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    Biostatistics Step 3 Notes

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    rsimranjit
    This document discusses three main types of clinical studies: 1. Cross over study where one group receives an intervention and the other receives a placebo, then they switch. 2. Parallel study where one group receives one treatment and the other receives a different treatment. 3. Factorial study which examines more than two interventions and more than two variables.

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    Biostatistics Step 3 Notes

    Uploaded by

    rsimranjit
    534 views17 pages
    This document discusses three main types of clinical studies: 1. Cross over study where one group receives an intervention and the other receives a placebo, then they switch. 2. Parallel study where one group receives one treatment and the other receives a different treatment. 3. Factorial study which examines more than two interventions and more than two variables.

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    biostatistics step 3 notes

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    biostatistics step 3 notes

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    This document discusses three main types of clinical studies: 1. Cross over study where one group receives an intervention and the other receives a placebo, then they switch. 2. Parallel study where one group receives one treatment and the other receives a different treatment. 3. Factorial study which examines more than two interventions and more than two variables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    534 views17 pages

    Biostatistics Step 3 Notes

    Uploaded by

    rsimranjit
    This document discusses three main types of clinical studies: 1. Cross over study where one group receives an intervention and the other receives a placebo, then they switch. 2. Parallel study where one group receives one treatment and the other receives a different treatment. 3. Factorial study which examines more than two interventions and more than two variables.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 17

    Cross over study: group 1 receive (only 1 intervention), group 2 receive placebo then switch

    Parallel study: group 1 receive treatment and group 2 receive another treatment
    Factorial study: > 2 intervention in the study and study 2 or more variables
    Moving from outside
    to inside curve

    ↓ FN → ↑ Sensitivity

    ↓ FP → ↑ specificity

    B is useless test
    P1 (higher marker) → more specific, less sensitive
    P3 (lower marker) → less specific, more sensitive
    This null hypothesis would be more appropriate for a cross-sectional study, which would examine
    prevalence, however, in a cohort design and is examining incidence, not prevalence.

    Larger sample size needed if (inadequate sample size if calculation changed)


    1. Higher level of power is required (↑ power from 0.7 → 0.8)
    2. SD of the variable is large (↑ SD from 10 → 12)
    3. Expected effect size is small (↓ effect from 10 → 8)
    4. P value is small (↓ p value from 0.05 → 0.01)
    Attributable risk: estimate the risk ratio compairing risk of disease among exposed to unexposed
    AR = risk in exposed – risk in unexposed

    Attributable risk percent: estimates proportion of disease in exposed subjects that is


    attributed to exposure status
    ARP = risk in exposed – risk in unexposed/ risk in exposed
    ARP = RR-1/RR

    Population attributable risk percent: estimates proportion of disease in population that is


    attributed to exposure status
    PARP = risk in population – risk in unexposed/ risk in population
    PARP = Prevalance (RR - 1)/ Prevalance (RR - 1) + 1
    Assume total population 20000 → then calculate exposed, no exposed
    Survival Analysis:

    Answer: 180/200 x 170/180 x 158/170


    Reciprocal of NPV= 1- NPV
    Reciprocal of PPV= 1- PPV
    Medical errors:
    1. Diagnostic: missed or misdiagnosis

    2. Therapeutic: administration of inappropriate medical treatment


     Saves: never reach the patient (recognized early)
     Near misses: reach the patient → cause nothing apparent
     Preventable adverse event: reach the patient → cause serious adverse event
     Negligent adverse event (subtype of preventable): drug allergy due to medication know to
    be allergic
     Non preventable: administration of appropriate medical treatment cause serious adverse
    event (can’t be prevented)

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