USMLE Step 3 CCS Notes

Neerajs CCS strategy: Copyright 2008 - All Rights Reserved 1
NEERAJS:
STRATEGY FOR
USMLE STEP-3 CCS
The step-3 examination:
It is two days examination. First day, the test consists of 336 multiple-choice
questions (MCQs) given in seven blocks of 48 MCQs each. You are provided with one
hour to deal with every block.
Second day, 144 MCQs will be given in the first four hours (Four blocks of 36
questions). Over the next 4 hours you will be given nine Computer-based Case
Simulations (CCS) cases.
Total Multiple choice questions (both days included) = 480
There is one-hour of break time every day, which can be split up and used in-
between blocks as you like.
Step 3 is mainly an assessment of your clinical decision-making ability and medical
management skills.
How to prepare for CCS:
1. USMLE CD: To know about the structure of the exam and a simulator
with 5 patients for you to practice. One of the most efficient ways to
prepare for the CCS is to practice the cases in the simulator and know
how to use the program. The CCS simulator has several keys and
features, and you need to know them very well.
FAQ:
My patient did not improve: Did I fail?
Nops! It is the protocol which counts. If you followed all important steps
required in the management of that patient, it doesnt affect your score.
Keep in your mind that the outcome of the patient is not always relevant to
your score. You may find during the CSS that some patients doesn't improve
or can even complicate while standard management is being used.
My case was finished before time: Did I fail?
It has nothing to do with your performance. It is possible that you may
require to follow only a few steps and case ends within few minutes.Your
score will depend on you knowing what to order and in the which sequence.
The timing of order is obviously more important.
How the CCS scored:
The software considers:
1. The orders you write to make diagnosis and
exclude DDx including all labs and imaging
2. The points you write to treat the conditions
3. How and what you monitor
4. How you change location in appropriate setting
5. Is the timing of all orders correct? Like managing
an ER patient within shortest duration to save his
life?
6. Sequencing
7. Did you order something which was harmful to
the patient or contraindicated in management?
All above mentioned orders are compared with an
ideal approach and scoring is done.
PROTOCOL TO DEAL WITH CCS CASE:
The CCS:
You will have approximately 25 minutes to complete all expected steps in
management, and for that an organized approach is recommended.
The following is an outline how to perform during the exam:
1. Read the case presentation: Make mental check list of DDx and
appropriate physical Examination
2. Order all emergent procedures if required (ABCD's is the top priority)
3. Perform PE :
Confine yourself to most specific and targeted PE in emergency
room (2-3 systems)
Perform complete PE in other patients or once the
emergency/ABCDs already dealt.
Always perform a general, pulmonary, cardiovascular,
abdominal, and extremities examination
Select any other system as suggested by the presentation
4. Write Orders
Laboratory/radiological tests
Medications
Procedures (diagnostic and therapeutic)
Consultations of specialists.
5. Change Patient's Location if required
6. Continuous Management (screen for risk factors and complications)
7. End Case
a. If patient improves, discharge or change to an appropriate location
b. Make an appointment and continuously follow the patient
c. Order appropriate counseling
Step-1:
Write down the age, sex, chief complaint, and allergies of the patient on the
writing sheet provided at the exam at prometric center
Write down following information:
1. Setting: ER?
2. Age, Race (African American?) & Sex
3. Abnormal vitals
4. Diabetic or not?
5. Allergies, Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco
6. Important presenting complaints: Including chief complaint and
associated complaints
Age: >50: Colonoscopy, DRE (Male), Mammography (>40), Vaccines,
FOBT
Female: Pap, Mammo, B-hcg, Chlamydia/GC (write down whatever
applicable and need to be elaborated during the case)
You need to mention all these age/sex specific screening on 5 minute
screen.
Abnormal vitals
1. Low BP-Insert IV access and start IV NSS Cardiac Monitor +
12 lead EKG
2. Increased RR with Dyspnea-Pulse oximetery with Oxygen
inhalation.
Is he/she Diabetic? Dont forget to Check HB A1c and regular
accucheck. Mention drug compliance, Diabetic foot care, Regular
accucheck, Diabetic diet, Ophtalmology consult for fundoscopy.
Note down the allergies: Never write those drugs.
Associated complaints:
1. Vomiting: IV Pheneragan
2. Constipation: Docusate
3. Diarrhea: Loperamide
4. Severe somatic pain: Morphine (Except CBD stone: Mepiridine)
5. Severe body pain: Naprexone/Ketorolac/Indomethacin
6. Chest pain: Aspirin + Sublingual NG
Step-2
See the Location! Gives clue of diagnosis: Is it an emergency?
Are Vitals unstable? Office presentation with unstable vitals Send to ER
Emergency Protocol:
Pulse Oximetery
Oxygen inhalation
IV access (Bleeding -2 large bore needles)
IV NSS
Cardiac (Cardio-respiratory) monitoring
Continuous BP monitoring
12 lead EKG
Finger stick glucose
(Write whatever applicable)
Pulse Oximetery
IV access
Above two options might be required in many other settings-ask if it is
required.
Pulse oximetery may be needed almost in 30-40% cases. Write it
freely.)
PE: Only General + Limited system (Maximum Two systems): Its an
emergency-dont waste your time buddy! Once the patients vitals are
stable Perform the remaining PE.
Otherwise you may perform relevant PE in office setting Complete PE !
Laboratory tests: BOUPI Mnemonic
B: Blood: CBC, BMP, LFT, Lipid profile, PT/PTT, Culture(In every
fever/Infection)
O: Other tests: EKG,PEFR (In every asthma /COPD case),Pulse
oximetery
U: Urine: UA, Culture, Toxicology(LOC, Poisoning, Acute confusion,
MVA)
P: Pregnancy
I: Imaging : X-Ray, USG,CT,MR
Always prefer screening, time and cost effective and noninvasive tests
first Confirmatory test can be ordered later e. g Pulse oximetery first
followed by ABG
Any invasive test Take appropriate consult.
Tx only after confirmatory test is done
Choice of tests: Noninvasive screening tests are always preferred
first Think before if you order an invasive test? Is it actually needed
Usual Labs and simple tips:
Universally written:
1. CBC,
2. BMP
3. Urine routine
PT/PTT:
1. Always write when H/o any bleeding
2. Or you are going to insert a needle e.g CSF
aspiration,Thracocentesis
3. pre-op patient
LFT: Whenever a pain abdomen is there or h/o jaundice
TSH: Suspecting Thyroid problem, Fatigue or dementia, Muscular
pain, Raised LFTs
Lipid Profile: Nephrotic syndrome,DM,CAD,
Cardiac enzymes: Chest apin,Injury chest
ABG: Severe dyspnea, Altered O2 on pulse oximetery, Acid base
imbalance
Toxicology screen-Urine: Sudden confusion,Palpitation,LOC
ESR: New back pain,SLE,Sarcodosis,TB
If there is h/o severe bleed: after measuring PT/PTT order
Blood grouping and cross matching
Transfusion when Hb <8(if bleeding continue) or <10(without
active bleed): Use 2-3 units
If PT> 17 GIVE Fresh frozen plasma
When giving FFT/Blood transfusion stop NSS
If suspecting Infections (sepsis): cultures of Blood, Urine,
Sputum or CSF, as appropriate.
Acute abdomen: order amylase, lipase, b HCG & acute abdominal X
ray series
Treatment:
In proper setting Change the location as per need Floor/ICU
Dont forget to refer allergies before you write Tx
Does it require any tube: NG Tube or Foleys catheter?
H/o Bleed (Fresh blood thru mouth or per rectum to r/o Upper GI
bleed) :NG Tube
No urine for many hours: Foleys catheter(R/o obstruction)
Admit to floor or ICU: Use Mnemonic ADMIT CO
Activity: As tolerated/Bed rest Complete (or with bath room privileges)
Diet: NPO/Diabetic /Renal/Low cholesterol or low salt diet
Medications: To discontinue (Metformin etc) or Continue
Input/Output,IV Fluid
Temperatute.BP.RR Vitals
Compression: Pneumatic Stocking
Omeprazole : to protect gastric mucosa/Ranitidine IV
Do Interval/follow-up history: Very essential to know how
patient is improving?
Move the patient as per the need:
When patient is improving follow: ERICU Ward Office/Home
When the patient deteriorating: Office Ward/ER ICU
ER:
Aggressive Treatment
Remember First stabilize, then full physical, and then admit
Do not send patient to home immediately-admit him(can be for one
day only)
Breathing difficulty: Pulse oximetery, order Oxygen, albuterol PRN
Unresponsive state: Check finger stick glucose stat, naloxone given if
opiates are suspected (Pupils), and thiamine added to IV fluids if
alcoholic.
Overdose/poisoning: Admitted to the ICU for closer monitoring
and suicide precautions. Dont forget to get a Psychiatry consult,
Sucidal contract and precautions.
In the ER setting, first do a brief physical exam (2 min).Once the
patient is stabilized and lab results reviewed, do a full physical
exam. Then shift the patient to the ICU or ward.
Then write orders and labs. Do not write entire panel like BMP-Be
specific for test in ER(To save time)
Acute abdomen and most surgical emergencies need frequent and
multiple interval H&P.
Office:
Counseling is a major part of outpatient office visits. Pay particular
attention to counseling in normal/ routine patient visits. Important
counseling topics include smoking, alcohol, drugs, safe sex
practices, exercise, weight reduction, diet, and self-breast exam.
Patients with Hypertension and diabetes should have appropriate
diets ordered (2 gm salt restricted or 1800 ADA diet)
For abnormal LFTs order a hepatitis profile/panel if appropriate.
USMLE CCS exam assesses the appropriateness of medical orders.
Order tests to diagnose H. pylori if patient has GERD. The H. pylori
antibody should be ordered if the patient has never been
diagnosed before and the Urease breath test if checking for
elimination/ recurrence.
In patient:
Inpatient hospital admissions need a physical exam everyday and
appropriate lab and medical orders.
Step-3
Counseling at 5 minutes screen: RATED SEX
1. Reassurance
2. Alcohol-No
3. Tobacco-No
4. Exercise regularly
5. Drug compliance/No recreational drugs
6. Seat belt
7. Educate patient/family
8. X factor is -Sex (safety)
9. Mention all screenings and vaccines-if applicable as per sex &
age
Pediatric patient: Modified RATED SEX:
1. Reassurance
2. Safety plan/Helmets when Bicycle riding
3. Educate patient/family
4. vaccines
DTaP - 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, between 15 and 18 months, between
4 and 6 years.
IPV - 2 months, 4 months, between 6 and 18 months, between 4 and 6
years.
Hepatitis B - Birth, 2 months, 4 months.
H. influenza B - 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 12 to 15 months.
Pneumococcus - 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 12 to 15 months.
Varicella - Between 12 and 15 months.
MMR - Between 12 and 18 months.
Birth 2 4 6 12-15 15-
18
12-
18
4-6y
Hep-
B
DPT/IPV DPT/IPV DPT/IPV Vari DPT MMR DPT/IPV
P/H.in P/H.in P/H.in P/H.in
Important Tips:
Patient seen in office setting Keep him in office and schedule
appointments as per the results of tests available unless it is
essential to shift into ER or ward.
Patient seen in ER Try to manage there first Shift to operation
theater or ICU as per the need.
When writing orders, you can save time by holding down control and
selecting multiple orders with your mouse.
Dont forget to advance the clock you will not get results and nothing will
happen until you advance the clock.
Advancing the clock: Before you advance the clock to get the results,
think-can anything else can be done in this duration? Like you did
limited examination in ER setting, now it is the time to completer
remaining PE, this will advance the clock automatically. Avoid advancing
clock just to get results, unless nothing else is remaining to perform.
Get appropriate consults. You will get credit for this. However, once you
ask for a consult, the computer may ask you to manage it yourself
temporarily, as the consultant is busy. Dont worry. Do the routine pre-op
stuff and stabilize the patient. Obtain consult: Any invasive investigation
or procedure(Surgery, Cardiac catheterization, Orthopedic
colonoscopy),Suicidal attempt, Drug overdose
While admitting-dont forget ADMIT pneumonic: Type Diet, it will give
you all options like NPO, diabetic, low salt, low cholesterol etc.
Interval history: Never forget to click over
PE/History button frequently in ER/Admit patients.
It doesnt harm at all. Rather you will know how
your patient is improving or what else is required.
Also perform the same whenever a patient returns
for an appointment.
Follow up tests at later date can work only on 5 minutes screen.
LFT/lipid profile commonly employed to know side effects of medications.
RATED SEX mnemonic can be ordered on every 5 mints screen just by
typing counsel-after that use Ctrl button to choose multiple options of
RATED SEX.
Do not forget to mention all age and sex specific screenings on 5 mints
screen (Which you wrote initially in step-1 as described above).
Avoid un-necessary invasive procedures.
Transfer from office to ER/ICU or ward:
1. Unstable vitals-transfer to ER
2. Alarming reports: To ICU/Floor
3. Pneumonia/PID/Pyelonephritis case meeting admission criteria
Order of procedure is possible on office visit also (You do not need to
admit to get procedure done)Simply consult the specialistOrder
procedureSee the day/time of availability of resultSchedule
appointment accordingly.
Scheduled the appointment later but received alarming results Can call
patient even before Click over Move patient icon
Need ICU transfer and its already 5mints screen? You may still transfer
it to ICU !
Young lady : Order B-hcg,CBC,BMP,UA
Fever/infections: Blood Cx, Urine Cx (Add CSF is
required)Dont forget to advance clock by 1
minutes after Blood culture before you start
antibiotic.
For emergency cases, the clock should be advanced
"with the next available result" as management
may change with individual results
Change of location:
1. Office setting: Follow ups Use obtain result/See patient later button to
schedule appointmentsusually prefer a day when all results of tests are
available (No need to use change location button)Do not forget that
office is open Mon-Fri So do not give appointment on Sat/Sun.
2. ER setting: Try to deal the case maximum in ER itself Transfer to
operative room or ICU as per the need Floor Home least preferred
place from ER.
3. Shift to ICU if hemodynamically unstable
In pain abdomen keep DDx of AMI and perform ECG/Cardiac
enzymes.
In a case of domestic abuse: Unless the patient states she has alternate
living arrangements, she should be admitted to the ward for her
own safety. She should not be discharged until appropriate social
services intervention can be arranged Dont forget consult, social
services and advice safety paln
Patients with foreign body aspiration or anaphylaxis are generally
admitted to the hospital for observation to monitor for
complications. Discharge depends on the individual clinical course.
Fatigue case orders:
1. CBC
2. BMP
3. UA
4. TSH
5. Fasting Glucose
6. LFT
7. Depression Index
In any anemia do not forget to r/o co-existing iron deficiency anemia with
Iron, TIBG, ferritin level after therapy watch response with Reticulocyte
counts.
Pain abdomen case order:
1. CBC
2. BMP
3. UA
4. LFT
5. Lipase
6. Amylase
7. Abd X-Ray acute series
8. X-ray Chest PA
9. ECG + Cardiac enzymes
10.B-HCG
11.Add Mepiridine(RUQ)/Morphine + Metoclopramide for nausea/vomiting
MVA case order:
1. CBC
2. BMP
3. UA
4. LFT
5. Amylase
6. Lipase
7. X-ray Pelvis
8. Ultrasound or CT abdomen
9. X-Ray Abd Sup.Erect
10.X-ray Chest
11.ECG
12.Cardiac Enzymes
Any cardiac risk assessment required: Lipid profile, fasting
glucose,ECG
Going to insert needle in body e.g Lumbar puncture,
Thracostomy. Arthrocentesis? Check PT/PTT
before you do that!
Respiratory trouble? Remember Suction of secretions,Nebulized Albuterol
+ Ipratropium + IV Mehylprednisolone, PEFR/PFT/FEV-1,Chset
physiotherapy/Percussion therapy,ABGs Order whatever applicable
In any severely ill patient or infection like
Meningitis/Febrile neutropenia examine the patient
with interval history + CBC/BMP q 6hrly Till
improvement occurs After that q12 hrs
Same is applicable to H & H in bleeding state or MVA
i.e. q 6 hrs till improvement.
IV drug abuser/HIV/High risk sexual behavior Also evaluate for
HBV/HCV/VDRL etc
When to transfuse blood? Hb <8 in bleeding state or
<10 in non bleeding state
Any bleeding like nose, Vaginal, Rectal, Upper GI or bruising
PT/PTT
When PT is increased add oral Vitamin K If both PT/PTT increased add
FFP
Whenever you inject FFP/Transfusion Stop IV NSS for
the time being and restart later on.
In every seriously bleeding patient insert TWO large bore
IV needles
Any body NPO or on NSS due to instable
homodynamic should be restored back to oral food
and fluid once he acquires normal BP/HR(120/80 &
90)
No urine? Insert Foleys first even though you know it could be
ARF
When acidosis(Hyerosmolar coma/DKA) associated with Hyponatremia
use 0.9%NSS but when it is associated with Hypernatremia or Normal
Na+ levels use 0.45% NSS Dextrose + Insulin is used when K+ is more
and you need to push it intracellular like Rabdomyolysis(DKA use NSS
with Insulin)
Falling BP in serious conditions like
(TSS/Anaphylaxis) not responding to NSS Give IV
Dopamine
5 mints screen:
Note all IV orders Convert them into PO or cancel
Is the patient eatingMake him eating by mouth and order
appropriate diet
Any essential treatment you forget to mention? Order it now!
Order all follow up tests now(Later date orders) like LFT/Lipid
profile to assess drug side effects etc
Also order all age/sex specific screening tests and vaccines
RATED SEX (Modified in pediatric patient) Pls ascertain about
habits like smoking, alcohol or drugs etc before you counsel.
Step -4:
Follow 100 golden rules of CCS
Reproduced below:
1. If a patient has a fever, give acetaminophen (unless it is contraindicated)
2. If a patient is on a statin or you order a statin, get baseline LFTs and
check frequently
3. If a patient is found to have abnormal LFTs, get a TSH
4. If a patient is going to surgery (including cardiac catheterization), make
them NPO
5. All NPO patients must also have their urine output measured (type "urine
output")
6. If a woman is between 12 and 52 years old and there is no mention of a
very recent menses (that is, < 2 weeks ago), order a beta-hCG
7. Don't forget to discontinue anything that is no longer required (especially
if you are sending the patient home)
8. When a patient is stable, decide whether or not you should change
locations (if you anticipate that the patient could crash in the very near
future, send the patient to the ICU; if the patient just needs overnight
monitoring, send to the ward; if the patient is back to baseline, send home
with follow-up)
9. In any diabetic (new or long-standing), order an HbA1c as well as
continuous Accuchecks.
10. If this is a long-standing diabetic, also order an ophthalmology consult
(to evaluate for diabetic retinopathy)
11. In any patient with respiratory distress (especially with low oxygen
saturations), order an ABG
12. In any overdose, do a gastric lavage and activated charcoal (no harm in
doing so, unless the patient is unconscious or has risk for aspiration)
13. In any suicidal patient, admit to ward and get "suicide contract" and
"suicide precautions"
14. Patients who cannot tolerate Aspirin get Clopidogrel or Ticlopidine
15. Post-PTCA patients get Abciximab
16. In any bleeding patient, order PT, PTT, and Blood Type and Crossmatch
(just in case they have to go to the O.R.)
17. In any pregnant patient, get "Blood Type and Rh" as well as "Atypical
Antibody Screen"
18. In any patient with excess bleeding (especially GI bleeding), type "no
aspirin" upon D/C of patient
19. If the patient is having any upper GI distress or is at risk for aspiration,
order "head elevation" and "aspiration precautions"
20. In any asthmatic, order bedside FEV1 and PEFR (and use this to follow
treatment progress)
21. Before you D/C a patient, change all IV meds to PO and all nebulizers to
MDI
22. In any patient who has GI distress, make them NPO
23. All diabetic in-patients get Accuchecks, D/C oral hypoglycemic agents,
start insulin, HbA1c, advise strict glycemic control, recommend diabetic foot
care
24. All patients with altered mental status of unknown etiology get a
"fingerstick glucose" check (for hypoglycemia), IV thiamine, IV dextrose, IV
naloxone, urine toxicology, blood alcohol level, NPO
25. If hemolysis is in the differential, order a reticulocyte count
26. If you administer heparin, check platelets on Day 3 and Day 5 (for
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia), as well as frequent H&H
27. If you administer coumadin, check daily PT/INR until it is within
therapeutic range for two consecutive days
28. Before giving a woman coumadin, isotretinoin, doxycycline, OCPs or
other teratogens, get a beta-hCG
29. If you give furosemide (Lasix), also give KCl (it depletes K+)
30. All children who are given gentamycin, should have a hearing test
(audiometry) and check BUN/Cr before and after treatment
31. Don't forget about patient comfort! Treat pain with IV morphine, nausea
with IV phenergan, constipation with PO docusate, diarrhea with PO
loperamide, insomnia with PO temazepam
32. ALL ICU patients get stress ulcer prophylaxis with IV omeprazole or
ranitidine
33. If you put a patient on complete bedrest (such as those who are pre-op),
get "pneumatic compression stockings"
34. If fluid status is vital to a patient's prognosis (such as those with
dehydration, hypovolemia, or fluid overload), place a Foley catheter and
order "urine output"
35. If a CXR shows an effusion, get a decubitus CXR next
36. If you intubate a patient you ALSO have to order "mechanical ventilation"
(otherwise the patient will just sit there with a tube in his mouth!)
37. With any major procedure (including surgery, biopsy, centesis), you
MUST type "consent for procedure" (typing consent will not reveal any
results)
38. With any fluid aspiration (such as paracentesis or pericardiocentesis), get
fluid analysis separately (it is not automatic). If you don't order anything on
the fluid, it will just be discarded.
39. With high-dose steroids (such as in temporal arteritis), give IV ranitidine,
calcium, vitamin D, alendronate, and get a baseline DEXA scan.
40. In all suspected DKA or HHNC, check osmolality and ketone levels in the
serum.
41. In ALCOHOLIC ketoacidosis, just give dextrose (no need for insulin), in
addition to IV normal saline and thiamine
42. All patients over 50 with no history of FOBT or colonoscopy should get a
rectal exam, a FOBT, and have a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy scheduled.
43. All women > 40 years old should get a yearly clinical breast exam and
mammogram (if risk factors are present, start at 35)
44. All men > 50 years old should get a prostate exam and a PSA (if risk
factors are present, start at 45)
45. If a patient has a terminal disease, advise "advanced directives"
46. In any patient with a chronic disease that can cause future altered
mental status, type "medical alert bracelet" upon D/C
47. Any patient with diarrhea should have their stool checked for "ova and
parasites", "white cells", "culture", and C.diff antigen (if warranted)
48. Any patient on lithium or theophylline should have their levels checked
49. All patients with suspected MI should be given a statin (and check
baseline LFTs)
50. All suspected hemolysis patients should get a direct Coombs test
51. Schedule all women older than 18 for a Pap smear (unless she has had a
normal Pap within one year)
52. Pre-op patients should have the following done: NPO, IV access, IV
normal saline, blood type and crossmatch, analgesia, PT, PTT,
pneumatic compression stockings, Foley, urine output, CBC, and any
appropriate antibiotics
53. If a patient requires epinephrine (such as in anaphylaxis), and he/she is
on a beta-blocker, give glucagon first
54. If lipid profile is abnormal, order a TSH
55. All dementia and alcoholic patients should be advised no driving
56. To diagnose Alzheimers, first rule out other causes. Order a CT head,
vitamin B12 levels, folate levels, TSH, and routine labs like CBC, BMP, LFT,
UA. Also, if the history suggests it, order a VDRL and HIV ELISA as well
57. Also rule out depression in suspected dementia patients
58. For all women who are sexually active and of reproductive age, give
folate. In fact, you should give ALL your patients a multivitamin upon D/C
home
59. All pancreatitis patients should be made NPO and have NG suction so
that no food can stimulate the pancreas
60. Send patients home on a disease-specific diet: diabetics get a diabetic
diet, hypertensives get a low salt diet, irritable bowel patients get a high
fiber diet, hepatic failure patients get low protein diet, etc
61. Do not give a thrombolytic (tPA or streptokinase) in a patient with
unstable angina patient
62. Patients who are having a large amount of secretions, order pulmonary
toilet to reduce the risk of aspiration
63. Every patient should be advised to wear a seatbelt, to exercise, and
advised about compliance
64. In any patient who presents with an unprotected airway (as in overdoses,
comatoses), get a CXR to rule out aspiration
65. In any patient with one sexually transmitted disease (such as
Trichomonas), check for other STDs as well (Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, HIV,
syphilis, etc.) and do a Pap smear in all women with an STD
66. Remember to treat children with croup with a mist tent and racemic
epinephrine
67. Any acute abdomen patient with a suspected or proven perforation, give
a TRIPLE antibiotic: Gentamycin, Ampicillin, Metronidazole
68. Get iron studies in patients with microcytic anemia if the cause is
unknown. Order iron, ferritin, TIBC
69. Women with vaginal discharge should get a KOH prep, saline (wet) prep,
vaginal pH, cervical gonococcal, chlamydia culture
70. If a woman is found to have vaginal candida, check her fasting glucose
71. When the 5 minute warning screen is displayed, go through the following
mnemonic (RATED SEX). I know it probably is not the best mnemonic, but it
is difficult to forget!:
Recreational drugs / Reassurance
Alcohol
Tobacco
Exercise
Diet (eg. high protein, no lactose, low fat, etc.)
Seat belt / Safety plan / Suicide precautions
Education (patient education)
X (stands for safe seX)
72. All suspected child abuse patients should be admitted and you should
order THREE consults: consult child protection services, consult
ophthalmology (to look for retinal hemorrhages), consult psychiatrist (to
examine the family dynamics)
73. When a woman reaches menopause, she should have a fasting lipid
profile checked (because without estrogen, the LDL will rise and the HDL will
drop), a DEXA scan (for baseline bone density), and of course, FOBT and
colonoscopy (if she is over 50)
74. If colon cancer is suspected, order a CEA; if pancreatic cancer, order CA
19-9; if ovarian cancer, order CA 125.
75. Remember to give phototherapy to a newborn with pathologic
unconjugated bilirubinemia (it is not helpful if it is predominantly
conjugated). Also, with phototherapy, keep the neonate on IV fluids (the
heat can dehydrate them), and give erythromycin ointment in their eyes
76. Before giving a child prednisone, get a PPD
77. If a patient is found to have high triglycerides, check amylase and
lipase (high triglycerides can cause pancreatitis)
78. Remember that any newborn under 3 weeks of age who develops a fever
is SEPSIS until proven otherwise. Admit to the ward and culture
EVERYTHING: blood culture, urine culture, sputum culture, and even
CSF culture. And give antibiotics to cover EVERYTHING.
79. If you get a high lead level in a child, you have to check a venous blood
lead level to confirm. If the value is > 70, admit immediately and begin IV
dimercaprol and EDTA. Order lead abatement agency and lead pain
assay upon discharge.
80. If you perform arthrocentesis, send the synovial fluid for gram stain
and the 3 Cs: crystals, culture, and cell count
81. If a patient has exophthalmos with hyperthyroidism, it is not enough to
just treat the hyperthyroidism (as the eye findings may worsen). You should
give prednisone.
82. If any patient has cancer, get an oncology consult.
83. In a patient with rapid atrial fibrillation, decrease the heart rate first
(then worry about converting to sinus rhythm). Use a CCB (diltiazem) or a
beta-blocker (metoprolol) for rate control.
84. In any patient with new-onset atrial fibrillation, make sure you check a
TSH
85. In any patient with suspected fluid volume depletion, order postural
vitals to detect orthostasis
86. Before a colonoscopy or a sigmoidoscopy, you should prepare the bowel:
make the patient NPO, give IV fluids (if necessary) and order polyethylene
glycol.
87. Any patient with Mobitz II or complete heart block gets an immediate
transcutaneous pacemaker. Then order a cardiology consult to implant a
transvenous pacemaker
88. If calcium level is abnormal, order a serum magnesium, serum
phosphorus, and PTH
89. Treat both malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome
with dantrolene
90. All splenectomy patients get a pneumovax, an influenza vaccine, and
a hemophilus vaccine if not previously given.
91. If you give INH (for Tb), also give pyridoxine (this is vitamin B6)
92. If you give pyrazinamide, get baseline serum uric acid levels
93. If you give ethambutol, order an ophthalmology consult (to follow
possible optic neuritis)
94. If you perform a thoracocentesis (lung aspirate), send the EFFUSION as
well as a peripheral blood sample for: LDH and protein (to help differentiate a
transudate versus an exudates) and pH of the effusion
95. Give sickle cell disease children prophylactic penicillin continuously until
they turn 5 years old
96. Any patient with a recent anaphylactic reaction (for any reason), should
get skin test for allergens (to help prevent future disasters) and consult an
allergist
97. Do not give cephalosporins to any patient with anaphylactic penicillin
allergies (there is a 5% cross-reactivity)
98. Order Holter monitor on patients who have had symptomatic palpitations.
99. Any patient with a first-time panic attack gets a urine toxicology
screen, a TSH, and finger stick glucose
100. All renal failure patients get: nephrology consult, calcium acetate (to
decrease the phosphorus levels), calcium supplement, and erythropoeitin

USMLE Step 3 CCS Notes

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Neerajs CCS strategy: Copyright 2008 - All Rights Reserved 1

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