Pali, Chittorgarh and Rajsamand and not covered under Tribal
Area Development (TAD) is locally known as “Magra To improve social and
economic status of residents, the “Magra Area Development Programme”
was initiated since 2005-06 in 14 Blocks of above 5 districts.
• At present it is being implemented in 16 blocks
in above districts.
• Activities of Watershed Development, Minor Irrigation, Animal Husbandry,
Drinking Water, Education, Electrification, Health and Road Construction
are undertaken for development of the area.
• Bio Fuel Mission & Authority:
• The Bio fuel mission was formed to enable production of Bio
Fuel on cultivable wasteland as well as on degraded forest land
of Rajasthan through Jatropha, Karanj and other such tree
borne oil seeds.
• Rajasthan is one of the fastest developing states in the country
and is privileged to become the first state to develop Bio-fuel
Policy in the year 2007 and its implementation in the field.
• 12 districts of Rajasthan namely Baran, Banswara, Bhilwara,
Bundi, Chittorgarh, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Kota, Rajsamand,
Sirohi, Udaipur & Pratapgarh are found suitable for plantation of
Jatropha and 8 districts of Eastern Rajasthan namely Alwar,
Bharatpur, Dausa, Dholpur, Jaipur, Karauli, Sawaimadhopur &
Ton are found suitable for Karanj.
• Guru Golvalkar Janbhagidari Vikas Yojana (GGJVY)
• Guru Golvalkar Grameen Jan Bhagidari Vikas Yojana has been initiated
on 30.09.2014 in all the 33 districts of the State.
• The objective of the scheme is to ensure public participation in rural
areas for development, employment generation, construction and
maintenance of community assets.
• The scheme is funded by the State and is being implemented in the
rural areas of the State only.
• Under the scheme, 90 per cent funds will be provided for construction
of boundary-walls of "Shamshaan/Kabristan".
• For construction of other community assets, 70 per cent funds and in
Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) areas 80 per cent funds will be provided by the
State Government.
• Members of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development
Scheme (MLALAD)
• The objectives of this scheme are to create local need based
infrastructure development, to create assets of public utility
and to remove regional imbalances in development.
• This scheme is being implemented in rural as well as urban
areas of the state. Every MLA is authorized to recommend the
works up to 2.25 crore per year for his/her constituency.
• At least 20 Per cent of total allotment amount annually must be
recommended for the development of SC/ST personnels.
• Annually 25 Per cent of total allotment or 25 Per cent of total
works done under Mukhya Mantri Jal Swawlamban Yojana
(MJSY).
• Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Jan Kalyan Panchayat
Shivir Programme
• For settling the grievances of rural people at panchayat
level, panchayat shivirs are organised, for the
betterment of rural folks.
• “Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Jan Kalyan Shivirs” have
been started from 14th October, 2016.
• Mukhya Mantri Adarsh Gram Panchayat Yojna (MAGPY)
• The scheme envisages integrated development of the selected village
across multiple areas such as agriculture, health, education, sanitation,
environment, livelihoods, etc.
• In addition to infrastructure development, MAGPY also aims at instilling
values, such as people's participation, gender equality, dignity of
women, social justice, community service, cleanliness, local self-
government, transparency and accountability in public life, etc.
• in the villages and their people, so that they get transformed into
models for others.
• The Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are the pivots of this
scheme.
• Gram Panchayats are the basic unit for development
• Rural Roads:
• For improving rural connectivity in Rajasthan State, there are two schemes being
implemented, the Gramin Gaurav Path ( GGP) by Rajasthan Government and Centrally
sponsored Pradhan Mantri Gramin Sadak Yojna (PMGSY).
• Gramin Gaurav Path Yojana(GGP) - a major road construction project of Rajasthan
Government, under state plans to construct about 2,048 km of roads in 33 districts. The
project is being implemented by Rajasthan Public Works Department.
• Features of Gaurav Path Scheme:
• Under Gramin Gaurav Path, village roads would be connected to main mega highways.
• Roads would built by cement concrete material by contractors qualifying the tenders in
one year in all.
• Besides village roads, small sewer system would also be built.
• Out of 9900 villages of 33 districts in Rajasthan, 2105 villages have been included in the
program.
• Pradhan Mantri Gramin Sadak Yojna (PMGSY) (Union Government
Scheme)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched on 25th
December 2000 as a fully funded Centrally Sponsored Scheme to provide
all weather road connectivity in rural areas of the country.
• The programme envisages connecting all habitations with a population of
500 persons and above in the plain areas and 250 persons and above in
hill States, the tribal and the desert areas.
• In all 33 districts of Rajasthan, 1100 number of roads are sanctioned for
construction with the total length of 3000 kms.
• Out of which, 326.08 kms of length of 51 habitats have been constructed.
• The nodal agency for implemeting the scheme in Rajasthan is Rajasthan
Rural Road Development Agency.
• Other Important Union Government Schemes implement in Rural Area
Pradhanmantri Awas Yojana – Gramin
launched by PM on 20th Nov, 2016. Features:
• Selection of beneficiaries on the basis of Socio Economic Caste
Census-2011 (SECC-2011) data.
• provides a financial assistance of Rs. `1,20,000
• Along with this, an additional ` 12,000 will also be provided to
build toilet to each beneficiary under the Swachch Bharat
Mission. The beneficiaries are also be provided daily wages
through MGNREGA.
• The expenditure is shared is in the ratio of 60:40 between
Central and State Government
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) objective - to provide housing to membersSC/ST,
freed bonded labourers and non-SC/ST rural poor living Below Poverty Line by
providing them grantin aid. Since the financial year 1999-2000, upgradation of
the unserviceable kutchha houses Credit cum Subsidy Scheme has also been
included in this scheme. The features of the scheme are:
• 3 per cent of funds are reserved for specially abled persons living below the
poverty-line in rural areas and 15 per cent of funds are for Minority.
• Assistance is sanctioned to the female member of the households or in the
joint names of husband and wife.
• A minimum of 60 per cent of funds is to be utilized for construction of houses
for the SC/ST people. Sanitary latrine and smokeless chulha are integral part of
an IAY house. The Gram Sabha makes selection of beneficiaries under IAY.
• Selection of construction technology, materials and design is left entirely to
the choice of beneficiaries. Middleman or contractors or departmental agency
for construction of the house have no role in this respect.
• Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM)
• The Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) is
an attempt to make our rural areas socially, economically
and physically sustainable regions.
• The National Rurban Mission (NRuM), aims to create
300 such Rurban growth clusters over the next three years
across the country.
• In the first Phase 2015-16 clusters selected in Bharatpur,
Nagaur, Barmer, Jodhpur and Udaipur district in the State.
• In second Phase 2016-17 six clusters selected viz. Alwar,
Bikaner, Jalore, Pratapgarh, Banswara and Jaipur district in
the State.
• Smart Village The Chief Minister of Rajasthan in the Budget 2017-18
announced Smart Village scheme. In this scheme, 3,275 Villages are
selected to develop as a SMART VILLAGE.
• which includes development of the village with modern amenities like a
city and its funds are being provided by various departmental schemes.
• Activities li e Drainage system & pucca streets, Community toilets,
Public park /play grounds with open gym, Charagah land development
and fodder production, Solar or LED lights in streets, Regular cleaning
system (arrangement of sweepers, tractor trolley or rickshaw to collect
wastage), develop one road as SwaRaj Marg, Category B works under
MNREGA (leveling of field, field talai, fruit plants, farm, pond, cattle
shed), E-library & knowledge centre, Wi-Fi facilities (Atal Seva
Kendra/main place of village), Senior secondary school, Primary/sub
health centre, Veterinary hospital, Mil production samiti, Clean drinking
water facilities, Food grain storage, House under PMAY-G to all
beneficiaries, Bathroom near ponds/river are the main works to make a
village – A Smart Village.
• Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme
(MPLAD)
• There are 25 Lok Sabha and 10 Rajya Sabha Members of
Rajasthan State. Under the scheme, every MP can recommend
the works in his/her constituency to district collector up to `5
crore per year.
• Elected Members of Rajya Sabha representing the entire state
may select works for implementation in any district of the state.
• MPs can also recommend works outside their
constituencies/state for construction of assets that are
permissible in the guidelines,
• for rehabilitation measures in the eventof "Calamityof Severe
nature" in any part of the country for an amount not exceeding
of `1.00 crore, for each calamity.
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
(MGNREGS) - The programme aims to provide employment to rural
people and thereby enhance inclusive growth and is operational in the
entire state.
• The objective of the scheme is to enhance livelihood security in rural
areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in
a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to
do unskilled manual work.
• Salient features of the scheme are as under:
• All local residents of the Gram Panchayat are eligible for registration
under the Scheme.
• Minimum one third beneficiaries shall be women.
• Job Cards with photographs of all the adult members of the household
are issued free of cost within 15 days of registration.
• Dated receipt of application for employment is provided.
• Guarantee of providing employment within 15 days of application.
• Un-employment allowance is paid by the State Government, if
employment is not provided within 15 days of application.
• Work is provided within 5 Km. radius of the village. Beyond 5 KM, 10 per
cent extra wages are payable.
• Wages are to be paid as per the task performed.!· Drinking water, shade,
first aid and creche facilities are mandatory at worksite.
• Gram Sabha is the primary authority to identify the works and to
prepare annual action plan.
• No contractors and labour placing machinery is allowed.
• Social Audit by Gram Sabha.
• All wage payments through Banks/Post Offices only.
• Gram Sabha is empowered for monitoring the progress and the quality
of work.
• Effective Grievance Redressal mechanism
• Panchayati Raj - Rajasthan was the pioneer state in introduction of the
three tier system of Panchayati Raj in the country, where Panchayati Raj
system was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister of the country,
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, on 2nd October, 1959 in Nagaur, Rajasthan.
• April 24, 1993 is a landmark day in the Indian history.
• Grant to Panchayati Institutions: Fourteenth Finance Commission (14th
FC)
• The period of Fourteenth Finance Commission (FFC) is for five years
from 2015-16 to 2019-20.
• Fifth State Finance Commission - The period of Fifth State Finance
Commission is for five years (2015-2020). As per recommendations, the
utilization of the Grants would be, 55 per cent for basic and
development functions, 40 per cent for implementation of National &
State priority scheme and 5 per cent would be utilised as incentives for
execution of various works or programmes.
• Swachh Bharat Mission (Rural)
• Prime Minister of India launched the program on 2nd October, 2014 with aim to
make the country Open Defecation Free (ODF) by 2nd October, 2019.
• In Rajasthan, the target to achieve ODF status has been set by March, 2018.
• Incentive for construction and usage of Individual Household Latrines (IHHL)
shall be available for all Below Poverty Line (BPL) Households and Above Poverty
Line (APL) households restricted to SCs/STs, small and marginal farmers, landless
labourers with homestead , physically handicapped and women headed
households.
• The Incentive amount provided to Below Poverty Line and identified Above
Poverty Line households is upto `12,000 for construction and usage of one unit
of Individual Household Latrine (IHHL).
• Central Share of this Incentive is 60 Per cent while State share is 40 Percent
• For Community Sanitary Complex, the incentive
amount is 2 lakhs.
• Sharing pattern amongst Central Government, State
Government and the Community is in the ratio of
60:30:10.
• For Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM),
financial assistance of upto 7 lacs is provided to
Gram Panchayats .
• Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan (PSA)
• Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India has directly
transferred 1,085 lakhs to Indira Gandhi Panchayati Raj &
Gramin Vikas Sansthan (IGPR&GVS), Jaipur intended for
implementation of theapproved activities of Panchayat
Sashaktikaran Abhiyan (PSA) 2017-18
• Dendayal Upadhyay Panchayat Shashaktikaran Puraskar
(DDUPSP)
• In accordance with 73rd amendment of constitution
Government of India had launched this schemein 2010-11.
• Under this scheme, awards are being provided every year to
one best performing Zila Parishad, two Panchayat Samities and
five Gram Panchayats of the State.
• Gram Panchayat Development Plan
• In compliance to the recommendations of Fourteenth Finance Commission
(FFC), Government of India has transferred cent percent grant directly in the
accounts of Gram Panchayats.
• The grant provided tothe Gram Panchayat will be utilized for preparation of the
Gram Panchayat Development Plan by keeping in view the essential basic
requirements & felt local needs of the community and excluded section for
holistic development of the Gram Panchayat.
• Government of Rajasthan has developed state specific guidelines as “Aapni
Yojana Aapno Vikas” based on the Central Model guideline of Ministry of
Panchayati Raj, Government of India, New Delhi for preparation of quality GPDP
Plan and effective implementation of the same.
• The Gram Panchayat Development plans are prepared in participatory mode by
ta ing proposals in Gram Sabha and its due approval from competent levels all
across the districts.
• Approved GPDPs are uploaded on Plan Plus Versionr2 software.
• Newly Constituted Gram Panchayat
• 723 new Gram Panchayats have been constituted in the State.
• The buildings of these New Gram Panchayats have been
proposed to be constructed atleast with 5 Bigha area of land,
keeping the view of Rural Secretariat and provision of bringing
all the offices at gram panchayat level in one campus for
providing facility to common man.
• Newly Constituted Panchayat Samiti
• 47 new Panchayat Samiti have been constituted in the State.
Out of these 47 PSs, the land has been allotted to 44 PSs, in 2
PSs School buildings are available and in rest 1 PS process of
land allocation is under process.
• Deendayal Upadhyay Patta Vitaran Abhiyaan
• Deendayal upadhyay Patta Vitaran Abhiyaan had been organized during 2016-
17. The primary objective of this campaign is to provide an-ease to the laymen
by making settlements at their own panchayat itself.
• Following activities have been undertaken in this Abhiyaan:
• Gram Panchayat camps were organized in each Gram Panchayat from 14th April
2017 to 20th July 2017.
• Residential Pattas for housing were made available to landless, weaker section,
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, nomads and rural families residing in the
residential land.
• Ownership was granted to the families residing in self occupied land of rural
residential area.
• Free allotment of residential patta to the BPL and Gadiya Luhar families 30 per
cent of free allotment lands were distributed to widow and divorced women, in
their names.
• Follow up camps were organized after completion of regular Gram Panchayat
Camps.
• Utsav Bhoj
• This is Rajasthan Government extension of
Union’s Mid Day Meal (MDM) Scheme.
• Under the “UTSAV BHOJ” Yojana in mid- day
Meal, any person can provide full meal, sweets,
raw material and equipment and utensils on their
personal and social occasions, like birth-day,
Marriage, Anniversary etc.
• Other Programs - TWENTY POINT PROGRAMME 2006
• The Twenty Point Programme was first launched in the year 1975 and
restructured in 1982, 1986 and again in 2006.
• The restructured programme, nown as Twenty Point Programme (TPP) –
2006, became operational with effect from 1st April 2007.
• The Programme aims to provide momentum to schemes relating to
poverty alleviation, employment generation in rural areas, housing,
education, family welfare and health, protection of environment and
many other schemes having a bearing on the quality of life, especially in
the rural areas.
• Twenty Point Programme- 2006 consists of 65 monitorable items out of
which 15 rankable items are being monitored at the state level.
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA):
• This Act provides guarantee for at least 100 days of
employment in a year to every household in rural areas.
• It also stipulates one-third participation by women.
• During the year 2017-18, 1,818.19 lakh mandays employment
has been generated upto December, 2017 for which an amount
of 2,474.10 crore has been paid as wages.
• National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)
• This scheme was launched on 1st April, 2013 and is being
monitored under the Twenty Point Programme from the year
2015-16
• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION
• 2nd Annual IT Day was celebrated on 2st March, 2017 at B.M. Birla Auditorium, Jaipur
along with 1st Hackathon DigiFest Kota: DigiFest, Kota along with 2nd Hackathon was
held on 18 th August, 2017.
• During DigiFest Kota, 3 new platforms were launched:
• iStart : A one-stop solution for Startups, Incubators, and VCs (venture capitalists) for
ease of doing business and assessing all benefits & offers by the Government of
Rajasthan.
• Challenge for Change: providing opportunities for startups and organizations to directly
join hands with the Government and to work by getting direct orders on niche verticals
of public related challenges.
• Rajasthan Stack: providing access to government services, solutions and platforms for
startups and organizations to use, removing the barrier of large investments in
technologies and reinventing the wheel.
• In addition, Hon ble CM also declared 500 crore startup fund for promotion of startups.
• DigiFest Udaipur:
• DigiFest Udaipur along with 3rd Hackathon was held on 23rd
December, 2017 at Udaipur. During the fest Chief Minister
inaugurated projects as follows:
• E Mitra Plus: Single point delivery through self-service kiosk .
• Rajmail: A free citizen e-mail service, which allows the users to
create their e-mail address in regional languages including Hindi.
Rajasthan is the only state to provide this facility and 1st Hindi e-
mail was created for the Chief Minister.
• Incubation Centre: iNest incubation centre at Jaipur, provides
a co-working place to the developed as well as the upcoming
startups, to several venture capitalist.
• Raj Wi Fi: free WiFi facility to the residents of Rajasthan.
• Important Schemes / Programmes of the Department:
• Rajasthan Sampark Portal: is being used as centralized grievance
redressal platform. A new toll free number (181) for the CM Helpline has
been activated.
• Geographical Information System (GIS): A common GIS platform has
been set up for Education, Medical & Health Department, ICDS, PHED etc
departments
• E-Mitra Kiosks: Presently more than 350 services of government /
private departments are being provided electronically through more than
48,000 e-Mitra Kiosks to the citizens of the State.
• Digitally Signed Certificates: The facility to ma e available legally valid
digitally signed certificates has been launched Wi Fi facility within
SecLAN: WirFi facility has been made available in Secretariat, all bloc
Department level IT Offices, all District Collectorates, Amer, Jawahar Kala
Kendra, 7 Divisional Headquarters, Video Wall and Government Buildings
of Jaipur.
• E-Sanchar & i-Fact: e-Sanchar is an application that can be linked with any
departmental application for sending event based notifications to applicants/
beneficiaries as well as officials through s.m.s/Voice Message/structure queries.
I-Fact is being used through Rajasthan sampark for Reality Check.
• State Master Centralised Data Hub: It is a master data hub to provide all types
of master data required by client applications of various departments. It
contains varied data ranging from geographical hierarchies to various ind of
master data being used in departmental applications.
• Raj Kaj: Under this project, facilities li e leave sanction, APAR (Annual
Performance Appraisal Report), inventory and meeting management have been
implemented in 7 major departments of the state Government.
• Single Sign On (SSO): All the departmental applications would use single user
manager. This will enable all the functionaries to access multiple applications
after signing only once. All departmental applications can link to SSO.
• Raj NET:
• Under this project, integrated networ solution for connectivity upto Gram Panchayats
through Rajasthan state Wide Area networ (RajsWAN), secretariat Local Area networ
(secLAN), very small Aperture Terminal (vsAT), Captive Optic Fiber Cable (OFC), RF and
terrestrial connectivity.
• IP phone were also distributed to all Gram Panchayats.
• Raj e-Vault:
• It is an individual, family, governmental and organizational secure e-space to residents
and organizations, enabling them to store documents along with Meta Data for
validations.
• Raj e-vault integrated with Pehchan, Bhamashah and e-Mitra. Integration with ther
department s application is in process.
• Raj e-Sign: It provides secure and authorized electronic signature, hassle free digital
signing for electronic self-attestation and e-verification with option of bulk signing of
documents.
• Raj esign is integrated with Pehchan, Bhamashah and e-Mitra.
• Integration with departments application is in process. E-sign activity initiated for
obtaining CCA authorization from Government of India.
• Mobile Application Development Center: This platform has been established
for Operating
system (Os), independent mobile application development, deployment and
management.
• Application such as app status, Bhamashah, Case Darpan for Raj Police, DoP,
Drishti (Pollution Dept.), erMitra, erMitra Micro ATM, erPDs, Jaipur Metro,
LITEs, MJsA, RajArtisan, RCMs, Rajersign, Raj er vault, RajMandi, Rajnet,
Rajsampar , Rajvayu, Rajweaver, Resurgent Rajasthan, sIPF, some Facts,
vasundhara Raje App, Mobile Games have been developed and made
functional.
• Data Analytics & Big Data Cluster:
• Departments can store unstructured data (sound, images, videos etc.) in
Big Data Cluster at DoIT&C and plug in their data sets for analysis and
related graphical presentation.
• Command Control Center:
• Integrated control rooms at 7 Divisional Headquarters are to be setup
for integrated solution on G.P.s. and CCTv based security. In compliance
of this, Abhay Command Control Centers at Jaipur, Kota, Ajmer and
Udaipur have been inaugurated by the Chief Minister.
• Rajasthan Knowledge Corporation Limited (RKCL):
• RKCL has been set up in the State with an aim to provide IT education in
remote rural areas of the State and thus bridging the digital divide and
providing a solution to the last mile connectivity issue.
• TOURISM
Awards given to the Rajasthan Tourism in 2017
• Best Decoration Pavilion award for Tourism Travel Fairr2017
(TTFr2017) organized at Kolkata on 9th July, 2017.
• Best Decoration Pavilion award for Tourism Travel
Fairr2017 (TTFr2017) organized at Hyderabad on 15th July,
2017.
• Best Decorative stall and Film Tourism Destination of the
year award for India International Trade Mart (IITMr2017)
organized at Chennai on 17th July, 2017.
• Best Destination Promotion and Heritage Destination of the
year award for India International Trade Mart (IITMr2017)
organized at Bengaluru on 23rd July, 2017.
• Best Fair and Festival of state award for International Tourism
Conclave and Travel Award (ITCTAr2017) organized at new Delhi
on 29 th July, 2017.
• Best Decorated stall award for Travel and Tourism Fair-2017
(TTF-2017) organized at Ahmedabad on 3rd september, 2017.
• Best Decorated stall award for Travel and Tourism Fair-2017
(TTF-2017) organized at Mumbai on 17 th september, 2017.
• The following national Tourism Awards are given to the
Department in new Delhi by His Excellency, the President, on 27
th september, 2017.
• 1. Best state Comprehensive Development of Tourism – second
Prize
• 2. Best Tourism Film: Promotional Films on Rajasthan.
• In the month of november, 2017, the state received following three
prestigious awards
• 1. Outstanding Marketing Innovation award by World Travel and
Tourism Council (WTTC) India
• 2. Travel Plus Leisure India Award Category Best Wedding Destination
in India.
• 3. Condensate Readers Travel Award-2017 Category Favorite Leisure
destination in India to udaipur.
• Department has won Best Over All Presentation Award national for
India International Trade Mart
(IITM) organized at Pune on 26 th november, 2017.
• Department has won Destination Marketing Campaign of The Year
national award for India International Trade Mart (IITM) organized at
Hyderabad on 3 rd December, 2017.
• RAJASTHAN FOUNDATION
• Established on 30th March, 2001 with the objective of
facilitating continuous communication and interaction
to motivate the Diaspora for increasing their
participation in the development activities of the state.
• Chief Minister of Rajasthan is its Chairman, while Chief
secretary is Chairperson of its Executive Committee.
• Rajasthan Foundation undertakes the promotional
activities in order to achieve its objectives of
motivating the non Resident Rajasthanies (NRRs) to
contribute towards the socioeconomic development of
their Motherland.
• ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT
• Environment Department was established in the year 1983 to
function as a nodal Department in the matters of Environment
and Ecology, to deal with matters related to Rajasthan state
Pollution control Board (RsPcB), to solve and control all
matters relating to pollution with the help of RsPcB, District
Administration and other related departments and
organizations.
• World Earth Day (22 April), World Environment Protection Day
(5 June) and World ozone Layer conservation Day (16
September) are celebrated through District Environment
committees by organizing rallies, quiz and essay competitions
etc.
• National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP):
• Under the centrally sponsored scheme of national Lake
conservation Programme (NLCP), five lakes of
the state viz. Fateh sagar, Pichhola, Ana sagar, Pushkar
and nakki have been taken up. Sharing pattern
between the central Government and the state
Government is 60:40 w.e.f. 1 April 2016.
• Rajasthan State Biodiversity Board:
Rajasthan state Biodiversity Board has been constituted
under the provision of Biological Diversity act, 2002
notified by Government of India. Government of
Rajasthan notified the Rajasthan Biological Diversity Rules,
2010 under section 63(1) of Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
• Compliance of various Acts and Rules:
• Environment Department is tasked with ensuring
compliance of various Acts and Rules related to through
various Departments, Boards and Agencies.
• Environment Department mainly deals with compliance
of the following Acts and Rules:
• Environment Protection Act and Rules
• Water Act and Rules.
• Air Act and Rules.
• Environment impact assessment (EIA) notification, 1986
• Aravali notification, 1992
• Fly Ash Rules
• Wetland Rules 8. Biordiversity Act and Rules.
• Rajeev Gandhi Paryavaran Sanrakshan
Puraskar:
• There is a provision for bestowing Rajeev
Gandhi Paryavaran Sanrakshan Puraskars
under three categories viz. individual,
institution/organization, Nagar Palika/Nagar
Parishad for significant
contributions in the field of environment.
• Public Private Partnership
• Rapid economic growth, growing urban population, increasing rural-urban
migration, and all-round social and economic development have compounded
the pressure on the existing infrastructure, and increased the demand–supply
gap in most of the States.
• As a result, the Governments are experiencing increasing pressure from their
citizens, civil society organizations, and the media to provide accessible
and affordable infrastructure and basic services.
• While the infrastructure gap is rising, Government budgetary resources are
increasingly constrained in financing this deficit. Governments also face
insufficiency in technical resources and the executive capacity to cope-up with
the rising demand for public infrastructure.
• The emergence of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) is seen as a sustainable
financing and institutional mechanism with the potential of bridging the
infrastructure gap.
• PPP model has following advantages:
• Apart from enabling private investment flows, PPPs also deliver
efficiency gains and enhanced impact of the investments.
• The efficient use of resources, availability of modern technology,
better project design and implementation and improved operations
combine to deliver efficiency and effectiveness gains, which are not
readily produced in a public sector project.
• PPP projects also lead to faster implementation, reduced lifecycle
costs and optimal risk allocation.
• Private management also increases accountability and incentivizes
performance and maintenance of required service standards.
• PPPs also result in improved delivery of public services and promote
public sector reforms. Sufficient capacity across infrastructure
sectors leads to higher productivity, lower transport and logistics
cost and enhanced competitiveness.
• As per the Rajasthan Vision 2020 document of the State Government, GSDP
Growth Rate requires to be accelerated and maintained at 12 per cent per
annum by increasing capital investment, both in public and private sector.
• To achieve the targeted growth rate, efforts will be made to pursue the PPPs,
wherever possible.
• Hence, the State Government has decided to initiate a large programme of
Public Private Partnership (PPP) in order to attract the requisite investment for
creation of assets and provision of quality services.
• Few pilot PPP projects are at different stages in Health, Electricity Distribution,
Urban Water Supply & Sewerage System, and Affordable Housing for EWS/LIG.
• Government of Rajasthan has taken various initiatives for implementing the
Ease of Doing Business and many are under process.
• Rajasthan has ranked 8th in India on World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business
index.
• Institutional Framework for PPP in Rajasthan: PPP Cell
• The PPP Cell created under the Planning Department in the
year 2007-08, is the State Nodal agency to coordinate efforts of
the State Government regarding projects entailing Public-
Private Participation.
• Council for Infrastructure Development (CID)
State Government has set up a Council for Infrastructure
Development (CID) under the chairpersonship of the Chief
Minister with a view to decide on the policy issues pertaining to
infrastructural projects, specifically in relation to projects being
developed on Public Private Partnership (PPP).
• The CID decides on various policy issues and grants approval of
PPP projects, if project cost is higher than 500 crore
• Empowered Committee for Infrastructure Development (ECID)
• To facilitate the functioning of the CID, the State Government has also
constituted an Empowered Committee for Infrastructure Development (ECID)
under the chairpersonship of the Chief Secretary.
• The ECID formulates, reviews and recommends policy papers and proposals for
submission to the CID and it also monitors and follow-up on implementation of
the decisions ta en by the CID.
• Planning Department serves as the secretariat of the CID and ECID
• Special Committee for Road Development
In order to consider and approve the road sector projects forming part of the
• Rajasthan State Highways Development Programme (RSHDP) comprising
development of 20,000 Kms of State Highways and other roads, an Empowered
Committee has also been constituted separately under the chairmanship of
Chief Secretary.
• The Administrative Department of this Empowered Committee is the Public
Works Department
• State Level Empowered Committee (SLEC)
• A State Level Empowered Committee (SLEC) has also been set up under the
chairmanship of Chief Secretary for the projects under Swiss Challenge Method
in accordance with the Rajasthan transparency in Public Procurement
(Amendment) Rules, 2015.
• The SLEC considers, examines and accords approval of the project proposals
(Both PPP and Non-PPP) received under the Swiss Challenge Method of
procurement.
• The Administrative Department of this Empowered Committee is the Planning
Department.
PDCoR Limited
• PDCoR is a company developed as a joint venture between the Government of
Rajasthan and Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited (IL&FS) in
1998 to facilitate private sector investment in the infrastructure sector in
Rajasthan.
• It works in the sectors of urban renewal, rural development, social sectors,
tourism, industries, urban transport and renewable energy.
• RIDCoR
• Road Infrastructure Development Company of Rajasthan Ltd (RIDCoR)
is a company developed as a joint venture between the Government of
Rajasthan and Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited
(IL&FS) in 2004 to implement Mega Highways Project in the State.
• Policy Framework for PPP in Rajasthan:
• Road Development Policy, 2013
• Rajasthan was the first State to formulate a policy for Build-operate-
transfer (BoT) projects in 1994 to facilitate the entry of private sector
in the roads sector under the State Road Development Policy, 1994.
• Recognizing importance of private sector, PPP model of development is
further given impetus to overcome the resource gap and to bring out
improved all round efficiency.
• Consequently, the State has been in the forefront of successfully
implementing a number of road sector projects in the recent past.
• Rajasthan State Road Development Fund Act, 2004 (Act
No.13 of 2004)
• The State Road Development Fund Act, 2004 was enacted.
Under the Act, a non-lapsable State Road Development
Fund (SRF) was created through levy of 1.00 cess on
petrol/diesel.
• The levy was revised from time to time and the existing
levy of cess on petrol/diesel is 1.50 and 1.75 per liter
respectively w.e.f. from 15th January, 2016.
• The funds collected under the Act are being utilized for
development and maintenance of State Roads.
• Rajasthan State Highways Act, 2014 (Act No. 22 of 2015)
• Rajasthan State Legislature has enacted the
comprehensive Act assent of the Governor of which was
received on 29th April 2015 and became Act on 1st May
2015.
• The act facilitates the declaration, development,
operation, safety and regulation of highways and the use
of land appurtenant thereto, acquisition of land for
highways and other roads, constitution of the Rajasthan
State Highways Authority, and for matters connected
therewith or incidental thereto
• Other Sector-Specific Policies:
• Policy for PPP in School Education, 2017
• Rajasthan Tourism Unit Policy, 2015
• Rajasthan Mineral Policy, 2015
• Rajasthan MSME Policy, 2015
• Chief Minister’s Jan Awas Yojana, 2015
• Rajasthan Land Allotment Policy, 2015
• Rajasthan Startup Policy, 2015
• Rajasthan e-Governance IT & ITeS Policy, 2015
• Rajasthan Agro-Processing and Agri-marketing Promotion
Policy, 2015
• Rajasthan Investment Promotion Scheme, 2014
• Rajasthan Solar Energy Policy, 2014
• Policy for Promoting Generation of Electricity from Wind, 2012
• Rajasthan Incentive Scheme for BPO Centers & KPO Centers,
2011
• Rajasthan Township Policy 2010 and Policy for Residential
Group Housing and Other Schemes in the Private Sector, 2010
• Rajasthan Tourism Trade (Facilitation & Regulation) Act, 2010
• Policy for Promoting Generation of Electricity from Biomass,
2010
• Rajasthan Eco-tourism Policy, 2010
• Guidelines for Establishment of Private Universities, 2007
• Capacity Building for PPP in Rajasthan
• The National PPP Capacity Building Programme (NPCBP) launched by
Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of
India in the year 2010 with support of KfW (German Development
Bank ) was rolled out successfully in the State of Rajasthan.
• The aim was to enhance capacities of senior and middle level officers
of Administrative Departments/ Implementing Agencies concerned at
large to enable them in conceptualizing, structuring, awarding,
implementing and monitoring of the PPP projects.
• To mark the culmination of the NPCBP, the PPP Cell of Planning
Department, Government of Rajasthan was awarded by Department
of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India
in March, 2014 for commendable contribution in the implementation
of the programme.
• General Scenario of PPP in Rajasthan
• Briefly, total 153 projects costing 11,619.23 crore has
been completed upto 31 st December, 2017.
• Construction works under 68 projects costing
53,400.76 crore are in progress
• While 104 projects amounting to 24,879.00 crore are
under different stages of projects development.
• a total 325 projects with estimated cost of 89,898.99
crore are at different stages
• Some important projects being done on PPA mode
• Development of Solar Power Projects in Rajasthan
• Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation (RREC) has signed
Memorandum of Understandings for development of Solar Parks in the
state on BOOM basis in a phased manner through Joint Venture
route.
• Land have been allotted by Government of Rajasthan to these
companies as its 50 per cent equity share and remaining equity will be
brought by these private sector companies as their capital investment.
• Electricity Supply and Strengthening of Distribution System
Energy Department has signed Distribution Franchisee Agreements for
smooth electricity supply and strengthening of distribution system of
Ajmer, Kota Bharatpur and Bikaner cities
• Run A PHCs and attached sub centres
• Government of Rajasthan is seeking assistance of the private sector to
improve the availability and quality of primary healthcare services
towards meeting the state, National and sustainable Development
Goals.
• Medical & Health Department have signed concession agreements
with selected private partners to operate 53 PHcs and attached
subrcentres for a period of 5 years on PPP mode.
• The state Government has been providing land, equipments and
medicines along with performancerbased payments as operational
subsidy to the selected private partners.
• Concession agreements have also been signed for 46 PHcs and other
19 PHcs have been shortlisted for operation and maintenance on PPP
mode
• Performance of these PHcs is being assessed on quarterly basis by bloc
chief Medical officer (CMO)
• Operation and Maintenance of Government Secondary
Schools of Rajasthan on PPP basis
• Government of Rajasthan aims to leverage the management
expertise of the private sector to improve the operations of
Government schools in a PPP framework as per the Policy for
PPP in school Education, 2017 The aim is to create PPP schools
that combine the better management, accountability and
flexibility for innovation offered by private school operators,
with public funding and regulation to ensure universal,
free and non-discriminatory access to all students.
• This programme will be carefully evaluated by independent
agency.
• Recycle and Reuse of 125 MLD Waste Water from Delawas Sewage
Treatment Plant (STP), Jaipur
Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) had decided for recycle
and reuse the outflow of 125 MLD sewage treatment Plant (stP) at
Delawas, Jaipur on DBFOT basis through swiss challenge Method to
fulfill water demand of Mahendra sEZ and other industrial areas
• Seawater based desalinated water supply to Rajasthan water grid
This project with 25 MLD costing to 1,800 crore is proposed on DBFOT
basis under swiss challenge Method. Under the project, Reverse osmosis
based desalination plant would be installed at Mundra coast (Gujarat)
along with lay down carrier to supply treated water for meeting drinking
and other
demands of Barmer, Jaisalmer and Pokhran.
• The project proponent has expressed his inability to pursue with the
proposal because it was fitting into their coastal Gujarat Power Limited
(cGPL) plant, but the same has suffered due to judgment of Hon ble
supreme court.
• Some other Projects in PPP mode in Rajasthan:
• Development of Jagatpura OASES Sports Complex
• Operation & Maintenance of Hotel Khasa Kothi, Jaipur and Hotel Anand
Bhawan, Udaipur
• High-end Multi Story Cottage Ward at existing 7 Medical Colleges
• Electrcity Transmission Projects
• Multi Level Parking Project at Ashok Marg Nala, C-Scheme, Jaipur
• Jaipur Street Lighting System Projec
• Jaipur Metro Rail Project Phase-II
• Golf Course, Convention Centre, Exhibition Space, Hotels/ Resorts at
Achrol, Jaipur
• International Convention Centre at Mansarovar, Jaipur
• Ring Road Project, Jaipur
• Externally Aided Projects
• Developmental activities by the state are enormous but it does not have
adequate financial resources to execute the projects.
• Hence the State Government seeks loan/ assistance from various
external funding agencies including international donors to finance
various infrastructure and social sector projects for speedy development
of the State.
• Various External Agencies financing projects in Rajasthan include:
• The World Bank Group,
• Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
• Asian Development Bank (ADB),
• International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD),
• Agency Francaise De Development (AFD) ,
• KfW, (German Agency),
• New Development Bank (NDB)
• These agencies help finance State Government various
projects including Irrigation, Health, Water Supply, Forestry,
Urban Development, Infrastructure, Energy, Agriculture and
Rural Development (Poverty Alleviation Programmes).
• The Government of India is releasing external financial
assistance to the State on 'Back to Back' basis for
the new projects sanctioned on or after 1.4.2005, as was
recommended by the 12th Finance Commission.
• A total of 14 EAPs costing `20,747.70 crore are in progress
in the State.
Overview of Externally Aided Projects in Rajasthan
• 1 Asian Development Bank
• (ADB)• Rajasthan Urban Sector Development Investment
Program
• Rajasthan Urban Sector Development Program (RUIDP
Phase-III)
• Rajasthan State Highway Investment Programme
• Jaipur Metro Rail Line-1 Phase B
• Rajasthan Renewable Energy Transmission Investment Program
2International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD)
• Mitigating Poverty in Western Rajasthan
• 3 The World Bank Group (WB)
• Rajasthan Rural Livelihood Project
• Rajasthan Agriculture Competitiveness Project
• Rajasthan Road Sector Modernization Project
• 4 Japan InternationalCooperation Agency (JICA)
• Rajasthan Forestry & Biodiversity Project Phase-II
• Rajasthan Rural Water Supply and Fluorosis Mitigation Project –
Nagaur
• Rajasthan Water Sector Livelihood Improvement Project
• 5 KfW, (German Agency)
• Intra State Transmission System in Rajasthan Under Green Energy
Corridors Project6 Agency Francaise DeDevelopment (AFD)
• Reorganization Jodhpur Water Supply Project
• Human Development
• The concept of human development emerged in the late 1980s, based on
the conceptual foundation provided by Dr. Amartya Sen and Dr. Mahbub
ul Haq.
• Global Human Development Report - In Global Human Development
Report-2016 “Human Development for Everyone”, India has ranked 131
among 188 countries across the world, with a medium level HDI of 0.624.
• India Human Development Report - First India Human Development
Report (IHDR) was published in the year 2001. Second IHDR 2011,
“Towards Social Inclusion” was published by the Institute of Applied
Manpower Research and Planning Commission of India in 2011.
• State Human Development Report - The first Human Development
Report of Rajasthan was released in 2002 . The “Human Development
Report 2015” of state is about to release soon. The theme of ongoing
report is 'Equity and Sustainability
• EDUCATION
• As per the Census 2011,
Rajasthan has recorded
literacy rate of 66.1 per cent.
• The figures for male and
• female literacy rates are 79.2
and 52.1 per cent, respectively
in 2011.
HEALTH AND NUTRITION
• LIVELIHOOD
• Rajasthan Skill and Livelihoods Development Corporation (RSLDC)
• established - 2012. RSLDC is the State Skill Mission of the Rajasthan and all
skill development initiatives in the state are executed through RSLDC.
• The main objective of RSLDC is to organize skill-training program across the
State.
Major Schemes of RSLDC
• Employment Linked Skill Training Programme – ELSTP (Mukhyamantri
Kaushal Vikas Yojana):
• ESLTP was launched in the year 2012 with the objective of linking the skill-
training program with employment.
• In this program, a training partner has to ensure minimum 50 per cent
placement of every batch completed
• During the current financial year 2015-16 (up to 31.12.2015) 23,276 youth
have been trained and10,546 are currently undergoing training.
• Regular Skill Training Programme (RSTP):
• It is a flagship program of RMoL for conducting skill trainings
through selected ITIs, ITCs, KVKs,DCTCs, RSETIs, NGOs and
Registered Proprietorship / Partnership Firm / Private Limited
Company / Public Limited Company / Society / Trust /
Association.
• These trainings are objected to enhancing productivity and
enabling self- employment based livelihoods.
• Main feature of this scheme is livelihood enhancement of
women, youth, jail inmates and persons with special ability
(PSA) through short duration skill training program.
• 2,965 youth have been trained during 2015-16 and 1,781 are
currently undergoing training
• Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayaya Grameen Kaushalya
Yojna(DDU-GKY):
• This scheme aims to alleviate poverty by empowering
rural youth through skill and wage employment.
• Rajasthan is one of the approved Annual Action Plan states
with a training target of one lakh BPL youth. The scheme
was launched in the year 2014.
• At Present, 36 Project Implementing Agencies (PIAs) have
setup 120 Skill Development Centers (SDCs) across the
state.
• During 2015-16, 18,909 youth have been trained and
5,712 beneficiaries are undergoing training in this scheme.
• Skill Development Initiative Scheme (SDIS):
• Rajasthan Skill Development Initiative Society (RSDIS) has
been reconstituted in February, 2014 by Government of
Rajasthan to implement the SDIS of Directorate General of
Employment and Training (DGE&T), Government of India.
• It is done through ITIs and Private Training Partners/ Institutes
by setting up Vocational Training Providers (VTPs).
• 2,274 youth have been trained under this scheme up to Dec,
2015.
• Narayan Multi-speciality Hospital, Jaipur is running skill
training program in Medical & Nursing sector with many more
to be set up under this scheme.
• Rajasthan Gramin Aajeevika Vikas Parishad- (RGAVP):
• The Government of Rajasthan has set up an autonomous
society known as RGAVP under the administrative control
of Department of Rural Development.
• The objective of the RGAVP is to implement Self Help
Groups (SHGs) based livelihood programme, financial
inclusion through project fund and bank linkage in the
State.
• Till December, 2017, 85,042 Self Help Groups and 6,190
Village Organizations (VOs) have been formed with
approximately 9.9 lakh households by RGAVP under RRLP,
NRLPand NRLM.
• Deendayal Antyodaya Yojna - National Urban Livelihood
Mission (DAY-NULM):
• Centrally sponsored scheme, Swaran Jayanti Shahri Rozgar
Yojana (SJSRY) has been re-structured by Ministry of Housing &
Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India as Deendayal
Antyodaya Yojana - National Urban Livelihood Mission -
(DAYNULM).
• The Mission is being implemented in all 191 Urban Local Bodies
of Rajasthan.
• The main objective of this scheme is to reduce poverty and
vulnerability of the urban poor households, improvement in
their livelihoods on a sustainable basis.
• DAY- NULM will achieve its aim through following components:
• Self Employment Programmes (SEP)
• Employment through Skill Training &
• Placement (EST & P)
• Social Mobilisation and Institutional
• Development (SMID)
• Scheme of Shelters for Urban Homeless (SUH)
• Capacity Building and Training ( CB & T )
• Support to Urban Street Vendors (SUSV)
• Innovative and Special Projects
Under this scheme in 2017-18 there is a budget provision of
`4874.95 lakh (Central Share +State share), out of which,
`3563.33 lakh have been disbursed till December, 2017
Architecture & Culture of India
• INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
• Existed between 3300-1600 BC in three phases namely early,
mature and late phases.
• It was discovered in 1921 and belonged to Bronze Age.
• Indus Valley Civilization was located on the banks of the river
Indus, particularly at the bends that provided water, easy means of
transportation of produce and other goods and also some
protection by way of natural barriers of the river.
• Sites included Dholavira , Rangpur, Rojdi, Lothal , Sarkotada ,
Kuntasi, Padri (Gujarat) Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Bhagwanpura,
Banawali (Haryana), Diamabad (Maharashtra), Alamgirpur (U.P.),
and Mauda (Jammu).
• The most unique feature of the civilization was development of
Urban Centers
• Architecture Snapshot: Mohenjodaro Site
• The settlement is divided into two sections, one smaller but higher other
larger but lower.
• Upper is called Citadel and the other Lower Town.
Citadel:
• Citadel has structure most probably used for special public purposes like
Warehouse & Great Bath.
• ‘Granaries’ which were used to store grains which give an idea of an
organized collection and distribution system. ‘Great Bath’ - public bathing
place shows the importance of ritualistic bathing and cleanliness in this
culture. It is still functional and there is no leakage or cracks in the
construction.
• To watertight bricks, mortar made of gypsum was used.
• Evidence of building of big dimensions which perhaps were public
buildings, administrative or business centers, pillared halls and courtyards.
• Lower Town
• It was walled, probably to provide security to the people.
• The fortifications with gateways enclosing the walled cities, also
shows that there may have been a fear of being attacked.
• Rectangular grid pattern of layout with roads that cut each
other at right angles.
• Used standardized burnt mud-bricks as building material.
• Most complete ancient system of public drainage system yet discovered.
• The main channels were made of bricks set in mortar and were covered
with loose bricks that could be removed for cleaning.
• In some cases, limestone was used for covers.
• No evidence of temples.
• Domestic Architecture:
• Present in Lower Town
• Most of the houses had private wells and
bathrooms. The bathrooms had drains connected
through wall to the street drains.
• Many of houses were centered on a courtyard with
rooms on all sides.
• The courtyard was probably center of activities.
• There are also no windows in walls on ground floor.
• The Mauryan Architecture:
• Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador of Selucas Nikator who visited the Mauryan court
described Chandragupta Maurya’s palace as an excellent architectural achievement.
• Ashoka, first Mauryan to "think in stone".
• Most of the shapes and decorative forms employed were indigenous in origin, some exotic
forms show the influence of Greek, Persian and Egyptian cultures.
• Beginning of the Buddhist School of architecture in India.
• Monolithic Ashokan pillars are marvels of architecture and sculpture.
• These were lofty free standing monolithic columns erected on sacred sites. Originally there
were about thirty pillars but now only ten are in existence, of which only two with lion
capitals stand in situ in good condition at Kolhua and Laurya Nandangarh respectively.
• Sarnath pillar - finest pieces of sculpture of the Ashokan period.
• Chinese traveller Fa-hien stated that "Ashoka’s palace was made by spirits" and that its
carvings are so elegantly executed "which no human hands of this world could accomplish“
• Its existence was pointed out during the excavations at Kumrahar, near Patna, where its
ashes have been found preserved for several thousand years
• The Schools of Art of Ancient India
• GANDHARA SCHOOL OF ART (50 B.C. TO 500 A.D.):
• Region extending from Punjab to the borders of
Afghanistan was an important centre of Mahayana
Buddhism up to the 5th century A.D.
• Imbibed all kinds of foreign influences like Persian,
Greek, Roman, Saka and Kushan.
• Origin of Gandhara School can be traced to the Greek
rulers of Bactria and Northwest India.
• The art received patronage during the reign of
Kanishka.
• Also known as the Graeco- Buddhist School of Art since Greek
techniques of Art were applied to Buddhist subjects
• Most important contribution- evolution of beautiful images of the
Buddha and Bodhisattavas, which were executed in black stone and
modelled on identical characters of Graeco-Roman pantheon.
• “Gandhara artist had the hand of a Greek but the heart of an Indian."
• Most characteristic trait - depiction of Lord Buddha in the standing or
seated positions.
• Seated Buddha is always shown cross-legged in the traditional Indian way.
• Typical feature - rich carving, elaborate ornamentation and complex
symbolism.
• Tallest rock-cut statue of Lord Buddha - Bamiyan (Afghanistan) - 3-4
century AD
• In India, early structures made of grey slate stone and later made of mud,
plaster and stucco.
• MATHURA SCHOOL OF ART( 50 B.C. - 500 A.D.):
• Culminated at the holy city of Mathura between 1-3 A.D.
• Established tradition of transforming Buddhist symbols into human form.
• Buddha’s first image can be traced to Kanishka’s reign (about 78 A.D.).
• Earliest sculptures of Buddha were made keeping the yaksha prototype in mind.
• Strongly built - right hand raised in protection and left hand on the waist.
• The figures do not have moustaches and beards as in the Gandhara Art.
• Seated figures are in the padmasana posture
• Not only produced beautiful images of the Buddha but also of the Jain
Tirthankaras and gods and goddesses of the Hindu pantheon.
• Although of indigenous origin, but greatly influenced by the Gandhara School of
Art.
• Guptas adopted, further improvised & perfected Mathura School of Art.
• Observed at - Sarnath, Sravasti and even as far as Rajgir in Bihar.
• Used white spotted and red sandstone.
• AMRAVATI SCHOOL OF ART (200 B.C. - 200 A.D.):
• On the banks of the Krishna River in modern Andhra Pradesh.
• Largest Buddhist stupa of South India.
• Construction began in 200 B.C. and was completed in 200 A.D.
• Stupendous stupa could not withstand the ravages of time
• Its ruins are preserved in the London Museum.
• Used white marble and soft-green limestone to make
sculpture.
• Buddhist Architecture of India
The earliest Buddhist monuments in India are attributable to Asoka
(273-232 A.D) who exerted his energies and resources of his empire
for propagation of Buddhism.
• Three main types of structures are associated with buddhist
architecture in India, they are:
• Stupas
• Viharas
• Chaityas
• Apart from these building, Pillars (Stamba) also form an integral
element of buddhist design and architecture
• A. Buddhist Architecture: Stupas
• Mound-like structure containing Buddhist Relics
• Construction: Brick work , surface of dome finished of with a thick layer of lime
water
• PARTS OF STUPA
• Anda is the Hemishperical dome.
• armika: Top of dome is ‘Harmika’ , square balcony in decorative form enclosing a
pedestal
• Chattra: A 3 tiered stone / wooden umbrella chhatrayasti raised over pedestal
which was the vedic alter of sacrifice and represented the village shrine.
• Vedica: Stupa is enclosed with a wooden / stone railing called vedica.
• Toranas : They were cermonial gateways placed at cardial point similar to Aryan
village gates
• Medhi : Medhi (predestrian Path) for devotees to wave in homage to stupa.
• Medhi was approached by double staircase sopana.
• Example: Sanchi Stupa
• Sanchi Stupa
• Located at Sanchi - 3 Stupa on hill - Great Stupa (biggest)
• Laid by Ashoka (3rdBC)
• Large hemispherical dome which is flat at the top
• Crowned by a triple umbrella or Chattra on a pedestal surrounded
by a square railing or Karmika
• Exquisitely carved gateways or Toranas in the North, South, East
and West
• Another stone Balustrade and two flights of steps leading to the
circular terrace
• Reconstructed during
o Shunga Period
o Satvahana –King Stakarni
o Gupta Period
• Amravati Stupa:
• New architectural forms, i.e. a quadrangular
monastery, square and rectangular image shrine,
pillared hall and a. small stupa on a square platform
• Built in 2nd or 1st century BC was probably like the
one at Sanchi
• But in later centuries it was transformed from a
Hinayana shrine to a Mahayana shrine.
• B. Buddhist Architecture: Viharas (Monasteries)
• They are residential places of Buddhist priest.
• Main halls entered by a doorway, it has assembly halls , dining
chambers , meditation cells ,
walls depict figures of Buddha.
Nagapattinam Vihara in Tamilnadu
• It was built by Sailendra Kings of Sumatra
• Chola emperor Rajaraja 1 had made an official
charter to pay for the expenses of running this
Vihara.
• Ajanta Caves:
• Sahyadri Hills - U-shaped gorge on the small river Waghora (or
Wagura)
• 1st phase: Satavahana dynasty, 2nd Phase- 5th century-during reign
of Harisena – Vakataka dynasty
• There are 30 caves in Ajanta of which 5 are chaitya-grihas(9, 10,
19, 26 and 29) and the rest are monasteries
• All paintings centre around Buddha, Bodhisattvas, incidents from
the life of Buddha and the Jatakas.
• paintings are executed on a ground of mud-plaster in the tempera
technique.
• Abandoned in AD 650 in favour of Ellora
• First mentioned by Chinese pilgrim Huen Tsang - visited India
between 629 - 645 AD.
• Ellora Caves (5th -13th Cen AD)
• Representing 3 major religion of india- Hinduism, Buddhism &
Jainism.
• Lies on ancient trade route- dakshinpatha.
• 12 Buddhist caves(1-12)
• 17 Hindu Caves(13-29)
• 5 Jaina Caves(30-34)
• Best example of Religious Harmony
• C. Buddhist Architecture: Chaityas
• Chaityas were Temples or Assembly halls where monks used
to Pray.
• Opened by small rectangular doorways to vaulted hall with
apisidal end .
• Divided longitudinally by 2 colonnades forming a broad nave in
the centre and two side aisles.
• The roof is usually semi – circular
• The chaityas resemble to that of church
• Other Examples of Chaitya:
• Barabar Hills: The Lomas Rishi & Sudama
• Nagarjuni Hills: Sita Marhi Caves
• Gunta Palli: Largest brick chaitya
• Ajanta Caves: Caves 9, 10
• Ellora Caves: 12 Caves
• Bagh Chaitya Kondane
• Karle Caves, Pune
• Largest Chaitya-grihaamong all Buddhist monuments in India
• Has a huge lion pillars in front of Chaitya-griha. (only two caves
have this design- Karla and Kanheri)
• stupa has cylindrical drum shape
• Octagone shaped pillars behind Stupa, without any decoration
Kanheri, Mumbai
• Second largest Chaityagriha in India, after Karle caves.
• Lion Pillarsat the Entrance. (Just like Karle caves)
• Podhis: water cisterns for rainwater harvesting
• Images of both Standing Buddha and sitting Buddha flanked by
Bodhisattvas
• Famous Satvahan king Gautamiputra Satakarni’s namementioned
in the inscriptions here.
• Bhaja, Pune
• Hinayana faith
• has Woodenceiling over Chaitya-griha.
• Stupa has a hole on top, for inserting wooden
• Verandaha has woodenreliefs showing royal women driving
chariots over a demon.
• Vihara for resting monks with rock cut seats and benches.
Pandavleni, Nasik
• Also known as Pandava’s caves
• Inscriptions mention King Gautamiputra Satakarni’s mother
Gautami Balasri had financed the construction of third cave.
• Contains a panel depicting Buddha’s Mahaprinirvana
• D. Buddhist Architecture: STAMBHAS OR LATS
• Buddhist pillars bearing inscriptions on their shafts, with emblems or animals on their
capital.
• Typical Buddhist column are of two types: one is based on persepolitian type and
other graeco-roman
• Persepolitian type is a octagonal with bell shaped capital supporting animal sculpture. The
shaft is highly polished and has a vase-shaped base.
• Graeco-roman type is rectangular with shallow flutes. They are tall and slender; the height
nearly six to eight times its lower diameter. At the top is a capital usually with a fluted vase
motif.
• Ashokan Pillars: 19 surviving, Sarnath Pillar best example
• Sarnath pillar is 15 m high .
• Four lions surmounting capital; supporting metal wheel containing 24 spokes and called
wheel of lane .
• The wheel symbolizes first summon of Buddha , which is alsoadopted as national
emblem of India .
• Sarnath lion capital (restored) of monolithic column showing buddhist symbols.
• Hindu Temple Architecture of India
The Hindu temples fall into three basic categories depending on
their architecture.
• Hence, Temple Architecture of India includes:
A. Cave Temples:
1. Cave Temples form the earliest form of surviving temples in
India.
B. Rock Cut Temples:
1. These followed Cave temples.
C. Structural (Free Standing) Temples
1. Prominent types included Nagara, Dravida, Vesara
2. Latest and most easily visible form of temple architecture
• A. Hindu Cave Temples:
These form the earliest form of surviving temples.
Ellora Caves
• There are 17 Hindu Caves from Cave 13-29.
• The first nine caves were constructed during 6th century.
• The later caves such as 14, 15 and 16 were constructed during
the Rashtrakuta period.
• Cave 29, also called Dhumar Lena, is one of earliest excavations
in Ellora and among the largest.
• Dhumar Lena is integrated with a natural waterfall, called "Vale Ganga"
• Udayagiri Caves – Vidisha MP
• They were constructed in Gupta Period during reign of
ChandraGupta –II (c. 375-415) and Kumaragupta I (c. 415-55).
• Cave 13 has a large statute of Narayana (Vishnu) in resting
position.
• The site is notable for its ancient monumental relief sculpture of
Hindu god Vishnu, in his incarnation as the boar-headed Varaha,
rescuing the earth symbolically represented by Bhudevi clinging to
the boar's tusk as described in Hindu mythology.
• Elephanta Caves
• 6th century Shiva temple in the Elephanta caves is one of the most
exquisitely carved temples in India.
• 24-feet high bust of the deity in three-headed form.
• The Maheshamurti is built deep into a recess.
• There are two groups of caves. To the east, Stupa Hil contains two caves,
one of which is unfinished, and several cisterns.
• To the west, the larger group consists of five rock-cut Hindu shrines.
• The main cave is universally famous for its carvings to the glory of Shiva,
who is exalted in various forms and act ions.
• Image symbolizes the fierce, feminine and meditative aspects of the great
ascetic and the three heads represent Lord Shiva as Aghori, Ardhanarishvara
and Mahayogi.
• Aghori is the aggessive form of Shiva where he is intent on destruction.
• Aghori is the aggressive form of Shiva where he is intent on destruction.
• Ardhanarishvara depicts Lord Shiva as half-man/half-woman signifying the
essential unity of the sexes.
• Mahayogi posture symbolises the meditative aspect of the God.
• Other sculptures in these caves depict Shiva's cosmic dance of primordial creation
and destruction and his marriage to Parvati
• Varaha Cave temple – KanchiPuram
• Varaha Temple is located att Mamallapuram, in Kanchipuram T.N
• The most prominent sculpture in the cave is that of Lord Vishnu
in the incarnated form of a Varaha or boar lifting Bhudevi, the mother earth
goddess from the sea.
• The temple evolved during the rule of Pallava kings Mahendra Varman I and
Rajasimha or Narasimhavarman I
• B. Hindu Rock-Cut Temples: Kailasnatha Temple- Ellora
• It was constructed by Krishna I of Rashtrakuta.
• The Kailasa Temple is notable for its vertical excavation—
carvers started at the top of the original rock, and excavated
downward.
• The traditional methods were rigidly followed by the master
architect which could not have been achieved by excavating from the
front.
Ratha Temples at Mahabalipuram
• Constructed by Pallavas
• C. Structural (Free Standing) Temples
• The structural temples of India are so prominent that architectural styles
of temples is often associated only with the types of these structural
temple.
• There are different architectural styles found in free standing temples in
India with multiple subtypes available.
• Here, we shall deal with most prominent and macro level styles including:
o Nagara Architectural style prominent in North India
o Dravida Architectural Style prominent in South India
o Vesra Style prominent in Deccan region
• a. NAGARA STYLE- NORTH INDIA
• Garbha-griha, which contains the main deity of the
temple.
• It has a tower called a vimana over it.
• The ardha-mandapa and maha-mandapa are in front of the garbha-
griha (inner sanctum).
• The veranda next to the inside walls of the pradakshina(path for
circumambulation) path.
• Subsidiary deities and shrines dedicated to minor gods.
• Mandap (pillared hall).
• Shikaras(Spiral roof)
• a1. PRATHIHARAS- UJJAIN (8TH - 9TH CENTURIES AD)
• Mahakaleshwar temple, one of the 12 Jyotirlingas
• Kal Bhairava temple, finds a mention in the Skanda Purana,
• Mangalnath temple, regarded as the birthplace of Mars, according
to the Matsya Purana.
a2. PALAS- BENGAL AND BIHAR (8th -13THCENTURIES AD)
• Flourished in Bengal and Bihar under the Pala and the Sena rulers.
• Nalanda was its most activecentre, whose influence was spread to
Nepal, Myanmar and even Indonesia.
• a3. CHANDELAS- BUNDELKHAND (10TH -11TH CEN AD)
Example: Khajuraho Group of Monuments
• Chandella dynasty- Rajput
• Mentioned by
o Al-Biruni, - Mahmud of Ghazni
o Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan traveller in his memoirs
• Consists of:
o Hindu:
o Jain: Parshvanath Temple, Adinath & Shantinath , Ghantai
• 22 Temples
• Common typology: they comprise an elevated
substructure (platform), over which rises the body of
the richly decorated building, the 'jangha', covered
with several registers of sculpted panels on to which
open-work galleries are opened.
• This is crowned by a series of bundled towers with
curvilinear contours, the Sikharas
• Constructed in Nagara style
• Temples:
o Lakshmana temple
o Kandariya Mahadeva which is attributed to King
Ganda
o Chausath Yogini
o Vishvanath
o Duladeo (Duladeva)
o Vishnu Temple @ chaturbhuj
• a4. TEMPLES OF ODISHA: Sun Temple, Konârak
• Built around 1250 – Eastern Ganga Dynasty
• 24 wheels some 3 m in diameter, lavishly sculptured with symbolic
motives referring to the cycle of the seasons and the months
• Black Pagoda , White (Jagganath)
• Mouth of river chandrabhaga
• Kalinga Architecture
• Erotic sculptures of maithunas
• Other Examples:
• Lingaraja- temple in Bhubneshwar.
• Jagganath Temple in Puri
• Konark – Sun temple
• Mukteshwara temple in Bhubneshwar
• Vishwanath temple at Banaras, Govinda temple at Mathura
• Delwara Temple – Mount Abu, Rajasthan
• Somnath - Gujarat
• Kamakhya temple - Assam
• Shankaracharya temple - kashmir
• Kali - Kolkata
• b. DRAVIDIAN STYLE - SOUTH INDIA
• Dravidian style temples consist almost invariably of the four following parts:
• The principal part, the temple itself, is called the Vimana (or Vimanam).
• It is always square in plan and surmounted by a pyramidal roof of one or
more stories; it contains the cell where the image of the god is placed.
• The porches or Mandapas, which always cover and precede the door
leading to the cell.
• Gate-pyramids or Gopurams, which are the
principal features in the quadrangular enclosures
that surround the more notable temples.
• Pillared halls or Chaultris—properly Chawadis --
used for various purposes, and which are
the invariable accompaniments of these temples.
• b1. TEMPLES OF PALLAVAS
• The temples by Pallavas fall into all 3 primary categories of temples.
• Their early kings constructed cave & rock cut temple and later kings constructed
structural temples.
• ROCK- CUT Structural (Free Standing) 610–690 CE • 690–900 CE
• Rath Temples - Mahabalipuram
• Shore Temple - Mahabalipuram• @ Mahendravadi
• Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram•
• Vaikuntha Perumal in Kanchipuram
• Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram:
• Consists of:
• PanchaRathas temple of pandvas
• Mandapas(or rock-cut Caves are sanctuaries or temples
covered with bas-reliefs),
• Structural Temples (Shore Temple & Olakkannesvara Temple)
• Giant open-air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges',
and
• The temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of
Shiva –cut stone
• PanchRatha temple of Mahabalipuram
• Point of transition between the earlier tradition of rock-carved cave temples
and the later tradition of freestanding stone structures, of the type seen at
the nearby Shore Temple
• 7th century - Pallava Kings - Coromandel coast bay of bengal
• Each resemble chariot and cut-off single granite rock (monolithic)
• Structures named after 5 pandvas
Shore Temple of Mahabalipuram
• 8th century – built with blocks of granite
• Pallava dynasty (ruled from kanchipuram)
• Mahabalipuram = (previously called Mammallapuram)
• b2. TEMPLES OF CHOLAS
• Consists of:
• Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur- RajaRaja I (1010)
• Brihadisvara Temple at Gangaikondacholisvaram –
Rajendra I
• Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram- Rajaraja II -12th CE
• All Shiva Temples & Dravidian Architecture
• b3. TEMPLES OF VIJAYNAGAR - Group of Monuments at Hampi
• Consists of: o Religious – Temples
o Civil- Lotus mahal, Aqueducts and canals
o Military- Elecphant stables
• Hampi o Last capital of Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar
o Bank of Tungabhadra
o Iron-ore, manganese
• Reign of Krishna Deva Raya (1509-30).- Apogee
• Dravidian temples and palaces
• Hampi, enriched by the cotton and the spice trade
• Madurai – Meenakshi Temple o Has hall of thousand pillars
• Temples:
• Virupaksha Temple,
• Ramachandra temple (1513)
• Hazara Rama temple (1520)
• Hemakuta group of temples
o Krishna Temple
o Vittala Temple
• Achyutaraya temple complex
• C. VESARA STYLE - DECCAN
• Vesara is a combination of NAGARA & DRAVIDIAN temple styles
• Hoysala temples at Belur, Halebidu and Somnathpura are supreme
examples of this style
C1. CHALUKYAN TEMPLES
• Originated in Aihole around A.D. 450 and was perfected in the
neighboring villages of Badami and Pattadakal.
Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
• Consists of:
o 9 Hindu temples,
o Jain sanctuary
• Malaprabha River to the north,
• Papanath temple, Pattadakkal
• Virupaksha temple in Pattadakal
• Lad Khan temple in Aihole
• Durga temple in Aihole
• Temples:
• The Temple of Virupaksha, Pattadakkal
• Built c. 740 by Queen Lokamahadevi to commemorate her husband's victory over
Pallavas of Kanchi.
• Vesara Style (Nagara+Dravidian)
• The Kailasantha temple at Ellora was built based on the model of
Virupaksha temple.
• The architect of the temple was given the title as Tribhuvanacharya.
Papanatha temple
• Vesara Style
• Sangameshvara Temple
• Chalukya King Vijayaditya Satyashraya ( 696-733)
• Pure Dravidian
Mallikarjuna – pure dravidian
• Temples of Galaganatha and of Kashi Vishveshvara, which are noteworthy
for their squareshaped shikharas with curved edges.
Jain Temple:
• Dravidian style by the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta.
• It consists of a mukhamantapa, a navaranga, shukanasa and garbhagriha.
• Its construction may be of the 9th century.
• Chalukyas of badami built caves
• Contained features of both Nagara & Dravdian architectural styles.
• To add to its distinctiveness, the Hoysala temple in plan
composed of numerous cellas or garbha-grihas served by a
common mandapa.
• The resulting outline thus emerges as a star.
• Somnathpur Temple – Vishnu Temple – Hoysala
• Lonar – Daitya Sudan
• Built in form of irregular star
• Hemadpanthi Style
• Rajput Architecture
• Rajput palaces - built as inner citadels surrounded by the city and
enclosed by a fortified wall as at Chittorgarh and Jaisalmer.
• Some forts, such as those at Bharatpur and Deeg, were protected
by wide ditch filled with water surrounding the fort.
• Man Mandir, the largest palace in Gwalior, was built by Raja Man
Singh Tomar (1486-1516).
• Man Mandir has two storeys above, and two below ground level
overhanging a sandstone cliff.
This gigantic cliff is punctuated by five massive round towers,
crowned by domed cupolas and linked by delicately carved parapets.
• Palaces of Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Udaipur and Kota represent the maturity of
the Rajput style.
• All of these palaces were built predominantly in the 17th and early 18th
centuries.
• City of Bikaner is encircled by 5.63 km long stone wall in rich pink sandstone.
There are five gates and three sally ports.
• Jodhpur Fort dominates the city, which is surrounded by a huge wall with 101
bastions, nearly 9.5 km long.
• Meherangarh fort stands on a cliff with a sheer drop of over 36 metres.
• Built by Jai Singh, Jaipur represents a fusion of Eastern and Western ideas of town
planning.
• The city is enclosed by a wall and has bastions and towers at regular intervals. City
Palace is at the center of the walled city and is a spectacular synthesis of Rajput
and Mughal architectural styles.
• Hawa Mahal, or Palace of Winds, (1799) has a five-storeyed symmetrical facade
composed of 953 small casements in a huge curve each with a projecting balcony
and crowning arch.
• Jantar Mantar, the largest of five observatories built by Jai Singh II in the early
18th century, others being Ujjain, Mathura, Varanasi & New Delhi.
• Jain Architecture
• The only variation in these temples was in the form offrequent chamukhs or
four-faced temples.
• Four Tirthankars are be placed back to back to face four cardinal points.
• Entry into this temple is also from four doors.
• Chamukh temple of Adinath (1618 AD) is a characteristic example of the
four-door temple.
• Most spectacular of all Jain temples are found at Ranakpur and Mount Abu
in Rajasthan.
• Deogarh (Lalitpur, U.P.), Ellora, Badami and Aihole also have some of the
important specimens of Jain Art.
• Indo-Islamic Architecture
• Concept of arch or dome was not invented by the Muslims but was, in fact,
borrowed and was further perfected by them from the architectural styles
of the post-Roman period.
• Used cementing agent in the form of mortar for the first time.
• Use of scientific principles helped not only in obtaining greater strength and
stability of the construction materials but also provided greater flexibility to
the architects and builders.
• Islamic elements of architecture had already passed through different
experimental phases in other countries like Egypt, Iran and Iraq before
these were introduced in India.
• Typical mortar-masonry works formed of dressed stones.
• Mosques and Tombs - religious architecture
• Palaces and Forts - secular Islamic architecture.
• MOSQUES:
• Basically an open courtyard surrounded by a pillared verandah
crowned off with a dome
• Mihrab indicates the direction of the qibla for prayer.
• Towards the right of the mihrab stands the mimbar or pulpit
from where the Imam presides over the proceedings.
• Large mosques where the faithful assemble for the Friday
prayers are called the Jama Masjids.
• Delhi or Imperial Architecture
• The Delhi or the Imperial Style of Indo-Islamic architecture flourished between 1191-
1557 AD and covered Muslim dynasties viz., Slave (1191-1290), Khilji (1290-1320), Tughlaq
(1320-1414), Sayyid (1414-1444) and Lodi (1451-1556).
• Earliest construction work was began by Qutubuddin Aibak, who started erecting
monumental buildings of stone on Qila Rai Pithora, the first of the seven historical cities of
Delhi associated with Prithviraj Chauhan.
• The Qutub Mosque (1192 AD) is one such building, whose arcaded aisles were composed
of pillars carved in the Hindu style. Named as the Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid, it is considered
as the earliest mosque in India.
• Qutub-ud-din Aibak also started the construction of Qutub Minar in 1192 (which was
eventually completed by Iltutmish in 1230). The Qutub Minar, built to commemorate
the entry of Islam, was essentially a victory tower, decorated with several calligraphic
inscriptions.
• Adhai-din-ka-Jhopra, located beyond the Ajmer darga in
Rajasthan.
• It was constructed in 1153 AD and converted into a mosque in
1198 AD.
• Allauddin Khilji established the second city of Delhi at Siri,
built the Alai Darwaza near the Qutub Minar and dug a vast
reservoir at Hauz Khas around 1311AD.
• Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325 AD) built Tughlaqabad, the
third city of Delhi.
• Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, built of red sandstone, is an
irregular pentagon in its exterior plan and its design is of the
pointed or "Tartar" shape and is crowned by a finial
resembling the kalasa and amla of a Hindu temple.
• Delhi's fourth city Jahanpanah was built by Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq in mid-14th
century. Firoz Shah Kotla ground is the only remnant of its past glory. He is also
credited with founding the fortified cities of Jaunpur, Fathabad and Hissar.
• Kali Masjid, Khirki Masjid and Kalan Masjid also belong to this period, the last
two being raised on a tahkhana or substructure of arches.
• The Tombs of Mubarak Sayyid (d. 1434 AD), Muhammad Sayyid (d.1444 AD) and
Sikander Lodi (d.1517 AD) are all of the octagonal type.
• The square tombs are represented by such monuments as the Bara Khan Ka
Gumbad, Chota Khan Ka Gumbad, Bara Gumbad (1494 AD), Shish Gumbad, Dadi
Ka Gumbad and the Poli ka Gumbad.
• The Tomb of Isa Khan (1547 AD), the Tomb of Adham Khan (1561 AD), Moth ki
Masjid (c.1505 AD), Jamala Masjid (1536 AD) and the Qila-i-Kuhna Masjid
(c.1550 AD) belong to the final
phase of the Delhi style of architecture.
• Provincial Architecture:
• JAUNPUR
• Under the Sharqi dynasty Jaunpur became a great center of art, culture and architectural
activity
• During the rule of Shamsuddin Ibrahim (1402-1436 AD) Atala Masjid was built in 1378.
GUJARAT
• Gujarat witnessed significant architectural activity for over 250 years starting from Muzaffar
Shah's declaration of independence from Delhi and the formation of the Sultanate of Gujarat
in 1307 AD until the conquest of Gujarat by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1500 AD.
• Ahmedabad is a city full of architectural masterpieces which include Sayyid Alam's mosque
(1412), Teen Darwaza (1415), Tomb of Ahmed Shah (1440), Rani-ka-Hujra (1440), the Jami
Masjid (built by the city’s founder Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1423), Qutubuddin's mosque
(1454), Rani Sipri Mosque (1505), Sidi Bashir's Mosque (1510), which is famous for its
“shaking minarets”, Rani Rupmati Masjid at Mirzapur (built between 1430 and 1440) and the
Kankaria Lake, constructed in 1451 by Sultan Qutb-ud-Din.
• DECCAN
• Earliest period of architectural development started in 1347 when Allauddin
Bahman Shah constructed the Gulbarga Fort and the Jami Masjid at Gulbarga.
• The second phase is represented by the architecture of Bidar initiated by Ahmed
Shah (1422- 1436), which includes the Bidar Fort, Mahmud Gawan's Madrassa and
the Ali Barid's Tomb.
HYDERABAD
• Qutub Shahi and Nizam Shahi dynasties contributed greatly towards the
development of the Deccan style of architecture.
• Charminar (1591) - Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah.
• Mecca Masjid- started in 1614 by Abdullah Qutub Shah and completed in 1687 by
Aurangzeb.
• Golconda Fort (1525)- Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah, was an impregnable fort of
great strategic importance to most of the rulers.
• Falaknuma Palace(1870) by Nawab Vikar-Ul-Ulmara, is a rare blend of Italian and
Tudor architecture.
• BIJAPUR
• Gol Gumbaz built by Mohammad Adil Shah, which is largest
masonry dome in the world.
KASHMIR
• Typified by use of woodwork.
• Log construction using deodar trees for the construction of
wooden bridges called kadals or the wooden shrines called
ziarats of Shah Hamdan in Srinagar and the Jami Masjid at
Srinagar built by Sikandar Butshikan (1400 AD) - examples of
the wooden architecture
• Fort of Hari Parbat, the Pattar Masjid (1623) and the Akhun
Mulla Shah's mosque (1649) are illustrations of art of stone
building in Kashmir.
• BIHAR
• Sasaram in Bihar - Sher Shah's Tomb, tomb of his father,
Hasan Sur Khan built in 1535, tomb of his son Salim Shah and
tomb of Alwal Khan, the chief architect of Sher Shah.
• completion of the sixth city of Delhi called the Shergarh or
Dilli Sher Shai around the Purana Qila area in 1540s.
• Purana Qila has three main gates - the Humayun darwaza,
Talaqi darwaza and Baradarwaza.
• Qila-i-kuhna masjid built by Sher Shah Suri in 1541 AD in the
Purana Qila.
• Mughal Architecture:
• BABAR - Mosque at Kabuli Bagh at Panipat and Jami Masjid at Sambhal near
Delhi, both constructed in 1526, are the surviving monuments of Babar.
• HUMAYUN - Persian influence - result of Humayun's observance at the
court of Shah Tahmasp during the period of his exile.
• Humayun's Tomb at Delhi, (1564) by his widow Haji Begum as a mark of
devotion, eight years after his death.
• AKBAR - Use of red sandstone.
• Construction of a huge fort at Agra.
• Massive sandstone ramparts of the Red Fort, New Delhi.
• Buildings at Fatehpur Sikri blended both Islamic and Hindu elements in
their architectural style.
• Buland Darwaza, Panch Mahal and Dargah of Saleem Chisti are the most
imposing of all the buildings of Fatehpur Sikri.
• Diwan-e-Khas in the complex which was designed for private audiences.
• JEHANGIR - Shalimar Bagh on the banks of Lake Dal in Kashmir.
• Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra near Agra, which was completed in 1613.
• Jahangir's Tomb at Shadera near Lahore, built by his wife Nur Mahal
SHAHJAHAN - Substitution of marble for the red sandstone.
• Marblized Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i-Khas build by Akbar at Red Fort,
Delhi.
• Shah Jahan built the Jami Masjid at Agra in 1648 in honour of his
daughter Jahanara Begum & Wazir Khan's mosque in Lahore,1634.
• Taj Mahal - a memorial to his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
AURANGZEB - Bibi-ki-Maqbara, tomb of Aurangzeb's wife Begum
Rabia Durani, a poor replica of the famous Taj Mahal
• A fine example of Mughal architecture in the Deccan region.
• Post-Mughal Architecture
• AVADH (OUDH) STYLE
• Safdar Jung's tomb, built in the honour of Safdar Jung (1739-
1753), who was the nephew of the first Nawab of Oudh.
• Bara Imambara built by the Nawab in 1784.
• Absence of pillars in the main hall and simplicity of style and
symmetry are its unique features.
• Chattar Manzil - main attractions are the underground rooms
and a beautiful dome surrounded by a gilt umbrella.
• Kaiser Bagh is a quadrangular park with a baradari (pavilion)
and yellow-coloured buildings on three sides.
• Roshanwali Koti and Begum Koti at Hazratgunj - Italian style is
more prominent.
• PUNJAB STYLE
• Developed under the influence of the Mughal style.
• Characterised by certain indigenous features like the
multiplicity of chattris /kiosks, use of fluted dome generally
covered with copper or brass-gilt and enrichment of arches by
numerous foliations.
• Golden Temple at Amritsar(1764) built by the fourth Sikh
Guru Ramdas
• Colonial Architecture
PORTUGUESE
• Portuguese adapted to India the climatically appropriate Iberian
galleried patio house and the Baroque churches of Goa.
• Se Cathedral and Arch of Conception of Goa were built in the
typical Portuguese-Gothic style
• St. Francis Church at Cochin( 1510) is believed to be the first
church built by the Europeans in India.
• fort of Castella de Aguanda near Mumbai and added fortifications
to the Bassein fort built by Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat,
in 1532 AD.
• Bassein fort is famous for the Matriz (Cathedral of St Joseph), the
Corinthian pillared hall and the Porte da Mer (sea gate).
• FRENCH
• French gave a distinct urban design to its settlement in
Pondicherry by applying the Cartesian grid plans and
classical architectural patterns.
• Church of Sacred Heart of Jesus (Eglise De Sacre Coeur
De Jesus), Eglise de Notre Dame de Angesand, Eglise
de Notre Dame de Lourdes at Pondicherry have a
distinct French influence.
• BRITISH
• British followed various architectural styles – Gothic, Imperial, Christian,
English Renaissance and Victorian being the essentials.
• Church of St. John at Calcutta (1787) inspired by St. Stephens Church at
Walbrooks.
• St. Mary's Church in Fort St. George in Chennai.
• Law Courts, Presidency College and Senate House of Chennai.
• Victoria Memorial Hall-Calcutta(1921),designed by Sir William Emerson.
• Gateway of India in Mumbai, Maharaja's Palace at Mysore and
M.S.University and Lakshmi Villas Palace at Baroda.
• New Delhi - systematically planned city after made capital in 1911
• Sir Edward Lutyens made responsible for the overall plan of Delhi and
constructed India Gate and Rashtrapati Bhawan.
• Herbert Baker added South Block and North Block, which flank the
Rashtrapati Bhawan.
• Englishman called Robert Tor Tussell built the Connaught Place.
• Painting Art of India
Genre's of Indian painting:
• Painting is mentioned as 1 of 64 Kalas in ancient Indian texts.
• Historical art of Paintings in India can be classified into two
different segments:
• A. Murals or Wall Paintings
• B. Miniature Paintings
A. Mural Painting:
1. A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly
on a wall, ceiling or other large permanent surface
2. Architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously
incorporated into the picture.
• Method Of Paintings
• True Fresco Methodo The paintings are done when the surface wall is still
wet so that the pigments go deep inside the wall surface.
• Technique of mural painting executed upon freshly-laid, or wet lime plaster.
• Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment to merge with the plaster, and
with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the
wall.
• Tempora or Fresco-Seccoo Method of painting on the lime plastered
surface which has been allowed to dry first and then drenched with fresh
lime water.
• Pre-historic Murals:
• Bhembetka, Raisen, MP
• Found Period:
1. Paleolithic
2. Mesolithic – Zoo Rock Shelter : boar
3. Chalcolithic
• Inside Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary – Vindhya Hills
Earliest depicting animals such as bisons, bears
• Mainly Red and white , occasionally use of green and yellow
• Later : battle scene
• Ancient Murals: (2BC – 7th AD)
• Ajanta Paintings:
• They are cut into the volcanic lava of the Deccan in the forest ravines of the Sahyadri Hills
• The Ajanta caves are cut into the side of a cliff that is on the south side of a U-shaped gorge
on the small river Waghora (or Wagura)
• The earliest group of caves consists of caves 9, 10, 12, 13 and 15A. - probably under the
patronage of the Satavahana dynasty– 2nd BC
• The second phase began in the 5th century-during reign of Harisena – Vakataka dynasty
• There are 30 caves in Ajanta of which 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29 are chaitya-grihas and the rest are
monasteries (Viharas)
• All paintings shows heavy religious influence and centre around Buddha, Bodhisattvas,
incidents from the life of Buddha and the Jatakas.
• The paintings are executed on a ground of mud-plaster in the tempera technique.
• Abandoned in AD 650 in favour of Ellora
• Calligraphic lines characterize these paintings, which can be classified into portraits,
narrative illustrations and ornamental decoration.
• Ellora Cave Paintings
• 34 in No’s - A.D. 600 to 1000 - Chamadari Hills
• Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism- illustrates spirit of tolerance in Indian
tradition
• South to North: The 12 Buddhist (caves 1–12), 17 Hindu (caves 13–29) and 5
Jain (caves 30–34) caves
• Paintings can be found in five caves. However, all of them are today
preserved only in the Kailasa temple.
• The rock paintings of Ellora were painted in two different series. The first
series, which were done when the caves were carved, revolve around Lord
Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi.
• The second series, painted centuries later, illustrate procession of Shaiva
holy men, Apsaras, etc.
• Bagh Paintings:
• Bank of Bagh river 5th -7th century
• Depict some aspect of Buddhist life and rituals.
• Influenced by Ajanta
Sitabinji Cave Paintings:
• Ravana Chhaya - natural shelter which contains unique artwork –
7th AD tempera painting.
• Before applying tempera (fast drying color) the rough surface of
granite was smoothened with a thin coating of lime.
• royal procession
• Bhanja dynasty
• Medieval Mural paintings - After 7th century AD
Sittanavasal Paintings
• Jain Monastery, near trichy
• Pandyan period of the 9th century
• Themes of these paintings include animals, fish,
ducks, people collecting lotuses from a pond,
two dancing figures
• Ceiling of the Ardhamandapam is adorned with
murals from the 7th century
• Armamalai Cave
• Natural cave which was converted to a Jain temple in 8th century AD
• The mural paintings are on the roof and walls of the cave.
• The paintings were created by applying colours on the thin lime surface
and over the thick mud surface
• Similar to the paintings of Sittanavasal Cave
Shekhawati paintings:
• It is covered by the two modern districts of Jhunjhunu and Sikar
• Geometric and floral designs.
• The interior work is usually painted secco, using tempera, onto dry plaster.
• Other Mural Paintings:
• Thirunadhikkara Cave Temple (TN)
• Malayadipatti rock-cut Hindu temples (Tamil Nadu)
• Saspol Caves (J& K)
• Tabo Caves (HP)
• Bhimbetka
• Murugan Temple, Thiruparankundram (Tamil Nadu,
• Kanheri Caves (Maharashtra)
• Manmod Caves (Maharashtra),
• Undavalli (Andhra Pradesh).
• B. Miniature Paintings:
• The Palas of Bengal were the pioneers
• Glory during the Mughal period
• The different schools of the Miniature paintings of India include:
1. Mughal School
2. Northern Pahadi
3. Eastern: Pala School – Earliest
• Orissa School –Pattachitra
• Madhubhani
4. Western School
• Rajasthani/Rajput School
5. Central: Malwa, Deccan Jaunpur
6. Southern: Mysore Tanjore
7. Jain School
8. Vernacular
• Mughal School of painting:
• Unique blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles
• Tuti-nama - first work of the Mughal School.
• Hamza-nama(illustrations on cloth)- more developed and refined
than Tuti-nama.
• Humayun:
o Return-brought with him Persian artists - Mir-Sayyid Ali and Abd-us-
samad.
o Khamsa of Nizami with 36 illuminated pages
• Akbar
o Established in India an atelier
o Hamzanama series, stories of Amir Hamza – painted on cloth
o Elements of realism and naturalism coming to the fore.
• Jehangir
o Deeply influenced by European painting
• Rajput School Paintings
• Themes - events of epics like the Ramayana and the
Mahabharata, Krishna’s life, beautiful landscapes, and
humans
• Precious stones, Gold and silver were used
• Mughal Influence
• Dominance of Chaurapanchasika group style in Indian
Rajasthani Paintings
• tarting from the 16th century, when the Rajput Painting
originated, numerous schools emerged, including:
• Mewar School Chavand, Nathdwara, Devgarh, Udaipur and
SawarMarwar schoolthe Kishangarh, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali
and Ghanerao stylesHadoti school Kota, Bundi and Jhalawar styles
Dhundar school Amber, Jaipur, Shekhawati and Uniara stylesPahari
school Himachal (kangra & Kullu) & Jammu and Kashmir
• 1. MEWAR
• Drawing is bold and the colours are bright and contrasting.
• Text of the painting is written in black on the top against the
yellow ground.
2. BUNDI
• Very close to the Mewar style
• Rich and glowing colours, the rising sun in golden colour,
crimson-red horizon, overlapping and semi-naturalistic trees
• Mughal influence is visible in the refined drawing of the
faces.
• 3. KOTAH
• Very much akin to the Bundi style
• Themes of tiger and bear hunt were very popular at Kotah.
• Most of the space is occupied by the hilly jungle which has
been rendered with a unique charm.
4. AMBER – JAIPUR
• This school of painting originated at Amber but later shifted
to Jaipur, the new capital.
• There is a fairly large number of portraits of the Jaipur rulers
• 5. MARWAR
• Executed in a primitive and vigorous folk style
• Completely uninfluenced by the Mughal style.
• A large number of miniatures comprising portraits, court scenes, series
of the Ragamala and the Baramasa, etc.
• were executed from the 17th to 19th centuries at several centres of
painting like Pali, Jodhpur and Nagour etc. in Marwar.6.
• BIKANER
• Bikaner had close relations with the Mughals.
• Some of the Mughal artists were given patronage by the Bikaner court
• Responsible for the introduction of a new style of painting having much
similarity with the Mughal and the Deccani styles.
• Pahadi School of Painting:
• Rajput paintings, made in Himachal Pradesh and
Jammu & Kashmir states
• Two Types: Basohli and Kulu Style (Influenced by
Chaurpanchasika style)
• Guler and Kangra Style (Based on cooler colors and
refinement)
• 1.BASOHLI
• Characterized by vigorous and bold line and strong glowing
colours.
• There is a change in the facial type which becomes a little heavier
and also in the tree forms which assume a somewhat naturalistic
character, which may be due to the influence of the Mughal
painting.
• General features - use of strong and contrasting colours,
monochrome background, large eyes, bold drawing, use of beetles
wings for showing diamonds in ornaments, narrow sky and the red
• 2.GULER (Jammu)
• Consisting of portraits of Raja Balwant Singh of Jasrota (a
small place near Jammu) by Master Nainsukh.
• He worked both at Jasrota and at Guler.
• Paintings are in a new naturalistic and delicate style marking a
change from the earlier traditions of the Basohli art.
• Colours used are soft and cool.
• Inspired by the naturalistic style of the Mughal painting
• 3.KANGRA
• Third phase of the Pahari painting in the last quarter
of the 18th century.
• Developed out of the Guler style.
• The faces of women in profile have the nose almost in
line with the forehead, the eyes are long and narrow
and the chin is sharp.
• There is, however, no modelling of figures and hair is
treated as a flat mass.
• 4.KULU – MANDl
• a folk style of painting, mainly inspired by the local
tradition.
• style is marked by bold drawing and the use of dark
and dull colours.
• Though influence of the Kangra style is observed in
certain cases yet the style maintains its distinct folkish
character.
• Mysore Paintings:
• Evolved from the paintings of Vijayanagar times
• Similar to Tanjore Paintings.
• Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617 A.D) -- >Tipu Sultan -- >
Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (1799-1868 AD)
• After colouring the figures, the artists would turn to
elaboration of the faces, dress and ornaments including
the gesso work (gold covering), which is an important
feature of Mysore painting.
• Gesso Work:
• Gesso work was the hallmark of all traditional paintings of
Karnataka.
• Gesso refers to the paste mixture of white lead powder,
gambose and glue which is used as an embossing material and
covered with gold foil.
Tanjore Paintings
• Dense composition, surface richness and vibrant colors
• Embellishments of semi-precious stones, pearls and glass pieces
• 16th century, under the reign of the Cholas
• Theme of Hindu Gods and Goddesses, along with saints
• Madhubani Paintings:
• Madhubani painting or Mithila painting is a style of Maithil
painting, practiced in the Mithila region of Bihar state, India,
and the adjoining parts of Terai in Nepal.
• Painting is done with fingers, twigs, brushes, nib-pens, and
matchsticks, using natural dyes and pigments, and is
characterized by eye-catching geometrical patterns.
• For each occasion and festival
• Traditionally done on freshly plastered mud walls and floors
of huts, but now they are also done on cloth, handmade
paper and canvas.
• Pattachitra:
• Traditional, cloth-based scroll painting, based in Odisha
• Depict stories of Hindu deities -specially inspired by
Jagannath and Vaishnava cult
• Palm leaf pattachitra which is in Oriya language known as
Tala Pattachitra drawn on palm leaf.
Jain School:
• Emphasis on style
• Strong pure colors, stylish figures of ladies, heavy gold
outlines, diminution of dress to angular segments, enlarged
eyes and square-shaped hands
• Influenced Rajasthani & Mughal
• Malwa School:
• Manuscript of the Nimatnama painted at Mandu,
during the reign of Nasir Shah (1500–1510) represent a
synthesis of the indigenous and the Persian style.
• Use of contrasting colours, refinement of drawing due
to the influence of the Mughal paintings
• Ornaments and costumes consisting of black tassels
and striped skirts.
• Deccani School of Painting (1560-1800 A.D.)
AHMEDNAGAR
• female appearing in the painting belongs to the northern tradition of
Malwa.
• Choli(bodice) and long pigtails braided and ending in a tassel are the
northern costume.
• colours used are rich and brilliant
• Persian influence - high horizon, gold sky and the landscape.
BIJAPUR
• ladies - tall and slender and are wearing the South Indian dress.
• rich colour scheme, the palm trees, animals and men and women all
belongs to the Deccani tradition.
• profuse use of gold colour
• some flowering plants and arabesques on the top of the throne are
derived from the Persian tradition.
• GOLCONDA
• "Lady with the Myna bird", about 1605 A.D
• Colours are rich and brilliant
• Continued long after the extinction of the Deccan Sultanates of
Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda
• HYDERABAD
• Belongs to the third quarter of the 18th century.
• Introduced by several Mughal painters who migrated to the Deccan
during the period of Aurangzeb and sought patronage there.
• Distinctive features - treatment of the ethnic types, costumes, jewellery,
flora, fauna, landscape and colours.
• Style of the painting is decorative.
• Typical characteristics - rich colours, the Deccani facial types and costumes
Vernacular Art:
• Art alive based on the collective memory of a group
• PHAD: SCROLL PAINTINGS (BHILWADA, RAJASTHAN)
• Phad is a painted scroll, which depicts stories of epic
dimensions about local deities and legendary heroes.
• Bhopas(local priests) carry these scrolls on their shoulders
from village to village for a performance
• Represents the moving shrine of the deity and is an object of
worship.
• Most popular & largest Phad - local deities Devnarayanji and
Pabuji.
• KALAMKARI PAINTINGS (ANDHRA PRADESH)
• Kalamkari (lit. pen-work) is primarily used for the temple festivals
or as wall hangings.
• Stories from the epics Ramayana, Mahabharata and the Puranas
are painted as continuous narratives
• Relevant Telugu verses explaining the theme are also carried
below the artwork.
• Colors are obtained from vegetable and mineral sources.
• Gods are painted blue,
• The demons and evil characters in red and green.
• Yellow is used for female figures and ornaments.
• Red is mostly used as a background.
• KOLAM PAINTINGS
• A ritualistic design drawn at the threshold of households
and temples.
• drawn everyday at dawn and dusk by women in South India
• Kolam marks festivals, seasons and important events in a
woman's life such as birth, first menstruation and marriage.
• Kolam is a free-hand drawing with symmetrical and neat
geometrical patterns.
• Puppets of India
Ancient Hindu philosophers have likened God Almighty to a puppeteer and
the entire universe to a puppet stage.
• Themes of puppet shows in India are mostly based on epics and legends.
• There are three main types of puppets:
• String Puppets
• Shadow Puppets
• Rod Puppets
• Glove Puppets
STRING PUPPETS
• Marionettes having jointed limbs controlled by strings
• Allow far greater flexibility
• Kathputli, Rajasthan
• Carved from a single piece of wood
• Large dolls - colourfully dressed.
• Costumes and headgears are designed in the medieval Rajasthani
style of dress, which is prevalent even today.
• Accompanied by a highly dramatised version of the regional music.
• Oval faces, large eyes, arched eyebrows and large lips - distinct facial
features.
• Wear long trailing skirts and do not have legs.
• Puppeteers manipulate them with two to five strings which are normally
tied to their fingers and not to a prop or a support.
• Kundhei, Orissa
• Made of light wood,
• have no legs but wear long flowing skirts.
• Have more joints and are, therefore, more versatile,
articulate and easy to manipulate.
• Use a triangle shape wooden prop, to which strings are
attached for manipulation.
• costumes resemble those worn by actors of the Jatra
traditional theatre.
• music – regional music & Odissi dance’s music.
• Gombeyatta, Karnataka
• Puppets - styled and designed like the characters of
Yakshagana
• Highly stylized and have joints at the legs, shoulders,
elbows, hips and knees.
• Manipulated by five to seven strings tied to a prop.
• Two to three puppeteers manipulate complicated
movements at a time.
• Music beautifully blends folk and classical elements.
• Bommalattam, Tamil Nadu
• Combine the techniques of both rod and string puppets.
• Made of wood and the strings for manipulation are tied to
an iron ring which the puppeteer wears like a crown on his
head.
• Few puppets have jointed arms and hands, which are
manipulated by rods.
• These puppets are the largest, heaviest and the most
articulate of all traditional Indian marionettes.
• SHADOW PUPPETS
• Shadow puppets are flat figures.
• Cut out of leather, which has been treated to make it translucent.
• Pressed against the screen with a strong source of light behind it.
• Manipulation between the light and the screen make silhouettes or
colourful shadows
• Found in Orissa, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and
Tamil Nadu
Togalu Gombeyatta, Karnataka
• Puppets are mostly small in size.
• Puppets however differ in size according to their social status, for
instance, large size for kings and religious characters and smaller size for
common people or servants.
• Tholu Bommalata, Andhra Pradesh
• Puppets are large in size and have jointed waist, shoulders, elbows and
knees.
• Coloured on both sides, throwing coloured shadows on the screen.
• Music - influenced by the classical regional music
• Theme are drawn from the Ramayana, Mahabharata and Puranas.
Ravanachhaya, Orissa
• Puppets are in one piece and have no joints.
• Not coloured, hence throw opaque shadows on the screen.
• Manipulation requires great dexterity, since there are no joints.
• Puppets are made of deer skin and are conceived in bold dramatic poses.
• Apart from human and animal characters, many props such as trees,
mountains, chariots, etc. are also used.
• Puppets are smaller in size
• Create very sensitive and lyrical shadows.
• ROD PUPPETS
• An extension of glove-puppets, but often much larger and
supported and manipulated by rods from below.
• Found mostly in West Bengal and Orissa.
Putul Nautch, West Bengal
• carved from wood
• costumed like the actors of Jatra, a traditional theatre
• puppets have mostly three joints.
• heads, supported by the main rod, is joined at the neck and
both hands attached to rods are joined at the shoulders.
• bamboo-made hub is tied firmly to the waist of the
puppeteer on which the rod holding the puppet is placed.
• puppeteers each holding one puppet, stand behind a head-
high curtain and while manipulating the rods also move and
dance imparting corresponding movements to the puppets.
• puppeteers themselves sing and deliver the stylized prose
dialogues & a group of musicians provide the accompanying
music with a drum, harmonium and cymbals.
• music and verbal text have close similarity with the Jatra
theatre.
• Orissa Rod puppets
• mostly three joints, but the hands are tied to strings instead of rods.
• elements of rod and string puppets are combined in this form of
puppetry.
• Most of the dialogues are sung.
• music blends folk tunes with classical Odissi tunes.
• puppets of Orissa are smaller than those from Bengal or Andhra Pradesh.
• more operatic and prose dialogues are seldom used.
Yampuri, Bihar
• Made of wood.
• Puppets are in one piece and have no joints.
• Requires greater dexterity.
• GLOVE PUPPETS
• Also known as sleeve, hand or palm puppets.
• Head is made of either papier mache, cloth or wood,
• Hands emerge from just below the neck.
• Rest of the figure consists of a long flowing skirt.
• Controlled by the human hand - first finger inserted in the head
and middle finger and thumb are the two arms of the puppet.
• In Orissa, the puppeteer plays on the dholak with one hand and
manipulates the puppet with the other.
• Delivery of the dialogues, the movement of the puppet and the
beat of the dholak are well synchronized and create a dramatic
atmosphere.
• Pavakoothu, Kerala
• Head and the arms are carved of wood and joined together with thick
cloth, cut and stitched into a small bag.
• Face of the puppets, are decorated with paints, small and thin pieces
of gilded tin, the feathers of the peacock, etc.
• Manipulator puts his hand into the bag and moves the hands and
head of the puppet.
• Musical instruments - Chenda, Chengiloa, Ilathalam and
Shankha the conch.
• Theme - based on the episodes from either the Ramayana or the
Mahabharata.
• Classical Music of India
The two distinct styles, Hindustani and Carnatic came into vogue after the advent
of the Muslims, particularly during the reign of the Mughal Emperors of Delhi. Both
the systems of music received their nourishment from the same original source.
• Whereas the Indian music of the Northern part of India assimilated some features
of the music of the Persian and Arabic musicians who adorned the courts of the
Mughal rulers of Delhi, the music of the South continued to develop along its own
original lines.
HINDUSTANI MUSIC
There are 10 main forms of styles of singing and compositions: Dhrupad, Dhamar,
Hori, Khayal, Tappa, Chaturang, Ragasagar, Tarana, Sargam and Thumri. Nowadays
Ghazals have become very popular as the 'light classical' form of music.
• DHRUPAD
• Dhrupad is the oldest and perhaps the grandest form of Hindustani vocal music.
• Dhrupad is essentially a poetic form incorporated into an extended presentation
style marked by precise and orderly elaboration of a raga.
• The exposition preceding the composed verses is called alap, and is usually the
longest portion of the performance. Dhrupad is in decline since the 18th century.
KHAYAL
Khayal literally means ‘a stray thought’, ‘a lyric’ and 'an imagination'.
This is the most prominent genre of Hindustani vocal music depicting a romantic
style of singing.
• is dependent to a large extent on the imagination of the performer and the
improvisations he is able to incorporate.
• A Khayal is also composed in a particular raga and tala and has a brief text.
• The Khayal texts range from praise of kings or seasons, description of seasons to
the pranks of Lord Krishna, divine love and sorrow of separation. There are six
main gharanas in khayal: Delhi, Patiala, Agra, Gwalior, Kirana and Atrauli-Jaipur.
• Gwalior Gharana is the oldest and is also considered the mother of all other
gharanas.
• THUMRI
• Thumri originated in the Eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, mainly in Lucknow
and Benares, around the 18thcentury AD
• It is considered to be influenced by hori, kajri and dadra.
• Thumri is supposed to be a romantic and style erotic of singing and is also
called “the lyric of Indian classical music”.
• The song compositions are mostly of love, separation and devotion.
• Its most distinct feature is the erotic subject matter picturesquely
portraying the various episodes from the lives of Lord Krishna and Radha.
• A Thumri is usually performed as the last item of a Khayal concert.
• There are three main gharanas of thumri -- Benaras, Lucknow and Patiala.
• DADRA
• Dadra bears a close resemblance to the Thumri.
• The texts are as amorous as those of Thumris.
• The major difference is that dadras have more than one antara and are in
dadra tala. Singers usually sing a dadra after a thumri.
DHAMAR-HORI
• These compositions are similar to Dhrupad but are chiefly associated with
the festival of Holi.
• Here the compositions are specifically in praise of Lord Krishna.
• This music, sung in the dhamar tala, is chiefly used in festivals like
Janmashthami, Ramnavami and Holi.
• The compositions here describe the spring season.
• These compositions are mainly based on the love pranks of Radha-Krishna.
• TAPPA
• The tappa is said to have developed in the late 18th Century AD
from the folk songs of camel drivers.
• Tappa literally means 'jump' in Persian.
• They are essentially folklore of love and passion and are written in
Punjabi.
RAGASAGAR
• Ragasagar consists of different parts of musical passages in
different ragas as one song composition.
• These compositions have 8 to 12 different ragas and the lyrics
indicate the change of the ragas.
• The peculiarity of this style depends on how smoothly the musical
passages change along with the change of ragas.
• TARANA
• Tarana is a style consisting of peculiar syllables woven into rhythmical
patterns as a song.
• It is usually sung in faster tempo.
CHATURANG
• Chaturang denotes four colours or a composition of a song in four
parts: Fast Khayal, Tarana, Sargam and a "Paran" of Tabla or Pakhwaj.
• GHAZAL
• The ghazal is mainly a poetic form than a musical form, but it is more song-
like than the thumri.
• The ghazal is described as the "pride of Urdu poetry".
• The ghazal originated in Iran in the 10th Century AD. The ghazal never
exceeds 12 shers (couplets) and on an average, ghazals usually have about 7
shers.
• The ghazal found an opportunity to grow and develop in India around 12th
Century AD when the Mughal influences came to India, and Persian gave
way to Urdu as the language of poetry and literature.
• It developed and evolved in the courts of Golconda and Bijapur under the
patronage of Muslim rulers.
• The 18th and 19th centuries are regarded as the golden period of ghazal
with Delhi and Lucknow being its main centres.
• CARNATIC MUSIC
• The Tamil classic of the 2nd century A.D. titled the Silappadhikaram contains
a vivid description of the music of that period.
• The Tolkappiyam, Kalladam and the contributions of the Saivite and
Vaishnavite saints of the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. also serve as resource
material for studying musical history.
• It is said, that South Indian Music, as known today, flourished in Deogiri the
capital city of the Yadavas in the middle ages, and that after the invasion
and plunder of the city by the Muslims, the entire cultural life of the city
took shelter in the Carnatic Empire of Vijayanagar under the reign of
Krishnadevaraya.
• Thereafter, the music of South India came to be known as Carnatic Music
• In the field of practical music, South India had a succession of brilliant and
prolific composers who enriched the art with thousands of compositions.
• After Purandaradasa, Tallapakam Annamacharya Narayana Tirtha, Bhadra-
chalam Ramdasa and Kshetranja made contributions to the wealth of
compositions The birth of the Musical Trinity - Tyagaraja, Muthuswami
Dikshitar and Syama Sastri - at Tiruvarur between the years 1750 to 1850
A.D. ushered in an era of dynamic development in Carnatic music.
• Outstanding feature of Carnatic music is its raga system & highly developed
and intricate tala system.
• Though clear cut demarcations in the style of musical presentation, similar
to the gharanas of Hindustani music are not seen in Carnatic music, yet, we
do come across different styles in rendering compositions.
• The ancient musical forms like Prabandhas, etc. gradually gave away to the
different musicals forms that are in use in present day music, though the
basic elements of the ancient Prabandhas are still retained in the modern
forms.
• The following musical forms offer interesting study:
GITAM
• Gitam is the simplest type of composition.
• Taught to beginners of music, the gitam is very simple in construction, with
an easy and melodious flow of music.
• SULADI
• Very much like the gitam in musical structure and arrangement, the Suladis
are of a higher standard than the gitam.
VARNAM
• The Varnam is a beautiful creation of musical craftsmanship of a high order,
combining in itself all the characteristic features of the raga in which it is
composed.
• Practice in Varnam singing helps a musician to attain mastery in
presentation and command over raga, tala and bhava.
• SVARAJATI
This is learnt after a course in gitams.
• More complicated than the gitas, the Svarajati paves the way for the
learning of the Varnams.
• The theme is either devotional, heroic or amorous
JATISVARAM
• Very similar to the svarajati in musical structure, this form- Jatisvaram-has
no sahitya or words.
• The piece is sung with solfa syllables only.
KIRTANAM
• The Kirtanam had its birth about the latter half of the 14th century.
• It is valued for the devotional content of the sahitya.
• Clothed in simple music, the kirtanam abounds in Bhakti bhava.
• It is suited for congregational singing as well as individual presentation.
• KRITI
• The Kriti is a development from the Kirtana. It is an highly evolved musical form.
• The highest limit of aesthetic excellence is reached in the Kriti composition.
• The raga bhava is brought out in all the rich and varied colours in this form.
PADA
• Padas are scholarly compositions in Telegu and Tamil.
• Though they are composed mainly as dance forms, they are also sung in concerts,
on account of their musical excellence and aesthetic appeal.
• The music is slow-moving and dignified.
JAVALI
• A javali is a composition belonging to the sphere of light classical music.
• Sung both in concert programmes and dance concerts, the javalis are popular
because of the attractive melodies in which they are composed.
• In contrast to the padas which portray divine love, javalis are songs which are
sensuous in concept and spirit.
• TILLANA
• The Tillana, corresponding to the Tarana of Hindustani music, is a short and crisp
form.
• It is mainly a dance form, but on account of its brisk and attractive music, it
sometimes finds a place in musicconcerts as a conclusion piece.
PALLAVI
• This is the most important branch of creative music.
• It is in this branch of manodharma sangeeta, that the musician has ample
opportunities of displaying his or her creative talents, imaginative skill, and musical
intelligence.
TANAM
• This is a branch of raga alapana
• It is raga alapana in Madhyamakala or medium speed.
• There is perceptible rhythm in this.
• The rhythmical flow of music, flowing in fascinating patterns, makes
tanam singing the most captivating part of raga exposition.
• Folk Theatre of India
• BHAND PATHER (JASHIN) - KASHMIR
• Unique combination of dance, music and acting.
• Satire, wit and parody are preferred for inducing
laughter.
• music is provided with surnai, nagaara and dhol.
• Since the actors are mainly from the farming
community, the impact of their way of living, ideals and
sensitivity is noticeable.
• SWANG - HARYANA
• Mainly music-based.
• Gradually, prose too, played its role in the dialogues.
• Softness of emotions, accomplishment of rasa along with the
development of character can be seen
• Two important styles are from Rohtak and Haathras.
• In the style belonging to Rohtak, the language used is Haryanvi
(Bangru) and in Haathras, it is Brajbhasha.
• NAUTANKI- UTTAR PRADESH
• Most popular centers - Kanpur, Lucknow and Haathras.
• The meters used in the verses are: Doha, Chaubola, Chhappai,
Behare-tabeel.
• Nowadays, women have also started taking part
RAASLEELA
• based exclusively on Lord Krishna legends
• believed that Nand Das wrote the initial plays based on the life of
Krishna.
• dialogues in prose combined beautifully with songs and scenes
from Krishna's pranks.
• BHAVAI- GUJARAT
• Main centers of - Kutch and Kathiawar.
• Instruments used are: bhungal, tabla, flute, pakhaawaj, rabaab,
sarangi, manjeera, etc.
• There is a rare synthesis of devotional and romantic sentiments.
JATRA - BENGAL
• Fairs in honour of gods, or religious rituals and ceremonies have within
their framework musical plays are known as Jatra.
• Krishna Jatra became popular due to Chaitanya prabhu's influence.
• Earlier form of Jatra has been musical & dialogues were added at later
stage.
• The actors themselves describe the change of scene, the place of action,
etc.
• BHAONA (ANKIA NAAT) – ASSAM
• Cultural glimpses of Assam, Bengal Orissa, Mathura and Brindavan
can be seen.
• The Sutradhaar, or narrator begins the story, first in Sanskrit and then
in either Brajboli or Assamese.
MAACH - MADHYA PRADESH
• Maach is used for the stage itself as also for the play.
• songs are given prominence in between the dialogues.
• The term for dialogue in this form is bol and rhyme in narration is
termed vanag.
• The tunes of this theatre form are known as rangat.
• TAMAASHA- MAHARASHTRA
• Evolved from the folk forms such as Gondhal, Jagran and Kirtan.
• Female actress is the chief exponent of dance movements in the play.
She is known as Murki.
• Classical music, footwork at lightning-speed, and vivid gestures make it
possible to portray all the emotions through dance.
• DASHAVATAR- KONKAN AND GOA
• Personify the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu-the god of preservation
and creativity.
• The ten incarnations are Matsya (fish), Kurma (tortoise), Varaha (boar),
Narsimha (lion-man), Vaman (dwarf), Parashuram, Rama, Krishna (or
Balram), Buddha and Kalki.
• Apart from stylized make-up, the Dashavatar performers wear masks of
wood and papier mache
• KRISHNATTAM - KERALA
• Came into existence in the middle of 17th century A.D. under the
patronage of King Manavada of Calicut.
• Krishnattam is a cycle of eight plays performed for eight
consecutive days.
• The plays are Avataram, Kaliamandana, Rasa krida,
kamasavadha, Swayamvaram, Bana Yudham, Vivida Vadham, and
Swargarohana.
• episodes are based on the theme of Lord Krishna - his birth,
childhood pranks and various deeds depicting victory of good over
evil
• MUDIYETTU – KERALA
• Celebrated in the month of Vrischikam (November-
December).
• performed only in the Kali temples of Kerala, as an oblation to
the Goddess.
• depicts the triumph of goddess Bhadrakali over the asura
Darika.
• seven characters in Mudiyettu-Shiva, Narada, Darika,
Danavendra, Bhadrakali, Kooli and Koimbidar (Nandikeshvara)
are all heavily made-up.
• THEYYAM- KERALA
• 'Theyyam' derived from the Sanskrit word 'Daivam' meaning God.
• Hence it is called God's dance.
• performed by various castes to appease and worship spirits.
• distinguishing features - colourful costume and awe-inspiring
headgears (mudi) nearly 5 to 6 feet high made of arecanut splices,
bamboos, leaf sheaths of arecanut and wooden planks and dyed
into different strong colours using turmeric, wax and arac.
• KOODIYAATTAM - KERALA
• Based on Sanskrit theatre traditions.
• characters of this theatre form are:
• Chakyaar or actor,
• Naambiyaar, the instrumentalists and
• Naangyaar, those taking on women's roles.
• The Sutradhar or narrator and the Vidushak or jesters are
the protagonists.
• Vidushak alone delivers the dialogues.
• Emphasis on hand gestures and eye movements makes this
dance and theatre form unique.
• YAKSHAGAANA - KARNATAKA
• Based on mythological stories and Puranas.
• Most popular episodes are from the Mahabharata i.e. Draupadi
swayamvar, Subhadra vivah, Abhimanyu vadh, Karna-Arjun yuddh
and from Ramayana i.e. Raajyaabhishek, Lav-kush Yuddh, BaaliSugreeva
yuddha and Panchavati.
THERUKOOTHU - TAMIL NADU
• Literally means "street play".
• Mostly performed at the time of annual temple festivals of
Mariamman (Rain goddess) to achieve rich harvest.
• There is a cycle of eight plays based on the life of Draupadi.
• Kattiakaran, the Sutradhara gives the gist of the play to the
audience
• Komali entertains the audience with his buffoonery.
• KARYALA- HIMACHAL PRADESH
• Deals with serious question of life & death briefly and with
simplicity of expression & diction, all enveloped in humour.
• Indeed, audience is given essence of our cultural heritage of
viewing the world as a stage and as an unsubstantial pageant
which is to be negotiated and lived by rising above it.
• There is often stylistic diversity, which strengthens their
identity from Swang, Nautanki, Bhagat, etc..
Folk Dances of India
• MATHURI (KOPPU), ANDHRA PRADESH
• The inhabitants of the Umji and Indravelli forest areas of Utnoor Tehsil in
Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesh perform this dance.
• It is traditionally performed during Krishna Janmashtami celebrations
and the themes are taken from the Mahabharata.
• Though both men and women perform this dance, the pace is different.
Women dance in slow rhythmic movements, while the men dance at a
more vigorous pace.
• The Nagara is the main instrument used.
• BIHU, ASSAM
Bihu is one of the most colourful folk dances of India.
• The dance is an integral part of the Bihu Festival celebrated to
mark the advent of Spring and the Assamese New Year.
• Bihu ushers in the sowing time and also the season of marriage.
• he dance has been noted for maintaining authenticity
and at the same time displaying the traditional Assamese
handlooms and handicrafts in their glory and beauty by the
dancers
• JHIJHIA, BIHAR
• Jhijhia is usually performed by a group of young women dancers and
portrays the offering of prayers to please the King of Gods-Lord Indra-for a
good monsoon and a rich harvest.
GAUR MADIA, CHHATTISGARH
• Basically performed on the occasion of marriage by Gaur Madia of
Abhujmar plateau of Bastar in Chhattisgarh and is called Gaur after Bison.
• It may appear to be a hunt-dance with only the imitation
of the frisking, jerking movements of the animals.
• However, a sense of ritual and deep sanctity underlies the perfect
synchronization of the dance.
• KAKSAR, CHHATTISGARH
• Kaksar is performed by the Abhuj Maria tribes of Bastar in Chhattisgarh to
seek the blessings of the village deity Kaksar for a good harvest.
• Performed by a group of young boys and girls dressed in their best, this
dance also provides a platform to young people for choosing their life
partners.
CHHOLIYA, UTTARAKHAND
• Prevalent in the Kumaun region of Uttarakhand, the Chholiya dance has
elements of martial craft and is associated with the Kirji Kumbh
celebrations; Kirji Kumbh is a poisonous flower which blossoms
every 12 years.
• Villagers march in a procession to destroy the flower before it sheds its
poison into the mountain streams.
• SAMAI, GOA
The metal lamps are traditional handicrafts of Goa and the Samai dance is
performed with these traditional metallic lamps or deepaks.
• The men and women balance the samai on their heads and perform various
movements.
• During religious gatherings the dance is performed to the accompaniment of slow
singing.
GARBA, GUJARAT
Garba is one of the most popular dance form of Gujarat, which is linked with the
worship of “Shakti”.
• The word “Garbo” has originated from Sanskrit word “Garbhdeep”, an earthen pot
with circular holes is popularly known as “Garbo”.
• The pot is the symbol of the body and the lighted lamp inside the pot signifies the
divine soul.
• Garba is performed during Navratri and during weddings.
• It is essentially performed by women, dancing in circular motion clapping their
hands to the beats of the Dhol.
• DANDIYA RAS, GUJARAT
• Ras is one of the ancient and yet most popular dance form of Gujarat.
• Its origin has been traced to Lord Krishna.
• The graceful dance of Lord Krishna with Gopis in Vrindavan is known to all
as Krishnaleela.
• Ras is a unique synthesis of folk dance, folk art, colour and folk music.
• Circular movements with speed and grace are the main features of Ras.
• The roar of the Dhol, the colourful gorgeous costumes, speed together with
vigour and gusto of dancers leaves audience spell bound.
• DAANG, GUJARAT
Daangis hail from South Gujarat on the border of Maharashtra.
• This dance is usually performed during Holi and other festivals.
• Daang dance centers around the social life, feasts, fairs, festivals,
ceremonies and rituals connected to worship.
• It is vigorous, as most tribal dances are, and highly rhythmic.
• Interesting circular formation is created centering around the
accompanists who stand in the middle of an open space.
• The men hold their arms round the women’s shoulders and women
clasp the men by their waists.
• The dance builds up gradually and acquires a fast tempo in the end.
• The women climb on the shoulders of men and form a human pyramid.
• The two and three tier formation moves clockwise and anti clockwise.
• SIDDHI DHAMAL, GUJARAT
• The Siddhies migrated to India from Africa about 750 years
ago.
• They settled in the coastal parts of Gujarat like Bharuch,
Bhavnagar, Junagarh and Surat.
• They follow Muslim religion and dance to the beat of drum
on the eve of the Urs of their Prophet Baba Gaur.
• The dancers gradually pick up tempo and get into trance
breaking tossed coconut on their heads.
• Just like their ancestors from Africa, Siddhies are master of
rhythm dancing to the tune of huge drums.
• GHOOMAR, RAJASTHAN
• Ghoomar is a dance performed by the girls of border areas of
Rajasthan and Haryana at various festivals like Holi, Gangaur
Puja and Teej.
• The girls form semi-circles and start singing andclapping.
• The dancers then form a circle and the tempo of the dance is
accelerated.
• The movements are made by holding body weight on one foot
and moving forward.
• as the tempo increases towards the end, the dancers whirl
around in pairs.
• The accompanying songs are full of satire and humour and
refer to contemporary events.
• PAIKA, JHARKHAND
• ‘Paika’ is a typical dance of the Munda community of Jharkhand, and
thematically represents rituals connected with preparations for war.
• With chest blades, multi-coloured headgear, anklets, bows,
arrows, spears, swords and shields the dancers enact battle scenes,
symbolizing the great war of the Mundas against the British.
• The fast beat of the madal, along with the use of other musical
instruments like dhol, nagara, shehnai, and ranbheri make Paika dance
performaces truly captivating.
• Though performed on various occasions, the Paika dance is most readily
associated with the Dussehra celebrations.
• ROUFF, JAMMU & KASHMIR
• Rauff is the most popular dance in the Kashmir Valley and is performed by
the women folk.
• The dance is performed during harvesting season but the most essential
occasion is the month of Ramzan when every street and corner in Kashmir
resounds with the Rouff songs and dance.
• The girls wear colourful Phirans-Kashmir cloaks and Kasaba-the head gear.
• The girls form two rows facing each other and putting their arms around
the waist of the next dancer.
• They start with rhythmic movements of the feet and weave a few patterns
swaying and swinging backward.
• Traditionally, no musical accompaniment is used with Rouff songs as they
are sung while doing the daily chores.
• The folk instruments like noot, tumbaknari, rabab etc are used when it is
performed on the stage or in some gathering
• JABRO, JAMMU & KASHMIR
• Jabro is a community dance of the nomadic people of Tibetan
origin living in Ladakh.
• Jabro is performed by both men and women during Losar- the
Tibetan new year celebrations- and also on other festive
occasions.
• Because of the extreme cold, the dancers wear heavy gowns
made of sheep skin, lamb skin caps and long leather shoes.
• Performers stand in two facing rows, holding each other’s
hands, and dance gracefully with slow, gentle movements as
Jabro songs are sung to the
• accompaniment of the Damien-a stringed guitar-like instrument
and flute.
• VEERBHADRA, KARNATAKA
• The exotic cultural tradition of Veerbhadra was brought to Karnataka by
the South Indian rulers.
• This ritual is equally popular in some parts of Karnataka.
• Veerbhadra is performed on Chaitra Purnima and the Dhalo festival.
• The person enacting the role of Veerbhadra is dressed in a warrior’s
costume.
• He wields swords as he dances.
• According to legend, Veerbhadra is supposed to get possessed by a
divine spirit.
• The invocation of Veerbhadra is recited in Kannada even today.
• DHOLU KUNITHA, KARNATAKA
• Dholu Kunitha is a drum dance performed by the men folk of the
shepherd community known as Kurubas.
• This dance is noted for its powerful drumming and vigorous
dancing which is replete with acrobatic elements.
• The dancers during the course of performance make attractive
formations of all sorts.
• It provides both spectacular variety and complexity of skills in the
process of demonstration.
• The high pitch of tala, tappadi, trumpets, gong and flute reinforce
the rich vibrations of dholu.
• This dance is popular in some parts of north and south Karnataka.
• OPPANA, KERALA
• This is a bridal dance performed by Muslim girls of North
Kerala and Lakshadweep on wedding occasions.
• There are separate dancers for the bride and bridegroom.
• Brides and grooms are mentally prepared for marriage
and the nuptial night by their close friend through a
sequence of dance and music.
• This is an occasion of great celebration and merriment
and all arrive attired in gorgeous costumes.
• PURULIA CHHAU, WEST BENGAL
• Chhau dance of Purulia in West Bengal is one of the most vibrant and colourful folk
art forms.
• Emanating from martial practice, Purulia Chhau is a vigorous form of dance-drama
drawing its themes from the two great Indian epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata.
• Masks and elaborate head gears are the ornamental apparels of the Chhau
dancers.
• The dance commences with an invocation of Lord Ganesha before movements
begin as per the story.
• In Chhau dance, the fight between good and evil always culminates in the triumph
of good over destructive evil.
• Powerful movements, immense concentration, the dazzling costumes, the rhythmic
drum beating and the shehnai characterize the Chhau dance form
• This dance is popular in Jharkhand also.
• BADHAI, MADHYA PRADESH
• A typical folk dance of Madhya Pradesh, Badhai is performed to
thank Goddess Sheetala for safeguarding people from natural
calamities and ailments and to seek her blessings on happy
occasions like weddings and childbirth.
• Accompanied by folk musical instruments, the performers
dance gracefully to a rhythm, creating a lively and a colourful
spectacle.
• This particular rhythm is known as Badhai from which this folk
dance has acquired its name.
• Animals also take part in Badhai Nritya and in many villages,
mares (female horses) are seen at such performances.
• BAREDI, MADHYA PRADESH
It is closely related to the cattle-farm culture of the country, especially of
the Bundelkhand region(MP).
• The Baredi folk songs and folk dances are presented during the fortnight
commencing from Deepawali (Kartik Amawasya) to Kartik Poornima.
• They wear a typical attractive dress specially meant for this occasion.
• One of the performers with a rhythm sings two lines from the poem called
Baredi and the other participants present a vigorous and sprightly
performance, the Baredi dance.
• This dance is presented with a worship of Govardhan Parvat.
• It is believed that the Lord Krishn himself participated in these Baredi
dances alongwith his gwal mates.
• RAEE, MADHYA PRADESH
• Raee dance is popular in Bundelkhand regions of Madhya Pradesh
and Uttar Pradesh.
• This dance originated during ancient times for celebrations when
the armed forces returned victorious after war.
• This dance was performed in merriment celebrating victory.
• Danced throughout the year, it conveys the spirit of joy and
exuberance of the people of Bundelkhand.
• It is primarily, a female dance, where the dancers with veils on
their faces, move their feet and whirl body in rhythm to the
accompaniment
of vocal and instrumental music.
• Algoza, mridanga and dhapali are the main musical instruments
used in this dance.
• LAVANI, MAHARASHTRA
• Traditionally an integral part of the Tamasha folk theatre of Maharashtra,
Lavani is the most popular and best known folk dance form of the state.
Although, there is no restriction regarding the choice of themes for a Lavani
performance, this art form is at its best when dealing with themes of
bravery, pathos, love and devotion, Music, poetry, dance and drama
intermingle with such perfection in the rendering of Lavani, that it is almost
impossible to separate their various components.
DHOL CHOLOM, MANIPUR
‘Dhol Cholom’, traditional folk dance of Manipur, is performed usually on
religious occasions to the accompaniment of songs and dhol (large drum)-
the most important component of this dance form.
• Usually performed during the Yaoshand festival (or the festival of colours),
the dance expresses love and creativity, with an intricate interplay of dhols
and fireplay. Dhol Cholom belongs to the Manipur sankirtan traditions.
• LEZIM, MAHARASHTRA
• The traditional Lezim dance is performed by the artistes on religious and
social events.
• Specially it is having base in a Akhada (Martial Art) tradition of Maharashtra.
It is performed in every corner of Maharashtra.
• This Lezim Dance includes Ghuti Lezim, Ghoongroo Lezim, Dakhani Lezim
and Palita Lezim. This dance is occasionally performed in Madhya Pradesh
and Gujarat also.
• The instruments used in this dance are dhol, tasha and jhanj etc.
LEWATANA, MEGHALAYA
• Lewatana is a folk song and dance of Hajong tribe of Meghalaya.
• Hajongs observe various festivities of the Hindus.
• The Lewatana is usually performed by the Hajong during the Diwali festival.
• In this dance, the young men and women form a group and while dancing
and singing various folk songs, they compare man with nature.
• CHERAW, MIZORAM
• Cheraw is a lively and a uniquely attractive traditional dance of Mizoram.
Performed on all festive occasions, it is also known as the Bamboo Dance,
as bamboo forms an integral part of this folk form.
• Two long bamboo staves are kept crosswise and horizontally, parallel to
ground and the male dancers clap the staves, resultantly producing a sharp
sound setting the rhythm for the dance.
• The female dancers, on the other hand, attired in colourful traditional
costumes-puanchei, kawrchei, vakira and thinna-step in and out from
between bamboo beats with tremendous skill and precise timing,
maintaining all the while their elegant poise.
• In addition to the musical pattern created by the clapping of bamboo
staves, drums and gongs are also used for effect.
• GOTIPUA, ODISHA
• Gotipuas, the young boys dressed up as girls sing devotional
love songs of Radha-Krishna and perform Gotipua dance.
• In the present form, the Gotipua dance is more precise and
systematic in its conception.
• The repertoire of the dance includes vandana-prayer to God
or Guru, sarigama-a pure dance number, abhinaya-enactment
of a song, and Bandhya Nritya-rhythms of acrobatic postures,
a unique presentation where Gotipuas dance and compose
themselves in different acrobatic yogic
postures creating the images of Radha-Krishna.
• Mardala-a pakhawaj, gini-small cymbals, harmonium, violin
and flute provide musical accompaniment.
• RANAPPA CHADDHAIYA, ODISHA
• Ranappa dance is popular in the coastal areas of Ganjam district of Odisha.
• This is a martial art form of dance where the dancers walk and dance on
sticks (Ranappa) with special gestures on rhythms of drums.
• This is an imitation of mock fight.
• This is something unique, the dancers exhibit their skills in balance on
sticks.
• Chaddaiya is a part of the famous ‘Danda Nata’ of Odisha.
• Performed in the month of Chaitra, it is associated with the worship of
Shiva and akin to the Mayurbhanj Chhau.
• The dedicated worshipers participate in the dance holding a ‘Danda’ (Pole)
and a ‘Pasa’ (Knot) symbolic of a devout Shaivite, they dance vigorously to
the accompaniment of drums and ‘Mohri’ displaying various elements of
martial practices.
• BHANGRA, PUNJAB
• Bhangra is the most popular folk dance of Punjab, performed
by men on festive occasions, at weddings and fairs and to
celebrate Baisakhi or the harvest festival.
• Dressed in brightly coloured plumed turbans, traditional
tehmats, kurtas and waistcoats, the dancers perform to the
robust rhythms of dhols, bolis-typically rustic Punjabi folk
songs and other traditional instruments.
• Energetic and infectiously lively, Bhangra is a spectacular
dance, the popularity of which has crossed the borders of
Punjab.
• GIDDHA, PUNJAB
• Giddha is the favourite dance of Punjab in which women dance at
weddings, at the time of birth of a child, the Teej festival and other happy
occasions.
• The dance consists of singing, clapping, enacting the Boli as well as pure
dance.
• The dancers form a circle and participating in pairs, take turns to come
centre stage and perform a Boli.
• Towards the end of the Boli they dance vigorously in sheer abandon,
while those in the circle sing and clap in unison.
• The refrain is sung 3-4 times, then the performers withdraw to be replaced
by another pair and a new Boli.
• The Boli deals with the day–to–day life situations of rural folk. Giddha is
accompanied by the dholak (drum) or gharah (earthen pot).
• KALBELIA, RAJASTHAN
• This fascinating dance is performed by the women of
the nomadic Kalbelia community whose primary
occupation is rearing snakes and trading in snake
venom.
• On festive occasions, as traditional songs are sung to
the plaintive notes of the ‘been’ and the ‘daf’, the
dancers belonging to the ‘Nath’ sect dressed in their
traditional black swirling skirts perform this dance.
• The dance highlights the unparalleled virtuosity of the
dancers often reminiscent of the graceful and supple
movements of the snake.
• CHAKRI, RAJASTHAN
• The Chakri dance is performed by the women of the Kanjar
community of Rajasthan.
• The dancers whirl around in circles in colourful skirts
appearing like spinning tops thus deriving its name Chakri,
which means moving in circles, or spinning.
• Usually performed at weddings and on festive occasions,
Chakri is accompanied by the rhythm of daph, manjira and
nagara.
• Most famous Chakari dancers come from Baran Kola district
in Hadauti area of Rajasthan but is popular in district of Kota
and Bundi also.
• TAMANG SELO, SIKKIM
• Tamang Selo is a Sikkimese folk dance of the Tamang community.
• It is also known as Damphu as it is performed to the accompaniment
of a native musical instrument called damphu.
• Usually performed during Dasain or Dussehra, it depicts the
colourful lifestyle of the hill people, amply reflected through
their lavish festive celebration and dances full of fun and vigour.
• Tamang Selo is performed by traditionally attired young men and
women.
• KAVADI, TAMIL NADU
• This dance was supposed to be performed by a giant named Idumban -
with a pole slung across his shoulder.
• At the two ends of the pole he was supposed to carry the favourite hills of
Muruga, the popular deity of Tamil Nadu.
• The carrying of Kavadi by pilgrims is symbolic of Idumban with the
hillocks poised on the pole.
• There are several kinds of Kavadis.
• Under the spell of the hypnotic music provided by the drums,
nadaswaram and thavil, the devotees proceed to the shrine by singing the
song "Kavadi Chindu" with quick and vigorous movements.
• The Kavadi is never touched by the dancer while dancing
• KADAGAM, TAMIL NADU
• A folk dance of Tamil Nadu, Kadagam originated as a ritual dedicated to the
worship of Mariamman, the Goddess of rain and health.
• The ritual is performed during the month of August when the idol of
Mariamman is carried in procession.
• A ritual pot filled with water is adorned with beautiful decorations, several
feet high, and is carried by the priest.
• The colourfully attired performers carry decorated vessels vertically on
their heads and dance to the tune of nagaswaram, thavil, muni,
udukkai and pambai and also perform acrobatic feats as they follow the
procession.
• The Kadagam dance is very popular in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Karnataka
and Andhra Pradesh.
• HOZAGIRI, TRIPURA
• Hozagiri dance is the most popular and spectacular dance of the Reang
community of Tripura.
• The occasions in which Reang women perform Hozagiri are known as
Mailuma and Maiktah, signifying the festival of new harvest and worship
of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity.
• The Reangs believe that when the goddess is pleased by entertaining with
dance and songs, she blesses them with bumper crops.
• Thus, the theme of this dance is mostly connected with cultivation.
• Standing on the pitcher, they move the metal plates while dancing on it
while keeping the bottle on the head atop which is a oil lamp alight or pick
up a flower from the ground bowing their body back.
• All along the dance they twist their waist with much finesse
• DBOBIA, UTTAR PRADESH
• The Dhobia dance is performed on the occasion of birth, marriages and festivals
like Dusshehra and Holi, The dance is popular among the dhobi (Washermen)
community of eastern Uttar Pradesh in which only male dancers participate.
• The dance is basically in the form of a dance-drama.
• It usually begins with the recital of a couplet in praise of the Almighty.
• Amongst the dancers, one person wearing a royal costume enters the arena
riding a dummy horse followed by other dancers.
• The group of musicians also stand behind the dancers playing their instruments
• The dance begins with the music provided by drums, cymbals and ghunghroos
which are tied on waist and ankles.
• A traditional wind instrument, called ransingha, which is the centre of attraction
plays a significant role in boosting up the tempo of the dancers.
• Hori, Kajri, Chaiti, Kaharwa, Lachari, Thumari, Dadra and Nirgun songs are
adopted in Dhobia dance. The dance is accompanied by Bhojpuri and Awadhi folk
songs.
Classical Dances of India
• The criteria for being considered as classical is the style's
adherence to the guidelines laid down in Natyashastra, which
explains the Indian art of acting.
• The Sangeet Natak Akademi currently confers classical status on
eight Indian classical dance styles: Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu),
Kathak (North, West and Central India), Kathakali(Kerala),
Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Odissi (Odissa), Manipuri
(Manipur), Mohiniyattam (Kerala), and Sattriya (Assam).
• All classical dances of India have roots in Hindu arts and religious
practices.
• 1. BHARATNATYAM - TAMIL NADU
• Bharatnatyam dance - where one dancer takes on many roles in a single
performance.
• Style was kept alive by the devadasis, who were young girls 'gifted‘ by their
parents to the temples and who were married to the gods.
• Devadasis performed music and dance as offerings to the deities, in the
temple courtyards.
• As a solo dance, Bharatnatyam leans heavily on the abhinaya or mime
aspect of dance - the nritya, where the dancer expresses the sahitya
through movement and mime.
• Varnam- most important composition of the Bharatnatyam repertoire,
encompasses both nritta and nritya and epitomises the essence of this
classical dance form.
• Dancer here performs complicated well graded rhythmic patterns in two
speeds showing the control over rhythm, and then goes on to depict in a
variety of ways, through abhinaya the lines of the sahitya.
• After the strenuousvarnam, the dancer performs a number
of abhinaya items expressing a variety of moods.
• Bhava or rasa is woven into the sahitya and then expressed by
the dancer.
• Bharatnatyam performance ends with atillana which has its
origin in the tarana of Hindustani music.
• The finale of the piece is a series of well designed rhythmic lines
reaching a climax.
• The performance ends with a mangalam invoking the blessings of
the Gods.
• The accompanying orchestra consists of a vocalist, a mridangam
player, violinist or veena player, a flautist and a cymbal player.
• The person who conducts the dance recitation is the Nattuvanar.
• 2. KATHAK- UTTAR PRADESH
• Kathakars or story-tellers, are people who narrate stories largely based on episodes from
the epics, myths and legends.
• It probably started as an oral tradition. Mime and gestures were perhaps added later on to
make the recitation more effective.
• Vaishnavite cult which swept North India in the 15th century. And the resultant bhakti
movement contributed to a whole new range
of lyrics and musical forms
• Dance in Raslila, however, was mainly an extension of the basic mime and gestures of
theKathakars or story-tellers which blended easily with the existing traditional dance.
• In both Hindu and Muslim courts, Kathak became highly stylised and came to be regarded as
a sophisticated form of entertainment.
• Under the Muslimsthere was a greater stress on nritya and bhava giving the dance graceful,
expressive and sensuous dimensions.
• The weight of the body is equally distributed along the horizontal and vertical axis.
• Full foot contact is of prime importance where only the toe or the ball of the foot are used,
their function is limited.
• No deflections and no use of sharp bends or curves of the upper or lower part of
the body.
• Torso movements emerge from the change of the shoulder line rather than
through the manipulations of the backbone or upper chest and lower waist
muscles.
• Both the drummer (here the drum is either a pakhawaj, a type of mridangam, or a
pair of tabla) and the dancer weave endless combinations on a repetitive melodic
line.
• A poetic line set to music is interpreted with gestures in other numbers, such as
thetumri, bhajan, dadra - all lyrical musical compositions.
• Both innritta (pure dance) and the abhinaya (mime) there is immense scope for
improvisation of presenting variations on a theme.
• Being the only classical dance of India having links with Muslim culture, it
represents a unique synthesis of Hindu and Muslim genius in art.
• Further, Kathak is the only form of classical dance wedded to Hindustani or the
North Indian
• 3. KUCHIPUDI- ANDHRA PRADESH
• 'At times, even though the dramatic situation did not demand, solo dancing was being
presented to punctuate the presentation and to enhance the appeal.
• One such number istarangam inspired by the Krishna-leela tarangini of Teerthanarayana
Yogi.
• To show the dexterity of the dancers in footwork and their control and balance over their
bodies, techniques like dancing on the rim of a brass plate and with a pitcher full of water
on the head was introduced.
• Acrobatic dancing became part of the repertoire
• There are now two forms of Kuchipudi; the traditional musical dance-drama and the solo
dance.
• A recital of Kuchipudi begins with an invocatory number, as is done in some other classical
dance styles. Earlier the invocation was limited toGanesha Vandana. Now other gods are
also invoked.
• It is followed bynritta, that is, non-narrative and abstract dancing. A Kuchipudi recital is
usually concluded with tarangam.
• music that accompanies the dance is according to the classical school of Carnatic music
and is delightfully syncopatic.
• Orchestra- mridangam, violin/veena & cymbal.
• 4. KATHAKALI- KERALA
• Comparatively recent origin.
• Chakiarkoothu, Koodiyattam,Krishnattam and Ramanattam are few of
the ritual performing arts of Kerala which have had a direct influence on
Kathakali in its form and technique.
• Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories,
which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics.
• Kathakali is a visual art whereaharya, costume and make-up are suited to the characters, as
per the tenets laid down in the Natya Shastra.
• The face of the artist is painted over to appear as though a mask is worn. The lips, the
eyelashes and the eyebrows are made to look prominent. A mixture of rice paste and lime is
applied to make thechutti on the face which highlights the facial make-up.
• The characters in a Kathakali performance are broadly divided
intosatvika, rajasika and tamasikaSatvika characters are noble,
heroic, generous and refined.
• A large oil-fed lamp is placed in front of the stage and two people hold
a curtain calledTirasseela on the stage, the main dancers stand behind it
before the performance.
• The technical details cover every part of the body from facial muscles to fingers, eyes, hands
and wrists.
• The facial muscles play an important part. The movement of the eyebrows, the eye-balls and
the lower eye-lids as described in the Natya Shastra are not used to such an extent in any other
dance style.
• The weight of the body is on the outer edges of the feet which are slightly bent and curved
• • The characters in a Kathakali performance are broadly divided
intosatvika, rajasika and tamasikaSatvika characters are noble,
heroic, generous and refined.
• A large oil-fed lamp is placed in front of the stage and two people hold
a curtain calledTirasseela on the stage, the main dancers stand behind it
before the performance.
• The technical details cover every part of the body from facial muscles to
fingers, eyes, hands and wrists.
• The facial muscles play an important part. The movement of the
eyebrows, the eye-balls and the lower eye-lids as described in the Natya
Shastra are not used to such an extent in any other dance style.
• The weight of the body is on the outer edges of the feet which are
slightly bent and curved
• 5. ODISSI- ODISHA
• Archaeological evidence of this dance form dating back to the 2nd century B.C. is
found in the caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri near Bhubaneshwar.
• With Hinduism taking roots in Orissa by about the 7th century A.D., many
imposing temples were erected.
• The Sun Temple at Konarak, built in the 13th century, with its Natya mandap or
Hall of dance, marks the culmination of the temple building activity in Orissa.
• These dance movements, frozen in stone, continue to inspire Odissi dancers even
today.
• Themaharis, who were originally temple dancers came to be employed in
royal courts which resulted in the degeneration of the art form.
• Around this time, a class of boys called gotipuas were trained in the art, they
danced in the temples and also for general entertainment. Many of today's gurus
of this style belong to the gotipua
• Facial expressions, hand gestures and body movements are used to suggest a
certain feeling, an emotion or one of the ninerasas.
• The techniques of movement are built around the two basic postures of theChowk(above)
and the Tribhanga(left).
• The chowk is a position imitating a square - a very masculine stance with the weight of the
body equally balanced.
• The tribhanga is a very feminine stance where the body is deflected at the neck, torso and
the knees.
• With the lower half of the body remaining static, the torso moves from one side to the
other along the axis passing through the centre of the upper half of the body.
• Great training is required for this control so as to avoid any shoulder or hip movement.
• There are certain foot positions with flat, toe or heel contact.
• These are used in a variety of intricate combinations.
• Almost all leg movements are spiral/circular
• Hand gestures play an important role both innritta where they are used
only as decorative embellishments and in nritya where they are used for communication.
• orchestra -pakhawaj , flute, sitar / violin and manjira
• In each performance, even a modern Odissi dancer still reaffirms the faith of the
devadasis or maharis where they sought liberation or moksha through the medium of dance
• 6. SATTRIYA- ASSAM - Introduced in the 15th century A.D by the great Vaishnava saint and
reformer of Assam, Mahapurusha Sankaradeva as a powerful medium for propagation of the
Vaishnava faith. This neo-Vaishnava treasure of Assamese dance and drama has been, for
centuries, nurtured and preserved with great commitment by the Sattras (
Vaishnavamaths/monasteries). Because of its religious character & association with the
Sattras, it has been aptly named Sattriya.
• There were two dance forms prevalent in Assam before the neo-Vaishnava movement such
as Ojapali and Devadasi with many classical elements.
• Two varieties of Ojapali dances are still prevalent in Assam i.e. Sukananni or Maroi Goa Ojah
and Vyah Goa Ojah. Sukananni Oja paali is of Shakti cult and Vyah Goa Oja paali is of
Vaishnava cult. Sankaradeva included Vyah Goa Ojah into his daily rituals in Sattra. Till now
Vyah Goa Ojah is a part of rituals of the Sattras of Assam. The dancers in a Oja paali chorus
not only sing and dance but also explain the narration by gestures and stylized movements.
• As far as Devadasi dance is concerned, resemblance of a good number of rhythmic
syllables and dance postures along with footwork with Sattriya dance is a clear indication of
the influence of the former on the latter. • Other visible influences on Sattriya dance are
those from Assamese folk dances namely Bihu, Bodos etc. • Sattriya dance tradition is
governed by strictly laid down principles in respect of hastamudras, footworks, aharyas,
music etc.
• 7. MANIPURI- MANIPUR
• Because of its geographical location, the people of Manipur have been protected from
outside influences, and this region has been able to retain its unique traditional culture.
• Lai Haraoba(merrymaking of the gods)is one of the main festivals still performed in Manipur
which has its roots in the pre-Vaishnavite period. The principal performers are
the maibas and maibis (priests and priestesses) who re-enact the theme of the creation of
the world.
• With the arrival of Vaishnavism in the 15th century A.D., new compositions based on
episodes from the life of Radha and Krishna were gradually introduced.
• Manipur dance has a large repertoire, however, the most popular forms
are the Ras, the Sankirtana and the Thang-Ta.
• There are five principal Ras dances of which four are linked with
specific seasons, while the fifth can be presented at any time of the year.
In Manipuri Ras, the main characters are Radha, Krishna and the
• A short fine white muslin skirt is worn over it. A dark coloured velvet blouse covers the
upper part of the body and a traditional white veil is worn over a special hair-do which falls
gracefully over the face. Krishna wears a yellow dhoti, a dark velvet jacket and a crown of
peacock feathers.
• The Kirtan form of congregational singing accompanies the dance which is known as
Sankirtana in Manipur.
• The male dancers play the Pung and Kartal while dancing.
• The masculine aspect of dance - the Choloms are a part of the Sankirtana tradition.
• The Pung and Kartal choloms are performed at all social and religious festivals.
• The martial dancers of Manipur - the Thang-ta - have their origins in the days when man's
survival depended on his ability to defend himself from wild animals.
• The Manipuri classical style of singing is calledNat - very different from both north and
south Indian music, this style is immediately recognizable with its high pitched open
throated rendering with particular type of trills and modulations.
• The main musical instrument is thePung or the Manipuri classical drum.
• Besides theRas and other leelas, each stage in one's life is celebrated
with Sankirtana performances - child birth, upanayanam, wedding and shradha are all
occasions for singing and dancing in Manipur.
• The whole community participates as song and dance form part of daily life expressions.
• 8. MOHINIYATTAM- KERALA
• The swaying coconut trees in the gentle breeze is reminiscent of the soft and languorous
movements of Mohiniyattam - the feminine classical dance form of Kerala.
• Literally meaning
the Dance of the Enchantress, it is deeply rooted in femininity, GRACE (Lasya) and BEAUTY
(Sringara) forming the quintessence of this dance form.
• Of all the classical South Indian styles, Mohiniyattam can be singled out with admirable
distinction, for it's characteristic body movements, marked by the graceful sway of the torso.
• What is unique is the easy going rise and fall of the body, with emphasis mainly on the torso.
The movements are never abrupt, but dignified, easy, natural, restrained and yet subtle.
• The glances, postures, gait employed are so subtle and graceful that they convey the infinite
suggestiveness of radiant love.
• The traditional costume worn in Mohiniyattam is white with a gold border, and gold
ornaments are worn.
• The unique coiffure with hair gathered on the left side of the head reflect it's aesthetic
appeal, making it distinct from the other dance forms of India.
• The regional system of music that Mohiniyattam follows is the SOPANA style which in it's
lyricism is evocative of the spiritual element.
Classical Musical Instrument of India
• Natya Shastra, compiled by Bharat Muni, divides
musical instruments into four main categories on
the basis of how sound is produced.
1. Tata Vadya / Chordophones- String instruments
2. Sushira Vadya / Aerophones- Wind instruments
3. Avanaddha Vadya / Membranophones- Percussion
instruments
4. Ghana Vadya / Idiophones- Solid instruments
• (1) TATA VADYA - STRING INSTRUMENTS
• The vibration of a string or chord produces sound.
• Vibrations are caused by plucking or by bowing on the string, which has
been pulled taut.
• Length of string/wire, degree to which it has been tightened, determines
the pitch of the note and also to some extent the duration of the sound.
• Four Main Types:
o Harps - Large string instrument, placed on ground and played.
• Lyres - Similar to Harp but small in size and can be carried on hand.
• Zithers - Strings are mounted on Body. Size of Instrument is limited to
Sound Base.Example Santooro Lutes - String Instruments with Neck.
Example: Veena, Sitar,Sarod
• String Instruments can be differentiated based on other paramters:o Based
on Number of Strings: Monochord (Sitar) or Polychords(Veena).o Fretted
(guitar) or Frettlesso Based on method of playing- Plucked & Bowed• Oldest
evidence - harps in the shape of the hunter’s bow.
• Examples of String Instruments: Veena
• It is a Polychord
• Played by Plucking strings
• Has 7-Strings
• Lute type of String Instrument as it has long neck
• Veena is mentioned in Vedas.
• In Hindustani (Northern) Music there are two types
of Veena - Rudra Veena & Vichitra Veena
• In Carnatic ((Southern) Music there are again two
types of Veena - Saraswati Veena & Chitra Veena
• Sitar
• Sitar is Monochord which essentially means that just one
string is sufficient for playing whole melody.
• Has long neck and has to be plucked for playing.
• Mainly used in Hindustani music.
• Amir Khusrao is said to have invented Sitar in 13th century.
Sarod
• Afghani Origin
• Sarod is short-necked, fretless string instrument.
• Used in Hindustani music
• Plucked with traingluar java.
• Santoor
• Santoor is an example Zither type of String Instrument
• Smaller version of Santoor is called Swaramandal
• For melody Santoor is struck with thin bamboo sticks.
• Part of Kashmir tradition.
Sarangi
• Sarangi is Bowed instrument opposite to that of Violen
which is bowed in inverted position.
• Example of Lute
• North India used.
• (2) SUSHIRA VADYA- WIND INSTRUMENTS
• Sound is produced by blowing air into an hollow column.
• Pitch of the note is determined by controlling the air passage
and the melody is played by using the fingers to open and close
the in the instrument.
• The simplest of these instruments is the flute. Generally flutes
are made of bamboo or wood and the Indian musician prefers
these due to the tonal and musical attributes of these materials.
• Excavations of the Indus civilizations have shown bird whistles
of clay, and seals which show wind and percussion instruments.
• There is reference in the Vedas to an instrument-the Venu
which was used as an accompaniment to chanting and recitation.
There is also mention of a kind of a flute called the Nadi.
• Wind instruments are roughly divided into two categories on the basis of how
sound is produced. They are
Flutes
• Double flutes are mostly played by musicians of the tribal and rural areas
• They resemble beak flutes which have a narrow aperture at one end.
• One finds references to these types of instruments in the sculptures of the first
century in the Sanchi Stupa which shows a musician playing on a double flute.
Reed instruments
• Reed instruments like the Shehnai, Nadaswaram, etc., have one or two reeds
inserted in the hollow beak or tube of the instrument,
• these vibrate when air is blown into them.
• reeds are bound together with a gap between them before inserting
into the body of the instrument.
• The body of the tube is conical in shape narrow at the blowing end
and opening out gradually with a metallic bell at the farther end to enhance the
volume of the sound.
• A set of spare reeds, an ivory or silver needle for adjusting and cleaning the reeds
are also hung from the mouth piece of the instrument
• 3) AVANADDHA VADYA - PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS
• Sound is produced by striking the animal skin which has been
stretched across an earthern or metal pot or a wooden barrel or
frame.
• The earliest references to such instruments have been found in the
Vedas where there is mention of Bhumi Dundhubhi; this was a
hollow pit dug in the ground and covered with the
hide of a buffalo or ox which was stretched across the pit.
• The tail of the animal was used for striking the animal hide and
thus sound was produced.
• The main categories are- Oordhwaka, Ankya, Alingya and the
waisted or the Damaru family of drums.
• Tabla
• Tabla pair is a set of two vertical Oordhwaka drums.
• right side is called the Tabla and the left, the Bayan or Dagga.
• Tabla has a wooden body with a covering of animal skin, this is held together with leather
straps.
• Between the straps and the wooden body, oblong wooden
blocks are placed for tuning the drums.
• syahi(ink) paste applied in the centre of the animal skin, the tabla can be tuned accurately
by striking the rims with a hammer.
• body of the bayan is made of clay or metal and is covered with animal skin which also has
syahi paste applied on it. Some musicians do not tune this drum to an accurate pitch.
• tabla pair is used as accompaniment to vocal and instrumental Hindustani music and with
many dance forms of northern India.
• complicated talas of the Hindustani music are played with great virtuosity on the tabla.
• Prominent musicians playing the tabla today are-Ustad Alla Rakha Khan and his son Zakir
Hussain, Shafat Ahmed and Samata Prasad
• Ankya
• Ankya drums are held horizontally before the musician and
usually both sides are covered with animal hide.
• Striking both sides with sticks or fingers produces sound.
• Mridangam, Pakhawaj, Khol, etc. are prominent.
• musician may sit on the floor and play the instrument or
hang it from the neck while dancing or standing.
• Seals, which have been excavated of the Indus Civilization,
show figures of men playing the horizontal drums hung from
the neck.
• Oordhwaka
• Oordhwaka drums are placed vertically before the musician and striking them
with sticks or the fingers produces sound.
• Prominent among these are the Tabla pair and Chenda.
Alingya
• drums have the animal hide fixed to a wooden round frame and are embraced or
held close to the body with one hand while the other hand is used for playing on
the instrument.
• Duff, Dufflies, etc. are very popular.
Damaru
• Instruments in this category range from, the small Huddaka of Himachal
Pradesh to the larger instrument known as Timila of the southern region.
• Huddaka is struck with the hands while Timila is hung from the
shoulders and played with sticks and fingers.
• also known as the hourglass variety of drums as their shape resembles an
hourglass.
• (4) GHANA VADYA - SOLID INSTRUMENTS
• Earliest instruments invented by man are said to be
the Ghana Vadya.
• Once constructed, this variety of instrument do not
need special tuning prior to playing.
• principally rhythmic in function and are best suited
as accompaniment to folk and tribal music and dance.
Jhanj Player, Konarak, Orissa
• In the Sun temple of Konarak, Orissa, we see this
large sculpture of a lady playing the Jhanj.
• Ghatam, Carnatic music of South India.
• Ghatam is an earthenware pot; the artist uses the fingers,
thumbs, palms, and heels of the hands to strike its outer
surface.
• Hitting the mouth of the pot with an open hand creates an
airy lowpitch bass sound, called gumki.
• artist sometimes presses the mouth of the pot against
their bare belly, which deepens the tone of the bass stroke,
and is another way to produce the gumki sound.
• Different tones can be produced by hitting different areas
of the pot with different parts of the hands.
• The ghatam usually accompanies a mridangam.
Important Dynaties of Rajasthan
• Mahajanpada Period (500 BCE)
• The modern districts of Jaipur, Alwar & Bharatpyr formed
part of Mahajanpada of Machcha or Matsya.
• The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagari (present-day
Bairat), which is said to have been named after
its founder king, Virata.
• In Pali literature, the Matsya tribe is usually associated with
the Surasena.
• The kingdom came under the control of the neighboring
Chedi Kingdom in the 5th century.
• Alexander Invasion (326 BC)
• Because of Alexander’s invasion in 326 BCE tribes of South Punjab
especially Malav, Shivi and Arjunayan migrated to Rajasthan.
• Maurya Rule in Rajasthan (321-184 BCE)
• Part of modern day Rajasthan was under occupation of Maurya Rule.
• The ruins of the Bijak-ki-pahadi, a Buddhist Chaitya from the 3rd century
BCE located in Bairat, are the oldest free-standing Buddhist structures in
India.
• Maan Mori, of the Maurya dynasty ruled the kingdom till 734 AD when
he was killed by Bappa Rawal of the Guhilot clan.
• Born as Kalbhoj, Bappa Rawal was the founder of a dynasty, which later
comes to rule Mewar.
• Sakas (1st AD)
• The Indo-Scythians are a branch of the Sakas who migrated from southern
Siberia into Bactria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Gujarat,
Maharashtra and Rajasthan, from the of the 2nd century BCE to the 4th
century CE.
• The first Saka king in India was Maues or Moga who established Saka power
in Gandhara and gradually extended supremacy over north-western India.
Western Satraps
• The Western Satraps (35-405 CE) were Saka rulers of modern Gujarat,
southern Sindh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states.
• They were successors to the Indo-Scythians and were contemporaneous
with the Kushan Empire, which ruled the northern part of the Indian
subcontinent.
• Rajasthan In Gupta Period
Before the rise of Gupta’s, Rudrasimha II, of the Western Satraps, ruled
Rajasthan. Samudra Gupta defeated Rudrasimha II in 351 A.D to capture
the southern part of Rajasthan.
• Various Sculptures of Gupta Period are found in Ajmera (Dungarpur),
Abhaneri (jaipur), Mandore, Osiyan (Jodhpur), Neelkanth, Sacheli
(Alwar) & Kalyanpur, Jagat (Udaipur).
Huna Empire in Rajasthan In 503 C.E, Huna King Toranmal defeated
Gupta’s and occupied Rajasthan
Vardhana Empire
• After the downfall of the Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century,
North India was split into several independent kingdoms. Prabhakara
Vardhana, who belonged to the Pushyabhuti family, extended his
control over neighbouring states. Around 606 CE, Harsha Vardhana
asceded the throne and ruled till 647 C.E.
• Gurjara Kingdom
• From 550 to 1018 AD, the Gurjars played a great part
in history of Northern India nearly for 500 years.
• The Gurjara-Pratihara King Nagabhatt I won Kannuaj
and established rule over most of Rajasthan.
• The capital of their Kingdom was shreemal, which is
old name of Bhinmal in Jalore.
• The Origin of Rajputs
• The term Rajput starts coming in use from the 6th Century AD.
• The origin of the Rajputs is the subject of debate.
• There are four main streams of thought on origin of Rajputs:Foreign origin
theory of Rajputs
• This theory says that the Rajputs are descendents of the races like Sakas,
Kushanas, Hunas etc. Dr. VA Smith, Col. James Todd, William Crooks supported
this theory.
• The main argument of James Todd behind the foreign origin of the Rajputs
was that these people worshipped Fire and Fire was the main deity of the
Sakas and Hunas.
Mixed Origin Theory
• This theory as put forward by Dr. DP Chatterjee says that Rajput is a mixed
race.
• Some of them were descendents of the Aryans while some of them were from
the foreign races such as Hunas, Sakas etc
• Kashtriya theory of origin
• This theory was propounded by Gauri Shankar Ojha and says that the
Rajputs are NOT from the foreign origin and they are descendents of the
mythological Khatriya Heroes like Rama.
• The theory divides the Rajput based on their lineage as Suryavanshi &
Chandravanshi, which they trace from Surya and Chandra.
• They worship fire as the Aryans did and worship of fire was not the
tradition of the Foreigners only.
Agnikula Theory
• This theory comes from the Prithvirajraso of Chandarbardai. According to
this theory, Rajputs were the result of Yagya performed by Hrishi Vashistha
at “Guru Shikhar” in Mount Abu.
• The four Rajput clans from Agnikunda are Chauhans, Chalukyas, Parmaras
and Pratiharas. Muhnot Nainsi & Suryamal Mishran also support this
theory
• Pratihars of Mandore
• Mandore is an ancient town, and was the seat of the Pratiharas of Mandavyapura,
who ruled the region in the 6th century CE.
• The origin of the dynasty is described in two inscriptions: the 837 CE Jodhpur
inscription of Bauka and the 861 CE Ghantiyala (or Ghatiyala) inscription of
Kakkuka.
• Raja Harishchandra Pratihara is described as the founder of the clan. He had four
sons: Bhogabhatta, Kakka, Rajjila and Dadda.
• Nagabhata, fourth in line from Harichandra, moved his capital from
Mandavyapura to Medantaka (modern Merta).
• Rudolf Hoernlé assumed a period of 20 years for each generation, and placed the
dynasty's founder Harichandra in c. 640 CE. Baij Nath Puri placed Harichandra in c.
600 CE. R. C. Majumdar, on the other hand, assumed a period of 25 years for each
generation, and placed him in c. 550 CE.
• The following is a list of the dynasty's rulers and estimates of their reigns, assuming
a period of 25 years:
• • Harichandra alias Rohilladhi (c. 550 CE) • Rajilla (c. 575 CE)
• Narabhatta alias Pellapelli (c. 600 CE) • Nagabhata alias Nahada (c. 625
CE)
• Tata and Bhoja (c. 650 CE) • Yashovardhana (c. 675 CE)
• Chanduka (c. 700 CE) • Shiluka alias Silluka (c. 725 CE)
• Jhota (c. 750 CE) • Bhilladitya alias Bhilluka (c. 775 CE)
• Kakka (c. 800 CE) • Bauka (c. 825 CE) • Kakkuka (c. 861 CE)
• After the disintegration of the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, one branch of
Pratiharas continued to rule at Mandore.
• In 1395 CE, a princess of this branch married Rao Chunda of Rathore clan.
• As a result, Rao Chunda received the Junagarh fort in Mandore in dowry,
and moved his capital to the site.
• The town remained the Rathore capital until 1459 CE, when Rao Jodha
shifted his capital to the newly founded city of Jodhpur
• Pratihars of Bhinmal (Jalore)
• The strongest of the Gurjara-Prathira branch was the
one at Bhinmal, under king Vyaghramukh.
• The Gurjar clan, which ruled at Bhinmal was known as
Chapas (this name is a short version of Chapotkrisht,
sanskit word which means excelled in archery or
strong bowmen).
• As per the records of Heun Tsang, the famous
astronomer and mathematician Bramhagupta was in
the court of Vyaghramukha.
• KINGS OF BHINMAL BRANCH OF GURJARA-
PRATIHARA:
• Raja Nagabhata I Pratihara
• He was the founder of Bhinmal branch of Pratihara.
• He formed a triple alliance with Jaysimha & Bappa Rawal to
• Raja Yashovardhan Pratihara
• Raja Watsraj Pratihara
• He was the first Pratihara ruler who occupied the Kanauj.
• He defeated Dharmapala of Gauda country.
• But he was defeated in the hands of Dhruva of Rashtrakuta
dynasty.
• Kings of Bhinmal branch of Gurjara- Pratihara:
• Raja Nagabhata I Pratihara
• He was the founder of Bhinmal branch of Pratihara.
• He formed a triple alliance with Jaysimha & Bappa Rawal to
• Raja Yashovardhan Pratihara
• Raja Watsraj Pratihara
• He was the first Pratihara ruler who occupied the Kanauj.
• He defeated Dharmapala of Gauda country.
• But he was defeated in the hands of Dhruva of Rashtrakuta
dynasty.
• Raja Nagabhata II Pratihara
• He got victory over Kannauj.
• He was defeated in the hands of Govinda of Rashtrakuta dynasty.
• He defeated Dharmapala and Chakrayudha in the battle of
Mudgagiri.
• Raja Mihir Bhoj Pratihara
• During the period of Mihira Bhoja Kanauj was restored to its
former glory.
• Mihira Bhoja defeated Devapala of Bengal.
• Suleiman, Arab traveller visited the court of Mihira Bhoja in 851
A.D.
• Raja Mahendrapal Pratihara
• Raja Mahipal Pratihara
• After the downfall of Prathiharas, their capital Kannauj, was occupied by
Gahadwalas (Rathores).
• Chandradeva, who belonged to Rathore clan of Rajput warriors, defeated Gopala
and established the Gahadavala dynasty.
• After defeating Prthviraj Chauhan in the second Battle of Tarain, Muhammad of
Ghur attacked Jaychand.
• In 1194, Battle of Chandwar took place in which Muhammad Ghori defeated
Jaychand.
• Soon the kingdom of Gahadwalas was destroyed.
• Rao Siyaji, grand son of Jai Chandra, of Kannauj, came to marwar during his
pilgrimage to dwarka.
• His Son, Rao Asthan conquered Pali, and Khed (in western Marwar), but ultimately
got killed in battle by Sultan Jalauddin Khilji of Delhi.
• Rao Chanda/Chundarji, 10th in succession from Siyaji, finally wrested control of
Marwar from the Gurjara Pratiharas – and established rule of Rathores in Marwar.
Jodhpur was the primary state of Rathores but different states (Bikaner, Kishangarh
etc) were also founded by different Rathore rulers.
• Rathores of Jodhpur
• Rao Chanda/Chundarji secured & found kingdom of Marwar.
• Rao Chanda, is killed in battle by Salim Shah of Multan.
• The king’s son, Kanha, subsequently has to fight to retain his throne when
his brother Rao Ranmal.
• Ultimately, Ranmal succeeds.
• Rao Jodha(1438 – 1489)
• Son of Ranmal becomes first fully independent king of Jodhpur,
• 1459- Laid foundation of modern city of Jodhpur
• Reconquers Mandore from the Sisodiyas of Mewar (Rana Kumbha).
• Began Construction of Mehrangarh fort
• Jodha’s son Rao Beeka – founded the kingdom of Bikaner
• Rao Satal (1489-1492) • Rao Suja (1492 1515)
• Rao Biram Singh (1515-1515) Son of Bagha • Rao Ganga (1515-1532)
• Rao Maldeo (1532-1562)
• Maldeo refused to ally with either the Sur Empire or the
Mughal Empire after Humayun regained control of north
India in 1555.
• Muslim historian Ferishta calls him as the “most Potent Ruler
of Hindustan”
• In 1543, Battle of Sammel: with Sher Shah Suri – Maldeo lost.
• In 1562, lost Merta and Ajmer to Emperor Akbar, and forced
to send two of his sons as hostages to the Imperial Court
• Rao Chandra Sen (1562-1565) - 3rd Son but Maldeo named
him successor
• Rao Chandra Sen (1562-1565) - 3rd Son but Maldeo named
him successor
• Elder brother Udai Singh, sided with Akbar – Battle of Merta 1562 – Lost his
territories in wars with the Mughals.
• He was defeated but refused to form any alliance with Mughals.
• He continued his struggle until his death in 1581 at Pali, after which,
Marwar submitted to Mughal rule in 1583
• Raja Rai Singh (1659-1659) - Son of Raja Amar Singh
• Maharaja Ajit Singh (1679-1724) - Jaswant Singh died, he left no male heir.
But 2 of his wives were pregnant. Ajit was born later.
• However, Aurangzeb appointed Indra Singh as ruler.
• Durgadas went to Auranzeb to recognize Ajit singh as successor but
Aurangzeb kept condition of converting Ajit to muslim. Durga das disagreed.
o For 20 years, Marwar remained under direct Mughal rule, Durga das
continued stuggle.
• Raja Rai Singh (1659-1659) - Son of Raja Amar Singh
• Maharaja Ajit Singh (1679-1724) - When Jaswant Singh died, he left no male heir.
But 2 of his wives were pregnant. Ajit was born later. However, Aurangzeb
appointed Indra Singh as ruler. Durgadas went to Auranzeb to recognize Ajit singh
as successor but Aurangzeb kept
condition of converting Ajit to muslim. Durga das disagreed.
• For 20 years, Marwar remained under direct Mughal rule, Durga das continued
stuggle.
• When Aurangzeb died 1707, Durga das seized occasion, Ajit Singh regained
Jodhpur. Maharaja Abhai Singh (1724-1749)
• Battle of Ahmedabad against Sarbaland – won
• Battle of Gangwan against Amber.
• Maharaja Ram Singh (1749-1751)-(1753-1772)
• Was defeated in battle by his uncle Bakht Singh at Luniawas, 27 November 1750
and was expelled from Jodhpur and sought refuge in Jaipur.
• Maharaja Bakht Singh (1751-1752)
• Brother of Abhai Singh- defeated his son Ram Singh.
• Maharaja Vijay Singh – 1752-1753) – (1772-1793)
• Maharaja Bhim Singh (1793 1803) Maharaja Man Singh (1803 1843
• Maharaja Abhai Singh (1724-1749)
• Battle of Ahmedabad against Sarbaland – won
• Battle of Gangwan against Amber.
• Maharaja Ram Singh (1749-1751)-(1753-1772)
• Was defeated in battle by his uncle Bakht Singh at Luniawas,
27 November 1750 and was expelled from Jodhpur and
sought refuge in Jaipur.
• Maharaja Bakht Singh (1751-1752)
• Brother of Abhai Singh- defeated his son Ram Singh.
• Maharaja Vijay Singh – 1752-1753) – (1772-1793)
• Maharaja Bhim Singh (1793 1803)
• Maharaja Man Singh (1803 1843
• Rathores of Bikaner:
• During 15th century when Rao Bika, son of Rao Jodha arrived at Bikaner, the
the region was possessed by seven Jat cantons namely Sihag, Dhaka, Punia,
Godara, Saran, Beniwal, Johiya and Kaswan.
• Rao Bika used the mutual rivalry existing between Jat clans to carve out
space for his own kingdom.
• According to James Tod, the spot which Bika selected for his capital, was the
birthright of a Nehra Jat, who would only concede it for this purpose on the
condition that his name should be linked in perpetuity with its surrender.
• Naira, or Nera, was the name of the proprietor, which Bika added to
his own, thus composing that of the future capital, Bikaner.
• Rao Bika(Beeka) (1465-1504)
o Founder of kingdom of Bikaner
o Branch of Rathores – Bika rathores.
o Married daughter of Bhati (jaisalmer)
• Rao Naroji (1504-1505)
• Rao Lunkaran (1505-26)
• Rao Jait Singh (1526-42) - Killed fighting Marwar forces under
Rao Maldeo.
• Rao Kalyan Singh (1542-71) - Marwar forces Kalyan Singh to
flee but he takes help of Sher Shah Suri and defeats Rao
Maldeo
• Resists attack by Mughal, Akbar till 1570, when Akbar gains
submission.
• Raja Raj(Rae) Singh I (1571-1611) - He and Akbar, each
married a princess of Jaisalmer.
• Rai Dalpat Singh Dalip (1612-1613)
• Rai Surat Singh Bhuratiya (1613-1631)
• Rao Karan Singh Jangalpat Badhshah (1631-1667) Deposed
by Aurangzeb
• Maharaja Rao Anup Singh (1669-1698)
• 1st to be granted the title ‘Maharaja’ by Aurangzeb
• Served in the Deccan campaign at Salher in 1672, Bijapur in 1675,
and the siege of Golconda in 1687.
• He was administrator of Aurangabad 1677-1678
• Maharaja Rao Sarup Singh (1698-1700) • Maharaja Rao Sujan Singh (1700-
1735)
• Maharaja Rao Zorawar Singh (1735-1746) • Maharaja Rao Gaj Singh
(1746-1787)
o First of his line granted permission to mint his own coinage by Emperor
Alamgir II
• Maharaja Rao Rai Singh II Raj Singh (1787-1787) • Maharaja Rao Surat
Singh (1787-1828)
• Entered the protection of the East India Company with a subsidiary alliance
in 1818. Maharaja Rao Ratan Singh (1828-51)
• MAHARAJA RAO SARDAR SINGH (1851-72)
o Provided support to British against Indian mutiny of 1857
• Maharaja Rao Dungar Singh (1872-1887)
o First to introduce electricity to Rajasthan.
o He also sets up a police force, a hospital and a modern administrative system.
• Maharaja Sir Rao Ganga Singh (1887-1943)
o 1st World war in France & Flanders 1914-15
o Signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of India on 28 June 1919
• Maharaja Rao Sardar Singh (1851-72)
o Provided support to British against Indian mutiny of 1857
• Maharaja Rao Dungar Singh (1872-1887)
o First to introduce electricity to Rajasthan.
o He also sets up a police force, a hospital and a modern administrative system.
• Maharaja Sir Rao Ganga Singh (1887-1943)
o 1st World war in France & Flanders 1914-15
o Signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of India on 28 June 1919
RATHORES OF BARMER
• In earlier times, Barmer was known by the name “Mallinath” after Mallinath, the
son of Rao Salkha.
• Mallinath is considered a God and still worshiped by Rajputs. The area around the
“Luni” river was called “Malani” or derived from the name Mallinath. In the 18th
century, British rulers adopted the name Barmer or Balmer .
• The name Barmer is derived from the name of the earlier 13th century ruler
Bahada Rao Parmar (Panwar) or Bar Rao Parmar (Panwar), it was named
Bahadamer (“The Hill Fort of Bahada”).
Rulers of Barmer
• Rao Salkha - Rao of Kher
• Rawal Mallinath - Founder of Mahecha Clan ( a Rathore Sub-clan)
• Rawal Jagmal - Rao of Malani
• Rawat Lunka - He attacked Juna with help of his elder brother Rawal Mandalak
which was under Chauhan ruller Mudha ji and made his capital, his descendents
are known as Barmera’s.
• Rawat Shekha • Rawat Jaita
• Rawat Ratoji • Rawat Bhima
• FOUNDER OF PRESENT BARMER CITY
• Rawat Kalyanmal • Rawat Duda ji • Rawat Ram Singh • Rawat Tezpal Singh •
Rawat Bharo ji
o Rao Bhara Ji divided the territory of Barmer equally among his five sons
namely Sahiba Ji, Kishan Dass Ji, Lal Singh Ji, Kheenva Ji and Pabba Ji.
• Rawat Lal Singh ji • Rawat Man Singh
• Rawat Dal Singh • Rawat Bhabhut Singh
• Rawat Panney Singh • Rawat Bakidas
• Rawat Jawahar Singh • Rawat Heera Singh
• Rawat Ratan Singh • Rawat Ummed Singh
• Ex-Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Barmer between
1962–1967, and the Sheo constituency in 1985-1990.
• Rawat Tribhuvan Singh - He is the current heir of Barmer Gaddi, he was
adopted in year 2009 by Late Rawat Umed Singh Ji Rathore’s wife Rani
Sampat Kanwar (daughter of Thikana Mahansar, Shekhawati)
• THE CHAUHAN DYNASTY - The word Chauhan is the vernacular form of the Sanskrit
term Chahamana. While the earlier version of Chandbardai’s work Prthviraj Raso
doesnot mention Chauhan as born from Agnikunda, the later versions do.
• The 15th-century Hammira Mahakavya of Nayachandra Suri & Jayanayak’s Prithviraj
Vijay consider Chauhans as Suryavanshi.
• Pandit Gaurishankar Ojha seconds this opinion.
• Based on Bijloia Inscription (1170 CE), Dr. Dasrath Sharma considers that early
ancestor of Chauhan was born at Ahichchhatrapura in the gotra of sage Vatsa.
Ahichchhatrapura can be identified with modern Nagaur.
• Chahamanas probably started out as petty rulers of Ahichchhatrapura. As the
Chahamana territory expanded, the entire region ruled by them came to be known
as Sapadalaksha.
• In course of time Chauhans formed ruling dynasties at various places. Major
Chauhan dynasties include:
• Chauhans of Shakambhari • Chauhans of Ranthambore • Chauhans of Jalore
Apart from these, there are other ruling dynasties that claim Chauhan descent
including: • Haras o f Hadoti
• THE CHAUHAN DYNASTY
The word Chauhan is the vernacular form of the Sanskrit term Chahamana.
• While the earlier versions of Chandbardai’s work Prthviraj Raso doesnot
mention Chauhan as born from Agnikunda, the later versions do.
• The 15th-century Hammira Mahakavya of Nayachandra Suri & Jayanayak’s
Prithviraj Vijay consider Chauhans as Suryavanshi.
• Pandit Gaurishankar Ojha seconds this opinion.
• Based on Bijloia Inscription (1170 CE), Dr. Dasrath Sharma considers that
early ancestor of Chauhan was born at Ahichchhatrapura in the gotra of
sage Vatsa. Ahichchhatrapura can be identified with modern Nagaur.
• Chahamanas probably started out as petty rulers of Ahichchhatrapura. As
the Chahamana territory expanded, the entire region ruled by them came
to be known as Sapadalaksha.
• In course of time Chauhans formed ruling dynasties at various places. Major
Chauhan dynasties include:
• Chauhans of Shakambhari • Chauhans of Ranthambore • Chauhans of
Jalore Apart from these, there are other ruling dynasties that claim
Chauhan descent including:
• Haras of Hadoti • Vigraha-raja I (c. 734-759 CE) - Chandra-raja I (c. 759-771
CE) • Gopendra-raja (c. 771-784 CE) • Durlabha-raja I (c. 784-809 CE)
• Govinda-raja I (c. 809-836 CE), alias Guvaka I - Constructed Harshnath
Temple in Sikar • Chandra-raja II (c. 836-863 CE) • Govindaraja II (c. 863-890
CE), alias Guvaka II • Chandana-raja (c. 890-917 CE) • Vakpati-raja (c. 917-
944 CE)
• Simha-raja (c. 944-971 CE) • Vigraha-raja II (c. 971-998 CE)
• Durlabha-raja II (c. 998-1012 CE) • Govinda-raja III (c. 1012-1026 CE) •
Vakpati-raja II (c. 1026-1040 CE) • Viryarama (c. 1040 CE) • Chamunda-raja
(c. 1040-1065 CE) • Durlabha-raja III (c. 1065-1070 CE), alias Duśala •
Vigraha-raja III (c. 1070-1090 CE), alias Visala • Prithvi-raja I (c. 1090-1110
CE)
• Ajaya-raja II (c. 1110-1135 CE), Moved the capital to
Ajayameru (Ajmer)
• Repulsed a Ghaznavid attack, and also defeated the Paramara
king Naravarman.
• Arno-raja (c. 1135-1150 CE), alias Ana
• Defeated Turkish invaders
• Constructed Anasagar Lake
• Jagad-deva (c. 1150 CE)
• Vigraha-raja IV (c. 1150-1164 CE), alias Visaladeva
o Expanded the Chauhan territories, and captured Delhi from the Tomaras.
• Apara-gangeya (c. 1164-1165 CE)
• Prithvi-raja II (c. 1165-1169 CE)
• Someshvara (c. 1169-1178 CE)
• Prithvi-raja III (c. 1178-1192 CE)
• Better known as Prithviraj Chauhan
• Defeated Mohd. Ghori in first Battle of Tarain in 1191
• Govinda-raja IV (c. 1192 CE)
• Banished by Hari-raja for accepting Muslim suzerainty;
• Established the Chauhan branch of Ranthambore
• Hari-raja (c. 1193-1194 CE)
• Chauhans of Ranthambore
• The Chauhan lost Ranthambore as a result of defeat of Prithviraja
III in battle of Tarain 1192. by Mohd. Ghori.
• But, Prithviraja’s son Govindaraja IV accepted the Ghurid
suzerainty, and ruled Ranthambore as his vassal.
• Govinda-raja - Son of Prthvi Raja Chauhan III
• Balhana-deva or Balhan • Prahlada or Prahlad,
• Viranarayana or Vir Narayan,
• Vagabhata, son of Balhana; Known as Bahar Deo in bardic
chronicles
• Jaitra-simha or Jaitra Singh
• Hammira-deva or Hammir Dev - In 1299, he defeated Allauddin
Khilji’s army led by Ulugh Khan & Nusrat Khan.
o In 1301, Allauddin Khilji again invaded his kingdom, which
resulted in his defeat and death.
• CHAUHANS OF JALORE
• Prathihar king VatsaRaja was the ruler of Jalore during 8th century. Towards
the end of 12th Century, Parmars ruled here.
• Historians believe that the Jalore fort was built by Parmar rulers. It
is known from a stone inscription of 1238 A.D. of fort that Parmar King
Biral’s-queen Maludevi powered Gold win on Sindhu King.
• Nadol king, Arhan’s, youngest son Kirtipala started Chouhan tradition in
Jalore.
• The Chauhan lineage of Jalore is as under:
• Kirtipala (c. 1160-1182 CE)
• Samara-simha (c. 1182-1204 CE)
• Udaya-simha (c. 1204-1257 CE)
• Chachiga-deva (c. 1257-1282 CE)
• Samanta-simha (c. 1282-1305 CE
• Kanhada-deva (c. 1292-1311 CE)
• Wrote Kanha-Prabhandha: Epic elaborating war
between Kanha Dev & Alaudin Khilji.
SUBSEQUENT RULERS:
• Rathore king Rao Maldev ruled the fort of Jalore in 15th
Century.
• During Akbar’s rule, Abdul Rahim Khan Khana took it
infinitely from Gazni Khan.King.
• Jehangir built the walls of the fort.
• After the death of Aurangzeb it permanently became a
part of Jodhpur.
• Hada of Bundi: In ancient times, the area around Bundi was inhabited by
various local tribes majority group belonging to Meena. Bundi is said to
derive its name from a former Meena tribe chief called Bunda Meena.
Bundi was previously called “Bunda-Ka-Nal”, Nal meaning “narrow ways”.
Later, the region was acquired by Rao Deva Hada, who took over Bundi from
Jaita Meena in 1342, and established a princely state Bundi, renaming the
surrounding area called Hadoti, the land of great Hada Rajputs.
Rulers of Bundi
• Rao Deva Hada (1342-43)
o Laid the foundation of hada state of Bundi after taking possession from
Jaita Meena.
• Rao Napuji (1343-84) • Rao Hamuli (1384 – 1400).
• Rao Birsingh (1400 to 1415). • Rao Biru (1415 to 1470).
• Rao Bandu (1470 to 1491). • Rao Narayan Das (1491 to 1527).
• Rao Suraj Mal (1527 to 1531).• Rao Surtan Singh (1531 to 1544).
• Rao Raja Surjan Singh (1544 to 1585)
• Akbar & Man Singh I – negotiate treaty with Surjan Singh – hence given
title of “Rao Raja”
• Given government of Benares.
• Rao Raja Bhoj Singh (1585 to 1608). • Rao Raja Ratan Singh (1608 to 1632)
• Ratan Singh & his son Madho Singh – fight war against rebels & win during
jehangir reign.
• Jehangir divides Hadoti to Bundi & kota, giving Kota as separate state to
madho Singh
• Shah Jehan confirmed grant of Kota to Madho Singh.
• Rao Raja Chhattar Sal Singh (1632 to 1658)
• Chhatar Singh is made governor of Delhi by Prince Dara Shikoh (the son of
Moghul Emperor Shah Jahan), but he dies fighting against Shah Jahan’s
successor, Aurangzeb.
• Rao Raja Bhao Singh (1658 to1682)
• Fights Aurangzeb and win against Raja Atmaram. Aurangzeb impressed
and reconciles with Rajao Bhao making him governor of Aurangabad.
• Rao Raja Anirudh Singh (1682 to 1696)
• Rao Raja Budh Singh (1696 to 1735) - On Aurangzeb death Budh Singh ji
supports Bahadoor Shah Alam, wheras Ram Singh of Kota sides with
Prince Azim> Hence, rivalry between Bundi & Kota develops.
• Rao Raja Dalel Singh (1735 to 1749).
• Rao Raja Umaid Singh (1749 to 1770) – (1773 -1804).
• Rao Raja Ajit Singh (1770-1773).
• Rao Raja Bishen Singh (1804-1821).
• Maharao Raja Ram Singh Sahib Bahadur (1821-1889)
• Colonel HH Maharao Raja Shri Sir Raghubir Singh Sahib Bahadur (1889-
1927) Supported Britain in WWI
• Major HH Maharao Raja Shri Sir Iishwari Singh Bahadur (1927-1945).
• HH Maharao Raja Shri Bahadur Singh Bahadur (1945-77).
• Hada of Kota
• Kota seceded from Bundi in 1631. • Between 1707- 1713 it was again
reunited with Bundi
• Kota became British protectorate in 1817. • Kota rulers bore the title
“Maharao”.
Rulers of Kota:
• Madho Singh
o 2nd Son of raja rattan Singh of Bundi, who confirmed grant of Kota to
Madho Singh & separation,
took place.
• Mukund Singh • Jagat Singh • Kishore Singh • Ram Singh I (1696-1707)
• United with Bundi (1707-13) • Bhim Singh I (1713-20) • Arjun Singh
(1720-23) • Durjan Sal (1723-56) • Ajit Singh (b. bf.1756-57) • Chhatar Sal
Singh I (1757-64) • Guman Singh (1764-71)
• Umaid Singh I (1771-1819) - Dewan Zalim Singh – formed
state of Jhalawar – 1791
• Kishor Singh II (1819-28) • Ram Singh II (1828-1866)
• Chhatar Sal Singh II (1866-89) • Umaid Singh II (1889-1940)
• Maharo Bhim Singh II (1940-1947)
Jhalas of Jhalawar
• Jhala Zalim Singh , the dewan of Kota, developed Jhalawar
(then Chaoni Umedpura ) as cantonment & township, to
isolate Kota from Maratha invaders.
• In 1838, British rulers separated Jhalawar state from Kota
state and gave it to Jhala Madan Singh, grandson of Jhala
Zalim Singh.
• Rulers of Jhalawar:
• Madan Singh (1838–1845)
• 1st independent ruler of Jhalawar.
• Pirthi Singh (1845–1875)
• Bakht or Zalim Singh (1875–1897)
• HH Sh. Bhawani Singh (1897–1929)
• HH Sh. Rajendra Singh (1929–1943)
• HH Sh. Harish Chandra (1943-till merger of Jhalawar
State in Rajasthan.)
• DEORA OF SIROHI
• The Name Sirohi had been derived from Siranwa hills on the
Western Slope of which it stands.
• In 1405, Rao Sobha Ji (Sixth in descent from Rao Deoraj, the
Progenitor of the Deora Clan of Chauhans ) founded a town
Shivpuri on eastern slope of Siranwa hill which is called KHUBA.
• Sehastramal, the son of Rao Sobha ji founded the present city
SIROHI on western slope and laid foundation stone of the Sirohi
fort on second day of Vaisakh in the year 1482 (V.S.) i.e. 1425
(A.D.) on the top the present town of Sirohi and made it his Capital
which lies on the Western Slope of the Siranwa hills, later all the
area under Deoras came to be known as Sirohi.
• Rulers of Sirohi State:
• Raos
• Durjan Singh – 1697 – 1705 • Umaid Singh I – 1705 – 1749
• Prithvi Singh – 1749 – 1773 • Takhat Singh – 1773 – 1781
• Jagat Singh – 1773 – 1782 • Verisalji II – 1782 – 1808
• Udaibhan Singh – 1808 – 1847 • Sheo Singh -Regent – 1847
– 1862 • Umaid Singh -Regent – 1861 – 1862
• Umaid Singh II – 8 Dec 1862 – 16 Sep 1875
• Keshri Singh – 16 Sep 1875 – 1 Jul 1889
Maha Raos
• Keshri Singh – 1 Jul 1889 – 29 Apr 1920
• Sarup Ram Singh – 29 Apr 1920 – 23 Jan 1946
• Tej Ram Singh – 5 May 1946 – 15 Aug 1947
• Maharani Krishna – 5 May 1946 – 15 Aug 1947.
• The Kingdom of Mewar
The kingdom of Mewar includes present day districts of
Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara.
• The region was originally called Medhpaat and Lord Shiva
(Ekling Nath) is called Medhpateshwar (Lord of Medhpaat).
Over time, the name Medhpath became Mewar.
• The creators of Mewar's ruling dynasty in Rajputana came
originally from the Guhilot clan.
• Foundation stories claim this clan originated in Kashmir and
migrated to Gujarat in the sixth century.
• In the seventh century they migrated again, to the plains of
Mewar, in the area around Magda, which was named after
one of the earliest clan leaders.
• Guhils of Chittorgarh
• Guhil - He is known as the founder of Guhil dynasty.
o Originally he was born in Anandnagar, Gujarat but in 565 C.E, he
established independent city at Nagda (Udaipur).
Bappa Rawal
o Born as Kalbhoj
o Is said to have defeated Maan Mori and laid foundation of Guhilot
Dynasty rule in Mewar.
o Formed triple alliance with Nagabhatta & Jaysimha to defeat Arabs in
Battle of Rajasthan.
• Khumar (753 – 773 ) • Mattat (773 – 793 )
• Bhratrabhat (773 – 813 ) • Sinha (813 – 828)
• Khuman II (828 – 853)
o Repelled up to 24 Muslim attacks
o Ruled a Golden Age in Mewar.
• Mahayak (853 – 878) • Khuman III (878 – 942) • Bhratrabhat II (942 – 943)
• ALLAT (943 – 953)
• Possibly near start of his reign, Allat is driven from Chittor by the Paramara king of
Malwa, Munja Raja, who then rules Chittor and is succeeded by his nephew, Raja
Bhoj.
• Allat establishes a new capital at ancient Ahar.
• (953 – 971) o The death of Allat leaves a gap in the succession, and there is no
Guhilot leader at all for a total of eight years while the Paramaras attack Ahar.
• The Paramara king, Vakpati Raj of Malwa, rules Chittor.
• It takes until 971 for a new Guhilot king to reign.
• Naravan / Narvahan (971 – 973) • Shalivahan (973 – 977)
• Shaktikumar (977 – 993 ) • Amba Prasad (993 – 1007)
o Fought against Mahmud Ghazni (Yamin-ud-Dawlah Mahmud).
• Suchivarma (1007 – 1021) • Narvarma (1021 – 1035)
• Kirtivarma (1035 – 1051) • Yograj (1051 – 1068)
• Bairat / Vairat(1068 – 1088)
• Hanspal (1088 – 1103) • Vairi Singh (1103 – 1107)
• Vijay Singh (1107 – 1127) Ari Singh I (1127 – 1138) o Chittor is again captured by
Malwa.
• • Chaur Singh (1138 – 1148) - The Western Chalukyas attack the Paramaras who hold Chittor.
• Vikram Singh / Vikramaditya I (1148 – 1158)
• Karan Singh (1158 – 1168) - The royal family divides, possibly near the end of Karan Singh’s
reign. His son Rahap establishes the Sisodia branch of the family while another son, Mahap,
establishes the Dungarpur kingdom. • Kshem Singh (1168 – 1172) • Samant Singh (1172 –
1179)
• Samant Singh occupies Bagar (in the Dungarpur area) during his reign. After seven years on
the throne he is slain by Kirtipal Solanki of Nadol in battle at Ghaggar (Punjab).
• Kumar Singh(1179 – 1191) - Possibly relocated capital to Nagda at end of his reign.
• Mathan Singh (1191 – 1211)
• 1191 – 1192 – Mathan Singh fights in the Battles of Tarain, in which the Chauhan ruler,
Prithviraj III, and the Rajput confederation which includes Mewar (the Hindu League) are
defeated by the Ghurid Sultan Mohammed Ghuri.
• 1207 – Chittor is taken and ruled by the Western Chalukyas just as they are facing their own
terminal decline.
• Padam Singh (1211 – 1213) • Jait Singh / Jaitra Singh (1213 – 1253)
• During his reign, Jait Singh defeats the Malwa Rajputs who rule Chittor, reinstating
its fort as the capital of Mewar. This probably occurs shortly after Sultan Iltutmish
of Delhi has destroyed Nagda.
• 1234 – Sultan Iltutmish of Delhi is defeated by Mewar when he invades the region.
• 1253 – 1261 o There is an apparent interregnum. No known ruler of Mewar exists
during this period, although the circumstances behind the gap are unknown. The
relation of the next known ruler of Mewar to his predecessor is also unknown.
• Tej Singh (1261 – 1267) • 1267 – 1273
• There is a second apparent interregnum. No known ruler of Mewar exists during
this period, and the fate of Tej Singh is unknown, as are the circumstances behind
the gap are unknown. It takes six years for Tej Singh’s son to ascend the throne.
• Samar Singh (1273 – 1302) - Samar Singh builds wall around Mahasati in Chittor.
His son, Kumbh Karan, migrates to Nepal (where his descendants become the
Nepalese royal family).
• Ratan Singh (1302 – 1303) - Last Guhilot king to rule
• 1303 – 1st Jauhar of Chittor
• Ala ud din Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, rallied his forces against Mewar, in 1303 AD.
• The Chittorgarh fort was till then considered impregnable and grand, atop a
natural hill.
• But his immediate reason for invading the fort was his obsessive desire to capture
Rani
Padmini, the unrivalled beautiful queen of Rana Ratan Singh.
• The Rana, out of politeness, allowed the Khilji to view Padmini through a set of
mirrors. But this viewing of Padmini further fired Khilji’s desire to possess her. After
the viewing, as a gesture of courtesy, when the Rana accompanied the Sultan to
the outer gate, he was treacherously captured.
• Khilji conveyed to the queen that the Rana would be released only if she agreed to
join his harem. But the queen had other plans. She agreed to go to his camp if
permitted to go in a Royal style with an entourage, in strict secrecy.
• Instead of her going, she sent 700 well armed soldiers disguised in litters and they
rescued the Rana and took him to the fort.
• But Khilji chased them to the fort where a fierce battle ensued at the outer gate of the fort
in which the Rajput soldiers were overpowered and the Rana was killed. Khilji won the battle
on August 26, 1303. Soon thereafter, instead of surrendering to the Sultan, the royal Rajput
ladies led by Rani Padmini preferred to die through the Rajput’s ultimate tragic rite of Jauhar
(self immolation on a pyre). Administration of the captured state is handed to the ruler of
the neighbouring state of Jalore, Maldeo
• SISODIA OF MEWAR
• Rana Hammir (1326-64)
o Progenitor (Shuruwat karne wala) of the Sisodia clan
o Built the Annapoorna Mata temple, located in the Chittorgarh Fort
o Alauddin Khilji defeated Rana Ratan Singh (Padmini ne Jaauhar kiya) and transferred
administration of new territories ( including chitter) to Maldeo, ruler of Jalore.
o Maldeo , married his widowed daughter Songari with Rana Hammir.
o Hammir organized overthrow of Maldeo and established Mewar again in 1326.
• Khaitsi or Khetra Singh (1364-82)
o Son of Rana Hammir
o Conquered back, Mandalgarh, Ajmer, Mandsore & area of Chappan.
o Obtained victory over Sultan of Delhi at Bakrole.
o The Kumbalgarh inscription says that “he captured Zafar Khan.- Sultan of Gujarat
• Rana Lakha (1382- 1421) - Defeated the imperial army of Delhi at Badnor
• Had two Sons – Elder – Rana Choonda – who took oath not to claim throne
of mewar – in the exchange of his father’s marriage to Rani Hansa Bai.
• In compensation – his symbol Lance (Bhala) was superadded to autograph
of prince in all grants to vassals. Hence, Lance of Saloombra still precedes
monogram of Rana.
• In line with promise, Rana Mokul (Son from Hansa Bai) succeeded throne.
Rana Mokul/Mokal Singh (1421-1433)
• After Rana Lakha, as Rana Mokul was minor, Rana Choonda started taking
care of administration.
• But Rani Hansa bai, did not like and asked Rana choonda to leave. He left.
• Rani seek help of father Ranmal of Marwar but later understood intentions
of Ranmal.
• Rani called back Choonda, who came in and rescued Mokul Singh.
• Had 3 sons = Rana Kumbha + 2 & daughter Lal Bae
• Rana Kumbha (1433-68)
• In 1433, defeated Sultan of Malwa, Mahmud Khilji, in Battle of Mandalgarh and
Banas. Erected Vijay Stambh (victory tower) – 37 meter/9 floors.
• Erected 32 Forts in defense of Mewar. Including highest fort in Rajasthan (MRL
1075m) – Kumbhalgarh Additionally he also costructed, the Ranakpur Trailokya-
dipaka Jain temple with its adornments, the Kumbhasvami and Adivarsha temples
of Chittor and the Shantinatha Jain temple.
• Credited with writing the Samgita-raja, the Rasika-priya commentary on the
Gitagovinda, the Sudaprabandha, and the Kamaraja-ratisara
• Sangita-ratnakara and Sangita-krama-dipaka (two books on music by Rana Kumbha.
• During his reign, scholar Atri and his son Mahesa wrote the prashasti (edict) of the
Chittor Kirti-stambha and Kahana Vyasa wrote the Ekalinga-mahamatya.
• Rana kumbha successfully defended Mewar and expanded his territory at a time
when he was surrounded by enemies like Mahmud Khilji of Malwa, Qutbuddin of
Gujrat, Shams Khan of Nagaur and Rao Jodha of Marwar.
• RANA UDAI SINGH I ( 1468-73)
• A In a patricide, Rana Kumbha was killed by his son Udaysimha (Udai Singh
I) or Ooda Singh
• Defeated by his brother – Raemul in battles of Jawar, Darimpur and Pangarh
• Rana Raemul (1473- 1508) - Other Son – Raemul finally succeeded
Khumbha
o By marrying Sringardevi (daughter of Rao Jodha), Raimal ended the
conflict with the Rathores.
• Rana Sanga ( Sangram Singh ) (1508-1528)
• Battle of Gagron: defeated Sultan of Malwa
• Battles of Idgar: 3 battles: fought between Bhar Mal & Rae Mal two princes
of Idar, Rana Sanga supported Rae mal.
• Battle of Khatoli & Dholpur: Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi
• Gujarat Invasion: laid seize at Ahmadnagar (Himmatnagar) – defeated
Sultan.
• Battle of Khanwa: was defeated by Babur
• Ratan Singh II (1528–1531)
• Vikramaditya Singh (1531–1536)
o During his reign, Sultan of Gujarat Bahadur Shah sacked Chittor in 1534, Udai Singh
was sent to Bundi for safety.
o Rana Sanga’s wife Karnavati –send Rakhi to Humayun.
o But Humayun late – 2nd Jauhar of Chittor
• Vanvir Singh (1536–1540)
o Vanvir killed Vikramaditya Singh, and was about to kill Udai Singh II, when Panna
Dhai, rescued him with sacrifice of her won child.
• Udai Singh II (1540–1572)
o 1540, he was crowned in Kumbhalgarh by the nobles of Mewar.
o Maharana Pratap born in same year (9th May-1540)
o In 1562, he gave refuge to Baz Bahadur of Malwa. Using this as a pretext, Akbar attacked
Mewar in October 1563.
o Udai Singh retired to Gogunda.
o Rao Jaimal & Patta – fought with Valor – even Akbar impressed – statute erected at
Fatehpur Sikri
o Jauhar- 3rd Jauhar of chittor (1568)
o Founded city of Udaipur. This became the capital of Mewar from here on.
• • Maharana Pratap(9th May 1540- 29 Jan 1597)
o Pratap Jayanti, is celebrated annually on the 3rd day of the Jyestha Shukla.
o 1576-Akbar deputed Man Singh I against Maharana Pratap – 18 June 1576- Battle of
Haldighati – Pratap defeated.
o Slowly, Pratap recovered many of the territories , made Chavand
o Tod, the famous British antiquarian, gave Pratap the title of ‘Leonidas of Rajasthan’.
• Amar Singh I (1597-1620)
o Born 1559, same year as Udaipur foundation laid by Udai Singh.
o Amar Singh fought with Jehangir
o Battle of Dewar – showed great bravery – killed commander sultan.
o Finally, made peace with Jehangir – treaty negotiated by Shah Jehan – Amar Singh was
relieved of making in person presence to Mughal court.
• Karan Singh II (1620–1628)
• Jagat Singh I (1628–1652) Made jag Mandir in Lake Pichola
• Raj Singh I (1652–1680) Made Rajsamand
• Jai Singh (1680–1698) Treaty with Aurangzeb o Made Lake Jaisamand
• Amar Singh II (1698–1710)
• Sangram Singh II (1710–1734) • Jagat Singh II (1734–1751)
• Pratap Singh II (1751–1754) • Raj Singh II (1754–1762)
• Ari Singh II (1762–1772) • Hamir Singh II (1772–1778)
• Bhim Singh (1778–1828) • Jawan Singh (1828–1838)
• Shambhu Singh (1861–1874)
o Adopted son of Maharana Swarup Singh
o He was the first to set up a school for girls and thus promoted
opportunities of education for everyone.
o He enforced special measures to curb the Sati pratha
• Sajjan Singh (1874–1884) Cousin – was adopted by Maharana Shambhu
Singh.
• Fateh Singh (1884–1930) o Adopted by Sajjan Singh
o Built Cannuaght dam on Lake Dewali – now named FatehSagar
o Built Fateh Prakash Palace in Chittorgarh fort
o Only Maharaja to not attend the Delhi Durbar, both of 1903 and 1911.
Bhupal Singh (1930–1947)
o On 28 July 1921, following some social unrest in Mewar, Fateh Singh was
formally deposed – Bhupal Singh made ruler.
o On 18 April 1948 he became Rajpramukh of Rajasthan and from 1 April
1949 his title was raised to Maha Rajpramuk
• Sisodia of Dungarpur
• In 1197, Samant Singh, the eldest son of the ruler of Mewar, Karan Singh,
the Guhils of Mewar (Udaipur) established their suzerainty in this area.
• It is mentioned in the ‘Khyats’ that Maharawal Veer Singh Dev, the Sixth
descendant of Sawant Singh of Mewar, assassinated powerful Bhil
Chieftain Dungaria and took possession of Dungaria’s village and founded
that town of Dungarpur in 1258 A.D.
Rulers of Dungarpur:
• Rawal Veer Singh - Founded State of Dungarpur
o Killed in the sack of Chittor by Allauddin Khilji.
• Bhachundi - Erected the Hanumat Pol
• Rawal Gopinath
o Victory over Ahmedshah, the Sultan of Gujarat in 1433 A.D.
o Built the Gaipsagar lake at Dungarpur
• Rawal Somdasji
o Repelled the invasion of Sultan Mahmood Shah and Gayasuddin
• Sisodia of Dungarpur
• In 1197, Samant Singh, the eldest son of the ruler of Mewar, Karan Singh, the
Guhils of Mewar
(Udaipur) established their suzerainty in this area.
• It is mentioned in the ‘Khyats’ that Maharawal Veer Singh Dev, the Sixth
descendant of Sawant Singh of Mewar, assassinated powerful Bhil Chieftain
Dungaria and took possession of Dungaria’s village and founded that town of
Dungarpur in 1258 A.D.
Rulers of Dungarpur:
• Rawal Veer Singh o Founded State of Dungarpur - Killed in the sack of Chittor by
Allauddin Khilji.
• Bhachundi o Erected the Hanumat Pol
• Rawal Gopinath o Victory over Ahmedshah, the Sultan of Gujarat in 1433 A.D.
o Built the Gaipsagar lake at Dungarpur
• Rawal Somdasji - Repelled the invasion of Sultan Mahmood Shah and Gayasuddin
Emperor Shahjahan, conferred on him the insignia of the ‘Mahimaratib’ and a grant
of a Dedhahazari Mansab’ and ‘Izzat’ to 1,500 ‘Sawars in recognition of the services
rendered by him to the Emperor in his campaigns in the Daccan
• Maharawal Khuman Singh (1691 – 1702)
• Maharawal Ram Singh (1702 – 1730 ) - The Marahattas invaded
territory.
• Maharawal Shiv Singh (1730 – 1785) - Became an ally of the
Marahattas
• Maharawal Vairi Sal (1785 – 1790 )
• Maharawal Fateh Singh (1790 – 1808)
• Maharawal Jashwant Singh (1808 – Dec 1845)
o Signed treaty of perpetual friendship, alliance and unity of
interests was concluded with the British crown on 11th
December, 1818 A.D
• Maharawal Udai Singh (1846 – 1898)
o Rendered loyal services to the British Government in the
Mutiny of 1857
• Maharawal Bijai Singh (Feb 1898 – Nov 1918)
• Maharawal Laxman Singh (Nov 1918 – 15 Aug 1947 )
• Awarded Knight Commander- KCSI (1935) and Knight Grand Commander
GCIE (1947)
• After independence became a Member of the Rajya Sabha twice, in 1952
and 1958, and later a member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (MLA) in
1962 and 1989.
• It was in 1945 that the ‘Dungarpur Rajya Praja Mandal’ came into
existence and a year later in 1946, a demand was made for grant of
responsible Government under the aegis of the ruler.
• In March, 1948 the ruler announced the grant of responsible Government.
However, on the inauguration of the United States of Rajasthan the local
Government came to an end when the administration of the State was
handedover to ‘ Rajpramukh’ of the newly formed union of State and
Dungarpur was constituted as a district of the United States of Rajasthan.
• SISODIA OF BANSWARA
• The princely state of Banswara was established by Jagmal Singh after defeating and killing a Bhil
ruler Bansia or Wasna.
• The district is said be named after the same Bhil ruler or probably for the "bans" or bamboo
forests in the area.
• Banswara State became a British protectorate on 16 November 1818.
• Rawal JAGMAL DAS - Younger son of Rawal Udai Singhji I of Dungarpur, founded state on
Banswara in 1527.
• Rawal JAI SINGH, • Rawal PRATAP SINGH,
• Rawal KHANA DEV, • Rawal KALYAN SINGH,
• Rawal AGAR SINGH, • Rawal UDAI SINGH I,
• Rawal SAMAR SINGH, • Rawal KUSHAL SINGH,
• Rawal AJAB SINGH, • Rawal BHIM SINGH,
• Rawal BISHAN SINGH • Rawal UDAI SINGH II,
• Maharawal PRITHVI SINGH • Maharawal BIJAI SINGH
• Maharawal UMAID SINGH, • Maharawal BHAWANI SINGH,
• Maharawal BAHADUR SINGH, • HH Maharawal LAKSHMAN SINGH,
• HH Maharawal SHAMBHU SINGH • HH Sri Raj-i-Rajan Maharawal Sir PRITHVI SINGH Bahadur
• HH Sri Raj-i-Rajan Maharawal CHANDRAVEER SINGH Bahadur
• HH Sri Raj-i-Rajan Maharawal SURYAVEER SINGH Bahadur
• HH Sri Raj-i-Rajan Maharawal JAGMAL SINGH II Bahadur
• SISODIA OF PRATAPGARH
• In the 14th century, Maharana Kumbha (1433–1468) ruled ruled mewar with
capital at Chittorgarh.
• Due to a dispute, Kumbha expelled his younger brother Kshemkarn (1437–1473),
from his territory.
• Kshemkarn’s family too refuge in the Aravali ranges, in the southernmost part of
Mewar regime.
• In 1514, Kshemkarn’s son Prince Surajmal (1473–1530) became the ruler of Devalia
(Devgarh) and established his capital of ‘Kanthal-Desh‘ at Dewaliya (also called
Devgarh).
• As the climate of Devgarh was not found to be suitable by the royal family, one of
the descendants of Surajmal, Maharawat Pratapsingh of 10th generation (1673–
1708) started to build a new town near native village Devgarh in 1689–1699 and
named it as Partapgarh, At that time, the area of Pratapgarh was reported to be
about 889 square miles, whereas Dhariyawad, another small town near
Pratapgarh, was founded by Rana Sahasmal, the grandson of legendary Maharana
Pratap in the mid 15th century.
• RULERS OF PRATAPGARH:
• Soorajmal (1473–1530) - Founded Dewaliya, predecessor to Pratapgarh.
• Bagh Singh (1530–1535), • Rai Singh (1535–1552) • Vikram Singh (1552–
1563),
• Tej Singh (1563–1593), • Bhanu Singh (1593–1597),
• Singha (1597–1628), • Jaswant Singh (1628) • Hari Singh (1628–1673)
• Maharawat Pratap Singh (1673–1708), Founder Pratapgarh
• Prithwi Singh (1708–1718), • Sangram Singh (1718–1719)
• Ummed Singh (1719–1721) • Gopal Singh (1721–1756)
• Saalim Singh (1756–1774)
• Obtained written permission from the then Mughal king Shah Alam II to
introduce a local currency for his state and named it as Saalimshahi-Sikka
(coin), which was made in a local mint-(Partabgarh-Taksal).
• MAHARAWAT SAAMANT SINGH (1774–1844)
• North-western part of this region had very dense forests, a separate state forest
department in 1828, was created to manage state’s exceptionally rich forest-
wealth.
• Maharawat Dalpat singh (1844–1864)
• Maharawat Uday Singh (1864–1890)
• Introduced some reforms, established civil courts, started relief works during the
notorious Great Famine of 1876-78, opened fair price shops for the citizens and
also exempted certain civilian taxes.
• Uday Singh built a new palace in Pratapgarh for himself in the year 1867 AD more
or less on the lines of those built by the Britishers and started living there.
• Maharawat Raghunath Singh (1890–1929)
• Maharawat Sir Ram Singh (1929–1940)
• Ambika Pratap Singh (1940–1948)
• Who lives in Pune after leaving his native place.
• Bhattis of Jaisalmer
• Jaisalmer kingdom was established in south-western Rajasthan . Once seat of Bhatti Rajputs,
has been nicknamed “Golden City” owing to yellow sandstone structures and the gold-
coloured desert surrounding it.
• Rulers of Jaisalmer (1156 -1947)
• Rawal Jaisal/Jessul (1156-68)
• The Bhatti capital at Lodorva (Ludarva) is destroyed by Shihab ud-Din Muhammad
(Shihabuddin), the Afghan chief of Ghor.
• Rawal Jaisal laid foundation of new kingdom with Jaisalmer as its capital.
• Salbahan (1168) -> Baijal – >Chachak Deo -> Tej Rao
• Rao Jaitsi (1276 – Faced 8 years seize by Allaudin Khilji, 1st jauhar of Jaisalmer. (1295)
• Karan Singh — > Moolraj — > Ratan Singh à Lakhan Sen
• Dudar - 2nd Jauhar of Jaisalmer – against Feroz Shah of Delhi
• Kanar – Punpal – Kehar II – Somji – Lachman – Kailan – Kilkaran – Satal – Bersi – Chachack
Deo II – Devidas – Jaitsi II – Karan Singh II
• Rawal Lunkarn (1530-51) - 3rd Jauhar of Jaisalmer- also called half jauhar of Jaisalmer –
against local Afghan chief Amir Ali .
• Why half Jauhar – Amir Ali obtained Rawal Lunakaran’s permission to let his wives visit the
queens of Jaisalmer. But Instead of women he sent armed warriors, which took the guards of
the fort by surprise. As there was insufficient time to arrange a funeral
• Pyre and battle seemed lost, Rawal slaughtered his womenfolk with his own
hands. However, soon reinforcements arrived, sparing the men from the Jauhar
and Amir Ali was defeated. Hence, it is called a half jauhar or Sako. • Rawal Maldeo
(1551-62) • Rawal Harraj (1562-78) o Submitted to Akbar
• Rawal Bhim Singh (1578 – 1624) • Rawal Kalyandas (1624 – 1634) • Rawal
Manohardas(1634 – 1648) • Rawal Ramchandra (1648 – 1651) • Rawal Sahal Singh
(1651 – 1661)
o Assists Emperor Shah Jahan in his Peshawar campaign.
• Maharawal Amar Singh(1661 – 1702) • Maharawal Jaswant Singh(1702 – 1708)
• Maharawal Budha Singh(1708 – 1722) • Maharawal Akhai Singh (1722 – 1762)
o Concluded peace with Bikaner.
• Maharawal Mulraj Singh II (1762 – 1819)
o Signed treaty of friendship with the British for protection.
• Maharawal Gaj Singh(1819 – 1846) • Maharawal Ranjit Singh (1846 – 1864)
• Maharawal Bairisal Singh (1864 – 1891) • Maharawal Shalivahan Singh III
Bahadur(1891 – 1914) Maharawal Sir Jawahir Singh Bahadur (1914 – 1949
• Bhattis of Hanumangarh
• During early times, Hanumangarh was the kingdom of ‘Bhati’
Rajputs.
• Bhupat, son of Bhati King of Jaisalmer founded the city and
named it as Bhatner, in the memory of his father.
• Further, he also built Bhatner Fort in 295 A.D. Since then,
rulers like Timur, Ghaznavis, PrtihviRaj Chauhan, Akbar,
Qutubud-din-Aybak and Rathores had captured this fort.
• Finally, in 1805, the Bhattis were defeated at Bhatner by Raja
of Bikaner Soorat Singh.
• Since this conquest occurred on Tuesday, which is considered
as the day of Lord Hanuman, the Soorat Singh changed the
name from Bhatner to Hanumangarh.
• Deo of Karauli
• The predecessor state of the princely state of Karauli, the Kingdom of
Mathura, was founded about 995 by Raja Bijai Pal a Yaduvanshi Rajput ruler.
• Historical data point to Arjun Deo as the founder of the Karauli State in
1348.
• he capital was successively in the towns of Mathura, Dwarika, Bayana,
Timan Garh, Andher Kotla, Mandrayal, U’ntgir and Bahadurpur.
• During the 18th century Karauli was under the Maratha Empire until the
Marathas were defeated by the British.
• In 1817, Karauli’s ruler signed a treaty with the East India Companyand
became a British protectorate, the status was maintained till the
independence of India in 1947.
Rulers of Karauli State:
• The rulers of the state bore the title ‘Maharaja’. Karauli was ruled by
Jadubansi Rajputs
• Maharajas
• 1688 – 1724 Kunwar Pal II • 1724 – 1757 Gopal Singh
• 1757 – 1772 Tursam Pal • 1772 – 1804 Manik Pal
• 1804 – 1805 Amola Pal • 1805 – 1837 Herbaksh Pal
• 1837 – 1849 Pratap Pal • 1849 – 1852 Narsingh Pal
• 1852 – 1854 Bharat Pal • 1854 – 1869 Madan Pal
• 1869 Lakshman Pal • 1869 – 1875 Jaisingh Pal
• 1869 – 1871 Vrishbhan Singh Tanwar -Regent
• 1876 – 1886 Arjun Pal II • 1886 – 1927 Sir Bhanwar Pal
• 1927 – 1947 Sir Bhom Pal • 1947 – 1947 Ganesh Pal
• Kachwaha Dynasty
• T.H. Hendley states that the Kachwaha clan is believed to have settled in an early era at
Rohtas (Rahatas) on the Son River in present-day Bihar. He notes that their notable seats of
power were in present day Madhya Pradesh including Kutwar, Gwalior, Dubkhund,
Simhapaniya and Narwar (Nalapura).
• This second westward migration to Madhaya Pradesh is said to have been initiated under
Raja Nala, the legendary founder of Narwar.
• According to Rudolf Hoernle (1905), the Kachhwahas are related to the Gurjara-Pratiharas.
He identifies similarities between the names of the line of rulers of Kannauj (mid-10th
century) with the recorded line of eight Kachwaha rulers of Gwalior (based on the Sas-
Bahu inscription of Mahipal).
• Historians state that the Kacchapaghatas, like the Chandellas and Paramaras, originated as
tributaries of the preceding powers of the region.
• They point out that it was only following the downfall, during the 8th–10th centuries AD,
of Kannauj (regional seat of power following the breakup of Harsha's empire), that the
Kacchapaghata state emerged as a principal power in the Chambal valley of presentday
Madhya Pradesh.
• Archaeological artifacts largely support this view: Kacchapaghata coinage (minted Gupta-
fashion) discovered in Madhya Pradesh and Gopaksetra inscriptions.
• Raja Beejaldev (1146 – 1179)
• The capital was shifted to Amber, and now rulers called as Raja of Amber.
• Raja Rajdev (1179 – 1216)
• Raja Khilandev (1216 – 1276)
• Raja Kantaldev(1276 – 1317)
• Raja Jansidev(1317 – 1366)
• Raja Udaikarna / Udaykarna (1366 – 1388)
• Raja Narsinhadev(1388 – 1413)
• Raja Banbirsinha(1413 – 1424
• Raja Udharao (1424 – 1453)
• Raja Chandrasen(1453 – 1502)
• Raja Prithviraj Singh(1502 – 1527)
• Raja Puranmal (1527 – 1534)
• Raja Bhim Singh (1534 – 1537)
• Raja Ratan Singh (1537 – 1548)
• Raja Bharmal (1548 – 1574) o Gave daughter to Akbar
• Raja Bhagwandas (1574 – 1589)
• Mirza Raja Man Singh I (1589 – 1614) - Battle of Haldighati – against
Maharana Prata
• Mirza Raja Bhao Singh (1614 – 1621)
• Mirza Raja Jai Singh I (1621 – 1667) - Aurangzeb deputed him against
Maratha king Shivaji – forces treaty of Purander.
• Mirza Raja Ram Singh I (1667 – 1688)
• Mirza Raja Bishan Singh (1688 – 1699)
• Kachwaha Rulers of Jaipur: (1727- 1947)
• Mirza Raja Sawai Jai Singh II (1699 – 1743)
• In 1699, given title of Sawai by Aurangzeb.
• Formed marriage alliance with marwar & mewar to expel
Mughal out of rajputana.
• However, patch up again, and appointed as governor of
Malwa & Agra.
• A 1721, t Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah bestowed
upon him the title of Saramad-iRajaha-i-Hind
• In 1723, added the titles of Raj Rajeshvar, Shri Rajadhiraj and
Maharaja Sawai
• Performed Ashwmedha Yajya & Vajapeya (after centuries)
• Built five astronomical observatories (jantar Mantar) at Delhi, Mathura,
Benares, Ujjain & Jaipur In 1727: Laid foundation of Jaipur – designed by
Vidhydhar Bhattacharya
• Translated works by people like John Napier.
• Mirza Raja Sawai Ishwari Singh (1743 – 1750) • Mirza Raja Sawai Madho
Singh I (1750 – 1768) o Was rewarded the fort of Ranthambhore by the
Mughal Emperor o Founder of City Sawai Madhopur
o Got Shaikh Sadi’s Gulistan translated to Sanskrit.
o Freed the Kachhawaha Kingdom from the Maratha
• Mirza Raja Sawai Prithvi Singh II (1768 – 1778) • Mirza Raja Sawai Pratap
Singh (1778 -1803) • Mirza Raja Sawai Jagat Singh II (1803 – 1818) • Mohan
Singh (regent) (1818 –1819) o Installed on throne by nobles, but was soon
deposed. • Mirza Raja Sawai Jai Singh III (1819 -1835) • Mirza Raja Sawai
Ram Singh II (1835 -1880) • Mirza Raja Sawai Madho Singh II (1880 – 1922)
• Mirza Raja Sawai Man Singh II (1922 –1947) o Adopted Son o Married
Maharani Gayatri Devi o Rajpramukh of Rajasthan between 1949-1956
• Kachwaha Rulers of Shekhawati
• During medieval times, Sikar, Churu and Jhunjhunu district
comprise of the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan.
• The Shekhawat Rajputs ruled over the Shekhawati region for over
500 years. The Shekhawats are the most prominent among all the
sub-clans of the Kachwaha Dynasty of Jaipur.
• Being one of the 65 branches of the Kachhawa ruling clan of Jaipur,
the early rulers paid allegiance to their overlords, the rulers of
Amber, but Rao Shekhaji declared himself independent in 1471
and established a separate principality for his descendants.
• Rao Shekhaji He declared himself independent in 1471 and
established a separate Kingdom of his"descendants."
• Rao Raimal“ • Rao Suja Singh“ • Rao Lunkaran“ • Rao Raisal
• Shekhawats of Sikar
• Raja Bahadur Singh Shekhawat, the Raja of Khandela gifted the village (Beer Bhan Ka Bass)
to Rao Daulat Singh, son of Rao Jaswant Singh of Kasli Thikana.
• Rao Daulat Singh changed the name of Veer Bhan Ka Bass village to Sikar in memory of Rao
Shekha and constructed a fort here in 1687.
• In 1721 Daulat Singh’s son Shiv Singh became ruler of Sikar.
• Rao Daulat Singh (1687/1721) - Founded thikana of Sikar
• Rao Shiv Singh (1721/1748) - Completed the fort and palaces of Sikar in 1724 and
conquered Fatehpur in 1731. Erected the famous Temple of Gopinath Ji.
• Rao Samrath Singh (1748/1754) • Rao Nahar Singh • Rao Chand Singh
• Rao Devi Singh
o Built forts of Raghunathgarh and Deogarh
o Golden rule in history of Sikar
• Rao Raja Laxman Singh - Constructed Laxmangarh Fort
• Rao Raja Ram Pratap Singh
• Rao Raja Bhairon Singh
• Rao Raja Sir Madhav Singh Bahadur (1866/1922)
• Credit of making huge Victoria Diamonds Jublee Hall & Madhav
Niwas Kothi
• During the terrible famine in 1899, started many famine relief works,
example: ‘Madhav Sagar Pond’ which was built in 1899.
• Rao Raja Kalyan Singh (1922/1967)
• Constructed the clock tower as well as the Kalyan Hospital and
College for the welfare of public
• Mewati Khans & Kachwaha Dynasty of Alwar
• Early medieval times, Alwar was ruled by Jadaun clan of Chandravanhi
rajputs.
• In ealy 13th century Nahar Khan of the same Chandravanshi clan converted
to Islam in thirteenth century during Firuz Shah Tughlak's regime.
• Alawar Khan who was the descendent Nahar Khan, established the kingdom
of Alawar in 1412 A.D. During Mughal period, Khanzada Hasan Khan Mewati
fought against invader Babar and later on Hasan Khan's nephew Jamal Khan
gave his two daughters to Humanyun and Bairam khan in marriage.
• In the 1550s, Khanzada Rajput king of Ulwar was overthrown by Akbar's
military campaign to encircle Mewar Kingdom.
Later on 25th November 1775, Rao Pratap Singh raised his standard over
the Alwar Fort and founded the modern kingdom of Alwar.
• Kachwaha Rulers of Modern Alwar State
• Pratap Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1775–1791) Rao Raja of Alwar o Founded the
princely state of Ulwar. • Bakhtawar Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1791–1815) Rao
Raja of Alwar - He also devoted himself to the work of extension and consolidation
of the territory of the State
• Maharao Raja Bakhtawar Singh rendered valuable services to Lord Lake, during the
latter's campaign against Marathas, in the battle of Laswari, in the Alwar territory
when the State troops assisted him in finally breaking the Marathas and Jat powers.
• As a result, in 1803, the First Treaty of Offensive and Defensive Alliance was forged
between Alwar State and the East India Company.
• Thus, Alwar was the first princely State in India to enter into Treaty Relations with
the East India Company.
• Bane Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1815–1857) Maharao Raja of Alwar
• Sheodan Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1857–1874) Maharao Raja of Alwar
• Mangal Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1874–1892) Maharaja of Alwar
• Jai Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1892–1937) Maharaja of Alwar o It was in
the times of Jai Singh that name of state was changed from Ulwar to Alwar.
• Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1937–1971) Maharaja of Alwar
• Following the independence of India in 1947, Alwar acceded unto the
dominion of India.
• On 18 March 1948, the state merged with three neighboring princely states
(Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karauli) to form the Matsya Union.
• This union in turn merged unto the Union of India.
• On 15 May 1949, it was united with certain other princely states and the
territory of Ajmer to form the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan.
• JATS OF BHARATPUR
• At the end of the 17th century, Jat Baija with his son Rajaram, Zamindar of
the village of Sinsini, took advantage of the weakness of the Mughal Empire
to enlarge his territory.
• Lord Ram’s brother Laxman is the family deity of the erstwhile royal family
of Bharatpur.
• The name ‘Laxman’ was engraved on the arms, seals and other emblems of
the state.
Rulers of Bharatpur
• Raja Ram, 1670–1688
• Churaman, 1695–1721 - The Jat power in Bharatpur strengthened in the
18th century under the leadership of Badan Singh and Churaman.
• However, the Mughals got Jat Churaman killed in 1721.
• Churaman’s brother Badan Singh beacme a very powerful Jat leader
following the death of Churaman
• JATS OF BHARATPUR
• At the end of the 17th century, Jat Baija with his son Rajaram, Zamindar of the village of
Sinsini, took advantage of the weakness of the Mughal Empire to enlarge his territory.
• Lord Ram’s brother Laxman is the family deity of the erstwhile royal family of Bharatpur.
• The name ‘Laxman’ was engraved on the arms, seals and other emblems of the state.
Rulers of Bharatpur
• Raja Ram, 1670–1688
• Churaman, 1695–1721 - The Jat power in Bharatpur strengthened in the 18th century
under the leadership of Badan Singh and Churaman. However, the Mughals got Jat
Churaman killed in 1721.
• Churaman’s brother Badan Singh beacme a very powerful Jat leader following the death of
Churaman
• Maharani Girraj Kaur, regent 1900–1918
• Maharaja Kishan Singh, 1900–1929
• Maharaja Brijendra Singh, 1929–1947
o Matsya Union was the first State to be formed in Rajasthan with the integration of
Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karauli which joined the Indian Union.
• Nawabs of Jhunjhunu
• Ancient History of Jhunjhunu, forms part of Indian mythology, with
an anecdote that Pandwas, the heroes of the Mahabharata took
bath and bathed their weapons in the Surya Kund, Lohargal.
• It is said that, it was ruled over by the Chauhan Dynasty in the
Vikram era 1045, and Sidhraj was a renowned king.
• In the year 1450 Mohammed Khan & his son Samas khan
defeated the Chauhans and conquered Jhunjhunu.
• Mohammed khan was first Nawab of Jhunjhunu. In 1459, his son
Samas khan ascended the throne
• Jhunjhunu was ruled over by of the following Nawabs in
succession:
Rulers of Jhunjhunu:
• Mohammed Khan - First Nawab of Jhunjhunu
• • Samas Khan - Ascended throne in 1459
o Founded the village Samaspur and got Samas Talab constructed
• Fateh Khan • Mubark Shah
• Kamal Khan • Bheekam Khan
• Mohabat Khan • Khijar Khan
• Bahadur Khan • Samas Khan Sani
• Sultan khan • Vahid Khan
• Saad Khan • Fazal Khan
• Rohilla Khan
o Last Nawab of Jhunjhun
o Shardul Singh, diwan of Rohilla Khan, occupied jhunjhunu, after the
death of Rohilla Khan in 1730. Shardul Singh
• Shardul Singh was as brave as his ancestor Rao Shekha ji.
• He ruled for twelve years, after his death the estate was divided equally
among his five sons. The administration by his five sons was cumulatively
known as “Panchpana”.
• Their descendants continued to rule over it till Indian Independence in
1947.
• The Kingdom of Dholpur
• Ancient Period:
• The History of Dholpur date back to the Buddha’s Period.
During that period , Dholpur was included in Matsya Janpad.
• During Mauryan rule it was included in the Mauryan Empire.
Early Medieval:
• Around the 8th to 10th centuries, Chauhans ruled over it. In
the year 1194 it remained under Mohammed Gauri.
Tomar Rule:
• It is believed that the city got its name Dhawalpuri (then
Dholpur) after Raja Dholan Deo Tomar, the Tomar ruler who
established the city in 700 AD.
• Yadava rulers of Karauli - The Tomars lost sovereignty to Jadu’s of Karauli. The
Dholpur fort was built by Dharampal, Raja of Karauli in 1120 A.D
• Sultanate Period: In 1502, Sikandar Lodi defeated Dholpur King Vinayak Dev and
captured Dholpur.
• Mughal Period: After the death of Ibrahim Lodi, many states declared themselves
independent. Mohammed Jaifoon declared himself the ruler of Dholpur. Babar sent
Junniad Barlas to Dholpur, who crushed the rebellion and took over the
administration of Dholpur in his own hands.
• Gurjar rule - After the death of Aurangzeb, Raja Kalyan Singh Gurjar occupied the
fort till 1761 AD, whence Raja of Bharatpur, the Jat ruler Maharaja Surajmal took
control of the fort.
• Bamraulia rulers
• In Second Anglo-Maratha War between the British and Marathas at Laswari on 1
November 1803, Lord Lake defeated Sindhia. In this war the Jats helped the British.
Later, the British concluded a treaty with
• the Jats and with their help defeated Marathas and won back Gwalior and
Gohad from them.
• The British kept Gwalior with them but returned Gohad to the Jats in 1804.
• Gohad was handed over to Marathas under a revised treaty dated 22 November
1805 between Marathas and British.
• Under the treaty, Gohad ruler Rana Kirat Singh was given Dhaulpur, Badi and
Rajakheda in exchange.
• Rana Kirat Singh moved to Dhaulpur in December 1805.
• Thus the Rana Jat rulers of Bamraulia gotra ruled Gohad for 300 years from
1505–1805 and after that their rule was transferred at Dholpur.
• On 10 January 1806 Dholpur became a British protectorate
Rulers of Dholpur (title Maharaja Rana)
• Kirat Singh (1806-1836) • Pohap Singh (1836)
• Bhagwant Singh (1836 – 1873) • Nihal Singh (1873 – 1901)
• Maharani Sateha Devi (1873 – d. 1884) Bhawa (f) -Regent
• Ram Singh (1901-1911) • Udai Bhan Singh (29 Mar 1911 – 15 Aug 1947)
• Signed the instrument of accessionto the Indian Union on 7 April 1949
Polity and Administration
RAS RPSC EXAM
Governor
• Part VI of Constitution of India deals with government of states (except J&K).
• This contains articles 152 to 237 that deals with various provisions related to
States.
• It covers the executive, legislature and judiciary wings of the states.
• Out of these, articles 153 to 167 deal with state executive and the
governor.
• Constitutional provisions concerning the Governor and the scope of these
provisions shows that there are three main facets of Governor‘s role.
• (i) As the constitutional head of the State operating normally under a system of
Parliamentary democracy.
• (ii) As a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• (iii) As a representative of the Union Government in a specific areas during
normal times
 • State Executive includes:
 The Governor
 Chief Minister
 Council of Ministers
 Advocate General of State.
 No office of Vice-governor.
 Governor: Dual Role
 Nominal Executive head (Constitutional Head)
 Agent of the Central Government
 7th Constitutional Amendment 1956(CA): Allowed appointment of
same person as governor for two or more states.
• Appointment of the Governor:
• Appointed by President by warrant under his hand and
seal.
• No election. Why? Various reasons:
• No governor election: Canadian Model, followed by India.
o Incompatible with Parliamentary System (If both CM &
Governor come by election, they shall compete for power, .
Not good for state).
o Governor is only Constitutional head. Therefore, no point
in doing so much expense for getting a signing authority.
o Allows Center to maintain control over state.
o Allows for neutrality & impartial head.
• Conditions required for appointment:
o Citizen of India
o 35+ years age.
o Remember: No other condition
• Conventions (Not rule, but generally followed)
o Does not belong to state ( Example: Kalyan
Singh in Rajasthan)
o President consults Chief Minister before
appointment.
• Conditions for Governor’s office: in Constitution (6 Only)
• Should not be member of Parliament/Legislative assembly.
If he/she is member then deemed to vacate the seat in the
house. (Resignation from house assumed).
• 3Should not hold any office of profit.
• Entitled to use of Raj Bhawan as official residence.( free)
• Emoluments: decided by Parliament
• Single person appointed to two or more states - President
decides expenses ratio.
• Emoluments (Salary etc) cannot be reduced post
appointment.
• Dismissal
o Anytime, based on pleasure of President. (Non-Justiciable)
o But President na kare toh, 5 years from date of entering to office.
o Can be reappointed/transferred.
• Trivia: When Central Gov. changes opposition party governors
resign so that new Centre can
reappoint their own people.
• There cannot be any interregnume. (Governor can hold office
beyond 5 years until his
successor assumes charge).
• When governor absent: Chief Justice can act as temporary. This
also President will do
• Powers & Functions of Governor:
Can be placed under 4 categories:
• Executive,
• Legislative,
• Financial
• Judicial powers.
• Executive Powers & Functions:
1. All executive actions of a state are taken under his name.
2. Can make rules how Orders (& others) will be made & executed
in his name. (kaise sign karenge decide kar sakte hain).
3. Appoints CM & Other Ministers.
4. Appoints Advocate general of state. ( Can dismiss him whenever
he/she wants) (Also decides remuneration)
5. Appoints state election commissioner
6. Appoints chairman & members of RPSC.
7. Acts as Chancellor of Universities in state & appoints Vice-
Chancellor (VC) of universities.
8. Can seek info from CM relating to bills/state mein kuch affair pe.
9. Can require CM to submit to council of ministers any decision jo
minister ne akele liya ho and baaki council ne consider nahi kiya ho.
10. Can recommend imposition of emergency
• Legislative Powers & Functions:
The Governor is an integral part of the state legislature (Art.
168). According to this Article, the State legislature shall
consist of the Governor and the Legislative Assembly. In
such capacity, he/she has following powers:
• Summon or prorogue state legislature and dissolve the
state assembly
• • Can address the State legislature at first session after
election & first session each year.
• Can send messages to State legislature.
• Can appoint any member of legislative assembly to
preside over proceedings when offices of both speaker &
deputy speaker fall vacant.
• • Can nominate one member to state legislature from
Anglo-Indian Community.
• Decides on question of disqualification of members
of state legislature in consultation with Election
Commission.
• He can promulgate ordinances when state legislature
is not in session.
• Lays the report of State Finance Commission, RPSC,
and Comptroller and Auditor General report related to
accounts of state before the state legislature.
• Can reserve bill for consideration of President.
• Financial Powers & Functions:
• Under Art. 202, the Governor is required to be
laid before the House or Houses of the legislature
the Budget or the Annual Financial Statement.
• A money bill cannot be introduced without the
recommendation of the Governor.
• A Demand for Grant cannot be moved without
the recommendation of the Governor.
• Can make advances out of Contingency fund of
State,
• Constitutes State Finance Commission every
five years.
• Judicial Powers & Functions:
• Article 161 confers on the Governor the power to grant pardon,
reprieve, respite or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit
or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence
against any law relating to matters to which the executive power of
the state extends.
• the President has the exclusive power to grant pardon in cases
where a person has been sentenced to death.
• The Governor cannot grant pardon in case of death sentence. He
can only commute the punishment.
• The Governor has no power in relation to Court Martial.
• Consulted by President while appointing Judges of State High
Court.
• Appoints persons to State Judicial Service (Other than district
judges) in consultation with State high court and RPSC.
• Chief Minister
In the Parliamentary system of Government
provided by Constitution of India, the Governor is
the nominal executive authority while the Chief
Minister is the real executive authority.
• In other words, Governor is the head of state
while Chief Minister is the head of Government.
• Thus, Chief Minister’s position in state is
analogous to the prime ministers position at the
centre.
• Appointment of Chief Minister
• Article 164 of Constitution states that Chief Minister shall be
appointed by the Governor and in accordance with conventions of
parliamentary system, the Governor appoints the leader of the
largest party of the house or leader chosen by the largest coalition
to become the chief minister.
• The Governor may exercise situational discretion if no party has
clear majority. He may ask a leader to become chief minister and
then prove his majority on floor of the house.
• On death of a Chief Minister, the ruling party elects a new leader
and Governor has no choice but to appoint the new leader as Chief
Minister.
• A person who is not member of State Legislature can be
appointed as Chief Minister for 6 months, within this, he/she should
be elected to the state legislature.
• Term & Salary of Chief Minister:
• The term of Chief Minister is not fixed and
he/she holds the office during the pleasure
of Governor.
• But the Governor can’t dismiss him till he has a
majority in the house.
• The Salary and allowances of Chief Minister are
determined by State Legislature.
• Powers & Functions of Chief Minister:
In relation to Council of Ministers:
• Recommends people to be appointed as ministers to the
Governor.
• Allocates and reshuffles portfolio of ministers.
• Can ask the minister to resign or tell the governor to
dismiss him.
• Supervises activities of all ministers.
• Presides over meetings of Council of Ministers and
influences the decisions.
• Can collapse the government by resigning from office.
• In relation to Governor
• Principal channel of communication between
Governor & Council of Ministers
• Communicates to Governor all decisions of Council of
Ministers
• Furnishes information related to any decision of
Council of Ministers called by Governor
• Furnished to Council of Minister any decision that
Governor requires consideration.
• Advises Governor for appointment of persons on
important posts like Chairman & Members RPSC,
election commission etc
• In relation to State Legislature
• Advises Governor for summoning or proroguing of
session of state legislature.
• Can recommend dissolution of Legislative Assembly to
the Governor at any time.
• Announces Government policies on floor of the house.
Other Powers
• Chairman - State planning Board
• Chairman - Chief Minister Advisory Council
• Council of Ministers
As per the Parliamentary system of government in the
state, on Union pattern, the Council of Ministers
headed by the Chief Minister is the real executive authority
in the state.
• Article 163 deals with the status of council of ministers and
article 164 deals with the appointment, tenure,
responsibility, qualification, oath, salaries and allowances of
the ministers.
• Appointment of Council of Ministers:
• The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor
and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor
on the advice of the Chief Minister.
• Term of Council of Ministers:
• The council of the Ministers holds the office during
the pleasure of the Governor, but actually holds the
office as long as it enjoys majority in state legislative
assembly.
• A Minister who for any period of six consecutive
months is not a member of the Legislature of the State,
at the expiration of that period ceases to be a Minister.
• Disqualification under 10th Schedule: A person who
is disqualified for being a member of Legislature under
Tenth Schedule shall also be disqualified to be
appointed as a Minister; he will have to seek a fresh
election in order to become a minister again.
• Strength of Council of Ministers:
• The total number of Ministers, including the Chief Minister, in
the Council of Minister in a State shall not exceed 15% per cent
of the total number of members of the Legislative Assembly of
that State.
• It also says that the number of Ministers, including the Chief
Minister in a State shall not be less than 12.
Oath:
• Before a Minister enters upon his office, the Governor shall
administer to him the oaths of office and of secrecy according to
the forms set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
Salaries and allowances:
• The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be determined
by the Legislature of the State.
• Responsibility of Ministers:
• Collective responsibility:Article 164 states that Council of ministers is
collectively responsible to the legislative assembly of the state.
• Individual responsibility:
• Article 164 also contains the principle of individual responsibility.
• The ministers hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. The
chief minister can ask him/her to resign or advice governor to dismiss
him.
• No Legal responsibility: There is no provision for legal responsibility
of minister in the state.
• Hence, an order of Governor does not need counter sign of minister.
• Additionally, the courts are barred from enquiring into nature of
advice given by ministers to the Governor.
• Category of Ministers:
There are three categories of ministers in the council:
• Cabinet Ministers: They attend cabinet meetings and
play important role in state government.
• Minister of state: They can be independent in charge
of department that aren’t attached to cabinet
ministries or in charge of specific department part of a
ministry /specific work in a ministry which is headed by
a cabinet minister.
• Deputy Minister: They are attached to cabinet
ministers or ministers of state and assist them in their
work.
• Cabinet
Cabinet is the smaller body of the council of ministers.
• It consists of most important ministers in State Council of Ministers.
• It is the most powerful authority in State administration.
• All the important decisions of the State administration are taken by the
Cabinet.
• The decisions of the Cabinet are binding upon the Council of Ministers.
Cabinet Committees:
The cabinet works through various committees called as cabinet
committees.
• They are of two types:
• Standing Cabinet Committees - Permanent
• Ad-Hoc Cabinet Committees - Temporary
Cabinet has the power to review the decisions of these committees.
• State Legislature
The state legislature occupies an integral position in
political system of India and governing of state.
• The Constitution of India provides for a legislature in each
State and entrusts it with the responsibility
to make laws for the state.
• Articles 168 to 212 in Part VI of Constitution of India deal
with the organisation, composition, duration, officers,
procedures, privileges and powers of the state legislature.
• Some of these are similar with Parliament of India, while
others are different.
• ORGANISATION OF STATE LEGISLATURE
• In the political system of India, there are two types of
states with regard to state legislature.
• Most of the state in India have Unicameral system
while few others have a bicameral system.
• Unicameral system has only one House and is known as
the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and in
Bicameral system, the State has two houses, the Upper
House is known as the Legislative Council (Vidhan
Parishad) and the lower House is known as the
Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)
• Method of Abolition or Creation of a State Legislative
Council (Vidhan Parishad):
• Article 169 in Constitution of India provides for Method
of Abolition or Creation of a State Legislative
Council.
• If a state Legislature passes a resolution by a special
majority, in favour of the creation of the second
chamber and if Parliament gives approval to such a
resolution by Simple Majority, the concerned State can
have two Houses in the Legislature
• Different types of state legislatures:
• Unicameral Legislature
o 22 States in India have unicameral system of state legislature
(including Rajasthan).
• Here, the state legislature includes Governor and Vidhan Sabha.
o Other than these states, two Union territories - Delhi and
Puducherry have State Legislatures (Both Unicameral).
• Bicameral Legislature
o 7 States in India namely: Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh
have Bicameral system of state legislature.
• Here, the state legislature includes Governor, Vidhan Sabha and
Vidhan Parishad.
• COMPOSITION OF STATE LEGISLATURE
Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)
• Strength:
o Can be maximum of 500 and minimum of 60, to vary
according to population of state.
o Rajasthan Legislative Assembly has 200 members.
o Special Case: Goa, Arunachal Pradesh & Sikkim
number is fixed at 30 and for Mizoram & Nagaland at
40 & 46 respectively.
Manner of Election:
o Members of legislative assembly are elected directly
by people on basis of Universal Adult Franchise
• Territorial Constituencies:
o The demarcation of territorial constituencies is to be done
in such a manner that the ratio between the population of
each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it, as
far as practicable, is the same throughout the State.
• Reservation:
o Constitution makes special provisions regarding the
representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes on
basis of population ratios.
Nominated Members:
o Provision has also been made to nominate one member of
the Anglo-Indian Community, if the Governor is of the
opinion that the community is not adequately represented
in the Assembly
• Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad)
The system of composition of the Council as laid down in
the Constitution is not final.
• The final power of providing the composition of this
Chamber of the State Legislature is given to the Union
Parliament.
• Strength:
o Strength of legislative Council cannot be more than one-
third of the total number of members in the Legislative
Assembly of the State and in no case less than 40 members.
o However, in Jammu and Kashmir the strength is only 36.
o Rajasthan does not have legislative council.
• DURATION OF STATE LEGISLATURE
Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha):
The duration of the Legislative Assembly is five years from
date of its first meeting after the general elections.
• The Governor has the power to dissolve the Assembly even
before the expiry of its term.
• Additionally, during National Emergency, the Parliament by
law can extend the term of assembly for a period not
exceeding one year at a time and not extending in any case
beyond a period of six months after proclamation has
ceased to operate
• Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad):
Like Rajya Sabha, Legislative council is a continuing
chamber.
• It is a permanent body, unless abolished by the
Legislative Assembly and Parliament by due procedure.
• One-third of the members of the Council retire on the
expiry of every second year, which means, a term
of six years for each member.
• There is no bar on a member getting re-elected on the
expiry of his/her term
• MEMBERSHIP OF THE STATE LEGISLATURE
Qualifications:
A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the
Legislature of a State unless he/she
• Is a citizen of India;
• Is, in the case of a seat in the Legislative Assembly, not less than
twenty-five years of age and, in the case of a seat in the Legislative
Council, not less than thirty ears of age; and
• He/She must make and subscribe before person authorized by
election commission an oath or affirmation according to the form
prescribed in Third Schedule.
• Possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that
behalf by or under any law made by Parliament
• Accordingly, the Parliament by the Representation of
the People Act, 1951, has provided additional
qualifications that:
• A person shall not be elected either to the Legislative
Assembly or the Council, unless he is
himself an elector (registered as Voter) for any
Legislative Assembly constituency in that State.
• To Contest seats reserved for SC/ST must be a
member of SC/ST. However, a member of
SC/ST can also contest a seat not reserved for them.
• Disqualifications:
A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as and for being a
member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State if
he
• Holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the
Government of any State, other than that of a Minister for the Indian
Union or for a State or an office declared by a law of the State not to
disqualify its holder (many States have passed such laws declaring
certain offices to be offices the holding of which will not disqualify its
holder for being a member of the Legislature of that States);
• Is of unsound mind as declared by a competent Court;
• Is an un-discharged insolvent;
• Is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a
foreign State or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or
adherence to a foreign State;
• Is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.
• Accordingly, the Parliament through, the Representation
of the People Act, 1951, has laid down some
grounds of disqualification:
• Conviction by a Court, having been found guilty of a
corrupt or illegal practice in relation to election, being a
director or managing agent of a corporation in which
Government has a financial interest (under conditions laid
down in that Act):
Art. 192 lays down that if any question arises as to
whether a member of a House of the Legislature of a
State has become subject to any of the disqualifications
mentioned above, the question shall be referred to the
Governor of that State for decision who will act according
to the opinion of Election Commission
• Disqualification on ground of defection:
The Tenth Schedule to Constitution provides for
disqualification of the members on ground of
defection. Defection refers to desertion of one’s
party in favor of an opposing one.
• The question of disqualification under Tenth
Schedule is decided by Speaker in Vidhan Sabha
and Chairman in Vidhan Parishad.
 OFFICERS OF THE STATE LEGISLATURE
Presiding Officers of State Legislature:
Each house of state legislature has its own
presiding officer.
 Legislative Assembly:
o Speaker
o Deputy Speaker
 Legislative Council
o Chairman of Council
o Deputy Chairman of Council
• Speaker of Rajsthan Vidhan Sabha
The assembly itself from amongst its members elects the Speaker.
Usually, the speaker remains in office during the life of assembly.
However, he vacates his office earlier in any of three following
cases.
• (a) Shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the
Assembly;
• (b) May at any time by writing under his hand addressed, if such
member is the Speaker, to the Deputy Speaker, and if such member
is the Deputy Speaker, to the Speaker, resign his office
• (c) May be removed from his office by a resolution of the Assembly
passed by a majority of all the then members of the Assembly.
• Such a resolution can be moved only after giving 14 days advance
notice.
• Powers & Functions of Speaker of Legislative Assembly:
• Maintain order and decorum in assembly for conducting
its business.
• Final interpreter of: o Constitution of India
o Rules of procedure and conduct of business of
assembly.
o Legislative precedents within the assembly.
• Adjourns assembly or suspends meeting in absence of
quorum
• Does not vote on first instance but can use his/her vote
in case of tie.
• At request of leader of assembly, allow secret sitting of
the assembly.
• • Decides whether a bill is money bill.
• Decides on cases of disqualification of members on
ground of defection under Xth Schedule.
• Appoints Chairman of all committees of assembly and
supervises their working.
• Himself is the Chairman of: o Business Advisory
Committee
o Rules Committee o General Purpose Committee
• Important Facts:
• First Speaker of Rajasthan Assembly: Narottam Lal Josh
• Speaker of 14th Rajasthan Assembly: Kailash Chandra
Meghwal
• Deputy Speaker of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha
Like the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker us also elected by the assembly itself
from its members. The election for deputy speaker takes place after the
election of Speaker has taken place.
Article 180: Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the
duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
• While the office of Speaker is vacant, the duties of the office shall be
performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also
vacant, by such member of the Assembly as the Governor may appoint for the
purpose.
• The Speaker nominated from the members a panel of chairman. Any one of
them can preside over the assembly in absence of both speaker and deputy
speaker.
Important Facts:
• First Deputy Speaker of Rajasthan Assembly: Lal Singh Shaktawat
• Deputy speaker of 14th Rajasthan Assembly: Rao Rajendra Singh
• Pro-term Speakers of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha
Pro-tem, is a Latin phrase which best translates to “for the time being” in
English. Legislative bodies can have one or more pro tempore for the post of
presiding officer. As per the Constitution, the Speaker of the last Assembly
vacates his office immediately before the first meeting of the newly- elected
assembly. Therefore, the Governor appoints a member of the assembly as the
Speaker Pro-tem . Usually, the senior most member is selected for this. The
Governor himself administers oath to the Speaker Pro Tem.
Functions of Pro-Term Speaker:
• He presides over the first sitting of the newly elected assembly.
• His main duty is to administer oath to the new members.
• He also enables the House to elect the new Speaker. When the House elects
the new speaker, the office of the Speaker Pro Tem ceases to exist.
Important Facts:
• First Pro-term Speaker of Rajasthan Assembly: Maharav Sangram Singh
• Pro-Term speaker of 14th Rajasthan Assembly: Pradhyumn Singh
• POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE LEGISLATURE
• Each State Legislature exercises law-making powers
over the subjects of the State List and the
Concurrent List.
• In case a state has only Legislative Assembly, all the
powers are exercised by it.
• However, even in case it is a bicameral state legislature
with both Vidhan Sabha and Parishad, the Vidhan
Sabha exercises almost all the powers.
• The Vidhan Parishad plays only a secondary, advisory
and minor role.
• LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE IN STATE LEGISLATURE
Sessions:
The Governor of the Rajasthan summons the House from
time to time keeping in mind that the intervening period
between the last sitting in one session and first sitting in next
session does
not exceed six months.
• As per the Rules, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly shall have
at least three sessions in a calendar year.
• The business of the House is decided by the House on the
recommendation of the Business Advisory Committee
• Procedural Devices:
There are two types of procedural devices available. One is
Questions and others are Motions.
• Questions: There are three categories of questions, Starred
Questions, Unstarred Questions and Short Notice Questions.
• It is essential to give questions in the prescribed form with 14
clear days notice for starred and unstarred questions and
shorter than 10 clear days notice for Short Notice Questions.
• Motions: Besides questions, the members may raise the
matters of urgent and current public importance before the
House through the devices like Half an Hour Discussion, Calling
Attention Motion, Notice Under Rule 295 (Special Mention
Procedure) for Short Duration Discussion, Adjournment
Motion etc.
• Legislation:
All the legislative proposals are to be brought
in the form of Bills before the legislature.
• These can either be Government Bills or
Private Members Bills.
• Government Bills are prepared and drafted by
the Law Department of the State government.
• Process of Passing of Bill:
There are three readings (stages) for passing a Bill.
• First Reading: The first reading means motion for leave to
introduce a Bill and its adoption.
• The Second Reading: The second reading consists of
discussion on the principles of the Bill and clause by clause
consideration.
• The Third Reading: The third reading is completed when a
motion for passing a Bill is adopted by the House.
• After the House passes a Bill, it is presented to the
Governor/President for assent.
• With such assent and its publication in the official gazette, it
becomes law of the State.
• Assent of the Governor:
• Every bill, after it is passed by the assembly, is presented to the
Governor.
• There are four options before the Governor:
• May give his assent to the Bill
• He withhold his assent
• May return the Bill to the Legislative Assembly for reconsideration.
• May reserve the Bill for the consideration of the President
If the Governor gives his assent to the Bill then it becomes an Act.
• If the Governor withholds his assent to the Bill then bill does not
become an act.
• If the Governor returns the bill to assembly and the
assembly again passes the bill, with or without amendments, then
Governor has to give assent to the Bill.
• Assent of the President
• When the Governor reserves the Bill for consideration of
the President, then President can either:
• Give his assent to the bill.
• Withhold his assent to the bill.
• Return the bill for reconsideration of assembly.
• When bill is returned to the assembly by President, it
must reconsider it within 6 months.
• After it is passed by Assembly again, with or without
amendments
• Committees:
Legislative Committees can be divided into two categories -
the Standing Committees and the Ad-hoc
Committees.
• In Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, there are 18 Standing
Committees out of which four are financial and the rest
relates to various other subjects.
• The financial committees are –
• Public Accounts Committee
• Examine the Secretaries to Government on various
irregularities in their Departments as pointed out in the
Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General
• Public Undertakings Committee
• Public Undertakings Committee is required to go into the functions of the
various pubic undertakings and is expected to examine the Undertakings on
various irregularities pointed out by the Report of the Comptroller and
Auditor General under their control
• Two Estimates Committees
• Report as to what economies can be effected and what improvements in
particular
• rganisation may be made and also to suggest alternative policies in order to
bring about efficiency and economy in administration, as also changes in the
form of budget estimates.
• The financial committees are elected on the basis of proportional
representation through single transferable vote and the rest are nominated by
the Speaker.
• The Chairmen for all these committees are nominated by the Speaker from
out of the members of these committees
• Besides the above mentioned four financial
committees, the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly has
following other 17 standing committees.
1. Committee on Subordinate Legislation
2. Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Tribes
3. Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes
4. Business Advisory Committee
5. House Committee
6. Rules Committee
7. Library Committee
• 8. Committee on Petitions
9. Committee on Privileges
10. Committee on Government Assurances
11. General Purposes Committee
12. Question & Reference Committee
13. Committee on Welfare of Women & Children
14. Committee on Welfare of Backward Classes
15. Committee on Welfare of Minorities
16. Committee on Local Bodies and Panchayat Raj
Institutions
17. Committee on Environment
• General features of the Committees:
• These committees are constituted from the members
of the ruling as well as opposition parties generally in
proportion to their strength in the House.
• The term of office of the members of the committee is
generally one year.
• No minister can be a member of the committee except
in the case of Select Committees on Government Bills.
• Normally, the Chairman of the Committees presents
the Reports of these committees to the House but in
inter-session period the Chairman may submit the Report
to the Speaker.
• Strength of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly:
• The strength was increased to 190 after the
merger of the erstwhile Ajmer State with
Rajasthan in 1956.
• The Second (1957–62) and Third (1962–67)
Legislative Assemblies had a strength of 176.
• The Fourth (1967–72) and Fifth (1972–77)
Legislative Assembly comprised 184 members
each.
• The strength became 200 from the Sixth (1977–
1980) Legislative Assembly onwards.
• Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha in Present Context:
As per the provisions of Article 168 of the Constitution of India,
every state has a state legislature consisting of one or two Houses.
• Rajasthan has a unicameral character (only Vidhan Sabha) and its
legislature is known as the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly or
Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha.
• The present Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha or the Legislative Assembly is
situated in the capital city of Jaipur.
• Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha was first formed in March 1952 and this
process is continuing with the exceptions of 1967, 1977, 1980 and
1992 when the Presidential Rule was in force.
• The current Legislative Assembly, which is the 14th Assembly of the
Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha, was elected in 2013.
• Strength & Constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha:
The strength of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
which is determined by delimitation Commission,
was 160 in 1952.
• Currently, there are a total of 200 Assembly
constituencies in Rajasthan, which are represented by
200 MLAs or Members of Legislative Assembly.
• At present, 34 constituencies are reserved for the
candidates belonging to the Scheduled castes and 25
are reserved for the candidates belonging to the
Scheduled tribes.
District-wise list of Constituencies:
• 1 Ajmer 8 - 2 Alwar 11 • 16 Jaipur 19 (Highest) -17 Jaisalmer 2
(Lowest)
• 3 Banswara 5 -4 Baran 4
• 18 Jalor 5 -19 Jhalawar 4
5 Barmer 7 -6 Bharatpur 7
• 20 Jhunjhunu 7 -21 Jodhpur 10
• 7 Bhilwara 7 -8 Bikaner 7 • 22 Karauli 4 -23 Kota 6
• 9 Bundi 3 -10 Chittorgarh 5 • 24 Nagaur 10 -25 Pali 6
• 11 Churu 6 -12 Dausa 5 • 26 Pratapgarh 2 (Lowest )
• 13 Dholpur 4 • 27 Rajsamand 4
14 Dungarpur 4 • 28 Sawai Madhopur 4
• 29 Sikar 8 -30 Sirohi 3
• 15 Hanumangarh 5
• 31 Sri Ganganagar 6 -32 Tonk 4
• 33 Udaipur 8
• Total Constituencies in Rajasthan 200
• Elections
In the democratic setup of India, there are three main
types of Elections.
• First, election to the Parliament – MP’s
• Second, election to legislative assembly – MLA’s
• Third, election to Local Bodies – PRI’s & ULB’s
While first and second elections are conducted by
Election Commission of India (Constitutional Body
article 324), election to local bodies are conducted by
State Election Commission (again Constitutional
body)
• Elections conducted by Election Commission of India
Under Article 324(1) of the Constitution of India, the
Election Commission of India, is vested with the power of
superintendence, direction and control of conducting the
elections to both Houses of Parliament.
• Detailed provisions are made under the Representation of
the People Act, 1951 and the rules made there under this
Act.
• Article 324 (1) also vests in the Election Commission of
India with the powers of superintendence, direction and
control of the elections to the State Legislature.
• Detailed provisions of these elections are also made under
the Representation of the People Act, 1951 and the rules
made there under this Act.
• Organizational Structure:
• At present, the Election Commission of India is a three-member
body, with one Chief Election Commissioner and two Election
Commissioners.
• At State level, the Chief Electoral Officer of the State supervises
the election work under the overall superintendence, direction and
control of the Election Commission.
• At District level, the District Election Officer (DEO) supervises the
election work of a district.
• At Constituency level (Parliamentary or Assembly), the Returning
Officer of a parliamentary or
assembly constituency is responsible for the conduct of elections.
• On a Polling Station within the Constituency, the Presiding Officer
with the assistance of polling officers conducts the poll
• Under section 20B of the Representation of the People
Act 1951, the Election Commission of India nominates
officers of Government as Observers (General
Observers and Election Expenditure Observers) for
parliamentary and assembly constituencies.
Electoral Roles:
The Electoral Registration officer (ERO) is responsible
for the preparation of electoral rolls for a
parliamentary / assembly constituency.
• Parliamentary Constituencies in Rajasthan:
Lok Sabha Constituencies:
• There are 25 Lok Sabha Constituencies in State of
Rajasthan.
Rajya Sabha Seats from Rajasthan:
• There are 10 Rajya Sabha seats from Rajasthan. Currently
2 of which belong to INC and 8 to BJP.
• (Members to Rajya Sabha are elected by the Legislative
Assembly of States and Union territories by means of Single
transferable vote through Proportional representation.
• It also has 12 members who are nominated by the
President of India. )
• Elections conducted by State Election Commission
The State Election Commission constituted under the Constitution
(Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth) Amendments Act, 1992 for each
State / Union Territory are vested with the powers of conduct of
elections to the Corporations, Muncipalities, Zilla Parishads, District
Panchayats, Panchayat Samitis, Gram Panchayats and other local
bodies.
• It is independent of the Election Commission of India.
• The SEC is a single member Commission headed by the State
Election Commissioner. It has a Secretary who is also the Chief
Electoral Officer for the State.
• The Commission discharges its Constitutional duty by way of
preparing electoral rolls and holding elections for Panchayati Raj
Institutions as well as for Municipal bodies.
• Courts in Rajasthan - High Court of Rajasthan
• The Rajasthan High Court is the High Court of the state of
Rajasthan. Rajasthan High Court was established on 21 June
1949 under the Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949.
• The high court has its principal seat at Jodhpur and a bench
at Jaipur. The State is bifurcated into 35 Judgeships
comprising of 388 Courts of District Judge Cadre, 319
Courts of Sr. Civil Judge Cadre and 438 Courts of Civil Judge
Cadre.
• The first Chief Justice was: Kamala Kant Verma
• The Current Chief Justice is: Mr. Pradeep Nandrajog.
The Rajasthan High Court Rules 1952, as amended from
time to time, regulate the administrative business and
judicial work in the High Court.
• District Courts in Rajasthan
• Under the Rajasthan High Court, there is a hierarchy of
courts which are referred to in the Indian constitution as
subordinate courts.
• There are two kinds of Subordinate Courts: the District
Courts and others.
• The state is divided into districts and each district has a
district court which has an appellant jurisdiction in the
district.
• These courts are under administrative control of the High
Court.
• Currently, in the lower judiciary, there are 36 courts of
District & Sessions Judges in Rajasthan.
• The court of the District judge is located at the district
headquarters.
• It has power of trying both civil and criminal cases. Thus he is
designated as the District and Sessions Judge.
• The district Judge is the highest judicial authority in the district and
exercises both judicial and administrative powers over all the
subordinate courts in the district.
• He possess original and appellate jurisdiction in both the civil and
criminals matters.
• Appeals against his orders and judgments lie to the High Court.
• The sessions judge has the power to impose any sentence
including life imprisonment anddeath sentence.
• However, death sentence passed by him is subject to confirmation
by the High Court, whether there is an appeal or not.
• Sub-Ordinate Courts in Rajasthan In each district of India there are various types of
subordinate or lower courts.
• They are civil courts, criminal courts and revenue courts.
• These Courts hear civil cases, criminal cases and revenue cases, respectively.
Under the district courts, there are the lower courts such as the Additional District
Court, Sub-Court, Munsiff Magistrate Court, Court of Special Judicial Magistrate of
the II Class, Court of Special Judicial Magistrate of I Class, Court of Special Munsiff
Magistrate for Factories Act and Labour Laws, etc.
• At the bottom of the hierarchy of Subordinate Courts are the Panchayat Courts
(Nyaya Panchayat, Panchayat Adalat etc).
• These are, however, not considered as courts under the purview of the criminal
courts jurisdiction.
• Most of the civil cases are filed in the court of the Munsif. A case can be taken in
appeal from the court of the Munsif to the court of the sub-Judge or the
Additional Sub-Judge.
• Rajasthan State Legal Service Authority
The Constitution of India outlines promise of
securing to all the citizens social, economic and
political justice.
• Article 39 A of the Constitution of India provides
for free legal aid to the poor and weaker sections
of the society, to promote justice on the basis of
equal opportunity.
• Rajasthan State Legal Service Authority is an
institution created to pursue these objectives.
• Statutory Provisions: RSLSA
In 1987, the Legal Services Authorities Act was enacted by the
Parliament, which came into force on 9th November, 1995.
• This has led to the setting up of Legal Services Authorities at the
National, State and District levels along with Legal Services
Committees at the Supreme Court, High Court and the Taluka
levels.
The Government of Rajasthan in consultation with the Chief Justice
of the High Court, framed the Rajasthan State Legal Services
Authority Rules, 1995, and later Regulations, 1999 - to give effect to
the provision of the Legal Services Authority Act , 1987( Act No.39
of 1987).
• Consequently, The Rajasthan State Legal Services Authority came
into existence on 07.07.1998 by notification issued by the State
Government.
• Composition of Rajasthan State Legal Service Authority
A State Authority shall consist of:
• (a) the Chief Justice of the High Court who shall be the
Patron-in-Chief;
• (b) a serving or retired Judge of the High Court, to be
nominated by the Governor, in consultation with the Chief
Justice of the High Court, who shall be the Executive
Chairman; and
• (c) such number of other members, possessing such
experience and qualifications as may be prescribed by the
State Government, to be nominated by that Government
in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court.
• Rajasthan Legal Service Authority: Important Members
• Patron in Chief: Chief Justice, Rajasthan High Court -
Justice Pradeep Nandrajog
• Executive Chairman: Mr. Justice K. S. Jhaveri - Judge,
Rajasthan High Court.
Important Functions of Rajasthan Legal Service Authority
The Act mandates the State Legal Service Authorities to
perform three primary functions:
• (a) Provide free legal service to the weaker sections of the
society.
• (b) Conduct Lok Adalats including Lok Adalats for High
Court cases; and
• (c) Undertake preventive and strategic legal aid
programmes and create legal awareness.
• Who is entitled for Free Legal Aid ?
Any person who fulfils the eligibility criteria as prescribed by Section
12 of the Legal Services
Authorities Act, 1987 can avail of the free legal services. This includes:
• a) member of a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe;
• b) victim of trafficking in human beings or beggar as referred in
article 23 of the Constitution;
• c) woman or a child;
• d) a mentally ill or otherwise disabled person;
• e) victim of a mass disaster, ethnic violence, caste atrocity, flood,
drought, earthquake or industrial disaster; or
• f) an industrial workman; or
• g) persons in custody; or
• h) persons in receipt of annual income not more than 1,50,000.
• RSLSA Activities:
• State & District Legal Aid Fund have been created for
being utilised for the purposes of this Act.
• The Rajasthan SLSA has appointed 30000 legal
services volunteers for implementation of legal aid
programs.
• Prominent persons of the society including the
Sarpanchs, NGOs and Anganwadi workers are involved
in the legal literacy programs.
• Till 2017, RSLSA has been able to provide free legal
aid to approximately 1,32,000 beneficiaries.
• Organisation of Lok Adalats & Legal Awareness
Camps.
• Lok Adalats in Rajasthan
Lok Adalat is a system of alternative dispute resolution
developed in India.
• It may be called "People's court".
• Lok Adalat is a forum where the disputes/cases pending in
the court of law or at pre-litigation stage are
settled/compromised amicably.
• The Lok Adalat has been given statutory status under the
Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.
• Under the said Act, the award made by the Lok Adalats is
deemed to be the decree of a civil court and is final and
binding on all parties and no appeal lies before any court
against its award.
• Types of Lok Adalats:
National Lok Adalat
National Level Lok Adalats are held for at regular intervals where on
a single day Lok Adalats are held
throughout the country, in all the courts right from the Supreme
Court till the Taluk Levels wherein
cases are disposed off in huge numbers.
Mega Lok Adalat:
This is organised in the State on a single day in all courts of the
State.
Mobile Lok Adalats
Mobile Lok Adalats are also organized in various parts of the
country which travel from one location to another to resolve
disputes in order to facilitate the resolution of disputes through this
mechanism.
• General Features of Lok Adalats:
• If the parties are not satisfied with the award of the Lok Adalat though
there is no provision for an appeal against such an award, but they are
free to initiate litigation by approaching the court of appropriate
jurisdiction by filing a case by following the required procedure, in
exercise of their right to litigate.
• There is no court fee payable when a matter is filed in a Lok Adalat. If
a matter pending in the court of law is referred to the Lok Adalat and is
settled subsequently, the court fee originally paid in the court on the
complaints/petition is also refunded back to the parties.
• The persons deciding the cases in the Lok Adalats are called the
Members of the Lok Adalats, they have the role of statutory conciliators
only and do not have any judicial role; therefore they can only persuade
the parties to come to a conclusion for settling the dispute outside the
court in the Lok Adalat and shall not pressurize or coerce any of the
parties to compromise or settle cases or matters either directly or
indirectly.
• Chief Secretary
• The State Secretariat is the principal executive instrument of the State
government and is responsible
for administering the State Subjects.
• Each Secretariat Department has a civil servant as its head, who
assists the Minister concerned in execution of policies.
• The chief secretary is the head of these permanent executives and is
referred to as executive head of Secretariat.
• Powers and functions of Chief Secretary:
The principal functions of the Chief Secretary are:
• Principal advisor to the Chief Minister on all the matters of the State
administration.
• Secretary to the State Council of Ministers.
• Administrative head of the State Secretariat and attends the meeting of
the Cabinet and its subCommittees, if necessary
• • Prepares the agenda for the Cabinet meetings and keeps records of its
proceedings.
• Acts as the head of the State Civil Services. In this capacity, deals with
all the cases related to appointment, transfers, promotion of senior State
Civil Servants. Conscience-keeper to all the State Civil Servants.
• Chief coordinator of the State administration and ensures inter-
departmental co-ordination.
• The Chairman of co-ordination committees set up for inter-
departmental disputes. Presides over the meetings of the departments'
Secretaries.
• Presides over the conferences attended by the Divisional
Commissioners, the District Collectors and the heads of the departments
of district administrations to effect coordination.
• Acts as the administrative head of some secretariat departments.
• State Secretariat
The Council of Ministers being a body of political leaders cannot be expected to
perform the detailed administrative functions themselves.
• They need advice of professional administrators in performance of these
functions.
• This advice is provided by a body of officers known as the Secretariat.
Secretariat Definition:
The expression “Secretariat” is used to refer to the complex of departments
whose political heads are ministers while the administrative heads are
Secretaries to the Government.
• The entire administrative machinery of the state is divided into several
departments.
• The ministers are incharge of these departments and are answerable to the
legislature for the activities .
• Below the ministers are posted in each department several career civil servants
who carry out the orders of their respective ministers, advise them and help
them by providing necessary information required for facing the legislature and
its committees.
• Relation between Secretariat & Directorate:
The three components of government at the state level are:
• (i) the minister;
• (ii) the secretary, and
• (iii) the executive head. (The last one in most cases is called the director,
although other nomenclatures are also used to refer to the executive head).
The minister and the secretary together constitute the Secretariat, whereas
the office of the executive head is designated as the Directorate.
• The Agriculture Department in the secretariat, for instance is headed by the
Secretary Agriculture, but has the Director of Agriculture as its head of the
department (Directorate).
Organisation of State Secretariat
• The entire administrative machinery of the state is divided into several
departments.
• The Business of the State Government is transacted in Secretariat
Departments and distributed between these Departments.
• CHIEF MINISTER (Political Head)
• The Secretary is overall in-
↓ charge of the department.
Chief Secretary (Administrative • He is the principal advisor to
Head) the minister and responsible
↓ for carrying out the policies
Department - Secretary and decisions made by
↓ political chief.
Special/Additional Secretary
↓ • Each secretary is
Joint Secretary normally in charge of more
↓ than one department.
Division - Deputy Secretary • The number of secretariat
↓ departments is usually
Branch - Under Secretary larger than the number of
↓
Assistant Secretary secretaries.
↓
• Role of State Secretariat:
The State Secretariat, as the top layer of the state administration, is primarily
meant to assist the state government in policy making and in discharging its
legislative functions.
• It also acts "as a memory and a clearing house, preparatory to certain types of
decisions and as a general supervisor of executive action".
• The main functions of the State Secretariat are broadly as follows: Assisting the
ministers in policy making, in modifying policies from time to time and in
discharging their legislative responsibilities
• Framing draft legislation, and rules and regulations
• Coordinating policies and programmes, supervising and controlling their
execution, and reviewing of the results
• Budgeting and control of expenditure
• Maintaining contact with the Government of India and other state
governments;
• Overseeing the smooth and efficient running of the administrative machinery
and-initiating measures to develop greater personnel and organisational
competence.
• Directorates
The Secretariat is concerned with setting the
broader policies and goals of the State
Government while the responsibility for achieving
these policies and executing the orders rests with
heads of executive
departments.
• These executive agencies, as a rule, are located
outside the Secretariat and constitute distinct
organisational entities referred to as Directorates.
• Definition of Directorates:
Directorates are the executive arm of the state government; they
translate into action the policies that arc framed by the State
Secretariat.
• Even though the terms 'Directorates' and 'Executive Agencies' are
often used interchangeably, Directorates are nothing but one type
of executive agency.
• Directorates are classified into two categories - Attached Offices
and Subordinate Offices.
• The Attached Offices are responsible for providing executive
direction required for the implementation of the policies laid down
by the Ministry to which they are attached.
• They also serve as repository of technical information and advice to
the Ministry on technical aspects of the questions dealt with by
them.
• The Subordinate Offices function as field establishments or as the
agencies responsible for the detailed execution of the decisions of
government. They generally function under the direction of an
Attached Office.
Thus, the Attached Offices have in essence a two-fold function.
First, they furnish technical data and advice to the Ministry to which
they are attached.
• The second function of the Attached Office is to provide executive
directions to the agencies, which are responsible for implementing
the policies of government.
• As contrasted with the attached Office, a Subordinate Office
functions as the field establishment or as the agency responsible for
the detailed execution of the policies and programmes of the
government.
• As a rule, it functions under an Attached Office.
• Organisation of Directorates
Heads of departments are officers who are charge of the actual
administration of specific services or administration and execution of
projects.
• The Heads of the Departments are usually called Directors or
Commissioners.
• The State Government exercises control over the working of heads of
departments through "administrative departments" of the secretariat.
The Secretaries are the "ears and eyes" of the Ministers, while the Heads
of Departments are their "Hands".
• The head of the department is generally a specialist and a secretary is a
generalist civil servant.
• The directors or Commissioners are assisted by Additional Directors, Joint
directors, Deputy Directors and Assistant Directors.
• Functions of the directorates
• Formulation of Departmental budget;
• Acting as technical adviser to the Minister;
• Inspection of the execution of work of departmental district staff;
• Allocation of grants according to rules, making budget re-
appropriation within prescribed limits;
• Making within approved rules all appointments, confirmations,
postings transfers, promotions of all subordinate officers including
also sanctioning of leave and making acting arrangements
• Exercising disciplinary powers over all subordinate officers
according to rules
• Advising Public Service Commission concerning promotions and
disciplinary actions
• Sanctioning the attendance of officers at conference other than
inter-state or government of India conferences.
• Administrative Setup
The state of Rajasthan has been divided into 33
districts.
• However, from administration point of view,
there is a multi-layer structure of administration.
• The State of Rajasthan is divided into 7 divisions,
these divisions include within them group of districts.
• Each of the districts is divided into Sub-division
consisting of Tehsils, sub-tehsils and villages
• Divisions in Rajasthan
• Ajmer Division: Includes 4 districts Ajmer, Bhilwara, Nagaur, Tonk.
• Bharatpur Division: Includes 4 districts Bharatpur, Dholpur,
Karauli, Sawai Madhopur.
• Bikaner Division: Includes 4 districts Bikaner, Churu, Sri
Ganganagar, Hanumangarh
• Jaipur Division: Includes 5 districts Alwar, Dausa, Jaipur,
Jhunjhunun, Sikar.
• Jodhpur Division (Largest by Area): Includes 6 districts. Barmer,
Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Pali, Sirohi.
• Kota Division: Includes 4 districts. Baran, Bundi, Jhalawar, Kota.
• Udaipur Division: Includes 6 districts. Banswara, Chittorgarh,
Dungarpur, Rajsamand, Pratapgarh, Udaipur.
• The main officer in-charge of governance, administration and inter-
departmental coordination is
Divisional Commissioner. He/She is also responsible for monitoring all
schemes for all round development of the division.
District Administration:
• Below the divisions functions the most important unit of administration
i.e. districts.
• The main officer in-charge of district administration is District Collector.
(Dealt in detail in following chapter)
Sub-Divisional Administration
• The sub-divisional administration functions between district and tehsil
level.
• There are 244 Sub-divisions in Rajasthan.
• Sub-Divisional Officer is responsible for administration. Like Collector, he
also responsible for revenue functions and general administration.
• SDO reports to the district collector.
• Tehsil Administration
• Administratively, tehsil is the smallest unit but very significant
unit.
• Tehsil is the basic unit for purposes of general administration,
treasury, land revenue, land records and other items of work
• There are 287 tehsils in Rajasthan
• In some big-tehsils, there are also sub-tehsils. Tehsildar is the
officer in-charge of Tehsil whereas Naib-tehsildar is the officer in-
charge of sub-tehsil.
• District Collector
The institution of District Collector, as it exists today, was created
and developed during the British rule and has become a unique
feature of Indian public Administration.
• With change in time, District collector roles and responsibilities
have changed and multiplied but it is still plays a vital role as the
bridge between union-state and local government
• Origin of office of District Collector
India is organised administratively into Union, states, districts, sub-
divisions, blocks and villages but "District" is the principal unit of
territorial administration in India.
• The Mauryas were the first to constitute 'district' as prominent
territorial unit and to centralise its administration with all powers
concentrated in a single officer called the Rajuka.
• However, the origin and development of development of district as
a territorial unit for for purpose of revenue collection and
administration came to acquire significance in 1772 under East India
Company when on 14th May, Warren Hastings created the office of
Collector with revenue and judicial functions united in the same
person.
• By 1786, the district came to occupy a central place in the scheme
of local administration.
• Functions & Responsibilities of the District Collector
• The role and responsibilities of the office of District Collector (DC) have undergone
considerable change since Independence.
• From enforcement of law and order and collection of revenue for its
administrative unit, the office of DC has also grown as an important arm for
implementing national
and state policies on welfare and planned development.
• DC acts as chief agent and representative of the state and serves as channel of
communication between the government and residents of the district.
At present DC's duties and functions can be divided into following categories:
• As a Collector
• As a District Administrator
• As a District Magistrate
• As a District Development Officer
• Disaster Management
• Conduct of Election
• Food and Civil Supplies
• Residual Functions
• As a Collector
• Collection of nearly all government dues
including government loans, excise revenue,
mining cess, royalties etc.
• Assessment and collection of land revenue.
• Supervision of treasury & sub-treasury.
• All matters related to land reforms, land records
and land acquisition.
• Management of government estates.
• As a District Magistrate
The judicial functions of the Collector have been significantly
reduced due to separation of judiciary from executive in modern
constitutional democracy.
• The District Collector in his capacity as the district magistrate
(i.e. executive magistrate) is responsible for the maintenance of
law and order in the district.
• For this purpose, the district police force headed by the District
Superintendent of Police is kept under the control, supervision
and direction of the district magistrate (The Indian Police Act of
1861 ).
Additionally, he also performs other duties including:
• Supervision of the police and jails
• Supervision of subordinate Executive magistracy
• • Issue certificates of domicile, scheduled and backward
classes.
• Issue custody/detention warrants under special anti-
crime/security enactments e.g. NSA.
• To issue orders when there is threat to public peace and
order under section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code.
• • Sanctioning leave to tehsildars/naib-tehsildars
• Salary and pension of district staff
• Exercise control over field offices like sub-divisional and
tehsil headquarters.
• Chief protocol officer of district - arrange VIP stay & visit.
• As a District Development Officer
• The Collector, with the assistance of the district-level staff, is
responsible for the implementation of majority of developmental works
and schemes in the district.
• Apart from the direct responsibilities, a collector frequently gets
involved with the programmes of other departments, like the PWD,
irrigation, power, forest, agriculture, health and family welfare
Coordination in District
• Coordinate activities of other agencies/departments at the district
level.
Disaster Management
• Acts as the crisis administrator-in-chief during natural calamities and
other emergencies.
• Chairs the District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC), which is
responsible for making advance plan to mitigate the effect of impending
disasters and provide assistances for protection, relief and rehabilitation
in the face of such disasters.
• Conduct of Election
• DC is designated as District Election Officer (DEO) and function as Returning
Officer (RO) in Parliamentary elections.
• In other elections, all RO's function under DC's superintendence.
• DC is also responsible for preparation/updation of electoral roles and holding
of free and fair elections in the district.
Food and Civil Supplies
• Oversees the implementation of the Public Distribution System
• Enforce provisions of the Essential Commodities Act and related Rules and
Orders.
• residual Functions
Any function of the government in the district, which is not allocated to any line
department automatically, comes within the jurisdiction of the DC.
• Licensing & Regulatory: The Collector is the licensing and regulatory authority
under various special laws such as Arms and Cinematography Acts etc. in the
district.
• The district collector is also chairman of large number of committees at
district level.
• Historical Background of PRI in Rajasthan
Since Ancient times, village panchayats have been an integral part of
social life.
• It is believed that this system was first introduced by King Prithu during
colonisation Ganga-Yamuna Doab.
• Rigveda mentions - Gramini as the leader of the village.
• Shreni was a well-known term for merchant guilds. A fairly detailed
description of the village communities is found in Kautilya’s Artha-
Shastra.
• These rural republics in India continued to flourish in the country during
the Hindu, Muslim and Peshwa government till the arrival of the East
India Company.
• Here, we look at evolution of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) in
Rajasthan.
• Panchayats during Ancient and Medieval period in Rajasthan:
The study of various Lekhas reveals that executive committees or Panchayats existed in Rajasthan
during the ancient period.
• These agencies were then called Panchkulas (Committee of five), which
worked under the presidentship of the Mahant.
• These Panchkulas were composed of village elders who were heads of various castes and religious
groups of a village.
• Besides these, there were also committees referred as Goshthis (guilds) which were a kind of
corporations of professionals meant for looking after the local administration of the areas they
furnished.
• According to V.B. Mishra, during 600 A.D. to 1027 A.D., there was despotic rule in Western Rajasthan
under Pratihara dynasty but village remained autonomous units. Grama or village was the last
administrative unit having fixed sites and boundaries.
• The head of the Grama was called Gramapati or Gamagamika.
• The Gramapati administered the village with the assistance of the village council composed of the village
elders.
• The Council exercised considerable jurisdiction over the village disputes.
• PRI in Rajasthan during Mughal Period:
With the establishment of Mughal rule at Delhi, the
Princely States of Rajputana were influenced to some
extent but village administration remained unchanged.
• During this period there existed ‘Caste Panchayats’ as well
as Panchayats of the whole village for social purposes.
• The functions of Village Panchayats included settlement of
disputes, watch and ward, education, sanitation, recreation
and organisation of festivals.
• Additionally, every caste had its own Panchayat in the
village whose structure and functions were more or less
similar.
• PRI in Rajasthan during British Rule:
Under the British administrators, there was minimal development
of Panchayats until 1928 when
Bikaner State took the lead by passing an act to provide for the
establishment of Panchayats.
• The Jaipur Village Panchayat Act was also passed in 1937. In 1939
Karauli also passed a Village Panchayats Act.
• Gram Panchayat Acts were passed in Mewarand Marwar in 1940
and 1945 respectively.
• Bharatpur introduced similar enactment in 1944 and Sirohi in 1947.
Besides these, there was Panchayat Acts in force in some other
states, e.g., Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, Tonk, Shahpura, etc.
• PRI in Modern Rajasthan: Beginning
The United States of Rajasthan was inaugurated in 1948 comprising Mewar
and other princely states, with its capital at Udaipur.
• Chief Minister as Shri Manikya Lal Verma.
• One of his very first acts was to promulgate the Gram Panchayat Raj Ordinance
of 1948.
• Following the Ordinance, elected
Panchayats based on Universal Adult franchise came into being in various
villages of the former feudatories in Udaipur, Kota, Partapgarh, Kushalgarh,
Banswara, Dungarpur, etc.
• Thus, 790 Panchayats came into existence in 13,656 Villages of formers
Rajasthan.
• After the inauguration of unified Rajasthan and formation Rajasthan Legislative
Assembly, Rajasthan Panchayat Act, 1953 was passed and was enforced on
January 1st, 1954.
• The Government of Rajasthan started Community Development
Programme (CDP) in 1952 as a part of planned development in the
state.
• On the recommendation of the Grow More Food Enquiry Committee,
the National Extension Service (NES) was started in 1953.
• The Balwant Rai Mehta Study Team examined the working of CDP &
NES and suggested ‘Democratic Decentralisation’ in order to make
these programmes successful.
• The National Development Council also endorsed this proposal
and asked each State Government to implement the idea.
• As a consequence, the Rajasthan Panchayat Samitis and Zila Parishads
Act, 1959, was passed with effect from October 2nd , 1959.
• This new act also amended the Rajasthan Panchayat Act, 1953.
• But after 1965 Panchayats became weak when all the
extension officers of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and
Industries were withdrawn from Panchayat Samitis.
• The concern departments became important.
• Girdhari Lal Vyas Committee in 1973, pointed out
limitations of the Panchayat system in the State, but
suggestions to improve the functioning of the Panchayat
System were not implemented.
• The dormant status of Panchayat was not just limited to
Rajasthan but majority of states, forcing Union Government
to make a series of committees to revive the PRI in India
• Ashok Mehta Committee (1978) recommended a
constitutional status for Panchayats and L.M.Singhvi
Committee (1986) proclaimed the PRIs as the third tier of
government and strongly recommended that PRIs should
be constitutionally recognized, preserved and protected.
• It was followed by a series of consultations and
workshops to work out modalities to constitutionalise the
Panchayats.
• Finally, 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1993 was
enacted.
• On the basis of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment,
Rajasthan passed the Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Act, 1994.
• Panchayati Raj in Rajasthan
After Independence, Rajasthan was the first state to establish
Panchayati Raj.
• The scheme was inaugurated by then Prime Minister Nehru on
October 2, 1959 in Bagdari Village of Nagaur district.
• Panchayati Raj in India aims to build democracy at grass-root level
and signifies the system of rural self government.
• Panchayats are an effective vehicle for people’s participation in
administration, planning and democratic process and so
organisation of village Panchayats has been made a Directive
Principle of State Policy (Article 40).
• After, 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 these
institutions have received Constitutional status
• 73RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ACT OF 1992
Significance of the Act:
The act has given a practical shape to Article 40 of the Constitution which says
that, ‘The State shall take steps to organise village panchayats and endow
them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to
function as units of self-government’ (DPSP).
• The act gives a constitutional status to the panchayati raj institutions.
• It has brought them under the purview of the justiciable part of the
Constitution.
• In other words, the state governments are under constitutional obligation to
adopt the new panchayati raj system in accordance with the provisions of the
act.
• Additionally, neither the formation of panchayats nor the holding of elections
at regular intervals depends on the will of the state government any more.
The act transfers the representative democracy into participatory democracy.
• It is a revolutionary concept to build democracy at the grass-root level in the
country.
• Major Features of the Act:
• This act has added a new Part-IX to the Constitution of India. It is
entitled as ‘The Panchayats’ and consists of provisions from Articles 243
to 243O.
• Additionally, the act has also added Eleventh Schedule to the
Constitution which contains the 29 functional items of the panchayats.
• The provisions of the act can be grouped into two categories-
Compulsory and Voluntary.
• The compulsory (mandatory or obligatory) provisions of the act have to
be included in the state laws creating the new panchayati raj system.
• The voluntary provisions, on the other hand, may be included at the
direction of the states
• Gram Sabha:
• The act provides for a Gram Sabha as the foundation of the
Panchayati Raj system.
• It is a body consisting of all the registered voters in the area of
the panchayat.
• A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and perform such
functions at the village level as the Legislative of a State may,
by law, pro-vide. (Article 243A).
• There shall be at least two meetings of the Gram Sabha every
year.
• The quorum for a meeting of the Gram Sabha shall be one-
tenth of the total number of members
• Three-Tier System:
• The act provides for three-tier system of Panchayati Raj in every
state with Panchayats at village, intermediate and district level.
• Elected members & chairpersons
• All members of the Panchayats at village, intermediate and district
level shall be elected directly by the people.
• Sarpanch of Gram Sabha is elected directly adult voters.
• The chairpersons of panchayats at intermediate & district level
shall be elected indirectly - by and from amongst the elected
members.
• Manner of election of Chairpersons at village level is decided by
State legislative assembly
• Elections to the Panchayats : The superintendence, direction and control of the
preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the
Panchayats shall be vested in a State Election Commission.
• Duration of Panchayats: Every Panchayat unless sooner dissolved under any
law for the time being in force, shall continue for five years from the date
appointed for its first meeting and no longer.
• Reservations of Seats:
• Seats shall be reserved for-(a) the Scheduled Castes; and (b) the Scheduled
Tribes; in
every Panchayat in ratio of population.
• Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women
belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribe/of the total
number of seats to be filled
by direct election in every Panchayat shall be reserved for women and such
seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Panchayat.
• • Exempted Areas: The Act did not apply to Jammu &
Kashmir and certain scheduled areas in some states.
• However, the act provided power to Parliament to extend
the Act to these scheduled areas with certain special
provisions.
• Under which, Parliament passed "The Provisions
of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996
or PESA Act". Rajasthan passed its conformity legislation in
accordance with PESA on 30th Sept. 1999.
• Finance Commission: The Finance Commission shall be
constituted under Article 243-I to review the financial
positions of Panchayati Raj Institutions and make
recommendations to the Governor.
• Panchayats in Rajasthan:
Rajasthan has a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj with 33 Zila Parishads
(District level), 295 Panchayat Samities (Block level) and 9891 Panchayats
(Village level, comprising of a village or a group of villages).
• Each Zila Parishad has territorial constituencies. A Zila Parishad having
population upto 4 lacs has 17 constituencies and in case the population exceeds
4 lacs, then for every one lac, the number of constituencies increases by two.
• The 33 Zila Parishads at present have 1014 constituencies.
Similarly, Panchayat Samities also have territorial constituencies.
• A Panchayat Samiti having population upto one lac consists of 15 constituencies
and in case the population exceeds one lac then for every 15000 or part thereof
in excess of one lac the number of constituencies increases by two.
• The 295 Panchayat Samities are presently divided into 6236 constituencies.
• Each Panchayat has been divided into wards. The 9900 Panchayats at present
have 108953 wards
• Additional Rules for PRI’s in Rajasthan:
• Rajasthan was the first state to impose the two-child norm as a bar to
standing for elections and as a disqualification for occupying a Panchayat
elected seat.
• Rajasthan is also the first State in the country to fix a minimum
educational qualification for contesting elections to the Panchayati Raj
Institutions.
• The Assembly passed the Rajasthan Panchayati Raj (amendment) Bill,
2015, which makes Class VIII pass mandatory for the post of sarpanch —
except in tribal reserved areas, where the minimum qualification is Class V
— and Class X for Zila Parishad or Panchayat Samiti elections.
• The amendments to Section 19 of the Rajasthan Panchayat Raj Act, 1994
also make a functional toilet mandatory in the house of a contestant.
• Fifteen States including Rajasthan have enacted legislation for 50%
reservation of women in PRI’s
• Composition of Panchayats in Rajasthan:
Gram Panchayat:
• A Sarpanch, and Directly elected Panchas from as many wards as are
determined.
• The Sarpanch is assisted by Gram Sevak & Clerk Grade II.
Panchayat Samiti:
• Directly elected members from as many territorial constituencies.
• All members or the Legislative Assembly of the State representing
constituencies which comprise whole or partly the Panchayat Samiti
area.
• Chairpersons of all the Panchayats falling within the Panchayat
Samiti The Pradhan is assisted by Block Development Officer who has
an Assistant Engineer, Assistant Account Officer and Block primary
education officer at his/her disposal.
• Zila Parishad:
• Directly elected members from as many territorial constituencies as are
determined.
• All members of the Lok Sabha and of the State Legislative Assembly representing
constituencies which comprise wholly or partly the Zila Parishad area.
• All members of the Rajya Sabha registered as electors within the Zila Parishad
• Chairpersons of all Panchayat Samities falling within the Zila Parishad area.
• Implementation of PESA in Rajasthan
Rajasthan passed its conformity legislation in accordance with PESA on 30th Sept.
1999.
• The details of notified FSA/PESA areas in the State of Rajasthan as under:
• Number of PESA District (Fully & Partly covered): 5
o PESA District (Fully covered): 2 (Banswara and Dungarpur)
o PESA District (Partly covered): 3 (Udaipur, Pratapgarh and Sirohi)
• Number of PESA Blocks: 26
• Number of PESA Panchayats: 4544
• Urban Local Government
• The term Urban local Government in India signifies the governance
of urban area by people through elected representatives.
• There are eight types of urban local governments currently existing
in India:
1. Municipal Corporations.
2. Municipality.
3. Notified area committee.
4. Town area committee.
5. Cantonment board.
6. Township.
7. Port trust.
8. Special purpose agency.
• Historical Background of Urban Local Government
The origin of Municipal Administration in India dates back to 1687 when a
Municipal Corporation was set up in Madras.
• In 1726, Municipal Corporations were setup in Bombay and Calcutta.
• Lord Ripon issued a resolution for local self government that continued to
influence the development of local self government in India till 1947.
• He is thus called as father of local self-government in India.
• After Independence, Rajasthan Town Municipalities Act was promulgated in
1951 by repealing the existing princely States' municipal laws.
• Subsequently, due to reorganisation of the State of Rajasthan, all the existing
municipal laws1 including the Act of 1951 were replaced by the Rajasthan
Municipalities Act, 1959 (Act).
• Later, 43 rules were incorporated there under by State Government from time
to time.
• Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 inserted new Articles 243-P to 243-
ZG providing for the legislature to endow certain powers and the duties to the
municipalities relating to 18 matters mentioned in Twelfth Schedule.
• Urban Local Government: Constitutional Provisions
The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 inserted
new Part- IX A to the Constitution of India. It is entitled as
'The Municipalities' and consists of Articles 243-P to 243-ZG
.
• Additionally, the act has also added Twelfth Schedule that
contains 18 functional items of municipalities.
Significance of the Act:
Earlier, State Governments were free to manage their local
bodies as they wished.
• The Amendment made statutory provisions for the
establishment, empowerment and functioning of urban
local selfgoverning institutions.
• Salient Features of the Act:
• Three types of Municipalities: It provides for the
constitution of 3 types of Municipalities
depending upon the size and area namely:
o Municipal Corporation - for a larger Urban area.
o Municipal Council - for smaller Urban area
o Nagar Panchayat – (by whatever name called)
for a transitional area
• Composition of Municipal Bodies:
• All seats shall be filled by direct elections from the
territorial constituencies known as wards.
• The member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
representing a constituency which comprises wholly or
partly the area of a Municipality.
• Three persons or ten percent of the number of elected
members of the Municipality, whichever is less, having
special knowledge or experience in municipal
administration, to be nominated by the State Government
by notification in the Official Gazette
• The member of the House of the People representing a
constituency which comprises wholly or partly the area
• Wards Committees: The Act provides for the constitution of Ward
Committees, consisting of one or more wards, within the territorial
area of a Municipality, with a population of 3 lakhs or more.
• Reservation of seats: In order to provide for adequate
representation of Scheduled Caste/ Scheduled Tribe (SC/ST) and of
women in the Municipal Bodies, provisions have been made for
reservation of seats in every Municipality.
• Duration of Municipalities: The Municipality has a fixed term of
5(five) years from the date appointed for its first meeting.
• Elections: The State Election Commission of Rajasthan discharges
its constitutional duty by way of preparing electoral rolls and
holding elections for Municipal bodies under Article 243ZA.
• The manner of election of Chairperson of Municipalities has been
left to be specified by the State Legislature
• • Finance Commission: The Finance Commission constituted
under Article 243-I to review the financial positions of
Panchayati Raj Institutions shall also review the financial
position of theMunicipalities and will make recommendations to
the Governor.
• Committee for District Planning: There shall be constituted in
every State at the District level a District Planning Committee to
consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and the
Municipalities in the District and to prepare a Draft
Development Plan for the District as a whole.
• Metropolitan Planning Committees: It is provided in Article
243-ZE of the Constitution that there shall be constituted in
every Metropolitan area a Metropolitan Planning Committee to
prepare a Draft Development Plan for the Metropolitan area as
a whole.
• Major Features of the Act:
The main provisions of this Act can be grouped under two categories–
compulsory and voluntary. Some of the compulsory provisions which are
binding on all States are:
• (i) Constitution of nagar panchayats, municipal councils and municipal
corporations in small, big and very big urban areas respectively;
• (ii) Reservation of seats in urban local bodies for Scheduled Castes /
Scheduled Tribes roughly in proportion to their population;
• (iii) Reservation of seats for women up to one-third seats;
• (iv) The State Election Commission, constituted in order to conduct elections
in the panchayati raj bodies (see 73rd Amendment) will also conduct elections
to the urban local self-governing bodies;
• (v) The State Finance Commission, constituted to deal with financial affairs of
the panchayati raj bodies also looks into the financial affairs of the local urban
self-governing bodies;
• (vi) Tenure of urban local self-governing bodies is fixed at five years and in
case of earlier dissolution fresh elections are held within six months;
• Some of the voluntary provisions which are not binding,
but are expected to be observed by the States are:
• (i) Giving voting rights to members of the Union and State
Legislatures in these bodies;
• (ii) Providing reservation for backward classes;
• (iii) Giving financial powers in relation to taxes, duties,
tolls and fees, etc;
• (iv) Making the municipal bodies autonomous and
devolution of powers to these bodies to perform some or
all of the functions enumerated in the Twelfth Schedule
added to the Constitution through this Act and/or to
prepare plans for economic development.
• Urban Local Government in Rajasthan
In Rajasthan, urban local bodies are called Municipalities,
Municipal Councils and Municipal Corporations.
• There are a total of 190 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs - 1) in
Rajasthan including:
• 7 Municipal Corporations (Nagar Nigam): Ajmer, Bharatpur,
Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Udaipur
• 34 Municipal Councils (Nagar Parishad)
• 149 Municipalities (Nagar Palika)
Authorities: Each Municipality has three authorities:
• The Council
o The Council is deliberative & Legislative wing.
o It consists of Councillors directly elected by people.
o Council is headed by Chairman. He presides over all meetings
of the council.
• • The Standing Committees
o Standing Committees are created to facilitate
working of council.
o They deal with public works, taxation, health, finance
etc.
• The Chief Executive Officer
o CEO is responsible for day-to-day administration.
o He/She is appointed by State government.
• New Initiatives in Urban Governance:
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
• Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium
Towns (UIDSSMT)
• Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP)
• Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)
• National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM)
• Smart City • HRIDAY Cities • AMRUT City
• SmartRaj: An Indicative Name Given to the Project for
Implementation of E-Governance in all the ULBs in the State of
Rajasthan
• LED street lighting project: Rajasthan is the state with highest
quantity of LED Street light and the first state where LED Street Light
National Program (SLNP) is implemented in whole state.
• Important Bodies
Bodies in India are of multiple types, however in general day-to-day
articles and news we come across three major types of bodies:
• Constitutional Bodies • Statutory Bodies • Executive Bodies
Constitutional Bodies:
• Derive their Authority from Constitution of India.
• They are mentioned specifically in Constitution of India and cannot be
destroyed/changed without change in Constitution. Hence, Changes in
them require Constitutional amendment.
• They have dedicated articles in Constitution w.r.t them.
• Consequently, they are most important bodies like CAG (Article 148),
UPSC (Artcile 315-323), Finance Commission, Election Commission etc.
• Statutory Bodies:
• They are also referred to as Non-Constitutional bodies as they do not
find specific mention in the Constitution of India.
• However, they are also very relevant and have been created by
passing an ACT of Parliament.
• By RTI act Provisions –Information Commission etc or National
Human Right Commission based on Protection of Human Rights Act,
1993.
Executive Bodies:
• These bodies also come under Non-Constitutional bodies, as they
also do not find any mention in the Constitution of India.
• Further they are also referred to as Non-Statutory bodies as these
bodies have been specifically formed by Government decision, without
passing any act of Parliament.
• Example Now dissolved-Planning Commission of India.
• Judicial bodies
• Example Courts in India
• Main aim is justice and for that it relies on specific rules/law of the
land.
• Follows specific process and needs advocates etc.
• Can go for all the problems
• Composed of judges only.
Quasi-judicial bodies
• Their Aim is also justice but their field is limited.
• Example: human right commission to look after human right violations.
• They include not only judges but experts from the field also.
• You can go them if the matter is from their field only.
• They do-not have specific rules example you do not need
advocate/lawyerand can personally appeal to them.
• Other example is Finance Commission, a constitutional body is also
quasi-judicial body in matters related to summoning & enforcing
attendance and requisitioning any public record from any court of office.
• Important Bodies in Rajasthan:
• State Constitutional Bodies:
o State Public Service Commission: RPSC
o Advocate General of Rajasthan (State)
• State Statutory Bodies:
o Rajasthan State Human Rights Commission
o Rajasthan State Information Commission
o Lokayukta
o Rajasthan State Commission for Women
• State Executive Bodies:
o Chief Minister Advisory Council (CMAC)
• Rajasthan Public Service Commission
• Parallel to Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) at the Centre, there
is a State Public Service Commission (SPSC) in a State.
• The articles 315 to 323 in part XIV of the Constitution deal with the
composition, appointment and removal of members and power,
functions and independence of a SPSC.
• In Rajasthan SPSC is called as Rajasthan Public Service Commission
(RPSC).
The Government of India Act of 1919 provided for a Central Public
Service Commission.
• After which a Commission was then setup in 1926 and tasked with
recruitment of civil servants.
• The Government of India Act of 1935 provided for establishment of not
only a Federal Public Service Commission but also a Provincial Public
Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission.
• Constitutional Provisions related to RPSC
Composition (Article 316)
• Consists of Chairman and other members
appointed by the Governor.
• No other qualification except that 1/2 of the
members shall be persons who at the dates of their
respective appointments have held office for at least
10 years under the Government of
India/Government of a State.
• Tenure: 6 years or 62 years of age whichever is
earlier.
• Resignation- Addressed to the Governor.
• Removal & Suspension (Article 317)
Although the chairman and members of a SPSC (RPSC) are appointed
by the governor, they can be re¬moved only by the president (and not
by the governor).
• The president can remove them on the
same grounds and in the same manner as he can remove a chairman
or a member of the UPSC.
• Thus, he can remove him under the following circumstances:
• (a) If he is adjudged an insolvent (i.e., has gone bankrupt); or
• (b) If he engages, during his term of office, in any paid employment
outside the du¬ties of his office; or
• (c) If he is, in the opinion of the president, unfit to continue in office
by reason of infirmity of mind or body
• In addition to these, the president can also remove the chairman or any other
member of SPSC for misbehaviour.
• However, in this case, the president has to refer the matter to the Supreme
Court for an enquiry.
• If the Supreme Court, after the enquiry, upholds the cause of removal and
advises so, the president can remove the chairman or a member.
• Under the provisions of the Constitution, the advise tendered by the Supreme
Court in this regard is binding on the president.
• However, during the course of enquiry by the Supreme Court, the governor can
suspend the concerned chairman or member, pending the final removal order
of the president on receipt of the report of the Supreme Court.
• Further, the Constitution has also defined the term
‘misbehaviour’ in this context.
• The Constitution states that the chairman or any other
member of a SPSC is deemed to be guilty of
misbehaviour, if he
• (a) is concerned or interested in any contract or
agreement made by the Government of India or the
government of a state, or
• (b) participates in any way in the profit of such contract
or agreement or in any benefit there from otherwise than
as a member and in common with other members of an
incorporated company.
• Independence of SPSC (RPSC)
As in the case of UPSC, the Constitution has made the following
provisions to safeguard and ensure the independent and impartial
functioning of a SPSC:
• (a) The chairman or a member of a SPSC can be removed from office
by the president only in the manner and on the grounds mentioned in
the Constitution. Therefore, they enjoy the security of tenure.
• (b) The conditions of service of the chair¬man or a member, though
determined by the governor, cannot be varied to his disadvantage after
his appointment.
• (c) The entire expense including the salaries, allowances and
pensions of the chairman and members of a SPSC are charged on the
consolidated fund of the state. Thus, they are not subject to vote of the
state legislature.
• • (d) The chairman of a SPSC (on ceasing to hold office) is
eligible for appointment as the chairman or a member of the
UPSC or as the chairman of any other SPSC, but not for any
other employment under the Government of India or a State
• (e)A member of a SPSC (on ceasing to hold office) is eligible
for appointment as the chairman or a member of the UPSC, or
as the chairman of that SPSC or any other SPSC, but. not for any
other employment under the Government of India or a state.
• (f) The chairman or a member of a SPSC is (after having
completed his first term) not eligible for reappointment to that
office (that is, not eligible for second term).
• Powers & Functions of SPSC (RPSC)
A State Public Service Commission performs all those functions in respect of the
state services as the UPSC does in relation to the Central services:
1. It conducts examinations for appointments to the services of the state.
2. It is consulted on the following matters related to personnel management.
3. All matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil
posts.
4. The principles to be followed in making appointments to civil services and
posts and in making promotions and transfers from one service to another.
5. The suitability of candidates for appointments to civil services and posts for
promotions and transfers from one service to another, and appointments by
transfer or deputation.
• The concerned departments make recommendations for promotions and
request the SPSC to ratify them.
• The Supreme Court has held that if the government fails to consult the State
Public Service Commission in these matters, the aggrieved public servant has no
remedy in a court
• Rajasthan Public Service Commission (RPSC): Special Facts
At the time of formation of Rajasthan, Public Service Commissions existed in only three
of the 22 covenanting states viz. Bikaner, Jaipur and Jodhpur.
• The successor state administration after the merger of the princely states promulgated
an ordinance establishing the Rajasthan Public Service Commission at Ajmer.
• The ordinance provided for the abolition of the PSCs or other institution performing
duties in the nature of those of a PSC in the constituent states. It also provided inter-alia,
for the composition of the Commission, the staff and the functions of the Commission.
• It was published in Raj. Gazette on 20th August, 1949 and RPSC was institutionalised.
• Initially the composition of the Commission was one Chairman and 2 Members. Sir
S.K.Ghosh (also
the then Chief Justice of Rajasthan) was appointed Chairman.
• Subsequently Shri DeviShankar Tiwari and Shri N.R.Chandorkar were appointed Members
and Shri S.C. Tripathi (I.E.S), formerly a member of the Federal PSC was appointed as
Chairman.
• In 1951, in order to regulate the working of the Commission, the
Rajpramukh issued the following Regulations under the provisions of
the Constitution of India.
• The Rajasthan Public Service Commission (Conditions of Service)
Regulation,1951
• The Rajasthan Public Service Commission (Limitation of Functions)
Regulation,1951.
The working of Rajasthan Public Service Commission is also regulated
by:
• Rajasthan Public Service Commission Rules & Regulation, 1963,
• Rules framed by the Rajasthan Public Service Commission for
conduct of their Business
• The Rajasthan Public Service Commission (Regulations and validation
of Procedure ordinance 1975 & Act 1976).
• Advocate General of Rajasthan
Advocate General is the Highest Law Officer and is part of state
executive. It is a Constitutional post and Article 165 in Constitution of
India defines the procedure of appointment, removal and functions of
Advocate General of State. Currently, N.M Lodha is the advocate general
of Rajasthan.
Appointment & Term:
• He is appointed by the Governor and enjoys the office during the
pleasure of the Governor.
• The qualification to become an advocate general is the same as that of
a Judge of a High Court.In other words:
o Must be a citizen of India
o Must have held a judicial office for 10 years
o Been an advocate in high court for 10 years.
• The remuneration / retainer of the Advocate General is decided by the
Governor.
• Functions & Duties:
As chief law officer of state government. Advocate
General has following duties:
• To give advice to the state Government on legal
matters which are referred to him/ her by Governor.
• To perform legal duties assigned by Governor.
• To discharge functions conferred on him/her by
Constitution or any other law. For performance of the
duties, the Advocate General is entitled to appear
before any court of law within the state.
• Additionally, he has the right to speak and take part in
meetings of State legislature (Article 177). However, he
is not entitled to vote in state assembly.
• Advocate General of Rajasthan
• The office of Advocate General of Rajasthan came into
existence on the formation of the State of Rajasthan as
per the State Re-Organization Act 1956 when the High
Court of Rajasthan was established.
• The AG's office presents all the cases in which the
Govt. of Rajasthan is one of the parties, in the High
Court of Rajasthan at Principal Seat at Jodhpur and
Bench at Jaipur.
• Shri Shri G.C. Kasliwal was the first Advocate General of
Rajasthan.
• Inter-State Council
The NDA Government, in July 2016, constituted inter-state council after a gap of
10 years.
What is Inter-State Council?
• Article 263 of the Constitution, contemplates to establishment of Inter-State
Council to effect coordination between states and between Union & States.
• The Council is a recommendatory body to investigate and discuss subjects, in
which some or all of the states or the union government have a common
interest and recommend ways for the better coordination of policy and action
between states.
• The inter-state council is not a permanent constitutional body and can be
established ‘at any time’ if it appears to the President that the public interests
would be served by the establishment of such a council.
• Further, he can define the nature of duties to be performed by council, its
organization and working procedure.
• When was first Inter-state Council organized ?
The Sarkaria Commission on Centre-State relations recommended
setting up of permanent Inter-State Council under Article 263. Acting
on the recommendation, V.P Singh Government established the Inter-
State Council through a Presidential Order dated 28 May 1990.
Composition of the Council:
The Council consists of:
• Prime Minister who is the chairman,
• Chief ministers of all states who are members,
• Chief ministers of union territories having legislative assemblies.
• Administrators of Union Territories
• Six union ministers of cabinet rank in the union council of ministers,
including home minister, nominated by the prime minister
In present council - Six Union Ministers included are:
• Meetings of Inter-State Council:
The inter-state council has met for ten times and in seven of those meetings, the
council had discussed recommendations of the Sarkaria commission. Out of a
total of 247 recommendations, 180 recommendations were accepted by the
council. The tenth and last meeting of inter-state council was held in December
2006 which focussed on status of implementation of Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribe Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989.
What are zonal council meetings?
The Inter-State Council is assisted by Secretariat, which is headed by a Secretary
to the Government of India. Under the home ministry, the secretariat, also
organizes the zonal council meetings on the same lines as the inter-state council
meeting and is chaired by the union home minister. The five zones under it are
east, central, north, west and south. In the run up to the national meet, a
meeting of North Eastern Council (NEC) is also held where chief ministers of all
the north-east states are invited
• The 11th Inter-State Council:
• The present NDA government has recently, reconstituted the Inter State
Council and the Standing Committee, under Clause 2 of the Inter State
Council order,1990.
• The Standing Committee will be chaired by home minister, Rajnath Singh.
Its members are Ms. Swaraj, Mr. Jaitley, Mr. Naidu and Mr. Gadkari as well
as the Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab,
Chattisgarh, Tripura, Odisha, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Additionally, if
the the Standing Committee finds it necessary, it may invite experts and
persons eminent in specific fields to have the benefit of their views while
deliberation upon the related subjects
• Functions of Standing Committee:
• Standing Committee would have continuous consultation and process
matters for consideration of the Council
• Process all matters pertaining to Centre State Relations before they are
taken up for consideration in the Inter-State Council;
• Monitor the implementation of decisions taken on the
recommendations of the Council;
• Consider any other matter referred to it by the Chairman/Council.
The council and the committee have been formed to "create a strong
institutional framework to promote and support cooperative federalism
in the country".
Points to Remember: Inter-State Council
• Constitutional body under article 263
• Based on recommendation of Sarkaria Commission
• Nature: Advisory/Recommendatory
• Not a permanent body • Headed by PM
• Standing Committee/ Zonal meetings: Headed by Home Minister
• Rajasthan State Human Rights Commission
The Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 provides for the creation of
not only National Human Rights Commission but also a State Human
Rights Commission at the state level.
• A State Human Rights Commission can inquire into violation of human
rights related to subjects covered under state list (List II) and concurrent
list (List III) in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
• The State Government of Rajasthan issued a Notification on January 18,
1999 for the constitution of the State Commission in accordance with
the provisions of The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
• Commission became functional from 23 March 2000 with the
appointment of Justice Kanta Kumari Bhatnagar, as the first Chairperson
along with Shri R. K. Akodia, Shri B. L. Joshi and Prof. Alamshah Khan as
the supporting members. Shri Prakash Tatia is the chairman of
commission presently.
• Composition of State Human Rights Commission:
• multi-member body consisting of a chairperson and two members.
• The chairperson should be a retired Chief Justice of a High Court.
• Other members should be:
o Serving or retired judge of a High Court or a District Judge in the state with a
minimum of seven years of experience as District Judge
o A person of knowledge or practical experience with respect to human rights.
• The chairperson and members are appointed by the Governor on the
recommendations of a committee consisting of:
o The chief minister as its head, o The speaker of the Legislative Assembly, o The
state home minister o The leader of the opposition in the Legislative Assembly.
• In the case of a state having Legislative Council, the chairman of the Council
and the leader of the opposition in the Council would also be the members of
the committee.
• • A sitting judge of a High Court or a sitting District Judge can be appointed only
after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of the concerned
state.
• Term:
• The chairperson and members hold office for a term of 5
years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is
earlier.
• After their tenure, the chairperson and members are not
eligible for further employment under a state government or
the Central government.
Appointment and Removal:
• Although the chairperson and members of a State Human
Rights Commission are appointed by the governor, they can be
removed only by the President (and not by the governor).
• The President can remove them on the same grounds and in
the same manner as he can remove the chairperson or a
member of the National Human Rights Commission.
• Powers & Functions:
The main mandate - is to function as a watch dog for human rights
in the State.
• Inquire suo motu or on a petition presented to it, by a victim, or
any person on his be into complaint of violation of human rights or
negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant.
• Intervene in any proceeding involving any allegation of violation
of human rights before a Court with the approval of such Court.
• Visit any jail or any other institution under the control of the
State Government where persons are detained to study the living
conditions of the inmates and make recommendations thereon.
• Review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment
of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures.
• Review the safeguards provided by or under the constitution of any law
for the time being in force for the protection of human rights and
recommend measures for their effective implementation
• Spread human rights literacy among various sections of society and
promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of
these rights.
• Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights.
• Encourage the efforts of Non-Governmental organizations and
institutions working in the field of human rights.
• Undertake such other functions as it may consider necessary for the
promotion of human rights.
• Quasi-judicial Powers:
• The commission is vested with the power to regulate its own
procedure.
• It has all the powers of a civil court and its proceedings have a
judicial character.
• It may call for information or report from the state
government or any other authority subordinate thereto.
• It has the power to require any person subject to any privilege
which may be claimed under any law for the time being in force,
to furnish information on points or matters useful for, or
relevant to the subject matter of inquiry. The commission can
look into a matter within one year
of its occurrence.
• The Commission has an investigating agency of its own headed
by a police officer not below the rank of Inspector General.
• However, the Commission can only make recommendations,
without the power to enforce decisions.
• The commission does not have power to punish the violators of
human rights. It cannot even award any relief including
monetary relief to the victim.
• The recommendations of State Human Rights Commission are
not binding on the state government.
• The Commission submits its annual reports to the state
government.
• These reports are laid before the state legislature, along with
details of action taken on recommendations of commission and
reasons for non-acceptance of recommendations.
• Rajasthan State Information Commission
• The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, which came
into force on 12 October 2005, marked a higher level of
evolution of India’s democratic system.
• The Right to Information Act of 2005 provides for the
creation of not only the Central Information
Commission but also a State Information Commission
at the state level.
• Accordingly, Rajasthan Information Commission (RIC)
was constituted on April 18, 2006
• Composition of State Information Commission
• The Commission consists of a State Chief Information Commissioner
and not more than ten State Information Commissioners.
• They are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of a
committee consisting of:
o The Chief Minister as Chairperson,
o The Leader of Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and
o A State Cabinet Minister nominated by the Chief Minister.
• They should be persons of eminence in public life with wide
knowledge and experience in law, science and technology, social service,
management, journalism, mass media or administration and
governance.
• They should not be a Member of Parliament or Member of the
Legislature of any State or Union Territory.
• They should not hold any other office of profit or connected with any
political party or carrying on any business
• Tenure & Service Conditions:
• The State Chief Information Commissioner and
State Information Commissioners hold office for
5 years or until they attain age of 65.
• They are not eligible for reappointment.
• Salary, allowances and other service conditions of
the Chief Station IC are similar to Election
Commissioner and that of State IC's are similar to
those of Chief Secretary of State Government.
• Powers & Functions:
The quasi judicial powers and functions of the State
Information Commission are:
• It is the duty of the Commission to receive and inquire into a
complaint from any person:
o Who has not been able to submit an information request
because of non-appointment of a Public Information Officer
(PIO).
o Who has been refused requested information
o Who has not received response within specified time-limits.
o Who thinks fees charged are unreasonable.
o Who thinks information is incomplete, misleading of false.
o Any other matter relating to obtaining information.
• The Commission can order inquiry into any matter if there are
reasonable grounds (suo-moto power).
• While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a civil court in
respect of civil matters:
• During the inquiry of a complaint, the Commission may examine any
record which is under the control of the public authority and no such
record may be withheld from it on any grounds.
• In other words, all public records must be given to the Commission
during inquiry for examination.
• The Commission has the power to secure compliance of its decisions
from the public authority.
• The Commission submits an annual report to the State Government on
the implementation of the provisions of this Act.
• The State Government places this report before the State Legislature
• Rajasthan State Information Commission:
• Rajasthan Information Commission (RIC) was constituted on April 18, 2006. Shri
M.D. Kaurani was the first State Chief Information Commissioner.
• Shri T.Srinivasan was the second and after completion of his tenure, Shri Suresh
Chaudhary is currently incharge.
• Apart from CIC there are two other Information Commissioners in Rajasthan. Sh.
Chandra Mohan Meena & Shri Ashutosh Sharma are IC- 1 & IC 2 respectively.
• RIC is the final appellate authority with regard to the matters mentioned in Right
to Information Act, 2005.
• Its decisions are final and binding (subject to decision of writ in High Court
against RIC's verdict).
• RIC has also been empowered to receive and inquire into a written complaint
from a person, who has been unable to extract information from any Public
Information Officer (PIO) or any such PIO has refused to entertain his or her
application for obtaining information or appeal under this Act.
• Lokayukta
• The ‘Lokpal’ is the central governing body that has jurisdiction
over all members of parliament and central government
employees in case of corruption.
• Whereas, the ‘Lokayukta’ is similar to the Lokpal, but functions
on a state level. Lokayukta is an independent institution whose
jurisdiction is the entire state of Rajasthan.
• Presently, Justice S. S.S. Kothari is the post of Lokayukta of the
state of Rajasthan.
• The Lokayukta (sometimes referred to the institution itself)
investigates allegations of corruption andmal-administration
against public servants and is tasked with speedy redressal of
public grievances.
• History of Lokayukta in Rajasthan
In 1966, the First Administrative Reforms Commission (1st ARC) headed
by Morarji Desai submitted a special interim report on "Problems of
Redressal of Citizen's Grievances".
• The ARC recommended thesetting up of two special authorities
designated as 'Lokpal' and 'Lokayukta' for the redressal of citizens‘
grievances.
• The institution were to be based on pattern of Scandinavian
Ombudsman.
• Initially, the Public Prosecuting Department was present for the public
prosecution in Rajasthan, however, there was no provision of any
institution by which the complaints of misuse of the post, corruption
and inaction of the posts against ministers, secretaries and public
servants could be investigated and explored.
• Hence, in 1973, Rajasthan Lokayukta and the Up-Lokayukta's
Ordinance was passed, which came intoforce on February 3, 1973.
• On March 26, 1973 it received the acceptance of Governor, and
since then it is as effective in the state in the form of this Act.
• Then, Justice I.D. Dua became the first Lokayuktaa of Rajasthan.
• The Lokpal and Lokayuktaa Act, 2013 (Act No. 1 of 2014) for the
establishment of Lokpal and state level Lokayuktaa institutions
came into force on January 16, 2014.
• On 28.2.2014, a high level committee was also constituted by state
government under the chairmanship of Advocate General Shri
Narpat Mal Lodha, for widening the circumference of this law.
Appointment
• The Governor shall shall appoint Lokayukta and Up-Lokayuktas by
warrant under his hand and seal after after consultation with the Chief
Justice of the High Court and the Leader of the Opposition in the
Legislative Assembly, or if there be no such Leader, a person elected in
this behalf by the Members of the Opposition in that House in such
manner as the Speaker may direct;
• The Sub-Lokayuktas shall be appointed after consultation with the
Lokayukta.
Qualification:
• Post of Lokayukta shall only be held by a person appointed by the
Governor being a person who is or has been a Judge of the Supreme
Court or a Chief Justice of a High Court;
• In respect of an Up-Lokayukta shall be held by a person appointed by
the Governor being a person who is or has been a Judge of the Supreme
Court or who is or has been a Judge of High Court.
• Term: 5 Years
Allowances:
• The salary, allowances and pension, payable to and
conditions of service of the Lokayukta or sub-Lokayuktas
shall respectively be the same as those of the Chief Justice
or a Judge of the High Court of Rajasthan
Removal:
• Subject to the provisions of Article 311 of the
Constitution, the Lokayukta or an sub-Lokayuktas may be
removed from his office by the Governor on the ground of
mis-behavior or incapacity, and on no other ground.
• Posts & Persons out of scope of Lokayukta:
• Chief Judge of the High Court or Judge or member of the judicial
service as defined in clause (b) of Article 236 of the Constitution,
• Chief Minister, Rajasthan
• Chairman or member of the Rajasthan Public Service
Commission,
• Any court official or employee in India,
• Accountant General, Rajasthan,
• Officials and employees of Rajasthan Assembly Secretariat,
• Chief Election Commissioner, Election Commissioner, Regional
Commissioner and Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan,
• Retired public servants
• Rajasthan State Commission for Women
RSCW: Background
An international treaty, CEDAW (Convention on Elimination of
Discrimination against Women) to ensure women’s empowerment was
signed in 1979.
• India signed this treaty with some amendments on 9 July, 1993 and in
consonance to International efforts for women's empowerment,
National Policy for Women was declared in 1996.
• Subsequently, National Commission for Women and State Commissions
for Women were constituted.
• On 23th April 1999, the state government introduced Rajasthan State
Commission for Women Act (1999) in Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha, the act
was passed Rajasthan State Commission for Women was
constituted as statutory body on 15th May 1999.
• Current Chairperson of RSCW is Smt. Suman Sharma.
• RSCW: Aim & Objectives:
• Redress the grievances of the suffering women
across the State of Rajasthan
• Safeguard the interests of women across the State
• Advise the Government of Rajasthan on all Policy
matters affecting women
• Review prevailing laws concerning women and to
request the government to make amendments for
women to get justice.
• Recommend remedial legislative measures.
• RSCW: Functions of the Commission
• Section 11 of the Rajasthan State Women Commission Act, 1999, elaborates the
functions of the Commission, but in short, these are as follows:
• To investigate and analyze all unjustified acts committed against women and to
request the government to take action.
• To take steps to make the existing laws more effective and ensure their
implementation. To review existing laws and recommend amendments.
• To prevent any discrimination against women in state public services and state
public enterprises.
• To take steps to alleviate the condition of women by suggesting practical
welfare schemes, appealing to the government to provide equal opportunities
• Appealing to the government to take strict action against any public servant
found by the commission to be working against the interests of women.
• To submit Annual/ Special Reports to Government with its recommendation.
• RSCW: Initiatives:
Recent Initiative: Mahila Panchayat
Rajasthan State Commission for Women (RSCW) will now
organize mahila panchayats.
• The mahila panchayat will consist of mahila sarpanch and five
members.
• It will be held every month and will hear cases related to
atrocities against women.
• It will also conduct counseling and spread awareness on crime
against women.
• The mahila panchayat will send its report to RSCW monthly.
• The panchayat will be organized on every Monday and will
include individual hearing and public hearing.
• Mahila Manch
• RSCW has also constituted mahila manch in 19 districts.
• RSCW has also introduced a mobile App to get immediate
police help in emergency situation.
24 Hour Helpline:
• A 24 x 7 toll free Helpline Number 1091 is operational at the
commission for the speedy redressal of grievances of women
complainants.
• There are 4 Counsellors from the field of sociology and law,
who receive complaints on telephone as well as personally.
Mahila Salah and Suraksha Kendra (MSSK):
• 39 MSSK centers are run across the Rajasthan state by Non-
Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to address the grievances
of women victims.
• Zila Mahila Sahayata Samiti:
• These Samitis are in operation in all 33 districts of the state since
1997.
• The Samiti is chaired by the Zila Pramukh and the District Collector
serves as its ViceChairperson.
Mahila Desk:
• These desks are set up in all police stations of Rajasthan. Any woman
can approach the desk for the redressal of grievances.
Gender Cell:
• Gender Cell of the Commission organizes seminars/Workshops and
awareness campaigns across the State.
• Commission targets youth audience in schools and Colleges for
gender sensitization.
• Complaint Cell:
• The SWC takes action on complaints submitted to commission in written form
by women. • Factual reports from concerned authority from local bodies are
taken and according to the situation of cases, directives are sent to the law
enforcement machinery or administrative authority to provide relief and justice
to the women.
Public Hearing Cell:
• The commission organizes public hearing programs in all 33 districts of
Rajasthan state on regular intervals for the benefit of women who are unable to
reach it due to some reasons.
Mahila Desk:
• These desks are set up in all police stations of Rajasthan. Any woman can
approach the desk for the redressal of grievances.
• Mahila Desk:
• These desks are set up in all police stations of Rajasthan.
• Any woman can approach the desk for the redressal of
grievances.
Special Courts:
• Earlier there were only two courts to hear the cases of
atrocities against women in Jaipur & Kota. But from the
financial year 2012-13, the Government has established
five more such special courts in all the Divisional
Headquarters.
• Besides this, seven courts have been established to hear
cases related to PC&PNDT Act.
• Chief Minister's Advisory Council
In 2014, Rajasthan government constituted an executive
committee of the Chief Minister's Advisory Council (CMAC).
• The Council also has sub-groups with the participation of senior IAS
officers heading different departments.
Aim of Chief Minister's Advisory Council
The primary aim of Chief Minister's Advisory Council is to suggest
measures for sustainable, balanced and overall development of the
state
• Additionally, The Chief Minister's Advisory Council will advise the
State Government in the following areas:-
• a) Sustainable, balanced and rapid economic growth and development
of, amongst others, specially the following sectors:
o Roads o Power o Water Resources o Education o Health o Livelihood
& Employment o Women Empowerment o Tourism
• b) Creation of social and economic infrastructure including urban
infrastructure.
• c) Means of increasing public-private partnership specially in delivery
of Social Services and
• d) Systems of review and effective implementation of schemes and
programmes, to judge actual outcomes more substantially than just
statistics.
• e) Any other subject assigned by the Chairperson/State Government
The Chairperson may constitute Working Group (s)/Sub Groups as may
be considered necessary and may also co-opt members for specific
inputs. Meetings of the CMAC will be convened as often as required.
• The Planning Department will serve as Secretariat of the Chief Minister's
dvisory Council
Composition of CMAC
• Chief Minister is the Head (Chairman) of

CMAC.
• C.S. Rajan - Full-time Deputy Chairman
• Secretary Planning - Member Secretary
• Members
• Rajasthan Police
Rajasthan Police is the law enforcement agency for the state of
Rajasthan, organisationally it comes under the state ministry of
home affairs. Rajasthan Police has its headquarters in Jaipur.
• The motto of the police force is सेवार्थ कटिबद्धता, which means
"Committed to Serve".
• Currently, use of the latest technology in crime management,
controlling hardcore criminals and serious crimes, effective
implementation of community police, multi-dimensional
eradication of crimes against women, children and weaker sections,
curbing road accidents, crime prevention are the various priorities
of the Rajasthan Police.
• History of Rajasthan Police Department
• After Independence, the process of consolidation of
princely states into one single Rajasthan State
started.
• With the merger of these princely states, their police
forces were amalgamated into a single
police force, which was known as Rajasthan Police. In
the initial years after its inception, the Rajasthan
Police was headed by officers on deputation and the
first Inspector General of Police was Shri
R.Banerji, who took over on 7th April, 1949.
• Shri Banerji started the necessary preliminaries of integration of the
various police forces and promulgated a common police code for the
United State of Rajasthan in the Rajasthan Police Regulations (RPR) in
1948.
• RPR 1948 bought structural uniformity, functional harmony and
organisational coherence in the Rajasthan Police.
• Soon after creation of functional aspects, efforts started for creation of
Cadre.
• Consequently, cadre of Rajasthan Police Service (RPS) was created in
January 1951 and eligible officers from all over the State
were appointed.
• Later in September 1951, through the provision of "Indian Police Service
Extension to the States", doors were opened for RPS officers to be
inducted to Indian Police Services
• Organisation of Rajasthan Police
Rajasthan is divided into 2 police commissionerate, 7 police range.
• The ranges are further divided into 40 districts (including 3 rural
districts, 2 city districts in Jaipur City and 2 railway police districts).
• The
40 police districts are then divided into 171 circles, 709 police stations
and 788 out-posts.
• Rajasthan State ---> 2 Comm. + 7 Ranges ---> 40 Police Districts --- >
171 Circles ----> Police
Stations & Out-posts.
Commissionerate
• Jaipur:
• Jodhpur
• Ranges:
• Jaipur Range: 5 Police Districts: Jaipur Rural, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Dausa &
Alwar
• Ajmer Range: 4 Police Districts: Ajmer, Nagaur, Bhilwara, Tonk
• Jodhpur Range: 6 Police Districts: Jodhpur Rural, Pali, Jaisalmer, Barmer,
Jalore, Sirohi
• Kota Range: 5 Police Districts: Kota City, Kota Rural, Jhalawar, Baran,
Bundi.
• Udaipur Range: 6 Police Districts: Udaipur, Banswara, Dungarpur,
Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Pratapgarh
• Bikaner Range: 4 Police Districts: Bikaner, Churu, Sri Ganganagar,
Hanumangarh
• Bharatpur Range: 4 Police Districts: Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli,
Dholpur In addition to above:
• 1 Government Railway Police (GRP) Range: 2 Railway Police Districts:
Ajmer & Jodhpur
• 2 City Jaipur City
• Hierarchy of Rajasthan Police:
1. State Level: Director General of Police (DGP) - 3 Star
Rank - Ajit Singh (2017)
2. Commissionerate & Ranges: Inspector General of Police
(IGP) - 2 Star Rank - IPS
3. Police District: District Superintendent of Police (SP) &
DSP
4. Police Circle: Circle Inspector (CI)
5. Police Station: Station House Officer (SHO) Rank
Inspector, Sub-Inspector (SI) & Assistant SubInspector (ASI)
6. Out-Posts: Head Constable & Constables
• Division of Rajasthan Police Department
While, Rajasthan Police has only 7 Ranges & 2 Commissionerates,
number of IPS & RPS officers close to 215 & 872 respectively.
• How is this possible. It is, because the Rajasthan Police Department has
various wings in addition to law-enforcement that is police works.
• Hence, lets have a look at various Wings of
Rajasthan Police Department: There are 12 organisational wings
consisting of
• Administration, Law & Order • Government Railway Policing (GRP)
• Crime Branch • Planning, Modernisation and Welfare
• Rajasthan Armed Constabulary • Establishment Branch (Personnel)
• Forensic Science laboratory • Wireless & Tele-communications
• Traffic Police • State Special Branch
• Vigilance Branch • Police Training
• Strength:
Besides, 215 IPS officers & 872 RPS officers, Police force of
Rajasthan consists of:
• Police Subordinated Staff
o Inspector: 1256
o Sub Inspector: 4415
o Assistant Sub Inspector: 5959
o Head Constable: 13446
o Constable: 78162
• Other Gazetted Officers
• Ministerial Staff
• Other Staff
• Mewar Bhil Corps
• Mewar Bhil Corp (MBC) – special division of Rajasthan
Police marked its 176th foundation day this year.
• The Mewar Bhil Corp has a long, valiant and successful
history of service and patriotism.
• In 1837, Col. James Outram, the Political Agent of
Mahikanta, proposed the establishment of a Bhil corps
under the command of a British officer.
• As a result, Mewar Bhil Corps was established on 1 January
1841.
• Why Mewar Bhil Corps was created:
In the second half of the 18th century, the hilly region
of South-Rajasthan comprising of Mewar,
Dungarpur, Banswara, and Pratapgarh, was in a state of
perpetual disorder. Weak administration and
indisciplined armies could not control the criminal
activities of the Bhils of this hilly region. The
number of murders and robberies increased to an
alarming extent.
• Idea behind Mewar Bhil Corps:
• The British Political Agents proposed the setting up of a
special force that could tackle this problem.
• Initially, the force deployed consisted of army officers
drawn from the native infantry but that too proved
ineffective.
• Then, in 1837, Col. James Outram, the Political Agent of
Mahikanta, proposed the establishment of a Bhil corps
under the command of a British officer.
• The idea was to recruit local people for helping in the
maintenance of order among their own people.
• Mewar Bhil Corps:
• In January 1841 Maharana Sardar Singhji established the Mewar Bheel
Corps with head quarters at Kherwada about 100 km's south of Udaipur
under the command of Capt William Hunter and the entire hilly tracts of
Mewar were put under the supervision of the Commandant of the
Corps.
• Initially the Mewar Bhil Corps was funded by the rulers of Mewar,
Pratapgarh, Dungarpur and Banswara, but before long, the finance and
administration was taken over totally by the British Indian Army.
• Other than Bhils, efforts were made to enlist the Garasias and Gametis
into MBC.
• This had a beneficial effect on the law and order situation in the
southern region and there was a fair state of discipline.
• By 1938, the law and order situation was under control in the Tribal,
Adivasi, areas and it was felt that there was no need for this special
force, Meywar Bheel Corps was disbanded.
• Mewar Bhil Corps: Post Independence
• On 5th May, 1949 after India's independence this Corps was under Indian
Army regulation and came under the Raj Pramukh Maharaja Sawai Man
Singhji of Jaipur who was also designated as commanderin-chief of the
newly formed state of Rajasthan.
• After Independence, the MBC force of 1000 officers and men was
transferred to Rajasthan Police and later absorbed in Rajasthan Armed
Constabulary.
• They were allowed to discharge the same duties and functions, which
they did prior to the separation.
• Uniform pay scales introduced by the government were also made
applicable to them subsequently, bringing them on par with other
members of the Rajasthan Police.
• The sole Battalion of M.B.C. are deployed in Udaipur Range.
• Seventh Schedule
• The Seventh Schedule in Constitution of India gives
allocation of powers and functions between Union
& States.
• It contains 3 lists
• Union List (For Union Govt) 97 Subjects.
• States List (Powers of State Govt) 66 subjects –
Currently 61
• Concurrent List (Both Union & States) 47 subjects.
• There are the following three lists:
• 1. Union list : only the union can make laws on the subjects
contained in these lists. It includes all
the subjects of central importance like defence.
• 2. State list: only the state is empowered to make laws on
such subjects barring few exceptional
situations. Subjects like land feature in this list.
• 3. Concurrent list: Both the state and the centre can make
laws on the subjects mentioned in this list.
• As with the Canadian federal government, Residual powers
(items that are not mentioned in any of the list) remain
with the Union Government.
Culture & Heritage of Rajasthan
RAS RPSC EXAM
Rajasthani Language
• Rajasthani is name given to group of dialects spoken in Rajasthan.
• Recognized as a distinct literary language by Sahitya Academy (National
Academy of letters) & University Grants Commission (UGC).
• Script is Devanagri. • 10 vowels and 31 consonants. • Two genders
• Fund of folk literature consisting of ballads, songs, proverbs, folk tales and
panegyrics.
• In 2003 the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly - passed a unanimous
resolution to insert recognition of Rajasthani into the Eighth Schedule of
the Constitution of India.
• Present Status: Not included. - Reasons for less propagation: lack of
comprehensive reference grammar and latest dictionary prepared based
on a thorough linguistic survey of Rajasthan.
• History & Evolution of Rajasthani language:
• Rajasthani is an Indo-Aryan language having its roots in Vedic Sanskrit and Sauraseni
Prakrit.
• Suaraseni Prakrit – initially language of Mathura region – spread westwards (towards
modern Gujarat & Saurashtra) and developed modification and called Gurjara Apabhramsa
or Gurjari
• From Gurjari developed Maru-Gurjar, a common language of Rajasthan & Gujarat.
• It started taking definite linguistic pattern from 1050 AD.
• From 1450, Rajasthani & Gujarati, started to get differentiate and in subsequent centuries
distinct Rajasthani language (Maru-Bhasha) (Dingal) developed.
• In eastern region Dingal mixed with Braj-bhasha of Mathura and formed
• While Dingal was used for composing songs for war & ceremonies, Pingal was used for
composing poems of love & devotional nature.
• The use of Dingle & Pingal continued freely for 4 centuries (15th-19th) but from 1818
Rajasthani language declined.
• Cause of decline? Development of Khadi boli (both language & literature)
• Dialects of Rajasthani:
• Marwari • Most spoken dialect of Rajasthan
• Region: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Nagaur, Shekhawati & Sirohi
• Mewari • Mewar region: Udaipur, Bhilwara & surrounding region.
• Dhundhari • Second most spoken dialect of Rajasthan
• Region: Dhundhar - Jaipur, Tonk, Kishangarh
• Mewati • Mewat Region: Alwar, Bharatpur, Dhaulpur & Karauli region
• Harauti • Region: Bundi, Kota, Tonk • Suryamal Mishran composed in
hadauti dialect.
• Malvi • Region: Near to Malwa of MP – Kota, Jhalawar & Pratapgarh
• Bagri(Bagdi) • Bagar Region: Banswara & Dungarpur
• Influenced by Gujrati
• Nimadi North Nimach and Bhansawar
• Bhili Spoken by bhils – Dungarpur
• Ahirwati • Dialect of junction area ofBangru(Haryanavi) &
Mewati.
• Region: Behror, Kothputli
• Historically called as Rath or Rathi dialect - Other Rajasthani
Dialects are Dhatki, Godwari, Gujari, Gurgula, Goaria and
Lambadi.
• Sahitya Academy Winners for Rajasthani: 2015 Gawaad
(Novel) Madhu Acharya 'Ashawadi'• 2014 Sundar Nain
Sudha Rampal Singh Rajpurohit• 1975 Pagfero (Poetry)
Mani Madhukar• 1974 Batan Ri Phulwari Vol. X (Folk-tales)
Vijaydan Detha
• Literature of Rajasthan
• “Literature in Rajasthan” means all the literature works that has
been created within geographical boundary of Rajasthan from
start of time till now. As a result, it includes Sanskrit, Prakrit,
Rajasthani, Hindi and other Language works.
• History of Literature in Rajasthan includes:
• Sanskrit & Prakrit Literature
• Rajasthani Literature
• 1. Early Period (1100-1450)
• 2. Medieval Period (1450-1850)
• 3. Modern Period (1850-)
• Hindi Literature
• 1. Sankrit & Prakrit Literature of Rajasthan:
• The literature history of Rajasthan goes back to 1500 years and ancient
astronomer and mathematician Brahmagupta belonged to Bhinmal (jalore) town
composed Brahsfut Siddhanta.
• Poet Magha, who also belonged to Bhinmal and wrote Shishupal Vadh in 8th
• Hari Bhadra Suri of Cheetore wrote Samaraichcha kath
• Udhyotan Suri wrote Kuvalaya Mala partly in Prakrit & partly in Aprabransh in 779
A.D
• Sidha Rishi wrote Upmiti Bharva Prancha Katha
• Vigrah Raj Chauchan IV of Ajmer wrote drama named Harkaili
• Somdeva, poet of Court of Vigrah Raj, wrote drama Lahit Vigrah Raj
• Court poet of Prithviraj Chauchan III wrote Prthvi Raj Vija
• Maharana Khumbha wrote treatise of Jai Deva’s Geet Govinda and a book on
musicology – Sangeet Raj.
• 2. Rajasthani Literature -dates back to the 11th century, with
development of Maru-Gurjari as language in early 11th century. On basis
of time Rajasthani Literature cane be divided into:
• 1. Early Period (1100-1450)
• 2. Medieval Period (1450-1850)
• 3. Modern Period (1850-1950)
• And on basis of distinct forms Rajasthani Literature can be divided into:
• Rajasthani Jaina Literature
• Rajasthani Charan Literature
• Rajasthani Saint Literature
• Rajasthani Folk Literature
Now, we shall first discuss in detail, Rajasthani Literature division on
basis of time.
• 2.1 The Early Period of Rajasthani Literature (1100 -1450)
• Till 1169, Rajasthani language was essentially oral and so significant
literature works does not exist before 1169 AD. Hence, the early period
of Rajasthan Literature begins from 11th Century and continues till 1450
AD.
• This early period was dominated by Jaina Scholars, Acharyas & Monks
and important works include:
o Bharatvarsh war Bahubali Ghor written by Vijrasen Suri
o Bharateshwar Bhaubali raas authored by Shalibhadra Suri
o Jiyadarya Raas by Asig o Padmavati Chaupai by Jinprabha Suri
o Stulibhadra Phag by Hemraj - o Gyan Manjari by Vijhana
• Non- Jaina works - o Prithviraj Raso by Chandbardai – 12th Century
o Achaldas Khichi ri Vachanika by Gadan Shivdas
o Visaldeo raas by Narpati Nath - o Ranmall Chanda by Shridhan
• The literature works belonging to early period are common heritage of
Rajasthani and OldGujarati.
• 2.2 The Medieval Period of Rajasthani Literature (1450-1850)
• The medieval period of Rajasthani Literature starts from 1450 and
continues till 1850.
• The period is considered as Golden age of Rajasthani Language and
literature based on the amount and variety of text written.
• 1455 – Padmanabh wrote Kanhadade Prabandh – regarded as the link
between Gujarati and separated Rajasthani. The work is considered as an
encyclopedia of life in Rajasthan during those times.
• 1473 – Dhola Maru ra Doha was composed by Kallol.
• 1481- Bhandari Vyas – wrote Hammirayan
• 1568 – Buddhi Raso written by Jallah
• 17th Century – Khuman raso written by Dalpat
• 17th Century – Binhai raso written by Mahesdas
• Halan Jhalan ra Kundaliya written by Baraith Isardas.
• 2.3 The Modern Period of Rajasthani Literature (1850-1950)
• This includes literature works in Rajasthani after 1850.
• The main difficulty in surveying Rajasthani Literature is that a large number of
literary works have remained unpublished.
• The traditional heroic poetry consisting of Kavya & Raso declined by end of 18th
• In middle of 19th century, Surya Mal Mishran of Bundi (also called as Bhushan
of Rajasthan) attempted to revive heroic poetry and wrote Vansh Bhaskar &
Veer Satsai.
• Another great poet of the same period was Ramnath Kaviya of Alwar who wrote
Draupadi Vinaya & Pabuji ra Soratha.
• Another poet a champion dadupanthi scholar Swarup Das wrote Pandava
Yashendu Chandrika. • Maharaja Chatur Singh translated Geeta, Patanjali’s
Yogasutra into Mewari language.
• Atyudhan Mahariya also wrote Veer Satsai
• Chandra Singh wrote Kah-Mukrani & the famous book – Badli in 1940.
• Meghraj Mukul composed poem Sainani
• 3. Hindi Literature of Rajasthan:
• The National movement gave new life to literature in
Rajasthan and large number of poets and writers
expressed fury of people against British rule.
• The poets also reprimanded Rajput rulers of their
suicidal policies.
• Important writers of this period included Surya Mal
Mishran, Girvardhan, Bhopaldan, Keshri Sibh Barhat,
• Important Literary traditions of Rajasthani Language:
• Rajasthani Jaina Literature.
• The literature is related to Jaina Religion.
• Hemchandra Suri – Deshinaammala, Shabdanushasan
• Hrishivardhan Suri – Nal Damyanti Raas
• Hemratna Suri – Gora Badal ri Chaupayi
• Rajasthani Charan Literature
• Lifestyle & Valor of Rajput era is represented beautifully by
Charan literature.
o Badar Dhaadhi – wrote Veer Bhayan o Chandbardayi – wrote
Prithviraj Raso
o Nainsi wrote – Nainsiri Khyat o Baankidas – Baankidas ri Khyat
o Dayaldas – Dayaldas ri Khyat o Achaldas Khichi ri Vachanika by
Gadan Shivdas
• In Poetry (Doha) o Dhola maru ra Doha o Sajjan ra Doha
• Prithviraj Rathore (Bikaner) wrote Valley Krishan Rukamani ri
• Surajmal Misrana (1815-68) – Bundi State Poet.
o Vansh Bhaskar: Ram Singh (Bundi)
o Vir Satsai: o Balwant Vilas: o Chhandomayush:
• Rajasthani Saint Literature:
• Meera ki Padavali
• Daddu ki Vaani
• Narsingji ro maheero
• Ram Charan ji ki Vaani
Rajasthani Folk Literature:
• Faad Literature
o Shahpura in Bhilwara is famous
o Happening from life of Lok Devta like Pabuji, Dev
Narayan ji, Ramdev ji etc are depicted in Faad.
o Padam Shri Lal Joshi ji from Bhilwara – gave international
recognition to Fad
50 Major Compositions of Literature of Rajasthan
• 1 Kanhad-de-Prabandh Padmanabh • 11 Rao Jaitsi Ro Chand Suja ji
• 2 Munhot Nainsi Ri Khyat Munhot • 12 Vansh Bhaskar Sati Raso Suryamal
Nainsi Mishran
• 3 Achaldas Kheechi Ri Bachnika • 13 Leeltans | Patal & Peethal |
Gardan Shivdaas Dharti Dhora Ri Kanhaiyalal Sethia
• 4 Ganga Lahari Prthivi Raj Rathore • 14 Prthviraj Raso Chand Bardai
• 5 Varagya Sagar Nagaridaas • 15 Bisaldev Raso Narpati Nalha
• 6 Roothi Rani Kesari Singh Barhat • 16 Hammir Raso | Hammir Kavya
• 7 Raj Rupak Veerbhan8 Rao Jaitsi Ro Jodhraj Sarangdev
Chand Suja ji9 Dayaldas Ri Khyaat • 17 Ram Raso Madhodas
Dayaldas Sidayach • 18 Khumman Raso Dalpat Vijay
• 10 Raj Rupak Veerbhan
• 19 Vijaypal Raso Nall Singh • 30 Panch Pandav Charit Rasu
• 20 Raj Rupak Veerbhan Shailendra Suri
• 21 Rao Jaitsi Ro Chand Suja ji • 31 Marwari Grammar | Nainsi ki
• 22 Rajasthani kahawatein Murlidhar Khyati Pt. Ramana Asopa
Vyas • 32 Sangitraj | Ekling Mahamtyq
• 23 Prthviraj Vijayam (Sanskrit) (Sanskrit)| Nritya
Jayanak Ratnakosh (Sanskrit) Rana Kumbha
• 24 Hammir Mahakavya Nayan Chand • 33 Bhasha Bushan Jaswant Singh
Suri
• 25 Hammir Mad-mardan Jai Singh • 34 Rana raso Dayal (Dayaram)
Suri • 35 Karmachand Vanshokeertanakam
• 26 Raag Manjari | Ragmala Kavyam Jaisom
Pundareek Vitthal • 36 Rukmani Haran Vitthaldas
• 27 Padmavat Malik Mohammad Jaisi • 37 Rajasthani Shabdakosh
• 28 Kuvlyayamala Udhyotan Suri (vocabulary) Sitaram Lalas
• 29 Bharteshwar Bhaubali Ghor
Vajrasen Suri
• 38 Pabuji Ra Chand | Gogaji Rasavla Bithu Meha
• 39 Suraj Prakash Karanidaan
• 40 Prabandh Kosh Rajshekhar
• 41 Revantgiri Raas Vijay Sen Suri
• 42 Dingle Kosh Muraridan
• 43 Ajitodaya (Sanskrit) Jagjiwan Bhatt
• 44 Amarkavya Vanshavali (Sanskrit) Ranachorr Bhatt
• 45 Raj Vinod (Sanskrit) Sadashiv
• 46 Raj Vallabh (Sanskrit) Mandan- Architect of Kumbha
• 47 Bankidas Ri Khyaat Bankidas
• 48 Marwar Ra Pargana Ri Vigat Munhot Nainsi
• 49 Shatrusaal Raso Dungar See
• 50 Pashavnath Charitra Shreedhar
Rock Inscriptions of Rajasthan
• The rock inscriptions of Rajasthan serve as a very
authentic evidence for the reconstruction of the
history and culture of Rajasthan.
• They offer reliable pieces of information that has
helped in building up the chronology and political
history of Rajasthan.
• 1. 443 BC Barli, Ajmer• Brahmi Script • Reveals that Jaina cult was prevalent in
Madhyamika.
• 2. 1St- BC Gosundi, Chittor • Mentions Asvamedha Yajna by King Sarvatata.
• Mentions about Krishna & Sankarshana (Balram).
• 3. 225 AD Nandsa Yupe Stambha, Bhilwara• Nandsa (Bhilwara)
• Lanuguage Sanskrit.
• 4. 227 AD Barnala Yupe Stambha, Jaipur• Language Sanskrit
• Presently preserved at Amer museum
• Mentions establishment of 7 pathshalas.
• 5 238-239 AD Badwa Stambha, Baran• Language Sanskrit
• Describes triratra yajna performed by three brothers.
• 6 274 AD Bichpuria, Tonk• Language Sanskrit
• Mentions performance of Yajna – without any name • Dharak described as
Agnihotra
• 7. 278 AD Vijayagarh• Language Sanskrit
• Describes Pundreek yajna performed by Yashovardhan
• 8. 423 AD Gungdhar, Jhalawar• Language Sanskrit • Mnetions
construction of Vishnu temple by Mayuraksha minister of Vishwakarma
• 9. 424 AD Nagari• Language Sanskrit
• Presently preserved at Ajmer museum • Evidence about Vishnu
worship.
• 10. 490 AD Bharamar Mata, Chittor• Language Sanskrit
• Mentions punyashobha, Rajyavardhana & Yashogupta of Gaur
dynasty.
• 11. 6th AD Khand, Chittor• Language Sanskrit
• Two parts: one is 3-line & other is 8-line • First part mentions
Vishnudatta • Second part mentions Manohar Swamy: Vishnu mandhir
• 12. 625 AD Basantgarh, Sirohi
• • Language Sanskrit
• Raujil, son of Vajra Bhatt has been mentioned
ruler of Arbud region.
• 13. 646 AD Shamboli, Mewar • Information on Guhil
Dynasty of mewar
• 14. 661 AD Nadi Village, Mewar • Language Sanskrit
in Kutil Script
• Bravey of Guhil ruler Aparajit has been described15
685 AD Mandore, Jodhpur • Language Sanskrit
• Engraved on rock in Bawadi
• 16. 713 AD ShaknerGhatta, Chittor• Language Sanskrit
• Mentions Raja Manbhanga or Manmori
• 17. 738 AD Kanaswan, Kota • Language Sanskrit • Informs
regarding Maurya ruler Dhawal
• 18. 861 AD Ghatiyala, Jodhpur• Language Sanksrit
• Information related to political, social & religious
policies of Pratihara dynasty.
• 19. 861 AD Ghatiyala, Jodhpur• Language Marathi Verses with
meaning inSanskrit
• About Harishchandra, a Brahmin – supposed to be father of
Pratihara dynasty.
• 20. 865 AD Osian, Jodhpur• Language Sanskrit
• Vatsraj given title of Ripudaman
• Varna System described
• 21. 946 AD Pratapgarh • Language Sanskrit22 971 AD
Chittor• Language Sanskrit
• Presently preserved at Bhartiya Mandir,
Ahmedabad.
• Desribes prosperity of chitter & achivements of
Parmar rulers.
• 23 977 AD Aahad• Launguage Sanskrit
• Description of 3 Kings- Allat, Narwahan & Shaktikumar
• Also gives information regarding military system
of mewar.
• Col Tod took the inscription to England24 1086 AD
Jhalarapatan
• Placed at Sarvasukhia Kothi
• Engraved by Pandit Harsukh in Sansrkit
Fairs & Festivals of Rajasthan
• Rajasthan is a land of fairs & festivals, but before we can get
understanding of these it is essential to learn the names of
Indian Seasons & months, as the India festivals & fairs are
organized based on Hindi calendar, which is LUNAR.
• In Hindu calendar, year begins with 1- Chaitra:
• First day after new moon (Amavsya)
• New Year of Vikram Samvat (2073 in 2016)
• New Year of Saka Samvat (Official Government calendar)
• 1 Chaitra = 22 march (Normal year) & 21 March (Leap year)
• Chaitra = 30 days (normal year) & 31 days (Leap year)
• The festival according to the months:
• Festivals and Fairs of Rajasthan in Chaitra:
• Festivals
• Gangor
• Worship of Eser ji & Gauri ji made of clay.
• 16 days festival
• Main Celebration: Jodhpur, Jaipur, Udaipur, Kota
• Colonel Tod described Gangor of Udaipur.
Sheetlastami
• Chaitra Shukla Astami
• Fairs:
• Karni Mata Mela (I) - Bada - in Nokha, Bikaner - from
Shukla – 1st -10th
• Mahavir Mela at Mahavir Ji, Karauli from Chaitra Shukla
13th to Vaisakha Krishna 3rd
• Kaila Devi Mela at Kaila Devi, Sawai Madhopur from Chaitra
Krishna Ashtami (8th) to Chaitra Sukhla Astami. Also called
as Lakkhi Mela.
• Kesariyanath ji ka Mela at Rishabhdev, Udaipur on Astami
(8th).
• Sheetla Mata mela is held at Sheel ki Dungari, Jaipur on
Krishna Ashtami.
• Festivals & Fairs of Rajasthan in Vaisakha:
• Festivals
Akshay Tritiya • Vaishakha Shukla tritiya
Fairs: • Brith Hari Mela in Alwar
• Mata Kundalini mela is held at Rashmi,
Chittorgarh on Vaisakh Poornima.
• Festivals & Fairs of Rajasthan in Shravana:
Festivals: Teej Festival
• Shravana Shukla Tritiya – Chotti Teej
Fairs:
• Kalyan Ji ka Merla at Diggipuri-Malpura-
Tonk on Amaysya
• Teej ka Mela at Jaipur(Famous), rest
rajasthan also - on Shukla –Tritya (3rd)
• Festivals & Fairs of Rajasthan in Bhadra:
Festivals: Teej Festival
• Bhadra Krishna Tritiya – Badi Teej
Ganesh Chaturthi • Shukla Chaturthi
• Fairs:
• Baba Ramdev Ji ka Mela at Runicha – Pokaran- Jaiselmer from Shukla
Paksh – Dooj(2nd ) -11th
• Gogaji Mela at Nohar, Hanumangarh from Krishna Ashtami to Ekadashi
• Goga Ji Mela at Dadrewa, Churu from Krishna Navami to Shukla Navami.
• Brithari Mela(II) in Alwar
• Karjali Teej mela in Bundi on 3rd
• Ganesh Mela at Ranthmabore, Sawai Madhopur on Ganesh Chaturthi
(4th)
• Charbhuja mela at Charbhuja, Udaipur on Shukla Ekadashi.
• Festivals & Fairs of Rajasthan in Ashwin:
• Karni Mata Mela - in Nokh, Bikaner – from Sukla 1st -
10th
• Jambeshwar Mela at Nokha, Bikaner Festivals & Fairs of
Rajasthan in Kartik:
• Festivals: Deepawali:
• Kartik Amavasya
• Fairs
• Kapil Muni Mela in Kolayat Bikaner on Kartik Purnima
• Puskar Mela in Pushkar, Ajmer from Kartik Shukla
Ekadashi to Purnima.
• Neelapani mela at Hathod village, Dungarpur on
kartika Poornima
• Festivals & Fairs of Rajasthan in Magha:
• Beneshwar Mela in Beneshawar, Dungarpur – from
Shukla Ekadashi to Purnima (Shivratri).
• This fair is called kumbha of tribals.
• Festivals & Fairs of Rajasthan in Phalguna(Falgun):
Festivals:
• Holi:
• Falugun Poornima
• Fairs:
• Khatu Shyam ji Mela - in Sikar - from Shukla 10th -12th
• Jambeshwar Mela at Nokha, Bikaner
Painting Art of Rajasthan
• Painting is mentioned as 1 of 64 Kalas in ancient Indian texts.
• Historical art of Paintings in India can be classified into two
different segments:
• A. Murals or Wall Paintings
• B. Miniature Paintings.
A. Mural Painting:
1. A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on
a wall, ceiling or other large permanent surface
2. Architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously
incorporated into the picture.
• Method Of Paintings
• True Fresco Methodo The paintings are done when the
surface wall is still wet so that the pigments go deep
inside the wall surface.
• Technique of mural painting executed upon freshly-laid, or
wet lime plaster.
• Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment to merge with
the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting
becomes an integral part of the wall.
• Tempora or Fresco-Seccoo Method of painting on the lime
plastered surface which has been allowed to dry first
and then drenched with fresh lime water.
• Shekhawati Paintings:
• It is covered by the two modern districts of Jhunjhunu and Sikar
• Geometric and floral designs.
• The interior work is usually painted secco, using tempera, onto dry
plaster.
B. Miniature Paintings of Rajasthan:
• Besligre has supported the name of “Rajput School of Painting” for
Rajasthani Painting.
• Rajasthani Painting Themes - events of epics like the Ramayana and the
Mahabharata, Krishna’s life, beautiful landscapes, and humans
• Precious stones, Gold and silver were used
• Mughal Influence
• Dominance of Chaurapanchasika group style in Indian Rajasthani
Paintings
• Styles of Rajasthani Painting:
• Starting from the 16th century, when the Rajasthani
Painting originated, the main schools emerged,
including:
• Mewar School - Chavand, Nathdwara, Devgarh,
Udaipur and Sawar
• Marwar school - Jodhpur, Kishangarh, Bikaner, Nagaur,
Pali and Ghanerao styles
• Hadoti school - Kota, Bundi and Jhalawar styles
• Dhundar school - Amber, Jaipur, Shekhawati and
Uniara styles
• MEWAR Style
• Considered to be place of origin of Rajasthani acrt of of Painting.
• Drawing is bold and the colours are bright and contrasting.
• Text of the painting is written in black on the top against the yellow
ground.
• Maharana Kumbha contributed a lot to its development.
• After thisMewar style developed during Maharana Amar Singh-I
(1572-1620), Karna Singh & Jagat Singh I (1628-52).
• Shravak Pratikramansutra Chumi – 1260 –is the oldest painted
volume of this style.
• Chitron Ki Ovari (Tasviron ka Karkhana) – was established
during reign if Jagat Singh I.
• Nuruddin – painted Kaliya Damana (most famous painting) –
during reign of Maharana Sangram Singh II (1710-34).
• Famous Painters – Nuruddin, Manohar, Sahibdin, Kriparam,
Jivaram etc.
• Features:
o Appearance of men & women in healthy & attractive height.
o Pointed nose, round face, large eyes, small neck, open lips.
o Imposing moustache, decorative figures of women with
tender body.
o Elegant display of Nature.
• NATHDWARA Style
• Nathdwara style is a sub-style of Mewar School of painting, but as such it
is a peculiar mixture of Mewar & Kishangarh styles.
• Rana Raj Singh I brought idol of Shrinath ji from Mathura during
Aurangzeb reign, hence, artist from Mathura followed and gave
birth to new style called as Nathdwara sub-style.
• Depiction of natural scenery is a distinct feature of the Nathdwara
style.
• Nathdwara is famous for the pichwai paintings in Rajasthan. Pichhwai
paintings are painted in permanent natural colors that do not lighten for
years.
• Famous painters included Ilaychi & kalma among women and Ghasiram,
Chaturbhuj, Udairaj, & Champalal among men.
• BUNDI Style
• Very close to the Mewar style
• Rich and glowing colours, the rising sun in golden colour,
crimson-red horizon, overlapping and semi-naturalistic
trees
• Mughal influence is visible in the refined drawing of the
faces.
• Style flourished mostly during reign of Rao Surjan Singh.
• Chitrashaala (colored paintings) – made during reign of
Maharao Ummed Singh depict this style clearly
Features:
• Pointed nose, receding foreheads, full cheeks, small stature
• Use of red-yellow colors
• Use of fine clothes.
• Domes in background architecture, indicate Mughal
influence.
• In female figures in Bundi style, the upper & lower lines of
eyes meet in parallel.
• Lush landscapes painted in vibrant colors and massed with
a variety of forms of trees and floral creepers, water ponds
with lotus flowers in the foreground, fish and birds.
• KOTAH Style
• Though a distinctive Kota Style evolved in mid 17th century, similarities
between Bundi and Kota painting continued in many respects.
• Later, visible variations appeared in details, costumes and methods of
shading the faces.
• Themes of tiger and deer hunt were very popular at Kotah.
• During the period of Shatrusal, a concise volume of Bhagwat
was painted in Kota Style.
• Credit for establishment of this style goes to Maharawal Ram Singh.
• Features:
• Animals painted in this style include deer, tiger, lion and pig.
• Stout bodies, shining faces, bulging eyes.
• JAIPUR Style
• This school of painting originated at Amber but later shifted to Jaipur, the new capital.
• Because of close proximity to Mughals, the Jaipur style is strongly influence
by Mughal school.
• The style got patronage under reign of Sawai Jai Singh I (1622-88). Under Jai
Singh II (1693-1743), Ishwari Singh (1743-1750) and Madho Singh I (1750-
1767), a new style was adopted for the female face.
• Under Pratap Singh (1779- 1803), there was a complete transformation of painting in
Jaipur.
• The Mughal influence was eliminated and a genuine Jaipur- Rajpur style emerged.
• There are a fairly large number of portraits of the Jaipur rulers.
• Dominant themes of painting included Mahabharat, Ramayan, Krishna Leela, Geet
Govinda & Kama Sutra
• Features - Large size canvas, ornate backgrounds and bright gorgeous borders.
o Female figures are depicted with large eyes, bunch of long hair, stout physique and
pleasant mood.
• JODHPUR Style
• An independent Jodhpur style came into existence during
reign of Rao Maldev.
• Paintings on Uttaradhyayan Sutra were made during his
reign.
• Executed in a primitive and vigorous folk style
• Paintings in Mughal style developed under the patronage
of Jaswant Singh (1638-1681), who served as the Viceroy
of the Mughals for Malwa, Gujarat and the Deccan.
• Paintings of the legendary lovers like Dhola-Maru on
camelback, hunting scenes are famous.
• Ajit Singh (1707-1724) & Abhai Singh (1724-1750)
continued the patronage of painting.
• The late Jodhpur style, characterized by the lavish use of
yellow, blue and green colors, spiral clouds on the horizon,
reached its climax in the reign of Man Singh (1823-1843).
• Beautiful and attractive paintings were painted in the
palace of Nagaur during the reign of
• Bhakhat Singh.
• Features:
• Despite being influenced by the Mewar School, the
Jodhpur style has its own striking features.
• Males are stoutly built and tall, with curved mustaches,
touching their throats.
• BIKANER Style
• Some of the Mughal artists were given patronage by the Bikaner court.
• So, Bikaner style has has more Mughal elements than other schools of
Rajasthani paintings.
• Apart from Mughal, there is considerable influence of Deccani style.
• Bhagwad Purana painted during period of Rai Singh is considered to be an early
painting of this style.
• Developed peaked during reign of Maharaja Anoop Singh.
• Most of the paintings are made on the Ramayana, on the Mahabharata, lord
Krishna legends, Ragmala and love scenes of Radha and Krishna.
• Features: Slim and attractive females with eyes resembling those of deer.
• Frequent application of blue, green and red colors.
• Turbans of the style of Shahjahan and Aurangzeb along with the high turbans of
Marwari fashion.
• KISHANGARH Style
• Developed under the patronage of Raja Sawant Singh
(1748-1757 A.D.), who wrote devotional poetry in
praise of Krishna.
• Most common theme of this style consisted of the
depiction of the love between lord Krishna and Radha
• Master painter Nihal Chand who, in his works, has
been able to create visual images of his master's lyrical
compositions.
• He is also credited with making Bani-Thani during
Sawant Singh’s reign.
• Features:
• Paintings are endowed with lakes, mountains,
gardens and various birds.
• Principal colors were white, pink, rose, cream and
deep red.
• Male figures are tall, attractive physique with blue
aura-like bunch as of hair, elevated turbans.
• Female figures are fair in complexion with wide
eyes.
• Facts to remember for Rajasthani paintings:
Trees:
• Kadambh tree Udaipur Style
• Banana tree Kishangarh Style
• Khajur (Date Palm) Kota, Bundi Style
• Peepal tree Alwar, Jaipur Style
• Mango tree Jodhpur, Bikaner Style
• Animals
Crow, Eagle, Horse, Camel Jodhpur, Bikaner Style
• Elephant & chakor Udaipur Style
• Peacock, Horse Alwar, Jaipur Style
• Cow Nathdwara style
• Type of Eyes:
• Fish like eyes Udaipur, Jaipur Style
• Deer like eyes Nathwara Style
• Bow shaped eyes Kishangarh Style
• Almond shaped eyes Jodhpur Style
• Upper & lower lines of eyes meet in parallel
Bundi Style
•Colors
• Yellow Marwar, Devgarh, Bikaner
• Yellow-green Nathwara Style
• White- Pink Kishangarh Style
• Yellow-Red Mewar Style
• Yellow-Red-Green-Purple Ajmer Style
• Yellow-Green-Blue Kota Style
• Red-Yellow-Green Bundi Style
• Kesariya-Green-Red Jaipur Style
Handicraft of Rajasthan
• Sculpture Art in Rajasthan started from Maurya Period.
• Different areas in Rajasthan are famous for Different Color Stones.
• A state that has so many varieties of stones is bound to have
progressive sculpture art.
• Different Stones:
o Dungarpur – Green Black
o Dhoplur - Red
o Bharatpur - Pink
o Makrana – White
o Jodhpur - Badami/Brown/Buff
o Rajsamand – White with tint of Black
o Jalore – Granite
o Kota – Slate
• Sangmarmar
o Sculpture art of Sangmarmar Stone – Jaipur
o Meenakari on Sangmarmar stone – Jaipur
o Picchikari on Sangmarmar stone- Bhilwara
o Sagmarmar mines – Makrana
• Stone Scuplture
o Sompura Caste people of Dungarpur &
Talwara(In Banswara)
• Terracotta:
• Teracota essentially means baked earth.
• Molela near Nathdwara is especially famous for
its Teracota toys.
• Harji Village in Jalore famous for Terracotta Horses
• Nagaur district – Banuravta Village
• BLUE POTTERY:
• Origin – First developed by Mongol artisans who combined
Chinese glazing technology with Persian decorative arts.
• With Turks & Mughals conquests came to India
• Rajasthan – Jaipur is famous.
• Started in Rajasthan – Raja Man Singh I reign
• Credit for development goes to - Sawai Ram Singh II (1835-80).
• However by 1950, Blue Pottery vanished. Post Independence,
redeveloped through efforts of Kripal Singh Shekhawat.
• His efforts were recognized by GOI, received Padamshri (1974).
• IVORY WORKS ( HAATHI DANT)
• Items include: Jewellery, Powder boxes,
jewellery boxes, cufflinks, lamps, artistic
decorations, idols of gods and goddess,
brooches.
• Udaipur – most famous.
• Jodhpur – Black, green & Red strips bangles.
• Meenakari:
• Jaipur is famous worldwide for Meenakari on Jewellary.
• Meenakari Art was imported from Lahore for first time under
reign of Man Singh I (1589-1614)
• Nathdwara is also famous
• Raitwali area of Kota – Meenakari is done on glass
• Bikaner & Pratapgarh also has significant skills.
Usta Art
• Golden Meenakari work on Camel leather is known as Usta Art.
• The art was developed by Padam Shri Hissayamuddin Usta from
Bikaner.
• Camel hide training Center in Bikaner is an institution for Usta
Art.
• LAC WORKS
• Famous: Jaipur & Jodhpur
• Sawai madhopur, Laxmangarh (Sikar), Indragarh (Bundi) – Lac work on
Wooden toys.
• Jaipur, Hindon, Karauli – Lac bangles.
Mat & Carpet Works:
• Jaipur and Tonk are famous
• Cotton & Wool are used for making fabric
• For better quality and strong mattress the thread & knots used for
making fabric should be very fine(thin).
• Carpets are also manufactured in Jaipur & Bikaner jails.
• Salawas Village of Jodhpur is famous for carpets
• While carpet manufacturing is enthusiastically followed in Jodhpur,
Nagaur, Tonk, Barmer, Bhilwara, Shahpura, Kekari & Malpura.
• Textile Art of Rajasthan:
• Gota Work:
o Jaipur & Khandala (Sikar) are famous
• Zari Work o Jaipur
• Kota Doria
o Kota Doria is a fabric with unique blend of cotton and silk
in a square check pattern.
o The checked pattern is termed as ‘khat’
o The silk provides the shine while the cotton provides
strength to the fabric.
o Craft originated in Mysore and then shifted to Kaithun
Village near Kota. Hence, the Saris came to be known as
Kota-Mansuria.
• • Jaipuri Quilt (Rajai)
• Specialty: Very Low Weight but high Insulating (very warm).
• Applique Work:
• In this art different pieces of cloth are fixed together.
• The interesting colour, shape and pattern combinations
against contrasting background catch the eye.
• Hand-block prints: Bagru Print, Jaipur
• This print is similar to Sanganeri print but while Sanganeri print
has white field, Bagru prints have green fields.
• Only Natural colors are used in Bagru Prints
• Alijarin (Ajrak) Print, Barmer
• Mostly red and blue colors are used for printing
• TIE AND DYE:
• Bandani, Batik, Mothra, Ekdali, Shikari, Cheent.
• Bandhej, Jaipur
o Cloth is tied and then colored and when the
knot is opened different designs appear on cloth.
• Jhajam (Carpets)
o Printed in Chittor are famous.
• Lehriya – Jaipur
• Chunri - Jodhpur
• DABU PRINT
• Akola Village in Chittorgarh is famous for Dabu Prints
• In Dabu, particular portion of cloth where color is not required, that
portion is pressed with Loi or Lugadi.
• This same material lui or lugadi is called as Dabu as it is pressed on part
of cloth where is not required.
• Apart from skills, Akola also has suitable conditions including water, Soil,
natural vegetation that favors printing
• Dabu Prints from Akola include Bedsheets, Cloth, Chundari, and
Fantiyan.
• In different areas of Rajasthan, different materials are used as Dabu
• Sawai madhopur – Wax is used as Dabu
• Baltora – Soil/Mud is used as Dabu
• Bagru & Sanganer – Bighan made from wheet is used as Dabu
• SANGANERI PRINT – SANGANER
• Done on Lattha or Malmal clothes.
• Post printing, clothes are washed in river
• Aminshah Nalla has been traditionally associated
with this print and use of only Red and black
color is seen.
• Munna Lal Goyal made Sanganeri prints famous
worldwide.
Folk Arts of Rajasthan
• Rajasthani folk art has been divided into following
types:
• Wall & ground paintings: Devra, Pathwari,
Sanjhi , Mandav etc.
• Cloth Paintings: Pat, Pichhwai, Phad etc
• Painting on Paper: Paane
• Painting made on Wood: Kavad
• Painting on Human body: Mehandi, Godana
• THAPE:
• Thape is a form of drawings on walls.
• In Rajasthan it is made up turmeric, geru, henna and kumkum.
• Pictures are drawn on the both side of the door, to invoke
deities, Prevalent in Rajasthan
Badaley
• In Jodhpur, metal utensils used for drinking water have a layer of
cloth or leather wrapped
around them.
• These are called as Badaley.
• They are provided with beautiful designs & colors
• THEWA ART
• Thewa art is minute painting on glass using gold.
• Glass used is colored Belgium glass.
• Different colors are used to make it attractive
• The art is limited to Pratapgarh
Mandana Art
• Mandana is an art of the tribal wall and floor paintings found in Rajasthan and
Madhya Pradesh
• It is derived from the word 'Mandan' referring to decoration and
beautification and comprises simple geometric forms like triangles,
squares and circles to decorate houses
• In tribal ideology they are famed for warding off evil and acting as a
good luck charm
• It uses white khariya or chalk solution and geru or red ochre.
• The design may show Ganesha, peacocks, women at work, tigers, floral motifs, etc
• PHAD
• Phad is a painted scroll, which depicts stories of epic dimensions
about local deities and legendary heroes.
• Bhopas (local priests) carry these scrolls on their shoulders from
village to village for a performance
• Represents the moving shrine of the deity and is an object of
worship.
• Most popular & largest Phad - local deities Devnarayanji and
Pabuji.
• Shahpura, Tehsil in Bhilwara is famous for Phad.
• Shri laal Joshi – was awarded Padamshri for contribution to
Phad
FOLK DANCES OF RAJASTHAN
• Folk dances of Rajasthan trace their origin to rural customs and traditions.
• These dances form an integral part of people's lives and are performed on
important occasions and festivals.
• The rise of princely states during medieval times, also added to growth of
folk dances, as the rulers gave patronage to art & crafts.
• Jaipur Gharana is supposedly the first gharana of Kathak dance.
• Its pioneer was Bhanuji.
Bhavai Folk Dance:
• Location: o Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Banswara, Dungarpur
• Performed By: o Skilled male or female dancers
• Performance Occassion: o Marriages
• Features:
• Bhavai dance basically involves women dancers balancing 8
to 9 earthen-pots (matki's) on their heads and dancing
simultaneously.
• Additionally, dancers also put their feet on the top of a glass
pieces or on the edge of a naked sword or on the rim os a
brass thali (plate) during the performance.
• Famous Persons associated with dance form:
• Mrs.Krishna Vyas Chhangani, from Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
• CHARI FOLK DANCE:
• Location: o Kishangarh
• Performed By: Women from Gujjar Community
• Performance Occasions: Marriage occasions, on the birth of a male child
or any big festival celebration.
• Features: This dance describes the art of collecting water in a chari or
pot by the Rajasthani women in their day to day life.
• These ladies carry brass pots on their heads balancing it to perfection.
• These pots are kept ignited with the cotton seeds dipped in oil.
• These lit pots display beautiful effect in the dark night.
• Famous Persons associated with dance form: o Falku Bai
• CHAKRI FOLK DANCE
• Chakri dance is believed as same as the Raai dance of ‘Beriyas’
tribe of Madhya Pradesh.
• Devi Lal Sagar made this dance popular.
• Location: Hadoti region of Bundi, Kota & Baran District.
• Performed By: Women of Kanjar tribe
Performance Occasions:
• Marriages & Festivals of Hadoti Region.
• Features:
• As the name suggests, Chakri dance involves a series of fast and
vigorous spinning movements with the beats of the Dholak.
o Shanti Devi, Phulwa Filma
• Drum Folk Dance:
• The Credit for bringing this dance to limelight goes to Jay
Narayan Vyas.
• Location: Jalore
• Performed By: Only Men
• Performance Occasions: Marriages
• Features: In this dance, five men beat huge drums that are
tied around their necks.
• One dancer holding a huge cymbals in their hands, also
accompany the drummers.
• One dancer holds a naked sword on his mouth and juggle
with other three dancers.
• FIRE FOLK DANCE:
• Location & Performed By: Jasnathis of Bikaner and Churu districts of
Rajasthan India.
• Performance Occasions: On the festive occasions like Holi,
Janmashtami etc.
• Features: Jasnathi men and boys jump on to the fire with the
accompaniment of drum beats.
• The dance involves breathtaking fire stunts wherein the dancers
perform by holding fire rods in their hands and filling up their mouths
with kerosene.
• The fire rods are also moved on their heads and legs by the dancers.
• Dancers move on top of flaming bed of charcoal.
• GAIR FOLK DANCE:
• Location: Performed in Mewar region. However, its variations
like the Dandi Gair is found in the Marwar region and Geendad
is found in the Sehkhawati region
• Performed By: Both men and women dance together of Bhil
tribe
• Performance Occasions: Holi
• Features: The Gair dance is performed by both Men and
Womenfolk holding wooden sticks
• It is group dance consisting of two circles where groups of
dancers moving in and out a big circle
• According to rhythm, they perform various steps, striking their
sticks & take turns inbetween.
• GAWRI FOLK DANCE:
• Location: Udaipur, Rajsamand and Chittorgarh districts of Rajasthan
• Performed By: Gawri is a dance drama of Bhil Tribe
• Performance Occasions: After the monsoons, in the months of
September and October
• Features: This tribal dance has a troupe which travel through village
to village with their dance for a month.
• Gawari expresses the devotion and faith to Lord Shiva and his wife
Parvati through Folk Dance, Music and Folklores.
• It also symbolizes human love for forests, animals and people.
• Women do not take part in Gavri and all the female roles are played
by men.
• GHOOMAR FOLK DANCE:
• Location: Across Rajasthan
• Performed By: Originally by Bhil Community, adopted by different
communities including Rajputs (Women).
• Performance Occasions:Rajput Marriages
• Features:
• Ghoomar is a very simple dance where the dancers move gently and
gracefully in circles.
• Dancing includes pirouetting, which displays the spectacular colors of
the flowing ‘ghaghara’, the long skirt of the Rajasthani women.
• Kachi Ghodi Folk Dance:
• Location: Shekhawati
• Performed By: Men
• Performance Occasions: Generally performed for the entertainment of
the bridegroom’s party, Holi.
• Features:
• This dance is performed by mens on dummy horses.
• wear elaborate costumes- red turbans and dhotis and kurtas,
embellished with brilliant mirror-work and ride the dummy horses.
• These dancers move rhythmically to the beating of drums and fifes by
holding a naked sword on the hand while a singer narrates the exploits of
the Bavaria bandits of Shekhawati region through his song.
• Kalbelia Folk Dance
• Kalbelia dance is included in UNESCO’s list of the Cultural Heritage of
Humanity from the year 2010
• Location: Pali district, Ajmer, Chittorgarh and Udaipur district.
• Performed By: Women from Kalbelia community
• Performance Occasions: Kalbelia songs are based on stories taken from
folklore and mythology and special dances are performed during Holi
• Features: The dancers are women in flowing black skirts who dance and
swirl, replicating the movements of a serpent.
• The cloths are mixed in red and black hues and embroidered in unique
patterns.
• Kalbelia dance has a traditional musical instruments which is Poongi also
called Been.
• Other traditional musical instruments used by Kalbelia tribe in Kalbelia
dance are Dufli, Morchang, Dholak, Khanjari and Khuralio.
• Kathputli Folk Dance:
• Kathputli Dance means the dances of puppets. It is a traditional
dance of Indian state of Rajasthan.
• Kathputli is a join of two rajasthani language words Kath meaning
wood and Putli meaning a doll which has no life , hence Kathputli
means a doll made of wood. Kathputli are usually made of mango
wood and stuffed with cotton.
• These puppets are generally one and half feet in height and are
made in Sawai-Madhopur, Bari, and Udaipur.
• Location: Performed across Rajasthan.
• Performed By: Kathputli Art & Dance is believed to be initiated
1000 years back by Bhat Community.
• Performance Occasions: All Festive Occasions
• Features:
• Kathputli is not just source of entertainment but also they taught
society the social and moral education.
• These acts of puppetry portrayed major social issues like stories from
mythology, folklores, historical heroes.
• Organisations: Rupayan Sansthan in Jodhpur founded by Vijaydan
Detha and Komal Kothari in 1960 and Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal,
Udaipur, founded by Devilal Samar in 1952, are working in the field
preserving and promoting the art of Kathputli.
• New Delhi also has an area known as 'Kathputli Colony', in Shadipur
Depot, where puppeteers have lived long.
• Terah Taali Folk Dance:
• Location: Ramdevra, Dindwana, Dungarpur, Udaipur
• Performed By: Woman from Kamad tribe while sitting on the floor
before Baba Ramdeo's image.
• Performance Occasions: In honor the folk hero, Baba Ramdeo
• Features: The women have 13 'manjeeras' (little brass discs) tied to the
various parts of their body, which they strike with the ones they hold in
their hand.
• Often a swords is also used by the professional Terah Taali dancer and
also a pot on her to make the dance more attractive.
• Male artists sings local Rajasthani folk songs as a background music and
play different instruments like pakhwaja, dholak jhanjhar, sarangi,
harmonium etc.
• Mangi Bai, Mohni Narayani, laxman das kamad
• WALAR FOLK DANCE:
• Location: Udaipur, Pindwara(Sirohi), Abu Road
• Performed By: Women from Garasia community
• Performance Occasions:On occasion of gangaur &
teej festivals.
• • Features:
• Involves simple circular movements of dancers on
beats.
• Generally accompanied by the beats of the mandal,
chang and a variety of other musical instruments.
Folk Dramas of Rajasthan
• Rajasthan is a hub of folk art, theatre, music, dance and craft. The tribal culture of
Rajasthan has done
much to preserve and nurture the folk theatre tradtion of Rajasthan.
• Khayal is the most prominent for of folk theatrical form of Rajasthan.Other important
folk theatre includes Swang, phad, Rammat, Nautanki, Bhawai, Gavari etc.
• Khayal
• Khayal theatre emerged near about 18th century and remained same in coming 200
years
• The subject of Khayal is usually mythological story or an ancient epsisode.
• Due to the diversity of culture in Rajasthan, Khayal theatre has different forms in the
name of the city, acting style, the community or the author’s name such as:
• Kuchamani Khayal • Shekhawati khayal
• Jaipuri Khayal • Ali Bkashi khayal
• Turra Kalangi Khayal• Kishangarhi Khayal
• Hathrasi Khayal • Nautanki Khayal
• TAMASHA
• Tamasha a folk-drama began in Jaipur state during
the times of Maharaja Pratap Singh for the first time.
• The Bhatt family of Jaipur included Jaipuri Khayal and
Dhrupad Gayaki (style of singing) in Tamasha Theatre
• The dialogues of Tamasha are poetic in nature and
predominantly include music dance and singing
• Tamasha is perfomed in an open stage called as
Akhada.
Rammat
• This drama originated about 140 years ago in Bikaner region through a
folk-poetry competition.
• The characters playing this musical drama are known as Khelar.
• A devotional song in praise of Ramdev ji is usually sung before starting
Rammat.
• The main instruments of Ramat are Nagada and Dholak.
• The songs of this drama are mainly connected with Chaumasa, rainy
season, Lavani and Ganapati Vandana.
• Mani Ram Vyas, Tulsi Ram, Phagh Maharaj, Sua Maharaj etc. were main
rammat - Writers
• This type of drama is mostly performed in Bikaner, Jaisalmer & Phalaudi
regions.
• PHAD
• Phad is a life-sketch of Some Lok Devta depicted on a cloth.
• While reciting Phad, Bhopa plays Jantar or Ravanhathha musical
instrument.
• Swang
• Swang theatre is considered its origin near about the 15th
centuary A.D
• Braj language (Dialect of Hindi language) text ‘Hasyarnava’
written by Rasarup or Kamarup is considered the first written
text written for Swang theatre between 1686 and 1689.
• Swang thaetre has good combination of dance, songs,
dialogues, mimicry (Nakal) and presentation of dance-drama.
• The performer of Swang is called Behrupiya.
• GAVARI
• Gavar is style of drama of Bheels of Mewar region.
• Gavari is played as part of festival that continues for 40 days during
months of July-August.
• Hero of Gavari dance is an old man who is supposed to be incarnation of
Shiva.
• Major themes of Gavari are - Devi Ambad, Badshah Ki Sawari, Banjara,
Khadaliya Bhoot and fight lion & pig.
Nautanki
• Nautanki is performed in the region of Bharatpur, Karauli, Dholpur, Alwar
and Gangapur city.
• The story plot of the Nautanki is generally based on mythology, historical
narrations, folklores, romances and contemporary Socio-Political issues.
• Bhawai (Bhavai)
• Bhavai folk theatre of Rajasthan is very similer to ‘Swang’ folk theatre and considered its
origin near about 13-14th century in ApabhramsaJain religious verses.
• ‘Abul Fazal’ also mentioned in his book ‘Ain-e-Akbari’ regarding the Bhavai
• Baagha ji was the father of modern Bhawai in Rajasthan.
• Bhawai Natak is presented by Bhopa & Bhopi in the form of Saga Ji and Sagi in the areas
of Rajasthan adjacent to Gujrat
• A major play written in Bhawai style is Shanta Gandhi’s – Jasma Oden.
Gandharva
• Gandharvas are resident of Marwar. Their themes are based on Jain Sect.
• Anjan Sundari & Maina Sundari are two dramas performed in this style.
Raas leela
• Raas Leela is staged based on stories of Puranas.
• Leela’s or acts of Krishna are performed.
• The main character is called Raasdhar.
Folk Musical Instruments of Rajasthan
• The vast array of Rajasthani folk insturments are made ingeniously from
a variety of materials available in Rajasthan, that give them peculiar
sound.
• Both percussion instruments and stringed instruments have been used
in Rajasthani folk songs.
• Shells of dried gourds of all shapes and sizes are used forgorse stems or
bamboos segments for flutes and baked clay pots for drums.
• The folk music instruments are classified into following major types:
• String Music Instriments - Sarangi, ravanhathha, Kamaycha, ektara,
Moochang
• Wind Instruments - Pungi, Satara, Algoza, Murla, Nad and Shehnai
• Autophonic Instruments - Ghanti, Ghungroo, Manjeera, Khartal & Jhalar
• Percussion Instruments - Dhol, Chang, Moisang, Nagara
• Tatya Vadya - String Music Instruments of Rajasthan
• Instruments having strings fall under this category.
• Sound is produced by the vibration of a string or chord.
• Vibrations are caused by plucking or by bowing on the string which has
been pulled taut.
• Length of string/wire, degree to which it has been tightened, determines
the pitch of the note and also to some extent the duration of the sound.
• Sarangi
• Most well-known string instrument of Rajasthan.
• Multi-stringed instrument that is played by using a bow drawn across the
strings and running of fingers on the strings.
• Langas of Jaisalmer, Barmer and Jogis of Marwar use Sarangi
• JANTAR
• Jantar resembles Veena in form and has two tumbas.
• Its Daand is made up of Bamboo with 5-6 wires.
• This instrument is used by Bhopas of Gurhars when singing story of Bagadawats.
Ravanhathha
• Ravanhatta is also a kind of sarangi.
• The Instrument is made from a belly of half coconut shell and has a body of
bamboo.
• It has two main strings(horse hairs) and a variable number of supporting strings
• The Rawanhathha of the Thori or Nayak Bhopas is probably the earliest
instrument played with a bow, and this humble instrument could well
be the precursor of the violin.
• The bow has ghungroos (bells) attached to it.
• Ravanhattha is main instrument used while reciting Phad of Pabuji.
• KAMAYCHA
• Kamachya has three main strings of gut, besides nine supplementary and four
sympathetic steel strings all passing through a broad bridge.
• The long wooden curved bow of horse-tail hair moving on all the strings is
characteristic of this instrument.
• It is used exclusively by the Manganiyars in the Jaisalmer-Barmer region
IKTARA
• Iktara is generally played by Nath, Kalbelia saints. It is a single string instrument,
mounted on the belly of a gourd attached to a body made of bamboo.
• Versions: The Galaleng Jogis of Dungarpur and Banswara have twin gourded
Kendru appears akin to the ancient Kinnari Veena, and it has often been called
the Keengri in Rajasthan literature.
• The Chautara, also called the Tandoora or Nissan , is also a popular five stringed
drone and beat instrument used as an accompaniment to devotional music and
for the Terathali dance.
• RAWAJ
• This instrument is similar to Sarangi.
• It is played by using nails and had 12 strings.
• It is usually played by Raos and Bhats of Mewar
BHAPANG:
• Bhapang is a single stringed instrument & is also known
as 'talking drum'.
• Bhapang is mainly played by jogis of Alwar region.
• The instrument is made up of tumba made out of long
gourd.
• The lower part of tumba is covered by animal skin while
upper part is empty.
• SUSHIRA VADYA –
• Wind Music Instrumenst of Rajasthan
• Instruments, where air is blown by mouth for music.
• Sound is produced by blowing air into an hollow column.
• Pitch of the note is determined by controlling the air passage and the melody is
played by using the fingers to open and close the in the instrument.
• The simplest of these instruments is the flute.
• Generally flutes are made of bamboo or wood and the Indian musician prefers
these due to the tonal and musical attributes of these materials.
• Excavations of the Indus civilizations have shown bird whistles of clay, and seals
which show wind and percussion instruments.
• There is reference in the Vedas to an instrument-the Venu which was used as
an accompaniment to chanting and recitation.
• There is also mention of a kind of a flute called the Nadi.
• PUNGI
• Pungi or Poongi is made of gourd or tumbi.
• Pungi is generaly played by Snake charmers (Kalbelias & Jogis.)
ALGOZA
• Algoza is a flute made of Bamboo tube.
• Algoza are favourite instrument of Bheels & Kalbelias.
SATARA
• Satara is an integrated form of Algoza, Flute and Shehnai.
• It has two long tubes and has six holes like shehnai.
SHEHNAI
• Shehnai is made out of wood, with a double reed at one end and a metal or
wooden flared bell at the other end.
• It usually has between six and nine holes.
• By controlling the breath, various tunes can be played on it.
• GHANA VADYA –
• Autophonic Music Instrumenst of Rajasthan
• Earliest instruments invented by man are said to be the Ghana Vadya.
• Once constructed, this variety of instrument do not need special tuning prior to
playing.
• These are principally rhythmic in function and are best suited as
accompaniment to folk and tribal music and dance.Instruments made of metal.
MANJEERA - It is round in shape and made of brass & bronze mixed together.
• The shape of hemispherical metal cups struck against each other.
• They have different kinds like jhanit and the taala.
• Manjeera is the main instrument in Terah Talli dance.
Khadtaalis made of small cymbals incrustated into wood blocks
• Jhalar is another variety of musical instrument ,which is formed by a single
metal plate, the thali.
• This is struck in various ways producing different kinds tones and rhythms.
• Ghungroo is one of many small metallic bells strung together to form
ghungroos.
• AVANADDHA VADYA –
• Percussion Music Instrumenst of Rajasthan A percussion instrument produces a sound by
being hit with an object.
• Sound is produced by striking the animal skin which has been stretched across an earthern
or metal pot or a wooden barrel or frame.
• The earliest references to such instruments have been found in the Vedas where there is
mention of Bhumi Dundhubhi; this was a hollow pit dug in the ground and covered with the
hide of a buffalo or ox which was stretched across the pit.
Nagara
• The Nagara is a folk drum played with the Surnai and Nafeeri (the two sticks).
• During ancient times, they were usually played during important ceremonies.
• The Tasha and Shehnai usually accompany this instrument.
Matkas
• The Matkas of Pabuji and the Ghada are a pair of huge earthenware pots, their mouths
covered with membrane.
• One player plays each Matka, and the Bhopas use it to accompany their singing. The whole
effect is heightened by the graceful dance of the player.
• Bhakti Saints of Rajasthan
• Bhakti movement originated in ancient Tamil Nadu during12th
Century.
• It began to spread to the north during the late medieval ages
when north India was under Islamic rule.
• The main period of Bhakti Movement in Rajasthan is early 16th
Century to late 18th Century.
Important Bhakti Saints of Rajasthan:
• Dadu Dayal • Sundar das
• Meera Bai • Bhakhan
• Wajind • Raghavdas
• Lal Das • Charan Das
• Mavaji • Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti
• DADU DAYAL
• Believed to be born in 1544 in Samvat near Ahemdabad, Gujara
• In 1568, came to Sambhar & began to give sermons and “Dhunia”
• Followers of Dadu Dayal made – Dadu Panth.
• Naraina is the prinicipal seat of Dadu Panthis.
• Here clothes & pothis of Dadu ji are kept.
• His teachings have been consolidated by his disciples - Dadudayal Ki vani & Dadudayal-
RaDuha.
• Contemporary of Rana Pratap & Akbar. In 1575, met Akber and influenced him by his
views.
• Dadu Dayal stressed on faith in God and Guru, knowledge of Self, love, morality, futility of
casteism, truth and simple life.
• Virakt: Community of nomad disciples of Dadu.
• Dadukhol: Cave on Bhairana hill in Naraina, where Dadu Dayal enetered into Samadhi.
• Followers of Dadu Dayal can be classified into 5 types:
o Khalsa o Viraktao Sthandhari o Uttaradev o Khaki
• SUNDER DAS
• He was a disciple of Dadu Dayal.
• Born in: 1596 in Dausa.
• Sunderdas ji established Naga sect.
• Wrote: Sunder vilas, Sunder Granthavali, Gyan Samudra, Sundersar.
• He is also knows as Shankarachrya of Rajasthan
• Died in: 1707 (or in 1689) in Sangner, Jaipur.
Meera Bai
• Born in Samvat 1573 at Kudki, Nagaur and was married to Bhojraj, eldest
son of Rana Sanga
• Her compositions include Teeka Raag Govind, Rukmani mangal, Teeka on
Geet-Govind, and Narsi Mehta ni Mund.
• Meera Bai established Pasi sect in Brindhavan (UP).
• Meera was devotee of Krishna and treated him as her husband.
• LAL DAS
• Born: In 1540 at Dholidoov village of Mewat on Shravana Krishna Panchami.
• Opposed superstitions prevalining in society & stressed on devotion & purity.
• Sermons are available in Laldas ji ki chetavaniyan.
• Died: At Nagla village of Bharatpur. His Samadhi is at sherpur of Alwar.
• Major sites are in Alwar, Sherpur & Nagla.
Charan Das
• Born in: Derha, near Alwar, in Rajasthan.
• Author of around twenty works. Many of these are in verse and deal with
aspects of devotion, particularly relating to the worship of Krishna.
• Wrote commentaries on various Upanishads, particularly the Katha Upanishad,
and on specific yoga practices, especially Pranayama, control of the breath.
• Belived in harmony between Hinduism & Islam.
• MAVAJI
• Considered incarnation of Vishnu.
• Two disciples of Mavaji, Aji & Vaje built Laxmi Narayn
temple at confluence of Som & Mahi Rivers.
RAJJAB JI
• Disciple of Dadu Dayal ji.
• Born in: Pathan Patwar, Sanganer
• Ancient seat in Sanganer known as Rajjab Dwar.
• Authored Rajjab vani, Sarvangi.
• BHAKHAN
• Born in Narena
• Low caste Muslim singer, entertain Dadu with his fascinating songs.
Wajind
• Initially, a Pathan hunter.
• Came under influence of Dadu and became follower.
• Created literature for Dadu Panth.
Raghavdas
• Dadu Panthi scholar
• In 1660 A.D. wrote Bhaktamal.
Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti
• Born in: 1143 in Sanjar, Iran
• He became disciple of Khwaja Usman Harooni of Chistiya Order (Silsila).
• Came to India during reign of Illtutmish and settled in Ajmer in 1233 A.D.
• His shrine is open to all irrespective of religion, caste or creed and especially for
poor & needy, hence he is popularly knows as Garib Nawaz.
• Died in Ajmer, his tomb is popularly known as The Dargah Sharif
Lok Devta & Devis of Rajasthan
• Rajasthan has a strong tradition of venerating righteous warriors
as deities.
• Legends and anecdotes relate folk deities with supernatural
power impressing & evoking faith and beliefs of people in these
local deities.
• This post is an attempt to consolidate information of such folk
deities (Lok Devtas and Devis) into single piece.
• Panchpir: Of the numerous lok devtas and devis, the five greatest
are worhsipped throughout the Rajasthan, these are - Goga Ji,
Ramdevji, Pabuji , Mehaji and Harbuji. (Note: Vir Tejaji is not
part of this)
• Goga Ji
• Birth
• 1003 A.D. at Dadrewa in the Churu district of RajasthanLegend• Protects
from Snakes bites (Jaharpeer).
• Saint Gogaji fought with Mahmood Gajnavi for protection of cows.
• Died (Samadhi) •Gogamedi in Hanumangarh District
• Worship• Main Temple: Gogamedi, built by King Ganga Singh.
• Villages in Rajasthan has a Than dedicated to him, Than is always under
Khejri tree.
• Fairs • Organised every year at Gogamedi from 9th day of dark-half
(Krishna Paksh) of Bhadra month to eleventh of the month.
• Phad • Musical Instruments - Damru & MadalOther Facts• Farmers tie 9
Knot - Goga Rakhadi - to their plough for good harvest.
• Goga Ji indentification - Blue Horse, Spear and Snake
• Teja Ji
• Birth • 1074 A.D. at Khadnaal in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan.
• Day was Magh Shukla Chaturdashi Legend• Snake Diety.
• Tejaji sacrificed life while recovering cows of Lachha Gujri from
cluthes of meenas.
• Kala & Bala – benefactor in agricultural activities.Worship• Tejaji’s major
Than are located at Sursura, Beawar, Saindaria & Bhanwata in Ajmer
district
• Saindaria – Main place – as this is supposed to be place he was
bitten by snake.
• Fairs• Parbatsar, Nagaur cattle fair is organized from Bhadra Shukla
Dashmi to Poornima.
• Other Facts • Tejaji Ji indentification – Horse-back, with Sword and Snake
• Pabu Ji
• Birth • 1239 A.D. at Kolu Village, Phalodi in the Jodhpur district of
Rajasthan.Legend• Associated with rathore family (Dandhal Ji rathore & Kamla
Devi) of Marwar.
• Diety associated with Camel.
• Healer of Plague disease.Worship• Bhopa community in Rajasthan, are
considered to be priest singers of Pabuji.
• The story of Pabuji is depicted through Phad.
• The two principal tools of a bhopas are his fiddle (rāvaṇhattha) and his portable
temple (paṛ).
• Main Temple – Kolu (Kolumund), Jodhpur
• Folk Deity of Rebari Community.Fairs • Fair at Kolu on Chaitra Amavasya.Other
Facts• Pabuji indentification – Horse-rider with Spear.
• Pabuji's marriage was fixed with the daughter of Sora Rama Surajmal of
Amarkot.
• Ramdev Ji
• Birth • Undookasmer Village, Shiv Teshil in the Barmer district of
Rajasthan.
• Legend - After giving away Pokharan in dowry for his niece
Ramdev Ji made Runeecha (Ramdevra) his new residence.
• Died (Samadhi) • Runeecha, JaisalmerWorship
• Temples located at Runicha (Jaisalmer), Barathia (Ajmer),
Suratkheda (Chittorgarh).
• Ramdevji started Kamadia Panth.
• As symbol, his pagaliya (Foot prints) are worshipped.Fairs
• Runeecha (Jaisalmer) – Bhadrapada Shukla Dwitya to Ekadashi.
• Other Facts Terah Taali dance is presented by kamadias.
• Ramdev ji composed – Chaubis Vaniya.
• Dev Narayan Ji
• Birth • 1233 A.D. at Kolu Village, Phalodi in the Jodhpur district
of Rajasthan.
• Legend • The brave warrior and his Sadhak are considered
incarnation of lord Vishnu.
• Worship• Devmali near Asind (Bhilwara), Devdham Jodhpuria
(Tonk).
• Leaves of Neem are essential for worship.
• Fairs• Fairs are held at Ajmer, Bhilwara, Tonk & Chittaurgarh on
Bhadrapad Shukla Shasthi & Saptami.
• Other Facts • Leeelagar is name of his horse.
• Veer Kalla Ji
• Birth • Vikram Samvat 1601, Merta in the Jodhpur district of Rajasthan.
• Legend • Kallaji is famous as “Lok Devta with four hands”Worship
• Ranela is sacred peeth.
• Temples are located at Bhauraigarh, Mahiyadham varda, Salumbar,
Samalia, Gatroad
• Baba Tallinath
• Birth Shergarh, Jodhpur
• Legend• Nature loving Lok Devta
• Held at high esteem in Jalore district.
• When a person is bitten by poisionous creature, taken to baba’s place
& thread is tied.Worship • Panchmukhi hill of Panchota Village (Nagaur
Diastrict)
• Hadbu Ji Sankhla (Harbunji)
• Birth • Bhudole in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan. (Contemporary of
Rao Jodha)
• Legend• One of Panch Peers (Goga ji, Ramdevi ji, Pabu ji, Hadbu Ji,
Manglia Meha ji) of Marwar.
• Well versed in Shakun Shastra.
• Cousin of Baba Ramdev.
• Worship• Main Temple: Baingti Village, Phalodi, Jodhpur
• In the temple, Sankhla Rajput act as priests and worship
Harbhuji ki gaadi.
• Fairs• Parbatsar, Nagaur cattle fair is organized from Bhadra Shukla
Dashmi to Poornima.
• Other Facts • Tejaji Ji indentification – Horse-back, with Sword and Snake
• Meha Ji Manglia
• Birth • Bapni Village, Jodhpu
• Legend • Manglias are main worshippers.
• Worship • Main Temple: Bapni Village, Jodhpur
• Fairs • Bapni village – Bhadrpada Krishna Ashtami
• Mallinath Ji
• Birth • 1358 A.D. at Kolu Village, Phalodi in the Jodhpur district of
Rajasthan.
• Legend • Defeated army of Subedar Nizamuddin of Malwa in 1378 AD.
• Worship • Main Temple: Tilwara, Barmer
• Fairs• Tilwara, Barmer – Chaitra Krishna Ekadashi to Chaitra Shukla
Ekadashi.
• Tharparkar Cow is traded most in his fair.
• Other Facts • Malani pargani in Barmer is named after him
• Other Lok Devta’s of Rajasthan
• Bhomiaji • Worshipped in villages as a protector of land.
• Mamadev • Lok Devta of rain
• Eloji • Lok Devta of Love (Cupid).
• Fatta ji• Waged war with robbers in Santhu village in
Jalore District.
• Fair – every year on Bhadon Sudi Navami.Dev Baba•
Protector & savior of Gurjars.
• Temple: Nagla Jahag village of Bharatpur District
• Panraj Ji• Born – Naga Village, Jaisalmer
• Two fairs every year at panrajsar, Jaisalmer.
• Lok Devis of Rajasthan
• Kaila Devi• Tutelary (Kuldevi) of Karauli’s royal family,
worshipped as form of durga.
• Lakkhi fair – Chaitra Shukla Ashtami – on Trikut hill at Kaila
Devi.
• Shila Devi • After victory over East Bengal, Maharaja Man
Singh of Amer installed Shila Devi in Amer in 16th Century.
• Karni Mata• Temple: Deshnok, Bikaner
• Goddess of Rats, white rats in temple are called as kaba.
• Kuldevi of Rathore
• Charan communit also considers her as their Kuldevi.
• Jeen Mata
• Temple: Rewasa Village, Sikar
• According to inscription found in Harsh Mountain – Temple of
Jeen Mata was built during period of Prthviraj Chouchan I.
• Jeen Mata is considered Kuldevi of Chouchans.
• Sakrai Mata Main Temple – udaipurwati, Jhunjhunu.
• Kuldevi of Khandelwals.
• She is also called as Shakmbhair devi & temple of Shakambhari
devi is located at Sambhar & Saharanpur of UP.
• Jal Devi • Temple: Bavadi, Tonk District.
• Rani Sati • Marble temple in Jhunjhunu.
• Sheetla Mata She protects children from Chicken Pox.
• Donkey is her vehicle & Kumhar (Potter) is her Pujari.
• Main Temple: Sheel ki Dungari, Chaksu, Jaipur
• Also known as Sedhal mata.
• Mahamaya (mahamai)• Worshipped as protector of children.
• Pregnant women worship Mahamaya of Mavli (Udaipur) for
safe delivery & well being of their children.
• Aai Mata Sirvi Community of Kshatriyas consider her as their Kuldevi.
• Temple: BiladaNarayani Mata
• Temple: Barva Doongri, Rajgarh, Alwar
• Barbers consider Narayani Mata as their kuldevi.
• Ashapura Mata• Considered incarnation of Hinglaj mata
• Kuldevi of Chauhan dynasty.
• Shakmbhari in Sambhar, Chamunda in Ajaymeru Merwara, Asapura in
Nadole are famous temples.
• Forts & Palaces of Rajasthan
• The extensive and majestic hill forts of Rajasthan together reflect the elaborate,
fortified seats of power of Princely States that flourished between the 8th and
18th centuries and their relative political independence.
• Scattered all around in the state, these forts have a uniqueness of their own,
with each one of them narrating a story about its kings, kingdom and colourful
culture.
• Their beautiful structures, enchanting edifices and stunning architecture are
beyond any comparison.
• Recognizing their value, six of thes Hill Forts of Rajasthan have been declared
UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
• They are, Chittorgarh Fort, Kumbhalgarh Fort, Ranthambore Fort, Gagron Fort,
Amber Fort and Jaisalmer Fort.
• In this elaborative article, we shall deal with most prominent Forts & Palaces of
Rajasthan and take them up District-wise beginning with Ajmer:
• Taragarh Fort, Ajmer
• Taragarh fort was first built by Chauhan king Ajaipal on Taragarh Hill.
• It is also said that Rana Sanga's brother Prthvi Raj made a portion of for
his wife Tara and named it Taragarh.
• The fort guarding Ajmer, was the seat of the Chauhan rulers and was
again believed to be built by Mughal ruler Akbar.
• Taragarh is reputed to be one of the oldest hill forts in India and the
world.
• The battlements run along the top of the hill.
• The walls are two miles (3 km) in circumference and the fort can only be
approached by way of a very steep slope.
• When it fell to the British Raj, the fort was dismantled on the orders of
Lord William Bentinck and was converted into a sanatorium for the
British troops
• AKBARI FORT & MUSEUM, AJMER
• This fort was constructed in 1570 by Akbar and is also called as Daulatkhanna or
Magazine.
• Plans for battle of Haldighati were finalized in this fort in 1576 and Jehangir
camped in the fort for 3 years to bring mewar
under mughal control.
• This fort is a magnificent example of Mughal architecture and it is the location
from where Salim, as the Emperor Jahangir read out the farman permitting the
British East India Company to trade with India.
• In 1801, control of fort passed to British who converted it into magazine
(armory).
• Currently, the fort is converted into a state museum and houses a collection of
Mughal, Rajput armor and sculpture.
• The fort also has beautiful paintings and Janana portion has excellent picchkari
works.
• Kesroli Hill Fort, Alwar
• This 14th century fort is best known for its turrets, ramparts and arched
verandas.
• The Yaduvanshi Rajputs, who are said to be descendants of Lord Krishna,
built it.
• Today, the fort has been converted into a heritage hotel.
Bala Quila, Alwar
• The Bala Qila (meaning young fort) was built on the foundations of a
10th century mud fort and is a towering structure set atop a hill.
• Strong fortifications, graceful marble columns and delicate latticed
balconies make up the fort.
• Bala Qila can be entered through six gates, namely Jai Pol, Suraj Pol,
Laxman Pol, Chand Pol, Krishan Pol and Andheri Gate.
• Alwar City Palace
• Raja Bakhtawar Singh built the city palace in 1793 AD.
• The palace is an amazing mélange of the Rajputana and Islami styles of
architecture.
• The highlight of this palace is graceful marble pavilions set on lotus flower
bases in the central courtyard.
• The palace that once belonged to the Maharaja has been converted into the
District Collectorate.
• Its grand halls and chambers now house government offices.
Neemrana Fort, Alwar
• History says that Neemrana Fort was built by the Yaduvanshis,
believed to be the descendants of Lord Krishna.
• Its story is rife with conquests and defeats and it has passed from the Rajputs to
the Mughals and the Jats, before finally coming back to the Rajputs in 1775.
• Today, it is being run as a famous heritage hotel.
• Shahbad Fort, Baran
• Shahabad fort is one of the strongest forts in Hadoti area. It is located at
about 80 km. from Baran.
• The Chauhan Vanshi Dhandhel Rajput Mukutmani Dev constructed Shahbad fort
in the 1521 A.D. (Samvat 1577).
• This is situated in the dense forest area on the high mountain ranges and is
surrounded by Kundakoh valley, waterfalls and a lake.
• The Topkhana (artillery) has Nawalbaan tope(cannon), Barudkhana and some
temples in the forts are still secure.
Shergarh Fort, Bara
• Shergarh fort is situated in Atru tehsil, about 65 km. from Baran district
headquaters.
• The fort is located atop a hillock on the bank of Parban river.
Shershan named the fort as Koshvardhan.
• A stone edict of 790 AD proves the antiquity of the place.
• Nahar Garh Fort, Baran
• The fort is about 73 km.
• from Baran in Kishanganj tehsil. Fort is an impressive structure in red
stone and a fine example of the Mughal architecture.
Siwana Fort, Barmer
• Siwana Fort was constructed in 10th century by Narayan Panwar.
• In local language its name is Gadh Siwana.
• After the battle of Giri Summel Rao Maldeo took refuge in this fort from
Sher Shah.
• During 1308-09 under reign of Sataldev, the fort was attacked by Allaudin
Khilji which resulted in first Jauhar/Saka.
• In 1597, Akbar with Motaraja Udai Singh attacked Siwana fort at the time
of Kalyanmal which resulted in 2nd Jauhar.
• Lohagarh Fort, Bharatpur
• Lohagarh fort was built by Jat Raja Surajmal in 1733.
• True to its name, Lohagarh Fort has withstood many attacks by
the British, but was ultimately captured by Arthur Wellesley.
• The famous door of Lohagarhfort was brought by Maharaja
Jawahar Singh from Delhi in 1765.
• Lohagarh Fort differs from others by its aura of rugged strength.
• The fort is surrounded by a moat which used to be filled with
water to keep enemies out.
• Interesting monuments inside the fort are Kothi Khas, Mahal
Khas, Moti Mahal and Kishori Mahal.
• Raja Suraj Mal built Jawahar Bhurj and Fateh Bhurj to
commemorate victories over the Mughals and the British
• Bharatpur Palace and Museum
• Located within the premises of the Bharatpur Palace is Kamra Khas, a
museum that contains a vast number of antiques, over 581 stone sculptures,
861 local art and craft wares and ancient scriptures that depict the art and
culture typical of Bharatpur.
• The palace itself was built in stages by various Maharajas and is a fine fusion of
Mughal and Rajput architecture.
• The various apartments in the palace have a variety of richly patterned floor
tiles decorated with exquisite designs.
Mandalgarh Fort, Bhilwara
• Mandalgarh Fort Bhilwara is believed to have been built by Rana Kumbha and is
the 3rd fort of Mewar region, the other two being Chittoragrh and Kumbhalgarh.
• However, According to Veer Vinod, the fort had been constructed by Mandiya
Bhil and Chanana Gurjar.
• The fort is located on a part of Aravali hill range along confluence of Banas,
Berach & Menali.
• Badnore Fort, Bhilwara
• Badnore Fort is situated at asind road and distance is 70 km from Bhilwara.
• Junagarh Fort, Bikaner Junagarh Fort was constructed in the year 1588 A.D by
Raja Rai Singh, one of Emperor Akbar’s most distinguished generals.
• It is believed that crocodiles were bred in the water moat surrounding the
formidable fort.
• The construction is a fine blend of Mughal, Gujarati and Rajput style of
architecture.
• The picturesque courtyards beautify the fort.
• The fort complex houses some magnificent palaces constructed in red
sandstone and marble like Anup Mahal, Chandra Mahal, Hawa Mahal, Dungar
Mahal, Diwan-e-khas and Ganga Mahal.
• The fort also houses a Prachina Museum which contains royal costumes, textiles
and accessories of Rajasthani royalty.
• Lalgarh Palace, Bikaner
• Lalgarh Palace was built by Maharaja Ganga Singh in the year 1902 in
memory of his father Maharaja Lal Singh Ji.
• The red sandstone construction is a fine blend of Mughal, Rajput and
European architectures styles.
• The design was conceptualised by Sir Swinton Jacob.
• The first floor of the Palace houses Sadul Singh Museum.
• The lives and the passions of the three successive kings of Bikaner are
reflected in the art museum.
• The rare artifacts, Georgian paintings, and the photographs seen here
stand proof of the interests and the heroics of the three kings namely
Maharaja Ganga Singh, Sadul Singh and Karni Singh.
• Gajner Palace, Bikaner
• The Gajner Palace was founded by Maharaja Gaj Singh ji of
Bikaner in the year 1784, and then completed by the great
Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner on the banks of the lake.
• The palace served as retreat after hunting for the royal
family.
• The red sandstone construction is a glowing example of
stunning architecture.
• The palace is situated in the thick of forest and you could
view migratory birds flock in great numbers.
• Taragarh Fort, Bundi
• Taragarh Fort was constructed by Rao raja Bair Singh in 1354
on a hilltop 1426 feet high.
• In the centre of the fort is located Bhim Bhurj on which was
once mounted a particularly large cannon called Garbh
Gunjam, or ‘Thunder from the Womb’.
• With its curved roofs topping pavilions, excess of temple
columns and elephant and lotus motifs, the palace is a tribute
to Rajput style.
• The fort includes Hazari Darwaza, Haathi Pol, Nau Dhaan, Ratan
Daulatkhana, Darikhana, Ratan Niawas, Chatra mahal, Badal
Mahal & Moti Mahal.
• Sukh Mahal, Bundi
• Sukh Mahal, a small, two-storied palace was a summer retreat of past rulers.
• Located on banks of JaitSagar lake, the palace was constructed by Rao raja Vishnu Singh
in 1773 A.D.
• Today, it is quite famous for being the place where Kipling wrote ‘Kim’.
• Many credit the palace as a having played muse to the renowned novel. In fact, part of
a movie based on the novel was even shot here.
• Chittorgarh Fort
• Chittorgarh Fort is the largest fort in Asia.
• The Fort of Chittorgarh is strategically located on the top of a high hilly outcrop of the
Aravallis about 180 mabove the plains of the valley drained by the Berach River.
• The fort also contains Gaumukh Reservoir, which is a deep tank fed by a spring.
• The spring emerges from a rock formation resembling a Gaumukh or ‘cow’s
mouth’.
• The tank is considered sacred by the locals. It is said of Chittorgarh that – “Garh toh
Chittorgarh baaki sab Gaddhaiyan hain”.
• Padmini’s Palace, Chittorgarh
• The Padmini palace is Amazing place to visit in Chittorgarh.
• It was the residence of Rani Padmini who was known for her
gorgeous beauty.
• The palace is a popular tourist attraction because of its rich
architecture and association with the Rajput heritage and
history.
• There is a lotus pond near this palace.
• Ala-ud-din saw the reflection of Queen Padmini in this pool.
• He was so captivated and entranced by her that he fought a
furious battle with Maharana Ratan Singh (husband of
Maharani Padmini).
• This battle changed the history of Chittorgarh.
• Rana Kumbha Palace, Chittorgarh
Rana Kumbha palace is 15th century palace where Rana Kumbha lived
and spent his royal life. This historic monument is very popular among
tourists due to its charming and artistic architecture.The founder of
Udaipur, Maharana Udai Singh was born in this same palace. Rana
Kumbha palace have the cellar where brave Rani Padmini performed an
act of jauhar along with other women during an attack of Khilji.
Bhainsrorgarh Fort, Chittorgarh
Bhainsrorgarh is an impregnable fort, inhabited from at least the 2nd
century BC. It is dramatically positioned between two rivers, the
Chambal and Bamani. It had passed through the hands of several clans
before becoming the seat of a premier noble of Mewar, the large region
around Udaipur and Princely State of the Sisodia clan. It contains five
tanks, temples to Devi Bhim
Chauri, Shiva, and Ganesh. The present fort is around 260 years old and
was built in the 1740s.
• CHURU FORT
• Churu Fort was constructed by Thakur Kushal Singh in 1649
A.D.
• In 1814, Surat Singh of Bikaner attacked this fort and after
ammunition was exhausted, Thakur Shiv Singh fired Cannon
balls made of silver in defense of fort.
• Shiv Singh also constructed Gopinath temple inside the fort.
• DAUSA FORT
• Dausa Fort was constructed on Devgiri Hill, probably first by
Badgurjars and subsequently by Kachawahas when they made
Dausa as their first capital.
• Madhorajpura Fort, Dausa
• Sawai Madho Singh-I after defeating marathas, established the township
of Madhorajpura and constructed the fort.
• According to historians, this fort was used as the headquarters by the
Swathi, during the fight between Marathas and Swathi Pratap Singh.
Khawaraoji, Dausa
• Khawaraoji is famous for residence of the then rular Raoji and natural
beauty.
• It is situated at about 25 Kms from the district headquarter towards
Sikrai.
• Though, it has typical way to reach this place, the fort like residence is
converted into the Khawaraoji Heritage Hotel.
• Surrounded by hills at the three sides, and having Amol Ghati nearby
with natural beauty, this place has worth to visit by tourists
• Shergarh Fort, Dholpur
• Located on Banks of river Chambal, Shergarh fort is, said to be first
constructed by Raja Maldev during Kushan Period.
• In 1540, Shershah reconstructed the fort and named it Shergarh.
• Juna Mahal, Dungarpur
• Juna Mahal (Old Palace) is a 13th century, seven-storeyed edifice.
• It is built on a high platform constructed from Pareva stone and its
rugged exterior gives it a resemblance of a citadel.
• It has been elaborately planned with fortified walls, watchtowers,
narrow doorways and corridors to delay the enemy for as long as
possible.
• What lies inside is a complete contrast to the exterior.
• Visitors will be spellbound by the beautiful murals, miniature paintings
and delicate glass and mirror work that adorn the interiors.
• Udai Bilas Palace, Dungarpur
• The Udai Bilas Palace has been named after MaharawalUdai Singh II.
• Its striking design follows classic Rajput architectural style and boasts of
detailed designs in its balconies, arches and windows.
• A beautiful wing built of the local bluish grey stone called Pareva
overlooks the lake.
• The palace is segregated into Raniwas, Udai Bilas and Krishna Prakash,
also known as Ek Thambiya Mahal.
• The EkThambiyaMahal is a veritable marvel of Rajput architecture
featuring intricate sculptured pillars and panels, ornate balconies,
balustrades, bracketed windows, arches and frieze of marble carvings.
Today, Udai Bilas Palace functions as a heritage hotel.
• Badal Mahal, Dungarpur
• The Badal Mahal, built using Pareva stone, is another
splendid palace of Dungarpur.
• Located on the banks of GaibSagar Lake, it is renowned for
its elaborate design and a fusion of the architectural styles
of the Rajputs and the Mughals.
• The monument comprises two stages, three domes and a
veranda.
• Each dome sports a carved half ripe lotus while the largest
dome sports three
• BHATNER FORT, HANUMANGARH
• The Bhatner Fort, otherwise known as the Hanumangarh Fort, is located on somewhat
elevated land with gigantic barricades along the banks of the River Gaggar in the centre
of Hanumangarh.
• In 295 AD, Bhupat, son of Jailsamer’s King Bhatti built this strong fort.
• Since then, rulers like Timur, Ghaznavis, PrtihviRaj Chauhan, Akbar, Qutub-ud-din-Aybak
and Rathores had captured this fort.
• The strength of this fort has been mentioned in the autobiography written by Timur
called “Tuzuk- e- Timuri.”
• Even Mughal Emperor Akbar described this fortification in his book “Ain- I- Akbari”.
• It has many towering gates surrounding the fort and many big rounded bastions that
stand at intervals.
• There are three statues, which bear inscriptions, and an ancient building called “Jain
Pasara” is situated inside the fort.
• There is also a tomb inside this fort, where Sher Khan is kept. Sher Khan was the nephew
of Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din-Balban (1266 – 1290) as well as the Governor of the Fort.
• Amber Fort, Jaipur
• Amer Fort is the complex of palaces, halls, pavilions, gardens and temples,
which were built by Raja Man Singh, Mirza Raja Jai Singh and Sawai Jai
Singh over a period of about two centuries.
• It is made of red sandstone and white marble and incorporates both Rajput and
Mughal architecture.
• The palace complex rises from the placid waters of the Mootha lake, which
contains Mohan Bari or Kesar Kyari in the center.
• Jaipur City Palace, Jaipur
• Jaipur City Palace was built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, the founder
of Jaipur.
• he palace is a beautiful blend of Mughal and Rajput styles of architecture.
• The previous royal family continues to reside in one section of the palace.
• Located within the walls of the City Palace, Chandra Mahal
is a seven-storeyed tower. However, the ground and first floors have now been
given over for the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum.
• Hawa Mahal, Jaipur
• The Palace of Wind or Hawa Mahal was constructed in 1799 by the
poetking Sawai Pratap Singh.
• The five-storied structure is made of pink sandstone and has 356
intricately carved jharokhas (windows).
• It was designed for the women of the royal family to sit in privacy while
observing life on the street.
• Nahargarh Fort, Jaipur
• The northern frontier of Jaipur is fortified by Nahargarh Fort.
• Situated on a rough crest of the Aravalli range, the fort, which literally
means ‘abode of the tigers’, was built in 1734 by Jai Singh to further
defend Amber. Later, in 1868, the fort was extended to its present size.
• Much of the original structures are now in ruins, but the lovely building
added by sawai Ram Singh II and Sawai Madho Singh II still survive
• Jaigarh Fort, Jaipur
• It is one of the few military structures of the medieval India
preserved almost intact containing palaces, gardens, open and
covered reservoirs, a granary, an armoury, a well-planned
cannon foundry, several temples, a tall tower and a giant
mounted cannon-the Jai Ban – the largest in the country.
• Jaigarh Fort was built by Sawai Jai Singh II sometime in the
early 18th century amidst the arid, rocky and thorn-scrub
covered hills.
• Jal Mahal, Jaipur
Jal Mahal is a tiny palace located in the middle of small Man
Sagar lake.
• Jaisalmer Fort
• Also called as Golden Fort or “Sonar Kila”, it is a world heritage site.
• It was built in 1156 AD by Rawal Jaisal and stands on Trikuta Hill ( the tripple peaked hill
) among an undulating sea of sand.
• The fort is built in Sandstone, protected by high walls, approachable through four
successive gates, the Akhaiy Pol, the Ganesh Pol, the Suraj Pol and the Hawa Pol.
JALORE FORT
• Jalore Fort is one of the nine castles of the Maru’, under the Paramaras
in the 10th century.
• It has been known through history as the Sonagir or the ‘golden mount’.
• The precise year of its construction is not known however it is believed to be built
between the 8th and 10th centuries.
• Jalore fort is located atop a steep and perpendicular hill 336m high, fortified with a wall
and bastions with cannon mounted upon them.
• The fort has four gigantic gates and is approachable only from one side, after a two-mile
long serpentine ascent.
• Gagron Fort, Jhalawar
• Gagron Fort is an example of ‘Jal Durg’, or Water Fort surrounded by
waters of Ahu, Kali and Sindh rivers on three sides.
• It is included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• The foundation of this impregnable, magnificent fort was laid in the 7th
century. Outside the fort is a Durgah of Sufi Saint Mitheshah, where a fair is
held every year during the islamic month of Moharram.
• Nearby is a monastery of Saint Pipa, a contemporary of Saint Kabir.
Jhalawar Fort
• Situated in the centre of the town, the Jhalawar fort or Garh Palace, was
built by Maharaj Rana Madan Singh and his successors added beautiful
paintings inside the rooms.
• The Zenana Khas or the ‘Women’s Palace’ has some excellent frescoes on both,
walls and mirrors and they are prime examples of the Hadoti school of art.
• Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur
• Situated on a steep hill, Mehrangarh fort is one of the largest forts in
India.
• The beauty and the grandeur of numerous palaces in the fort
narrates a saga of hard sandstones yielding to the chisels of skilled
Jodhpuri sculptures.
• The fort is known for its exquisite latticed windows, carved panels,
intricately decorated windows and walls of Moti Mahal, Phool Mahal and
Sheesh Mahal.
• Moti Mahal, Jodhpur
• Moti Mahal, as the name suggests, is the Pearl Hall where the royal
families held their audience.
• The hall is known to have glass windows and five nooks that enabled the
queens to listen to the proceedings taking place in the Sringar Chowki,
The Royal Throne of Jodhpur.
• Phool Mahal, Jodhpur
• Going by the name, the Phool Mahal or Flower Hall is the most
exorbitant of all the halls in the palace.
• This beautiful chamber is said to be the pleasure dome for the
Maharajas.
• The gold used for constructing the Mahal came from Ahmedabad,
Gujarat.
• Khejarla Fort, Jodhpur
• Located 85 kilometres from the main city, the 400-year old Khejarla
Fort is situated in a rural setting.
• The stunning red sandstone monument, now a hotel, is an example of
Rajput architecture.
• Visitors will be mesmerized by the fort’s picturesque settings, latticework
friezes and intricate Jharokas.
• Ummaid Bhawan Palace, Jodhpur
• Umaid Bhawan Palace was built by Maharaja Umaid Singh in
1929 to counter a famine which had hit the state at the time.
• It was also known as the Chittar Palace while being constructed
thanks to the use of stones drawn from the Chittar hill.
• The palace was designed by HV Lanchester, a renowned British
architect, and was completed in 16 years.
• Built with sandstone and marble, the architecture of the
palace is described as a blend of lndo-Saracenic, Classical
Revival and Western Art Deco styles.
• It is recognised as one of the largest private homes in the world
and also one of the more spectacular buildings.
• It is the only palace built in the 20th century.
• Sardar Samand Palace, Jodhpur
• Built on the banks of the Sardar Samand Lake by Maharaja Umaid
Singh in 1933, the Sardar Samand Lake Palace is a spectacular hunting
lodge.
• It remains the royal family’s favourate retreat and houses a vast
collection of African trophies and original watercolour paintings.
• Fort of Timangarh, Karauli
• Timangarh fort is situated in Masalpur village.
• According to prevaling believes in Samvat (Hindu Calendar) 1244
Yadhuvanshi ruler Timanpal constructed this Fort.
• On all four side of this fort, there exists unique sample of 5 feet wide
and 30 feet high battledore architecture.
• It seems as a complete city is enclosed within fort.
• Market inside fort wall, flooring, garden, temples and remains of well
are still available
• Unt Giri Fort, Karauli
• This fort was established during 15th Century in Kalyanpura village on
a tunnel shaped high mountain range.
• The fort is spread over 4 Km of area, and has a 100 feet high waterfall
which directly drop water over a Shivlinga.
• Till last Mughal Empire, this fort remained in ownership of
Yadhuvanshi.
• Dev Giri Fort, Karauli
• The Fort is located on east of Unt Giri on bank of Chambal River.
• In year 1506-07 attack of Sikander Lodhi caused major damage to this
fort.
• In present it has one Bavdi, ransacked stone scriptures and few
remains of palace are available.
• Mandrayal Fort, Karauli
• In south of Karauli, on the bank of Chambal River and between the mountain
ranges, Mandrayal fort made of red stone is situated on a small hill.
• Due to its location near Gwalior, from the view of a monument it is considered
important.
The Surya Pol of Fort receives direct sunlight starting from sunrise to sunset.
• In year 1327 Maharaja Arjun Dev had acquired this fort, which remained under
custodianship of Karauli.
Bahadurpur Quila (fort), Karauli This fort is located on Mundrayal Route, near forest of
Sasand Village and deserted environment.
• ‘Bahadurpura Ka Quilla’ stands like an insuppressible warrior is an actual example of
inseparable Mughal art.
• Double storied Narp Gopal Bhawan, Saheliyon Ki Bavdi, Artistic Jharokha, 18 feet long
girder of common and VIP courts, 5 warriors, Magadh Rai Ki Chatri are worth watching.
• The fort was constructed by Nagraj was son of Yadhuvanshi King Timanpal, expansion of
this fort was done throughout 1566 to 1644.
• Ruler of Jaipur Sawai Jaising also resided in this fort.
• Ramthera Fort, Karauli
• The Ramthera fort is Situated in Sapotara Subdivision of Karauli district
between Ranthambore Wildlife Sanctuary and Bharatpur Bird Reserve; it
is just 15 kilometers away from Kailadevi Sanctuary.
• Rawal Palace, Karauli
• Established during 13 century Palace (Rawal Palace) made out of Red and
White Stone is an example of stone craft.
• Artistic pictures and carving on huge gate, reticulated vents, artillery,
Nahar Kathara, Suri Gurj, Gopalsingh Akhada, Bhanwar Bank, Nazar
Bagichi, Manik Mahal, Fountain Pond, Gopal Temple, Deewan-e-Aam,
Fauj Kachari, Kirkiri Khana, Giyan Bangla, Sheesh Mahal, Moti Mahal,
Harvillas, Ranglal, Teda Kuwa, Jannani Dayothi and others along with
effective establishment are also part of its culture and traditions.
• Jagmandir Palace, Kota
• The Jagmandir Palace was built by one of the queens of Kota between
1743 and 1745, and is situated in the middle of the Kishore Sagar Lake.
• Built in red sandstone, it is a monument of exquisite beauty.
• The palace is open to tourists who can enjoy boat rides in the Kishore Sagar
Lake and the panoramic view of the palace from the lake.
• The Keshar Bagh, situated near the Jagmandir Palace is well known for its
royal cenotaphs.
• Garh Palace, Kota
• This large complex, also known as the City Palace, is built in a predominantly
Rajput style of architecture.
• The palace is a sprawling complex of suites and apartments built by different
rulers of the Rajput dynasty at different times in history.
• Situated within the walls of the Garh palace is Maharao Madho Singh
Museum which houses a splendid collection of Rajput miniature paintings of
the Kota school.The exquisite sculptures, frescoes and murals present a
breathtaking view.
• Nagaur Fort
• It is said that Nagaur fort was initially built by ruler of Nag dynasty in
2nd century and was then rebuilt in the early 12th century.
• This fort has witnessed several battles and has also been altered multiple
times.
• Being one of the first Mughal strongholds in North-India it is an
outstanding example of Rajput-Mughal architecture.
Khimsar Fort, Nagaur
• It is said that the Nagaur fort was initially built by the ruler of the Nag
dynasty in 2nd century, and this 500 year old fort, located on the
eastern edge of the Thar Desert was built in about 1523.
• Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb used to stay at this fort. Black deer roam in
herds around this fort.
• Kuchaman Fort, Nagaur
• Kuchaman Fort is the oldest & most inaccessible forts of Rajasthan.
Situated on top of a straight hill, it possess unique water harvesting
system, a beautiful palace and stunning wall paintings.
• The rulers of Jodhpur used to mint their gold and silver currency here.
• Devgarh, Pratapgarh
• Devgarh is located in Pratapgarh sub-divsion on a small hill.
• It is also known as “Devliya”.
• This palace is surrounded by small hills and situatated at average elevation of 1809 feet
from sea level.
• Rajmahal, old Bawadia, Jain temples are located in Devgarh.
• A famous temple of “Beejamata” is also situated here, where a fair takes place every
year.
• A temple of lord Raghunath is placed in Rajmahal itself, where a solar clock is placed on
the top of it.
• The clock tells time according to the light of sun.
• The Palace and its vicinity also contain some ponds including Tejsagar and Sonela
• Kumbhalgarh Fort, Rajsamand
• The Kumbhalgarh Fort was built by Rana Kumbha between A.D. 1443
and 1458 on the site of a still older castle which tradtion ascribes to
Samprati, a Jaina prince of the second century B.C. It is the second
most important fort of Mewar after Chittaurgarh.
• It is defended by aseries of walls with battlements and bastions built on
the slope of the hill which is reached through seven great gateways viz.
Aret Pol, Halla Pol, Hanuman Pol, Ram Pol, Nimboo Pol, Bhairon Pol.
Among important temples are those of Mahadeva, Pitaliya Dev,
Neelkantha, etc.
• Bawan Devri and Golerao temples (nine in numbers) are Jaina temples.
The most important building, though of later period, is the Badal Mahal
or Cloud Palace.
• RANTHAMBORE FORT, SAWAI MADHOPUR
• Ranthambore Fort was built by the Chauhan rulers in the 10th century.
• It has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the group Hill
Forts of Rajasthan.
• The fort is characterized by temples, tanks, massive gates and huge
walls.
• The fort is well protected by a massive fortification wall provided with
stepped and Z-shaped gateway with two strong and massive doors.
• An architectural marvel, the fort includes includes the Hammir Badi
Kachahari,
Chhoti Kachahari, Battis Khambha Chhatri, Hamir Palace, Rani Palace,
Toran Dwar, Mahadeo Chhatri and Sametonki Haveli within its premises.
• Among temples, the Ganesa temple is important besides a few Jain
temples.
• Khandhar Fort, Sawai Madhopur
• The imposing Khandar Fort is a place worth visiting and is situated just
45 kms from Sawai Madhopur. Located on top of a strategic vertical
hill,could never come under an easy attack and thus was truly regarded
as invincible.
• This magnificent fortification was long ruled by the Sisodia Kings of
Mewar after which it was taken over by the Mughals.
• Laxmangarh Fort, Sikar
• Laxmangarh town is a popular tourist place that is known for the
Laxmangarh Fort.
• The fort was built on the hill in 1862 by Laxman Singh, Rao Raja of Sikar.
It is believed that the foundation of the Laxmangarh town was based on
the planning system of the capital city Jaipur.
• Anoopgarh Fort, Sri Ganganagar
Anoopgarh Fort is a ruin in the city of Anoopgarh. It was built by Anoop
Singh Rathore.
• Udaipur City Palace
• City Palace, Udaipur, was built over a period of nearly 400 years, with
contributions from several rulers of the Mewar dynasty.
• Construction began in 1553, started by Maharana Udai Singh II of the
Sisodia Rajput family as he shifted his capital from the erstwhile Chittor
to the new found city of Udaipur.
Lake Palace, Udaipur
• Now a hotel, The Lake Palace was originally called Jag Niwas Palace
and served as a summer palace.
• Built between 1743 and 1746 on the island near Jagmandir Palace in
Lake Pichola, the palace, which faces east, is a wondrous sight to behold.
• The walls made of black and white marbles are adorned by semi-
precious stones and ornamented niches.
• Gardens, fountains, pillared terraces and columns line its courtyards.
• Jag Mandir, Udaipur
• Jag Mandir is a palace built on an island on the Lake Pichola.
• Also called the ‘Lake Garden Palace’, the construction for this began in 1551 and
was completed around 1652.
• The royal family used the palace as its summer resort and for hosting parties.
• Interestingly, Prince Khurram – later Emperor Shah Jahan – was given shelter
here when he rebelled against his father Emperor Jahangir.
• The palace had such an impact on Emperor Shah Jahan that it went on to
become the inspiration for one of the most magnificent Wonders of the World,
the Taj Mahal.
Monsoon Palace (SajjanGarh), Udaipur
• This 19th century palace is built by Maharana Sajjan Singh on top of
Bansdara Mountain .
• Built with white marble, the palace offers a panoramic view of the city’s lakes,
palaces and surrounding countryside.
Temples & Mosques of Rajasthan
• Adhai din ka Jhopra, Ajmer
Adhai din ka Jhopra is actually a Masjid built by Qutub-ud-Din-Aibak, first
Sultan of Delhi, in AD 1199 . Sultan Iltutmish had subsequently beautified it in
AD 1213 with a screen pierced by corbelled engrailed arches which appears in
this country for the first time. However, a large number of architectural
members and sculptures of temples are lying inside the verandah of the
complex for safety and security purposes by the department which shows the
existence of a Hindu
temple in its vicinity during circa 11th-12th Century AD. This mosque, built from
the dismantled
remains of temples, is known as Adhai-din-ka-Jhonpra possibly from the fact that a
fair used to be held
here for two and a half days.
• The Ajmer Sharif Dargah:
• Ajmer Sharif, situated at the foot of the Taragarh hill, is the
shrine of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti.
• It contains the domed tomb of the saint and several white
marble buildings arranged around two courtyards, including a
massive gate donated by the Nizam of Hyderabad and the
Akbari Mosque, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
• Akbar used to come here by foot on pilgrimage from Agra
every year in observance of a vow when he prayed for a son.
• The large pillars called "Kose ('Mile') Minar", erected at
intervals of two miles (3 km) along the entire way between
Agra and Ajmer mark the places where the royal pilgrims
halted every day
• Soniji ki Nasiyan, Ajmer
• Soniji ki Nasiyan is a Jain Temple located in Ajmer and is a wonderful
example of ornate architecture, dedicated to Risabhadev or Adinath.
• Its entrance is made of red stone and the marble staircase inside is
engraved with images of the holy Tirthankars – omniscient teachers of
Jain faith who taught righteousness.
• The temple was constructed in the late 19th century.
• Its main chamber, Swarna Nagari (City of Gold), is aptly named so
because of the several gold-plated wooden figures it houses within its
walls.
• This architectural marvel is also mentioned in Kurt Titze's book, ‘Jainism:
A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence
• Tijara Jain Temple, Alwar
• About 60 kilometres from the Alwar-Delhi route lies this important centre of Jain
pilgrimage.
• The exquisitely decorated ancient temple was built to commemorate the eighth
Tirthankar, Shri Chandra Prabha Bhagwan.
• The son of King Mahasen and Queen Sulakshana, he ruled his kingdom for
several years before receiving Diksha and being initiated.
• After serving mankind for several years, he meditated for a month and attained
Nirvana
• Bhand Devara, Baran
• Ramgarh-Bhand Devra temples are situated about 40 km from Baran
• The Shiv Mandir of Ramgarh was built in 10th century on the Khajuraho style.
Due to the Maithun Statues, the place is named as Bhand Devra.
• This temple is situated on the bank of pond and is now under the Archaeological
department.
• This temple is known as Rajasthan’s mini Khajuraho
• Kiradu Temple , Barmer
• Keradu Temple might have been constructed before the 6th century at the time
of “Parmar” Dynasty.
• There are five temples in all and most remarkable of them is Someshvara
Temple .
• These temples feature impressive sculpture and a Solanki style of architecture.
There are 4-5 Big
• Temple structure of Golden colour and a Sun Temple.
• The temple is well entitled as “Khajuraoh of Rajasthan”.
• The design of the temple are identicle to the Khajuraoh Temple and Sun Temple
at Orrisa.
• The temple is ruin and with lack of images of God and Goddess.
• The Keradu was earlier Headquarter of Barmer and it was attacked by
Mohammad Gauri in 1140AD who had destroyed the temple structure and its
images.
• Vankal Mata Temple, Barmer
• Vankal Mata Temple is situated at the west end of the city on a
675 feet high hill, the ancient citadel of the 16th century (
fortress ), which was called Barmer citadel , whose remains still
exist.
• Shri Parshwanath Jain Temple, Barmer
• Shri Parshwanath Jain temple was originally a temple of
Mahavira.
• This temple was renovated in the fifteenth century.
• 120 idols were brought here from Kalidrah and this beautiful and
miraculous idol was installed here as Mulnayak (main idol of the
temple) in the year 1429 of the Vikram era (1373 AD).
• It is among the hills in the distant forest at a distance of 13
kilometers from Balotra.
• Jain Temple Bhandasar , Bikaner
• Jain Temple was commissioned by Bhandasa Oswal in the year 1468 and
completed in the year 1514.
• The structure is influenced by Rajputana architecture and includes unique
and intricately sculpted pillars, frescos and the gold leaf work, with a blend
of red sandstone and white marble used in the construction.
• The mirror work in the temple is unique as well.
Meerabai Temple, Chittorgarh
• Meerabai, an ardent devotee of Lord Krishna’s, worshipped him at this
temple.
• The structure is designed in the classic North Indian style of temples.
• It rises from a raised plinth and its conical roof can be seen from far.
• The temple houses a beautiful shrine surrounded by an open porch with
four small pavilions in four corners.
• Deo Somnath, Dungarpur
• On the banks of Som river, there is an old and beautiful Shiva temple
called Deo Somnath built in the 12th century.
• Built of white stone, the temple has imposing turrets.
• One can see the sky from within the temple.
• Though there is a perfect adaptation of parts in the masonry, yet it gives
the impression that individual stones are crumbling.
• The temple has 3 exits, one each in the east, the north and the south.
• The entrance gates are two storied The Garbha Garah has a high dome.
• In front of it is the Sabha Mandap – built on 8 majestic pillars.
• There are Twenty Torans of which four still exist.
• Others were destroyed by the flood waters of the Som.
• The idol of the deity is in a chamber, eight steps below and the entrance is from the
Sabha Mandap.
• There are several inscription by pilgrims and the oldest belongs to 1493 A.D.
Several warriors were cremated near the temple and memorials have been raised
in their honour.
• Nagfanji, Dungarpur
• Nagfanji is renowned for its Jain shrines and not only does it attract
devotees from Dungarpur but also tourists who travel from far to see the
temple. The temple houses statues of Devi Padmawati, NagfanjiParshwanatha and
Dharnendra.The Nagfanji Shivalaya,which is located close to this temple, is also a
tourist attraction.
• Shrinathji Temple, Dungarpur
• MaharawalPunjraj built this temple in the year 1623.
• The idols of Shri Radhikaji and GoverdhanNathji are the main attractions.
• The complex also houses several shrines dedicated to Shri BankeBihariji and
Shri Ramchandraji.
• Surpur Temple, Dungarpur
• This ancient shrine is located on the banks of the Gangdi River about 3
kilometres from Dungarpur.
• The area around the temple also houses other attractions such as
Bhulbhulaiya, Madhavrai Temple, Hathiyon Ki Agad and several
inscriptions.
• Mandore, Jodhpur
• Towards the north of Jodhpur is the ancient capital of Marwar, Mandore.
• This area is of major historical importance and you will find the dewals
or cenotaphs of Jodhpur’s former rulers.
• Unlike the original chhatri-shaped cenotaphs that are typical patterns of
Rajasthan architecture, these are built along the lines of Hindu temples
• Osian:
• 65 Kms from Jodhpur, lies ruins of an ancient city called Ossian.
• This city is famous for Brahmanical and Jain temples, which belong to 8th
and 11th century.
• The shikhar of Sachiya temple is clustered by two rows of turrets, an
ambulatory and a large assembly hall with an elaborate ceiling.
• This town which was once a great trading centre is an oasis and houses an
abundance of peacocks.
• The largest of the 16 Jain and Brahmanical temples is dedicated to
Mahavira.
• Bhanwar Mata Temple, Pratapgarh
Bhanwar Mata temple was built by King Gori of “Manvaiyani genus” in year
491 AD. Temple is also known as “Bhanwar Mata Shakti Peeth”. It is located
in Chhoti Sadri Teshsil of Pratapgarh district.
• Ghumeshwar Temple, Sawai Madhopur
• Enshrined in the Puranas, the Ghushmeshwar Temple is believed to be
12th or the last of the Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva.
• Situated at the Siwar village in Sawai Madhopur, this temple has many
mythological stories weaved around it.
• Alanpur Jain Temple, Sawai Madhopur
• The early medieval Jaina temple, known as Chamatkarji, is situated
outside
the city and dedicated to lord Adinatha.
• The temple compound is enclosed by a modern high parapet wall with
small cells all round and is entered from the west.
• The main shrine is situated in the centre of the courtyard and is
enclosed by high wall with entrance in the north.
• The garbhagriha facing east, is pancharatha on plan with
circumambulatory passage around. The sikhara is curvilinear.
• Harshnath Temple, Sikar
• The 10th century, Harshnath temple, belonging is located on the Aravalli
Hills near Sikar.
• It is an ancient site containing remnants of old Shiva Temple of 10th
Century
• Another Shiva temple, constructed in the 18th century by Shiv Singh of
Sikar, is situated near the Harshnath temple.
• Jagdish Temple, Udaipur
An example of the Indo-Aryan style of architecture, Jagdish Temple was
built in 1651 and continues to be one of the most famous temples in
Udaipur.
• Dedicated to Lord Vishnu, the structure is an architectural marvel with
carved pillars, graceful ceilings and painted walls.
• This three-storied temple was built by Maharana Jagat Singh.
Cenotaph & Tombs Rajasthan
• Maqbara Shaikh Husain, Ajmer
• It houses the tomb of Khwaja Husain Chishty Rehamatullah Alaih (Shaikh
Husain Ajmeri) who was the Peer of Ajmer Sharif Dargah in Emperor Akbar's
Time, He was the great grandson of Khwaja Moinuddin Hasan Chishty
Rehmatullah Alaih, his tomb was built in 1637–1638 by Khwaja Alauddin
Chishty and Sajjadanashin Hazrat Khwaja Moinuddin.
Moosi Maharani ki Chhatri, Alwar
• This cenotaph, built in the memory of Maharaja Bakhtawar Singh and
his queen, Rani Moosi, reflects the Indo-Islamic style of architecture.
• The upper portion comprising columned pavilions and domed arches is
made of marble while the lower section consists of pillars in red
sandstone.
• The memorial is rated as one of the finest of its type.
• Fateh Jung Gombad, Alwar
• This spectacular tomb, which is a combination of domes and
minarets is an artistic marvel.
• Constructed from high quality sandstone, its massive dome can
be seen from afar and is a blend of Hindu and Muslim
architecture.
• It is dedicated to Fateh Jung who was a kind-hearted minister of
the Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan.
• Battis Khambon ki Chhatri, Bhilwara
• This place is situated in Mandal far 16 km from Bhilwara city.
• It has chhatri made of sandstone with 32 pillars.
• 84 Pillared Cenotaph
• As the name suggests, the 84 Pillared Cenotaph is a structure supported by
84 columns.
• Commissioned by Rao Anirudh, the Maharaja of Bundi, this cenotaph
is a tribute to his beloved wet nurse, Deva, who he loved dearly.
• A popular tourist attraction, this impressive structure is decorated with
carvings of deer, elephants and apsaras.
Galiakot, Dungarpur
• At a distance of 58 kilometres from Dungarpur, located on the banks of
River Mahi, is a hamlet called Galiakot.
• The place is known for Syed Fakhruddin’s shrine. He was a renowned saint
who was buried in the hamlet after his death.
• The shrine is made from white marble and has his teachings engraved on it
walls.
• The inner portion of the dome is decorated by beautiful foliage while
teachings of the Quaran are engraved in golden letters on the tomb.
• BaraBagh, Jaisalmer
• Literally meaning Big Garden.
• This garden complex houses chhatris or royal cenotaphs of the Maharajas
of Jaisalmer state, including that of Jai Singh II.
• Dargah Huzoor Najam Sirkar, Sikar
• The holy shrine of Hazrat Khwajah Haji Muhammad Najmuddin Sulaimani
Chishti, famous as Huzoor Najam Sirkar, is is located at Fatehpur
Shekhawati District Sikar 165 km away from Jaipur and 55 km from Sikar
on N.H. 12.
• He belongs to the great silsilah-e-Chishtiah and in the 13th century Hijri
he played a prominent role in spreading the Silsilah in the all parts of the
country.
• Laila Majnu Tomb, Sri Ganganagar
• The tomb (mazar) of Laila-Majnu at Binjaur village is situated near
Anoopgarh city 11 km away from Anoopgarh on the western side.
• Many people associate this Mazar (mausoleum) with fictional and
legendary lovers Laila and Majnu.
• According to the traditional belief Laila-Majnun were from Sindh and
came to this place escaping from the clutches of Laila’s parents and her
brother who were against the love of Laila-Majnun.
• Laila and Majnu died here and were buried together at this place.
• Thus this place became a symbol of love and people come here to seek
blessings from Laila and Majnu.
• A fair is held here in June which is attended by hundreds of newlyweds
and lovers.
Havelis & Sculptures of Rajasthan
• Rampuria Group of Havelis, Bikaner
• Bikaner has several havelis (aristocratic homes), the most famous
cluster being the Rampuria Group of Havelis.
• The havelis are built of dulmera (red) stone, include – jharokhas
(casements), entrances, latticed windows, divankhanas, gumaharias or
basements.
• These massive havelis are decorated with golden work of the highest
quality and Jharokhas are decorated with designs of flowers & leaves
• There is Victorian influence in the design and also include exquisite wood
carvings.
• Kothari and Surana Haveli, Churu
• Oswal Jain merchant families constructed these beautiful painted havelis.
Malji’s Haveli made by Malaji Kothari is the most popular haveli.
• Another famous haveli is the Surana Double Haveli.
Patwon Ki Haveli, Jaisalmer
• One of the most exquisite buildings in the walled city, which truly
exemplifies the architectural style typical of erstwhile Rajputana.
• It is five storeys high and the extensive corridors and chambers are
supported by intricately carved pillars.
• While the haveli has lost some of its early glory, a few paintings and
mirror work art can still be seen on the inside walls.
• Nathmal ki Haveli, Jaisalmer
• Carved by Lalu and Hathi, two brothers for the Prime Minister of State,
Nathmalji in 19th century.
• The most interesting fact is that the brothers worked separately, one on the right
side and other on the left side, the result is a absolute symphony epitomizing the
side by side symmetry during construction.
• The haveli is richly carved and the inner chambers are decorated with miniature
paintings
Salim Singh ki Haveli, Jaisalmer
• This haveli was built in the first half of the 18th century by Salim Singh, a powerful
Chief Minister of Jaisalmer and a part of it is still occupied by descendants of the
original residents.
• The high arched roof is supported by carved brackets designed in the shape of
peacocks.
• The five stroryed structure dominates the skyline of the walled city due to its form.
• The haveli begins with a narrow dimension below with an elaborate projecting
balcony on the top storey.
• It is distinguished by the blue cupola roof.
• Haveli’s of Laxmangarh, Sikar
• There are numerous havelis in the town, namely the Sawant Ram Chokhani
Haveli, Bansidhar Rathi Haveli, Sanganeria Haveli, Mirijamal Kyala Haveli,
Char Chowk Haveli and Kedia Haveli, adorned with fresco paintings in the
Shekhawati style.
• The Radhi Murlimanohar temple, constructed in 1845, is popular for the
beautiful sculptures of deities on the wall.
Haveli’s & Bawdi’s of Fatehpur, Sikar
• Fatehpur is a town in the Sikar which is part of the Shekhawati region.
• Located on midway between Jaipur and Bikaner ( NH-11), Fatehpur is
famous for grand havelis with frescos and a number of bawdis.
Main attraction of Fatehpur are :-
• Sitaram Kedia Ki Haveli • Jagannath Singhania Haveli
• Saraf Haveli • The Nadine Le Prince Cultural Centre
• The Dwarkadheesh Temple • Qureshi Farms
• Rani ji Baori, Bundi
• Bundi has more than 50 stepwells and rightly known as city of stepwalls .
• Raniji ki Baori, also known as ‘Queen’s Stepwell’, is a famous stepwell built in 1699
by Rani Nathavati Ji, the younger queen of the ruling king Rao Raja Anirudh Singh of
Bundi.
• This multi-storied stepwell displays excellent carvings of Gajraj with his trunk
turned inwards, giving the impression of having drunk from the baori on its pillars.
Its high arched gate gives it an inviting appearance.
Abhaneri , Dausa
• Abhaneri is famous for its Post-gupta or early medieval monuments.
• The Chand Baori(Step Well) and Harshat Mata Temple are prominent monuments.
The temple is an excellent example of intricate carving on stone whereas the Baori
has stairs with unparallel artistic and architectural beauty.
• It is situated at about 33 Kms from the district headquarter towards Bandikui.
• Alanpur Baori, Sawai Madhopur
• A four line Persian inscription on a rectangular stone slab, fixed in the Ghori Baori
in Alanpur village, belongs to Alauddin Fidan Shah, son of Mahmud Shah Khalji I,
Sultan of Malwa. It is dated A.H. 874 (A.D.1469-70) and records construction of
the step-well by Khwaja Jahan son of Bir Ali Turk Khurasani.
• The slab now broken into four pieces has been taken to the Ranthambhore Fort
collection of antiquities.
• Hadi Rani Baori, Todrai Singh, Tonk
• The step-tank is rectangular on plan with double-storeyed corridors on the
western side, each having arched doorway.
• Below the lower storey, there are images of Brahma, Ganesa and
Mahishasuramardini which are enshrined in niches.
• On all the three sides, steps are arranged in sets of thirteen each at higher level
and five each at lower level, going up to the water level.
• It is datable to circa twelfth-thirteenth century A.D
• Vijaya Stambh, Chittorgarh
• Vijaya Stambh is a huge nine storey tower which was built by Maharana
Kumbha to commemorate his victory over the Muslim rulers of Malwa and
Gujarat in 1440, the tower signifies the victorious spirit of the Rajput Kingdom
after securing a victory over the intruder Mohammed Khilji.The towers stands
at a height of 37 meters and compromises of 9 floors offer a great view of the
city of Chittorgarh and the Chittorgarh Fort.
Kirti Stambh, Chittorgarh
• Kirti Stambh or the tower of fame is part of the two popular stumbhs or pillars
inside the Chittorgarh Palace. Kriti Stambh is a 12th-century tower situated at
Chittorgarh fort in Rajasthan, india. Dedicated to the first Jain teethankar
Adinath, the stambh is a 22 meter high seven storied tower having a sculpture
of Adinath in the second floor.Kirti Stambh is older than another tower in the
same fort, known as the Vijaya Stambh(Tower of Victory). The topmost floor of
the pillar offers a panoramic view of the whole Chittorgarh city and attracts a
large number of travelers, historians and photography enthusiasts
• Famous Stambhs of Rajasthan
• Vijay Stambh Chittorgarh
• Kirti Stambh Chittorgarh
• Minar of Nehar Khan Kota
• Gooler ka Ludan Jodhpur
• Gamtaji Jodhpur
• Safdarjung Alwar
• Sargasooli(Isarlaat) Jaipur

Merged 4 Min 1 1 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Merged 4 Min 1 1 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Merged 4 Min 1 1 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES-GYAN

RAJASTHAN FULL GK DIGEST + LAST 6

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES-GYAN

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES-GYAN

RAJASTHAN GK – APPROX 50 ; INDIA ( GS + CURRENT ) – APPROX 100

History, Art, Culture, Literature, Tradition & Heritage of Rajasthan -16

‘Freedom Movement and Political Awakening in Rajasthan

Geography of Rajasthan -15

Political and Administrative System of Rajasthan -12

Programs and Schemes

Indian History -10

Study for civil services – GYAN

Geography of World and India -10

Environmental & Ecological Issues

Indian Constitution, Political System &Governance -11 ( BASICS – DEVELOPMENT )

Economic Concepts and Indian Economy – 9 BASIC

Science & Technology – 12 ( AROUND 4-5 CURRENT AFFAIRS )

Reasoning & Mental Ability -20

Current Affairs – 20 ( 7 – RAJASTHAN SPECIFIC ; FOCUS MORE ON SPORTS ; AWARDS )

Study for civil services – GYAN

 The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana – the

Study for civil services – GYAN

Study for civil services – GYAN

Study for civil services – GYAN

Study for civil services – GYAN

NICK NAMES OF RAJASTHAN CITIES

Study for civil services – GYAN

Important Fairs & Festivals and Dance of Rajasthan

Study for civil services – GYAN

Important Rivers and Dams in Rajasthan

Study for civil services – GYAN

Important Lakes in Rajasthan

Study for civil services – GYAN

Important National Parks in Rajasthan

Study for civil services – GYAN

Important Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan

Study for civil services – GYAN

Important Mountains in Rajasthan

Study for civil services – GYAN

Important Temples/ Sites in Rajasthan

Study for civil services – GYAN

Study for civil services – GYAN

Study for civil services – GYAN

Important Archaeological Monuments/Sites in Rajasthan

Study for civil services – GYAN

Study for civil services – GYAN

Study for civil services – GYAN

Important Airports in Rajasthan

Study for civil services – GYAN

 Hydro-Electric Power Stations Place/near

RAJASTHAN BUDGET 2018-19 HIGHLIGHTS –

Study for civil services – GYAN

 Estimated Revenue Deficit for 2018-19

Road & Transport

Water Resources & Command Area

Agriculture, Farmer and Animal Husbandry

Women and Child Development

Study for civil services – GYAN

Medical and Medical Education